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How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?

How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

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Page 1: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?

Page 2: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

Operationalism

Replication

Page 3: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

What’s Your Methodology?

• 1. Descriptive Methods

• 2. Correlational Methods

• 3. Experimental Methods

Page 4: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

1. Descriptive Methods

• A. Case Study

• B. Survey

• C. Naturalistic Observation

Page 5: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

Case Studies

• Observational technique in which one organism is studied in depth in the hope of revealing general principles

• Kanzi the Bonobo• Phineas Gage

Page 6: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

Surveys

• Be careful of the wording!

One of the most startling set of survey results were reported in 1992 when 1 out of 5 Americans doubted that the Holocaust had occurred, while another 12% said they were not sure.

The question posed by the respected research firm Roper Starch : “As you know, the term Holocaust usually refers to the killing of millions of Jews in Nazi death camps during World War II. Does it seem possible or does it seem impossible to you that the Nazi extermination of the Jews never happened?”

Page 7: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

Surveys

When a Gallup poll asked respondents the much simpler, “Do you doubt that the Holocaust happened, or not?” 9 % said they doubted the truth of the holocaust, and another 4% said they were unsure.

Page 8: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

Surveys

• Random sampling is IMPORTANT!

• Make sure that everyone in your population has an equal chance of participating

Page 9: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

Naturalistic observation

Page 10: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

Naturalistic observation

Page 11: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

What’s Your Methodology?

• 1. Descriptive Methods

• 2. Correlational Methods

• 3. Experimental Methods

Page 12: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

Correlation

• Describing behavior is a first step toward predicting it.

Page 13: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

Correlation

Activity: Practice Problems

Page 14: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

Important Point!

• A correlation may suggest causation but does NOT prove causation!

• Discussion: “Eating ice cream increases the murder rate.”

• Activity: Forming Impressions of Others

Page 15: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

What’s Your Methodology?

• 1. Descriptive Methods

• 2. Correlational Methods

• 3. Experimental Methods

Page 16: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

Experimental Methods

• Researchers can determine cause and effect with an experiment that utilizes random assignment.

– Manipulate the factor of interest

– Hold constant (control) other factors

Page 17: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

Validity Within an Experiment

• Internal Validity: how confidently one can conclude that the change in the dependent variable was produced solely by the independent variable and not extraneous ones

• External Validity: extent to which a study's results can be generalized/applied to other people or settings

Page 18: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

What’s Your Methodology?

• 1. Descriptive Methods

• 2. Correlational Methods

• 3. Experimental Methods

Page 19: How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?. Operationalism Replication

What’s Your Methodology?