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How Does Knowledge Grow. Relationships – Doing - Thinking. What is a Theory?. The term theory is used with surprising frequency in everyday language. It is often used in to mean a guess or hunch. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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How Does Knowledge Grow
Relationships – Doing - Thinking
What is a Theory?
The term theory is used with surprising frequency in everyday language. It is often used in to mean a guess or hunch.
You may even hear people dismiss certain information because it is "only a theory.” as the colloquial use of the term.
In science, a theory is not merely a guess. A theory is a fact-based framework for describing a phenomenon.
In psychology, theories are used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions and behaviors.
Depending on Theorist – Explanation Emphasis
Will Differ
Intelligence
Biological Make-Up (NATURE)
Personal Life (NURTURE)
Maturation (AGE/STAGE)
Culture (TIME/PLACE)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
Maslow presented the idea that human actions are directed toward goal attainment.
The lower level needs must be satisfied before higher-order needs can develop.
http://www.abraham-maslow.com/m_motivation/Hierarchy_of_Needs.asp
Esteem Two levels:
The lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need for recognition, attention, reputation, appreciation, dignity, even dominance.
The higher form involves the need for self-respect, including such feelings as confidence, competence, achievement, mastery, independence, and freedom.
Note that this is the higher form because, unlike the
respect of others, once you have self-respect,
it’s a lot harder to lose!
In addition to the needs on the main there is another layer to self-actualization that emerges only when all lower needs are completely satisfied.
This need are breaks categories: Aesthetic and Cognitive.
What do you need to reach
Self-Actualization In order to be happy you need:
Truth, rather than dishonesty. Goodness, rather than evil. Beauty, not ugliness or vulgarity. Unity, wholeness, and transcendence of opposites, not arbitrariness or
forced choices. Aliveness, not deadness or the mechanization of life. Uniqueness, not bland uniformity. Perfection and necessity, not sloppiness, inconsistency, or accident. Completion, rather than incompleteness. Justice and order, not injustice and lawlessness. Simplicity, not unnecessary complexity. Richness, not environmental impoverishment. Effortlessness, not strain. Playfulness, not grim, humorless, drudgery. Self-sufficiency, not dependency. Meaningfulness, rather than senselessness.
EriksonPsychosocial Theory
Eight stages of social-emotional development across the life span. Relevant to modern life, from several different perspectives, for understanding and explaining how personality and behavior develops in people.
Personality strengths or weaknesses are formed based on the resolution of the crisis during each stage, one acquire new skills through conflict resolution.
Erikson's theory is useful for teaching, parenting, self-awareness, managing and coaching, dealing with conflict, and generally for understanding self and others.
EriksonStage Life Stage Relationshi
pIssues Outcome +
/ -Trust vs. Mistrust
Infant (birth – 18 m)
Mother or Consistent Caregiver
Feeding, Being Comforted, Sleep, Teething
+: Hope, Drive- : Withdrawal
Autonomy vs. Doubt
Toddler (2 – 3 years)
Parents Toileting, Motor Devlop
+: Self Control- : Compulsive
Initiative vs. Guilt
Preschool(4 – 5 years)
Family ExplorationAdventure play
+: Purpose- : Ruthlessness
Industry vs. Inferiority
School Age(6 -12 years)
Teachers, Friends, Neighborhood
Achievement Accomplish
+:Competence- : Lack Interest
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescent(12 -18 years)
Peers, Clubs Discover “Who Am I”
+: Devotion- : Denial
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young Adult(18 – 35 years)
Partner, friends, Coworkers
Healthy Relationships
+: Love- : Fear
Generativity vs. Self Absorption
Mid Adulthood(35-55 years)
Children, Community
Giving back, Contributing
+: Care- : Rejection
Integrity vs. Despair
Late Adult(55 years …..)
Society,The world
Life Achievements
+: Wisdom- : Assumptions
Maslow/EriksonSelf – Reflect Activity – Summiting the Mounting of LifeS
elf-actualization
Esteem
Love & Acceptance
Security
Basic Needs
•What social concern do you want to impact? What do you need to
acquire or accomplish to make a difference?
Erikson: Identity or Role Confusion• What are you most proud of about yourself – what have you stood up
for? Who are you?
•Who is there for you – What groups do you associate with?
•Where do you feel the most secure, who and what is there?
•Do you have your basic rights met: shelter, clothing, medical care, nutritional meals, clean water?
Piaget http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtLEWVu815o
This theory suggests that our prior knowledge can facilitate or enhance transfer of a learning task. It is also true that prior knowledge can inhibit or interfere with our acquisition of new information
Young children are “egocentric”: they are focused only on their point of view – The sun follows me and the sun goes to bed when I go to bed.
Language alone doesn’t represent a child’s knowledge and understanding; children know a lot more than they can say.
Children think about the world very differently than adults do. Children are thinkers; children are scientists.
Biology and experience play equal roles in developing a human.
His research in developmental psychology
had one unique goal:
How does knowledge grow?
Answer
Knowledge is built upon.
During all development stages, the child experiences his or her environment using the mental maps s/he has been able to construct.
If the experience is a repeated, it fits easily--or is assimilated--into the child's cognitive structure so that he or she maintains mental "equilibrium."
If the experience is different or new, the child loses disequilibrium. The child has to alter his/her cognitive structure to accommodate the new conditions.
All things in the air are birds.
Then they learn the difference between bird and plane
These are all apples because they are red
4 Development Stages
Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage
Concrete operation Formal operations
Sensorimotor Stage:Birth - 2 years of age
The child, through physical interaction with his or her environment, builds a set of concepts about reality and how it works.
This is the stage where a child does not know that objects remain in existence even when out of sight, object permanence.
12 to 18 months• Trial and Error: Push a cracker off a high chair and watch it fall to the floor. Then does it again
• Can find hidden objects• Understands that objects exist independently
Preoperational Stage2 - 7 years old
The child is not yet able to conceptualize abstractly and needs concrete physical situations.
The child is quite egocentric during this stage, that is, he sees things pretty much from one point of view: his own!
His thinking is influenced by fantasy -- the way he'd like things to be -- and he assumes that others see situations from his viewpoint. He takes in information and then changes it in his mind to fit his ideas.
Conservation
Quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance. If you show a child four marbles in a row, then spread them out, the preoperational child will focus on the spread, and tend to believe that there are now more marbles than before.
•They think the same amount of liquid is more when poured into a tall thin glass.•To them taller means more!
Concrete Operation7-11 years old
During this stage, the child develops an ability to think abstractly and to make rational judgments about concrete or observable phenomena.
In the past, the child needed to manipulate physically to understand. In teaching this child, giving him the opportunity to ask questions and to explain things back to allows him to mentally manipulate information.
Formal Operations11 - 15 years old
This person no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgments.
At this point, he is capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning. Teaching for the adolescent may be wide ranging because he'll be able to consider many possibilities from several perspectives.
•Can think in abstract ways•Understand loyalty and freedom
Piaget
Vygotsky
After age two, the growth of the mind is highly influenced by the child’s culture. Learning occurs when children interact with both the environment and people around them. Children are active participants in their own learning.
In play, children often behave beyond their average age; play is a major source of development. To master and remember these new skills the child needs assistance.
Scaffolding is how an adult or another child can assist the learner by asking questions, posing problems, modeling or offering new materials that move the child to a new level of learning – Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
Growing and learning doesn’t always happen naturally.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Cognitive Constructivist vs. Social Constructivist
Process of Learning
Piaget (Cognitive) Vygotsky (Social)
Changing of Knowledge BY ….
Individually constructed in social world.
Mutually constructed with others.
How it happens …
Hands-on experiences to build upon prior knowledge. Multiple opportunities and diverse processes to connect what is already known by interaction with others and environment.
Socially and culturally constructed opportunities.Collaborative experiences with others through social/cultural setting ~ Authentic experiences and material
Role of peers … Not necessarily encouraged, but can stimulate thinking, raise questions.
Assume part of knowledge construction, help define opportunities for learning
Evidence of learning…
Performance of explanation of reasoningOngoing assessment
Participating in collective performances with reasoning of social performance
How would Piaget & Vogotsky teach a skill?
Introduce Model Practice – Hands on experience Build Upon Prior Skills
Howard Gardner
Proposed the notion that human beings have not just one type of intelligence, but several. Previously intelligence had been defined by intelligence tests.
Rarely do intelligences work alone, rather they are combined in our activities as one can enhance another.
*What intelligence will you use to analyze, synthesis, and evaluate how knowledge grows?
Reggio Emilia100 Languages
Depending on the ages and skills of the children, activities engaged are sparked by the children’s interest and moves into project work include drawing, writing, reading, recording observations, and interviewing experts.
The information gathered is summarized and represented in the form of graphs, charts, diagrams, paintings and drawings, murals, models and other constructions, and reports to peers and parents.
In the early years, an important component of a project is dramatic play, in which new understanding is expressed and new vocabulary is used.
Environment plays an important role as ‘third teacher’, the first teacher (the parent) and the second (the classroom teacher, who co-explores with children)
Multiple Intelligence Support Inquire Based
Learning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=174pYUcwn7w
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQdAU7Dm9A0&feature=related
Mary Montessori
She became the director of a school for mentally-disabled children. After two years under her guidance, these children, who formerly had been considered uneducable, took a school examination along with typical developing children and passed successfully.
How did she guide them? Children are grouped in three or six-year spans and
have the same teacher for this period The children’s space is set up so that each child can
work independently and everything is accessible. Group work is voluntary.
Materials are displayed on trays so that each child gets the materials for an activity and puts them away when done. Multi-sensory materials for physical exploration
Tools are “real” – real scissors, knives, hammers, pitchers, rulers, etc. so they work.
Individualism with its emphasis on auto-education and self- correcting materials
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Multi-tiered model of classifying thinking according to six cognitive levels of complexity.
It is like a stairway, "climb to a higher (level of) thought."
The lowest three levels are: knowledge, comprehension, and application.
The highest three levels are: analysis, synthesis, and evaluation
To Create… Using Multiple Intelligence
Skit, Poem, Comic, Game, Commercial, Book, News Report,
Rap, Crossword Puzzle
Verbs
Change, Combine, Compose, Design, Format, Invent
Prod
uct
Resources
http://www.aussieeducator.org.au/education/other/theories.html