Upload
oscar-cole
View
217
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
How can Bioforsk contribute to Chinese-Norwegian collaboration on environmental
issues ?
Challenges related to food production, agriculture and rural development.
Nils VagstadDirector of Research
Norwegian Inst for Agricultural and Environmental Research
Ellen Merethe MagnusDirector – Bioforsk/Plant Health and Plant Protection Division
SINCIERE Member Forum Beijing October 19, 2007
Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research
Established in 2006; by merging three former institutes
Three major fields of activities
• Environment protection and natural resources management
• Multifunctional and sustainable agriculture, and rural development
• Plant science, plant protection and bio-technology
Organisation• Total staff about 500 • Annual turnover about
EUR 45 mill • 7 Research divisions
Organisational Structure
Director General
Techn/adm services
Arctic Agriculture and Land Use
Arable Crops
Horticulture and Urban Greening
Grassland andLandscapes
Soil and Environment
Organic Food and Farming
Plant Health and Plant Protection
Dir of ResearchDir of Finances
Important fields of activity linked to environment
• Sustainable land use and agricultural practices - for long-term food security and protection of the environment
• Watershed management - Integrated land and water resources management to prevent the degradation of water resources and soils.
• Food safety and plant health – to provide consumers with safe products.
• Integrated Pest Management – to enhance food quality and reduce the environmental risks of pesticides.
• Wastes, wastewater and sanitation – recycling of valuable resources and preventing the degradation of waters and soil.
• Toxic substances and eco-system effects – characterisation and risk assessment for efficient management and subsequent remediation measures
• Climate changes – processes, impacts and adaptations
• Environmental Monitoring; strategies and system design, technology and solutions for a wide range for variables and indicators
The conceptual approach of the EC Water Framework Directive – guide and framework to our approach on working with sustainability issues
DPSIR: A society - ecosystem whole-chain approach
Drivers
Pressures
State
Impacts
Response
Watershed Management
The EC Water Framework Directive requires a comprehensive assessment of State and Pressures and a Plan of measures to meet strict ecological quality targets for the water resources
- Research in order to support the implementation of appropriate and optimal measures
- Research in order to understand critical eco-system functioning and processes linked to land-water interactions
- Development of tools, models and decision support systems
• sq
If you are going to solve the “problems” you have to go to the roots of the problems
•Agriculture, food production, development of the rural societies – key drivers for sustainable development, including the protection of our natural resources and the environment
• THUS – many of the challenges linked to environment and natural resources management cannot be solved without having the agricultural sector onboard
By 2025, there will be an estimated 2 billion more people to feed
Everyone will be affected by this huge challenge
More food either by;• More land to produce food on -
and/or• Higher yields per land area –
- more efficient utilisation of applied inputs to the production
(e.g. nutrients, water, etc) - larger (external) inputs to the
production and plantsthat can respond to it
Increases (%) in Meat production and in Population; 1961-2002
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1961
1965
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
Re
lati
ve
to
yr
19
61
Pigmeat
Chicken meat
Population
Development in Cereal Yields 1965-2003
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Yie
ld i
n t
/ha
•The environmental impacts correlate strongly to:- amount and type of food produced- total area used for production- the efficiency in resource utilisation and the system productivity
The Key Challenge
Producing more food while maintaining full focus on:
Food Quality and Safety; i.e human health impacts
Environmental impacts, - in particular the contamination of soil and water, and the
ecosystem risks linked to e.g. GM crops and GMO
Degrading of the natural resources, e.g. land, waters, bio-diversity, - and not to forget – the limited Phosphorus resources
The Water Issue and the Need for Adequate Water
1.2 billion people lack access to satisfactory drinking water, more than 2.4 billion have unsatisfactory sanitory conditions
3.5 million children die every year due to waterborne diseases
Water pollution, erosion, floods and draughts are common features in many countries of the world
Growing more food means using more waterScenarios year 2025 indicate that the number of people living in countries with ”water stress” will increase to 3 billion, i.e. six times more than today
• Depending on their diet and where their food is grown, each person is responsible for the conversion of 2000 to 5000 liters of liquid water to vapor each day.
• To produce one kilogram of grain, plants must transform between 500 and 4000 liters of water into vapor through the process of evapotranspiration
• The daily amount of water we drink (2 to 5 liters) and use for household tasks (50 to 200 liters per person) seems insignificant when compared to the amount of water we ’eat’
•More crop per drop
•Virtual water
Virtual water
It seems logical for countries lacking water resources to import staple food from water abundant countries, thus saving their scarce water resources for higher value uses. In this way food importers essentially buy water resources from exporters. This is commonly referred to as virtual water trade (Allan 1998, Oki et al 2003, Hoekstra and Hung 2002).
Decisions, management and practices on the basis ofKnowledge and Documentation
• Tools and systems to enhance sustainable practices
• Tools and systems for policy support
• Tools and systems to document the impacts of actions taken
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 20 40 60 80 100120 140 160
Kg N ha in Fertilisers
Yie
ld ,
t ha
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Fertilisers and N losses
N lo
ss in
Kg
ha
Yield
N loss
6,89
2,64
0,52 0,32
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Max Mean
Kg P
/ha*
yr
Pig farms
Catchments
Scientific based decision support
Risk Assessments, e.g. linked to •Nutrients and soil erosion•Pesticides•GM crops
Life Cycle Analyses (LCA), e.g. •The water footprint•The Carbon footprint
Management and science……Communicating and understanding
Research
Under-standing
Ideas
Science
Design solution
Implementation
Problem
Management
Our main focus:Bridging Sustainability
Food
Environmen
t
Agricultur
e