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How Apollo 13's Dangerous Survival Mission Worked (Infographic)By Karl Tate, Infographics Artist | April 13, 2015 07:15am ET
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After an explosion crippled the spacecraft, the three astronauts had to fight to make their way back to Earth.
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12/18/2017 How NASA's Dangerous Apollo 13 Survival Mission Worked (Infographic)
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Credit: By Karl Tate, Infographics Artist
On April 11, 1970, NASA launched the Apollo 13 mission to send three astronauts to the moon and mark the third manned lunarlanding. The mission aimed to send commander Jim Lovell and lunar module pilot Fred Haise to the lunar surface, while commandmodule pilot Jack Swigert remained in orbit. But on April 13, the mission suffered a crippling explosion that would nearly doom thespaceflight and its crew.
Apollo 13's crew trained for making the first landing in the Fra Mauro lunar highlands, which appear brighter than the flat plains, or"maria," where the earlier two Apollo missions landed.
Video: Apollo 13 — What if NASA Failed?
But Apollo 13 carried an oxygen tank with a troubled history. The tank had been damaged in testing, but the spacecraft builderswere not aware of a problem. The cylindrical service module had six pie-slice sectors. Sectors 2, 3, 5 and 6 held the main fueltanks. Sector 4 held the damaged oxygen tank.
At about 56 hours into the flight of Apollo 13, Jack Swigert was instructed to "stir the tanks," or agitate the super-cold liquid oxygen.Moments later, oxygen tank 2 exploded. Photos taken near the end of the flight reveal the extent of the damage. "One whole side ofthe spacecraft is missing!" exclaimed Lovell.
With the command module losing power fast, the astronauts had to move into the lunar module, or LM, to use it as a lifeboat.Designed for two, the LM's cabin was a tight fit for three people, with Swigert keeping mostly to the small section at the rear of thecabin.
The LM did not have enough carbon-dioxide-scrubbing chemical canisters to keep the air breathable for three men all the way backto Earth. The astronauts had to build a crude adapter using spare parts on board, to make use of canisters meant for the commandmodule.
Apollo 13 Custom LEGO Minifigures Mark Mission's 45th Anniversary
Apollo 13 Astronaut Exhibit Re-Launches at Chicago Planetarium
At the time of the accident, Apollo 13 was on a path that would cause it to miss Earth by 2,500 miles (4,023 kilometers). To returnhome the astronauts had to fire the lunar module’s big landing engine several times to get back on the right trajectory.
The near-disaster of Apollo 13 was a stunning reminder of the perils of human spaceflight and how NASA, through ingenuity andperseverance, managed to overcome the incident and save the mission's three-man crew. In 1995, director Ron Howard wouldretell the Apollo 13 story in the film "Apollo 13" starring Tom Hanks as Jim Lovell.
Space History Photo: Apollo 13 EVA Walk-Through
Space History Photo: Apollo 13 Recovery Area
Space History Photo: Apollo 13 Splashdown
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AUTHOR BIO
Karl Tate, SPACE.com Infographics ArtistKarl's association with SPACE.com goes back to 2000, when he was hired to produce interactive Flash graphics.Starting in 2010, Karl has been TechMediaNetwork's infographics specialist across all editorial properties. Beforejoining SPACE.com, Karl spent 11 years at the New York headquarters of The Associated Press, creating newsgraphics for use around the world in newspapers and on the web. He has a degree in graphic design from LouisianaState University. To find out what his latest project is, you can follow Karl on Google+.
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