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The UKCCSRC is supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council as part of the Research Councils UK
Energy Programme
How can CCS become a global policy option in ten years? Jon Gibbins Director, UK CCS Research Centre Professor of Power Plant Engineering and Carbon Capture University of Edinburgh www.ukccsrc.ac.uk [email protected]
About the UKCCSRC www.ukccsrc.ac.uk The UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre (UKCCSRC) leads and coordinates a programme of underpinning research on all aspects of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in support of basic science and UK government efforts on energy and climate change.
The Centre brings together over 250 of the UK’s world-class CCS academics and provides a national focal point for CCS research and development.
Initial core funding for the UKCCSRC is provided by £10M from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) as part of the RCUK Energy Programme. This is complemented by £3M in additional funding from the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) to help establish new open-access national pilot-scale facilities (www.pact.ac.uk). Partner institutions have contributed £2.5M.
The UKCCSRC welcomes experienced industry and overseas Associate members and links to all CCS stakeholders through its CCS Community Network. https://ukccsrc.ac.uk/membership/associate-membership https://ukccsrc.ac.uk/membership/ccs-community-network
IPCC, Climate Change 2013 'The Physical Science Basis' http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/
The Mismatch in Carbon Sources and Sinks
4× 3×
1×
2×
5×
1800 -
2000
Fossil Carbon Consumption to date
180ppm increase in
the air
Managing Emissions from Fossil Resources: A Challenge to Technology and Policy Klaus S. Lackner, Columbia University, Imperial College Lecture December 2007
Fraction of C stored must rise from zero to 100%
Myles R. Allen, David J. Frame & Charles F. Mason, The case for mandatory sequestration, Nature Geoscience
2, 813 - 814 (2009), doi:10.1038/ngeo709
500 600 700 800 900 1000 Emissions (billion tonnes of C)
Frac
tion
of fo
ssil
fuel
Em
issi
ons
capt
ured
and
stor
ed CO2 emissions are what matters
for the climate. The prime climate objective is not to end the use of fossil fuels. The prime objective is to stop CO2 emissions, with 100% CCS developed and deployed in time to cap cumulative emissions of carbon at a safe level.
CO2 EOR and other applications with partial overall capture should be seen as a stage in a path from zero CO2 capture to 100% CCS.
They can be a move in the right direction from where we are now – emitting 100% of fossil carbon to atmosphere.
The key factor is the extent to which technologies and/or projects can readily be adapted to get higher fractions of CO2 stored.
What do we need to achieve?
The Climate Problem A. ~ 10 years? : A few key players need to agree on the allocation of the
remaining space in the atmosphere to get over the commons problem (value is order 1 trillion tCO2 @ $100/tCO2 ~ 1 yr GWP or more).
B. 50-100 years? : The net rate of global emissions needs to go to zero in time to cap global cumulative emissions at an acceptable level.
To help get agreement A it is important to have a high confidence in advance that we are able to deliver on achievement B within the limits of what is politically, economically and technically feasible.
By the end of the next ~ 10 years the CCS community needs to have: 1. Deployed 10’s of successful CCS projects on a range of large stationary
sources. 2. Demonstrated working Direct Air Capture pilot units that prove the
concept is available as a back-stop.
http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/prelim_2009_2010_estimates.html
CCS for large
stationary sources
Air Capture
The Climate Problem A. ~ 10 years? : A few key players need to agree on the allocation of the
remaining space in the atmosphere to get over the commons problem (value is order 1 trillion tCO2 @ $100/tCO2 ~ 1 yr GWP or more).
B. 50-100 years? : The net rate of global emissions needs to go to zero in time to cap global cumulative emissions at an acceptable level.
To help get agreement A it is important to have a high confidence in advance that we are able to deliver on achievement B within the limits of what is politically, economically and technically feasible.
By the end of the next ~ 10 years the CCS community needs to have: 1. Deployed 10’s of successful CCS projects on a range of large stationary
sources. 2. Demonstrated working Direct Air Capture pilot units that prove the
concept is available as a back-stop. 3. Be ready for the next 10 years, and the next, and ….
Deployment requirements from the IEA CCS Roadmap (2013) CCS in the power and industrial sectors in the 2DS
The next 10-15 years of CCS in the UK Phases 1, 2 (and 3?)
1km+
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ccs-policy-scoping-document
Research, development and innovation Chapter 14
UK’s first potential commercial scale CCS projects Peterhead and White Rose
Potential further CCS deployment building on infrastructure and experience of Phase 1 projects Decreasing amounts of potential government support.
Department of Energy & Climate Change
2050
http://www.eti.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/CCS-Scenarios-Infographic1.png
The past 10-15 years of CCS in the UK
What’s different this time?
14. We will work to accelerate the development and commercialization of Carbon Capture and Storage technology
The Gleneagles Communiqué CCS first gets major political attention
14. We will work to accelerate the development and commercialization of Carbon Capture and Storage technology by: (a) endorsing the objectives and activities of the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), and encouraging the Forum to work with broader civil society and to address the barriers to the public acceptability of CCS technology; (b) inviting the IEA to work with the CSLF to hold a workshop on short-term opportunities for CCS in the fossil fuel sector, including from Enhanced Oil Recovery and CO2 removal from natural gas production; (c) inviting the lEA to work with the CSLF to study definitions, costs, and scope for ‘capture ready’ plant and consider economic incentives; (d) collaborating with key developing countries to research options for geological CO2 storage; and (e) working with industry and with national and international research programmes and partnerships to explore the potential of CCS technologies, including with developing countries.
The G8 2005 Gleneagles Communiqué
UK CCS programme developments:
1. Demonstrate CCS quickly for G8 initiative - Peterhead - 2005 Pre-combustion capture on natural gas (low risk but limited relevance) No clear funding mechanism except carbon price Design completed but project ended mid 2007
http://www.ccsassociation.org.uk/docs/2007/Monday%201415%20-%20Jane%20Paxman.pdf
FEED announced 30 June 2005, project cancelled mid 2007
UK CCS programme developments:
1. Demonstrate CCS asap for G8 initiative – Peterhead - 2005 Pre-combustion capture on natural gas (low risk but limited relevance)
2. Response to a dash for coal 2007/2008 CCS Competition Partial capture from large coal plants Energy Act 2010 CCS Levy funding initially, then replaced by £1bn grant Not clear how and when full capture would have been achieved Stopped late 2011 after economic drivers for new coal changed
CAMPAIGN FOR NO NEW COAL without carbon capture and storage
9 October 2007 Protesters who evaded police and spent the night on a power station chimney have been served with an injunction demanding that they come down.
Arrested and charged but acquitted on public interest Eighteen demonstrators were arrested on Monday night, but the five remaining members of the group painted "Gordon" down the side of the 656ft (200m) chimney.
David Cameron: Speech at Chongqing University in China Rt Hon David Cameron, Thursday, December 20 2007 For my country, which led the Industrial Revolution, this means that today we must lead the Green Revolution in the new technology of renewables, energy efficiency and decentralised energy. Both Britain and China have large reserves of coal. Yet, today, burning coal for electricity is a huge contributor global warming. But we are on the brink of accessing a technology that could change all that. Carbon Capture and Storage. Right now, at least a dozen CCS pilots are ready to launch around the world. But even though we have the depleted oil and gas fields that are ideal for testing this technology, not a single pilot is yet taking place in Britain. We cannot afford this kind of delay. So I can announce that developing green coal will be a priority for a Conservative Government: we will do what it takes to make Britain a world leader in this crucial field.
All existing coal-fired power stations should be retro-fitted with CCS, and all future coal-fired power stations should be built with CCS.
http://www.conservatives.com/News/Speeches/2007/12/David_Cameron_Speech_at_Chongqing_University_in_China.aspx
6 August 2008
Climate Camp at Kingsnorth Power Station
our actions did reach the attendees of the conference - one academic at the conference apparently spoke with a protester, and agreed that direct action was pushing matters in the right direction (he was a specialist in CCS, but held out little hope for it's implementation, given the probable massive costs) Score one massive point to us!
earth: Climate Rush Bike Rush London's streets • June 1st 2009
http://www.ameliasmagazine.com/earth/climate-rush-bike-rush-1/2009/06/04/
October 11,2009
18th October 2009 Ratcliffe Power Station
14 July 2010
I believe Peterhead represents the best site in the UK for a gas CCS project and I hope that our submission to the government will be successful.”
SSE chief executive Ian Marchant said: “If long-term targets for reducing emissions are to be met, CCS technology is going to have to apply as widely as possible. This means gas-fired power stations as well as coal.
http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/legislation/white_papers/emr_wp_2011/emr_wp_2011.aspx
Electricity Market Reform (EMR) White Paper 2011 Planning Our Electric Future: A White Paper for Secure, Affordable and Low-carbon Electricity 12 July 2011 The White Paper sets out key measures to attract investment, reduce the impact on consumer bills, and create a secure mix of electricity sources including gas, new nuclear, renewables, and carbon capture and storage. “Creates a level playing field for low-carbon electricity” paid for by Feed-in Tariffs with a Contract for Difference.
Final Phase 2 Project – Retrofit to the existing Longannet Sub-Critical Plant, Cancellation announced 19 October 2011
UK Carbon Capture and Storage Demonstration Competition SP-SP 6.0 - RT015 FEED Close Out Report, April 2011, ScottishPower CCS Consortium
Approx 300MW out of 2.4GW
BBC News 19 October 2011
Plans for the UK's first carbon capture project at the Longannet power station in Fife have been scrapped, the energy secretary has confirmed .
Chris Huhne announced the failure to reach a "deal" with power companies to capture carbon dioxide emissions at the plant and pipe them under the sea.
Mr Huhne blamed problems with the length of pipeline needed.
But he said the government hoped other schemes could work, indicating interest at Peterhead in Aberdeenshire.
A £1bn project to tum a Scottish power station into a world leader in climate change technology has collapsed.
José D. Figueroa./ APPA New Generation Meeting/ June 28, 2006
José D. Figueroa./ APPA New Generation Meeting/ June 28, 2006
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2015).pdf
Annual Energy Outlook 2015
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2015).pdf
Annual Energy Outlook 2015
http://www.slideshare.net/UKCCSRC/capture-from-cement-and-uk-calcium-looping-research-paul-fennell-imperial-college-london
UK CCS programme developments:
1. Demonstrate CCS asap for G8 initiative Peterhead / DF1 2005 Pre-combustion capture on natural gas (low risk but limited relevance)
2. Response to a dash for coal 2007/2008 CCS Competition Partial capture from large coal plants Energy Act 2010
3. DECC CCS Commercialisation Programme 2012 onwards Low carbon electricity Electricity Market Reform (EMR) not partial capture supports all low carbon electricity
UK CCS programme developments:
1. Demonstrate CCS asap for G8 initiative Peterhead / DF1 2005 Pre-combustion capture on natural gas (low risk but limited relevance)
2. Response to a dash for coal 2007/2008 CCS Competition Partial capture from large coal plants Energy Act 2010
3. DECC CCS Commercialisation Programme 2012 onwards Low carbon electricity Electricity Market Reform (EMR) not partial capture supports all low carbon electricity
4. CCS projects compete with other low carbon 2016 onwards Second generation projects at much lower costs funded by EMR Sharing transport and storage clusters CO2 supplies make offshore EOR attractive
Concentrated 2030 EOR 2030 Balanced 2030
Deployment of CCS capacity at scale (i.e. ~10 GW electricity) and infrastructure capable of capturing 40-50 MtCO2/year from power (as part of <100 kgCO2/MWh) and industry by 2030. Eventual storage target for 2050 scenarios (80% cut in UK emissions) ~ 100 MtCO2/year.
CCS Sector Development Scenarios in the UK http://www.eti.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2015-04-30-ETI-CCS-sector-development-scenarios-Final-Report.pdf
Timelines for capture and storage development in the Concentrated scenario
Concentrated scenario EOR scenario Balanced scenario
CCS Sector Development Scenarios in the UK http://www.eti.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2015-04-30-ETI-CCS-sector-development-scenarios-Final-Report.pdf
4 coal, 10 gas, 2 steel, 2 chemical, 2 refinery, 1 cement
9 coal, 6 gas, 2 steel, 2 chemical, 2 refinery, 1 cement
7 coal, 7 gas, 1 biomass, 2 steel, 2 chemical, 2 refinery, 1 cement
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/industrial-decarbonisation-and-energy-efficiency-roadmaps-to-2050
STUDY FOR BIS & DECC - INDUSTRIAL DECARBONISATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY ROADMAPS TO 2050 – CHEMICALS
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/industrial-decarbonisation-and-energy-efficiency-roadmaps-to-2050
STUDY FOR BIS & DECC - INDUSTRIAL DECARBONISATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY ROADMAPS TO 2050 – IRON AND STEEL
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/industrial-decarbonisation-and-energy-efficiency-roadmaps-to-2050
STUDY FOR BIS & DECC - INDUSTRIAL DECARBONISATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY ROADMAPS TO 2050 – CEMENT
Part 1, applied to CHP and Hydrogen generation plant (75% by 2050) Part 2, applied to FCC stack (50% by 2050)
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/industrial-decarbonisation-and-energy-efficiency-roadmaps-to-2050
STUDY FOR BIS & DECC - INDUSTRIAL DECARBONISATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY ROADMAPS TO 2050 – OIL REFINING
• Deployment of CCS capacity at scale (i.e. ~10 GW electricity) and infrastructure capable of capturing 40-50 MtCO2/year from power and industry by 2030 .
• Eventual storage target for 2050 scenarios ~ 100 MtCO2/year.
~ 40 MtCO2/year
~ 50 MtCO2/year
~ 50 MtCO2/year
CCS Sector Development Scenarios in the UK http://www.eti.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2015-04-30-ETI-CCS-sector-development-scenarios-Final-Report.pdf
Cost reductions • Economies of scale for T&S • EOR if it happens
Learning by doing for capture technology • Gas some always • Coal most in EOR scenario • Limited across Balanced scenario… • but most opportunity for technology
transfer from overseas
But how to maximise learning by doing with a very limited number of projects, globally as well as in the UK?
The Energy Innovation Chain: where does R&D fit? Energy Research Partnership, reported in 2006 in http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/newsevents/pubs/second-uk-energy-research-summit/ (and subsequently reproduced in various forms including , www.ukerc.ac.uk/support/tiki-download_file.php?fileId=3619 )
A. UPDATING CCS KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS
B. CCS KNOWLEDGE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT
C. CCS KNOWLEDGE DELIVERY ACTIVITIES
D. CCS CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND CAPACITY DELIVERY
Research and Pathways to Impact Delivery (RAPID) - a four-part approach for delivering industry-relevant R&D
From: R.K. Lester, Regionalizing Energy Technology Demonstrations, MIT Carbon Sequestration Forum 16, Cambridge, MA, November 12-13, 2014
From: R.K. Lester, Regionalizing Energy Technology Demonstrations, MIT Carbon Sequestration Forum 16, Cambridge, MA, November 12-13, 2014
IEAGHG Report 2014/TR4 Assessment of emerging CO2 capture technologies and their potential to reduce costs
UKCCSRC Post-Combustion Capture Workshop, 20-21 April 2015, Cranfield University Practitioner working group conclusions for UK Phase 2 and Phase 3 post-combustion: a) Natural gas only – NGCC+CCS b) Conventional solvents and compatibles
Earliest timing for UK Phase 2 and Phase 3 projects
FID Phase 1 2016
FID Phase 2 2019
FID Phase 3 2022+
BD3 + PetraNova + pilots
Technology choice 2017
Technology choice 2020
UKCCSRC Post-Combustion Capture Workshop, 20-21 April 2015, Practitioner working group conclusions for post-combustion
a) Natural gas only – NGCC+CCS b) Conventional solvents and compatibles
Possible operating
experience Possible
operating experience
Lignite fuel, ~ 1MtCO2/yr being sold for EOR - Shell Cansolv amine capture technology, Additional units planned - Looking for 30% reduction in capital costs UKCCSRC R&D collaboration under MOU
Saskatchewan, Canada, 2 October 2014 SaskPower Boundary Dam Unit 3 official opening
"parasitic load" about 17-18%, rather than the expected 21%. http://www.afr.com/business/energy/saskpowers-mike-monea-on-carbon-capture-and-storage-20150519-gh4q8d
http://www.powerofcoal.com/image/cache/7211-Clean_coal_information_Sheet_March_23_2012__2_.pdf
Boundary Dam Integrated Carbon Capture and Storage Demonstration Project
http://www.shell.co.uk/gbr/environment-society/environment-tpkg/peterhead-ccs-project.html https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/north-east/peterhead/534697/milestone-plans-for-revolutionary-peterhead-energy-project-revealed/
Peterhead CCS Project Shell UK Limited and SSE Post-combustion capture on one of three existing GT units Approximately 400MW equivalent capacity and 1MtCO2/yr
Jeremy Carey, Technology Manager, SSE, CCS Deployment in SSE Peterhead and Beyond…, IPA / UKCCSC CCS Conference 1st September 2011
http://www.shell.co.uk/gbr/environment-society/environment-tpkg/peterhead-ccs-project.html
Up to 10 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions could be captured from the Peterhead Power Station in Aberdeenshire, Scotland and then transported by pipeline and stored, approximately 100km offshore in the depleted Goldeneye gas reservoir, more than 2km under the North Sea.
http://www.whiteroseccs.co.uk
• New standalone power plant at the existing Drax Power Station site near Selby, • State-of-the-art coal-fired power plant with the potential to co-fire biomass. • 426MWe (gross) oxyfuel power and carbon capture and storage • 90% of all CO2 emissions captured • Capturing approximately 2 million tonnes of CO2 per year • Anchor project for Yorkshire CO2 transportation and storage network
White Rose CCS Project
• New standalone power plant at the existing Drax Power Station site near Selby, • State-of-the-art coal-fired power plant with the potential to co-fire biomass. • 426MWe (gross) oxyfuel power and carbon capture and storage • 90% of all CO2 emissions captured • Capturing approximately 2 million tonnes of CO2 per year • Anchor project for Yorkshire CO2 transportation and storage network http://www.whiteroseccs.co.uk
Pulverised coal oxyfuel – Alstom reference concept with integration
Design, Development and Large-scale Demonstration of an Oxy-combustion Boiler Armand Levasseur, Greg Liljedahl, Bruce Wilhelm, Xinsheng Lou, Paul Chapman,
Alstom Power, Windsor CT, 13th Annual Conference on CCUS, April 28-May 1, 2014
Pressurised oxyfuel example
Overview June 2013 63 | NET Power
The NET Power natural gas system
1 Fuel Combustion
2 CO2 Turbine
3 Heat Rejection
4 Water Separation
5 Compression and Pumping
7 Heat Recuperation
6 Additional Heat Input
5
1
2
3
4
7
6
5
Oxy-fuel, closed-loop, CO2 working fluid
High-pressure cycle, low pressure ratio turbine
200-400 bar; 6-12 pressure ratio
Target Efficiency 58.5% (LHV with 100% CC at 300 bar)
Addition of a simple hot compression cycle maintains efficiency and eliminates the need for ASU side heat
HP CO2 and liquid water are the only byproducts
No added costs of capture, separation or compression of CO2
Hideo Nomoto, Toshiba Corporation, Rodney Allam, NET Power, Presentation to 7th Trondheim Carbon Capture and Sequestration Conference, June 5, 2013
CO2 Power Plant Project Partners Toshiba, NET Power, CB&I, Exelon and 8 Rivers Capital …. have completed major agreements to build a 25MWe gross electric (50MWt) demonstration plant in the U.S. for test and evaluation that will provide the basis for the design and construction of a full-scale 295MWe commercial plant. .
● Toshiba is to provide a first-of-a-kind turbine ● CB&I to provide engineering, procurement and construction services ● Exelon, will be responsible for siting, permitting and commissioning ● NET Power will be responsible for project management, overall system engineering and integration, coordination between the partners. ● 8 Rivers Capital , inventor of the supercritical CO2 cycle, will provide ongoing engineering and technology development services. Timetable calls for Toshiba to begin delivery of key equipment to the demo plant site in August 2016. The completed plant is expected to enter the commissioning stage before the end of 2016.
25MWe Demo Plant. Design features a single can-type combustor and double-shell turbine structure, scaled-down model of a 250-300MWe turbine design for a commercial plant.
http://gasturbineworld.com/gearing-up.html
Overview June 2013 65 | NET Power
NET Power natural gas cycle Pr
essu
re (b
ar)
Additional Heat
Specific Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Turbine
Fuel Input
Compressor
Pump
Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchanger 1
2
3
4
5
6 7
Water Separator
5
Combustor
Contains the intellectual property of 8 Rivers Capital, NET Power and Toshiba.
Hideo Nomoto, Toshiba Corporation, Rodney Allam, NET Power, Presentation to 7th Trondheim Carbon Capture and Sequestration Conference, June 5, 2013
Overview June 2013 66 | NET Power
Natural gas cycle target efficiencies
Natural Gas Platform Target Efficiencies (100% CO2 Capture at 300 bar)
Energy Components HHV LHV
Gross Turbine Output 75% 83%
CO2 Compressor Power -11% -12%
Plant Parasitic Power (primarily ASU) -11% -12%
Net Efficiency 53% 59%
Hideo Nomoto, Toshiba Corporation, Rodney Allam, NET Power, Presentation to 7th Trondheim Carbon Capture and Sequestration Conference, June 5, 2013
(Gasifier-based coal version also being developed)
Hideo Nomoto, Toshiba Corporation, Rodney Allam, NET Power, Presentation to 7th Trondheim Carbon Capture and Sequestration Conference, June 5, 2013
Allam Cycle
Double-shell turbine structure
Single can-type combustor
(somewhere in Texas)
http://gasturbineworld.com/gearing-up.html &
Summary of power capture technologies for next 10-15 years
IEA GHG: ELECTRICITY COSTS FOR CAPTURE PLANTS
IEA GHG (2006), CO2 capture as a factor in power station investment decisions, Report No. 2006/8, May 2006
Costs include compression to 110 bar but not storage and transport costs. These are very site-specific, but indicative aquifer storage costs of
$10/tonne CO2 would increase electricity costs for natural gas plants by about 0.4 c/kWh and for coal plants by about 0.8 c/kWh.
Natural gas plants Coal/solid fuel plants
Consistent for comparison but absolute values will vary
Still no clear differentiation between coal technologies
Improved on by Allam Cycle
Gas CCS costs strong function of gas fuel price
CCS for industrial emitters
GCCSI - The Global Status of CCS 2014 Actual and expected operation dates for large-scale CCS projects in the Operate, Execute and Define stages by industry and storage type
http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/global-status-ccs-2014
Except for H2 production, no projects yet for chemicals, refining, iron & steel, cement
https://ukccsrc.ac.uk/news-events/events/ccs-action-cranfield-biannual
Leeson, Fennell, Petit, Fairclough, Brown and O’Connell
Direct Air Capture (DAC)
Klaus Lackner, GRC2015
For example, see S. A. Amelkin, A. M. Tsirlin, J. M. Burzler, S. Schubert, K. H. Hoffmann, Minimal Work for Separation Processes of Binary Mixtures, Open Sys. & Information Dyn. 10: 335-349, 2003.
T=25ºC
Theoretical work to separate binary mixture into two components at the same temperature and pressure
76
Air at 400ppm 10-90% capture
Power plant flue gas ~ 4% natural gas ~14% coal
90%+ capture
Air capture economic feasibility • Initial unoptimised costs by independent analysts ~ $600/tCO2 – it seems likely
that this could be improved significantly with experience.
• But even $600/tCO2 would add ~ $1.50 per litre of gasoline (less than doubling pump price in Europe).
• For any stationary source operating at low load factors (e.g. natural gas plant filling in for wind) the unit cost has to be a LOT lower to beat an air capture unit that is operating all the time. Transport barriers and small scale issues are also overcome.
• High marginal costs of abatement vs natural gas have been paid via Feed in Tariffs etc. for renewables, with the expectation of reducing costs as a result of experience.
• Air capture technologies are likely to be mass-produced, so costs will reduce significantly if they are produced in in large numbers.
• But significant benefits for society if cost-effective air capture technologies can be developed and proven in small numbers to reduce costs for if/when they are deployed in larger quantities.
• Also VERY significant benefits if countries agree to commit to a fixed emission budget at the next round of global negotiations in ~ 10 years - but this means it is likely they will need to use air capture eventually to get net zero emissions – demonstration of a viable air capture technology could be a deal-maker.
Direct Air Capture case study Carbon Engineering,
Squamish demo plant, BC, Canada
http://carbonengineering.com/
Carbon Engineering's air capture process
http://carbonengineering.com/updates/
Squamish demo plant site construction
CE AWARDED FUNDING FROM CCEMC, November 20, 2012 We are happy to announce that Carbon Engineering has been selected for inclusion in the most recent round of grant funding from the Climate Change and Emissions Management Corporation (CCEMC). This grant will be used to fund our upcoming end-to-end pilot plant, which we are currently designing for operation in late-2014. This pilot will demonstrate our proprietary direct air capture technology, and will be built with representative vendor-supplied hardware that will form the design basis for subsequent full-scale plants.
http://carbonengineering.com/updates/
Squamish demo plant site construction (happening now!)
UPCOMING END-TO-END PILOT CE has completed a 3-year R&D phase that produced the design, engineering, and cost assessment for our proprietary direct air capture system. During this time, we have also built relationships with our key equipment vendors who will supply components for our full-scale plant. CE has recently concluded a second round of investment funding, in order to fabricate and test a fully-integrated end-to-end pilot plant of our technology. We have worked with our key vendors to design this pilot to meet their data gathering needs so they can supply our full-plant at low risk. We will be working through this pilot phase from 2013-2015, and this is the last step before before we plan to build a first-of-a-kind commercial air capture plant in ~2017.
http://www.squamishchief.com/news/local-news/co2-filter-system-being-set-up-in-squamish-1.1479938 ~500 tCO2/yr scale
A rendering of Carbon Engineering's 'slab' air contactor, designed to ingest air and remove CO2 from it
http://carbonengineering.com/
Geoffrey Holmes et al. / Energy Procedia 37 ( 2013 ) 6079– 6095
Conclusions By the end of the next ~ 10 years we need to have:
1. Deployed 10’s of successful CCS projects on range of large stationary sources.
2. Demonstrated working Direct Air Capture pilot units that prove the concept is available as a back-stop.
3. Be ready for the next 10 years, and the next, and ….
How are we doing? • Wide range of possible options and predictions for their relative success in
the long term • Fewer options for deployment in the next 10 years – and if deployment
happens will affect future developments • Very important to get cost reductions in next 1 or 2 phases of projects –
researchers need to work closely with industry to maximise contributions • DAC now being developed – only way to capture emissions from transport
using hydrocarbon fuels • Lively CCS research community ready for decades of work – e.g. this meeting • But will this be enough to facilitate the necessary agreement?
