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How do different substances support or
harm living things?
Organic & Inorganic Substances
• chemicals are part of EVERYTHING• all living things need chemicals and
produce them• chemicals are classified as organic or
inorganic
Inorganic Chemicals
• elements/compounds found in nature
• not combined with carbon (but may be C
alone)
• come mainly from the soil (some from
air)
• fertilizers are added to soil to improve nutrients Nitrogen Phosphorus
Potassium Calcium
Magnesium Sulfur
What’s important to a plant?
Fruits & Grains (sulfur)
Chlorophyll
(potassium, magnesium &
nitrogen)
Photosynthesis(phosphorus & magnesium)
Leaves & Stems
(potassium & nitrogen)
Flowers (phosphorus)
Roots (phosphorus)
Cell Structure(calcium)
Resistance to Disease & Starch
Production
(potassium)
Bones & Teeth
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Potassium
Calcium
Muscles Blood
Calcium
Nervous System
Potassium
Calcium
Body Functions
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
What’s important to us?
Nutrient Importance in PLANTS
Importance in HUMANS
Nitrogen Nitrogen
(N)(N)
- in chlorophyll & proteins - helps leaf and stem growth
- in proteins & nucleic acids - helps growth and repair of body tissue
Phosphorus Phosphorus
(P)(P)
- in root and flower growth - helps cellular respiration & photosynthesis
- in bones, teeth & DNA - helps metabolic reactions
Potassium Potassium
(K)(K)
- helps early growth, chlorophyll production, starch production, and resistance to disease
- helps muscle contraction & nerve impulses
Magnesium Magnesium (Mg)(Mg)
- helps chlorophyll structure & photosynthesis
- in bones & teeth
Calcium Calcium
(Ca)(Ca)
- helps cell wall structure & cell division
- in bones & teeth - helps blood clotting and muscle & nerve function
Sulfur Sulfur
(S)(S)
- helps production of fruits grains
- helps protein synthesis, enzyme activation and detoxification
It’s a Balancing Act
• we must get just the right amount of inorganic chemicals– to much or to little can be harmful
• macronutrients (>100 mg/day)e.g. nitrogen, calcium, potassium
• micronutrients (< 100 mg/day)
e.g. zinc, iron, boron
Organic Chemicals
• carbon combined with other elements
• building blocks for life• 4 elements are most common
Synthesizing Organic Substances
• plants & animals can create some of the organic substances needed for life
made up of building blocks called amino acids
10 essential amino acids must be ingested every day (they are not stored)
What About Vitamins?
• large organic molecules that help enzymes function
C
B’s
ED
A
How do we take in substances?
• Uptake by Plants– through roots (passive or active)
– diffusion → water & nutrients flow from higher concentration (in soil) to lower concentration (in roots)
– active transport → plant really needs a nutrient and so “sucks” it in from surrounding soil moisture (nutrients go from area of lower concentration in soil to higher
concentration in roots)
• Uptake by Animals– we eat, drink and breath
– ingestion: the process to taking in food• food is chewed and then digestion is helped
by enzymes in mouth, stomach & small intestine
– hydrolysis: a special process• large organic molecules (like starch) are
broken down by reacting with water
– nutrients are absorbed through cell membranes and then transported by blood to
where they are needed
Substrate and Nutrient Sources
• organisms get nutrients from environment(s) in which they live
• substrate is the material on which an organism moves or lives– attach to substrate– live off substrate– move over/through substrate
What about Chemicals?
• living things depend on chemicals to survive– photosynthesis is used by plants to
create food– cellular respiration is used by plants and
animals to provide energy from food
• but not all chemicals are good
Pollution
• fertilizer– to much or wrong
place
• pesticides– insecticide– herbicide– fungicide
• solid & liquid waste– landfill– water treatment
• air emsission– combustion– incineration
any accumulation of unwanted waste matter in the environment(natural or man made)
Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification