How active is your lecture?

Prof. dr. Martin Valcke

Workshop Innovative teaching and Learning Strategies in Higher Education

Maputo July 2011

"Learning is not a spectator sport. Students do not learn much just sitting in classes listening to teachers, memorizing prepackaged assignments, and spitting out answers.They must talk about what they are learning, write reflectively about it, relate it to pastexperiences, and apply it to their daily lives. They must make what they learn part ofthemselves (Chickering & Gamson, 1987)."

Structuur

• Exploring “action”• A theoretical base for active learning• Activating lectures

Approach

• Building on current practices; large scale lectures

• Extending the current strategies without questioning meso-level issues

• Proving that powerful solutions are possible at this level

Approach

• Research based education• Problem based learning

• Task based learning• Project teaching

• Virtual companies• Situated learning

• Experiential learning• …

Too many or toodemanding implications

Conclusions

• Activation requires to rethink conceptions of learning

• Existing approaches can be revamped; reactivated

Exploring « action »

• Sheets + marker

• Write down keywords

• What is according to you “active learning”?

• Take the perspective of the student!

Exploring « action »

• Sheets of paper

• Try to cluster the former set of answers

“Active” learning

• Elements– Internal processes (cognitive activities)– Application– Together with other students– Motivated– Deep learning– … “Elements of the learning process”

Instruction and “active learning”

Mate van retentie

Theoretical base for “active” le arning

• Dissection of the process

• Social cognitive analysis

• Information processing model

Controleprocessen

Lange Termijn Geheugen LTG

[LTM Long-term memory]

Zintuigen

[receptors]

Output

[Effectors]

Werkgeheugen

Korte Termijn Geheugen KTG

[Working memory - Korte termijn geheugen]

Omgeving [Environment]

Immediate memory

[directe geheugen]

Opslag

[Storage

Ophalen

[retrieval]

Selectieve

perceptie

Informatie vanuit

de omgeving

Informatie terug naar

de omgeving

Respons/output

organisatie

Selectinginformation

Organisinginformation

Integratinginformation

Newell & Simon

Information SensesDevelopment

Mentaal Model

Prior knowledge

Informationselection

Informationorganisation

Informationintegration

Cognitive structure, schema,

Bloom: comprehension, application, analysis, and synthesis.

Information SensesDevelopment

Mentaal Model

Prior knowledge

Informationselection

Informationorganisation

Informationintegration

Bloom: comprehension, application, analysis, and synthesis.

Where do we situate the introductory activity?

?

Stop!

• Try to summarize in about three sentences what we can conclude until now.

• Form a learning duo• Bring your ideas together• Make a final decision about the three

sentences

Look out !

• « activation » has to focus on the 3 types of cognitive processes

• Take care! Many strategies are single-sided (only one type is activated)

• Individually and working together helps

• Contrast met minder-actieve vormen

Look out!

• Individually and working together– Guarantee that each individual is responsible

for its own activities

• See analysis of further examples

Information SensesDevelopment

Mentaal Model

Prior knowledge

Informationselection

Informationorganisation

Informationintegration

Why is a traditional lecture less activating?

Why is a traditional lecture less activating?

• Wrong selection of information• Information does not connect to prior knowledge• Selected info not congurent with what is

important (lkr lln)• Cognitive overload in working memory• Organisation of info not guaranteed• …Embedding active learning into lectures is possible

Relationship with learning goalshttp://www.vuw.ac.nz/acis99/Papers/PaperJones-149.pdf

Activation of lectures easily possible

• Jumpie-lectures (Hinkstapsprong)

• Guided lectures

• Feedback lectures

• Response lectures

• Peg Lectures

• In-built discussion

• The use of visualizers

Jumpie lectures (Hinkstapsprong)• Build in pauses to foster storage and

retrieval of new content: each 12-18 minutes a pause of 2-3 minutes in which students – alone or in couples – review what has been dealt with and in which they can help each other to clarify items.

• At the end 3 minutes during which they list the whole session (free recall).

Research evidence• Higher performance

• Ruhl, K. L., Hughes, C. A., & Schloss, P. J. (1987)higher performance and longer retention 3 times 2 minutes of pause if we talk six minutes less, students learn more

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JVME/V21-1/Seeler1.html

Guided lectures

• The objectives of the lecture are clearly stated: operational.

• The lecture lasts 20-30 minutes. Students take notes. Next, 5 minutes to structure their notes. Next, they reconstruct the lecture in little groups (2-3 student). Update of their notes.

Feedback lectures• Students know the objectives and studied

the content beforehand independently. They solved pre- and postquestions en they have developed a structure/scheme of the content.

• The lecture last 20 minutes. Next a study period of 20 minutes. Next, little groups of 2-3 students to solve the tasks/problems presented in the materials.

• Very successful with students !

Research evidence

• 88% of the students prefer this approach

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JVME/V21-1/Seeler1.html

Differentiële leerwinsthttp://www.physics.indiana.edu/%7Esdi/ajpv3i.pdf

Average learning gain in a course

RED = traditionalGREEN = active

format

Respons lectures

• De lezing is gebaseerd op de (open) vragen van de studenten die bijv. via een forum zijn doorgestuurd of die midden in een klassieke lezing worden ingezameld onder de studenten.

• Stelt eisen i.v.m. zelfstudie

« Peg » lectures

• Build in interactive assessment

• « Pegs » with number are used by students. To indicate their answer they put a peg on the back of the chair in front of them. (colored cards)

• Verhy high level of efficacy. Brings assessment closer to the study activity.

07 12 1995 Cursor Univ. Eindhoven

Built-in discussion

• OK, you have now experiences a number of examples of more ative lectures.

• Work together in groups (3 students “Team Think”). You get 3 minutes to solve the following problem:– What approach do you prefer. Give (1) a theoretical

argument and (2) a personal reason to underpin your choice.

• I will select one group to bring forward their solution.

Research evidence

http://www.vuw.ac.nz/acis99/Papers/PaperJones-149.pdf

Research evidence

http://www.vuw.ac.nz/acis99/Papers/PaperJones-149.pdf

The use of visualisers

• Use schemas, structure diagram.

• CTML theory– Some examples

The use of visualisers

• Design principles:– TEXT + graphics versus TEXT

– Audio + graphics versus text + graphics

– Audio + text + graphics versus text + graphics

• Animations:– Audio + animated graphics versus audio + static

graphics

– Example: discussion of the “dual channel theory’” of Paivio

Multimediapresentation

Sensory memory

Workingmemory

LongTerm

Memory

Sounds

Graphical

Hearing

Sight

Sound

Image

VerbalModel

VisualModel

Priorknowledge

IntegrationO

rganisation

Read this:“When we pull the lever air can pass via the valve in the room between valce and air-valve. When we push the lever,, the valve is shut closed and the air-valcve is pressed open so that air is pushed outside via the air-valve into the tire.”

Multimediaprincipe

Multimedia principle

Read this text:“When we pull the lever air can pass via the valve in the room between valce and air-valve. When we push the lever,, the valve is shut closed and the air-valcve is pressed open so that air is pushed outside via the air-valve into the tire.”

When we pullthe lever,

Air passesalong the valve

And air enters the room betweenTh e valve and air-valve

When we pushthe lever

The valvecloses

And air is pressed through theair-valve to the tire.

Air-valve

Valve

lever

Spatial contiguity principle

O° C

When the air moves down, we get cold winds we feel before its starts to rain.

Spatial contiguity principle

O° C

When the air moves down, we get cold winds we feel before its starts to rain.

Spatial contiguity principle

O° C

-- -

--

+++

+ +

- ---

++

+

+

+ +

-

-+

A leader for negative elements drops zig-zag downwards. Many scientists think that this starts due to a spark between positive and negative elements in a cloud. Each step in the downward zig-zag movement is about the length of 50 yards and last about 1 million part of a second. There is a pause of about 50 million second between each step. At last the zig zag movement comes close to the earth.

A leader for negative elements drops zig-zag downwards. It comes close to the earth.

Coherence principle

Research evidence CTMLAuthors ES Percentile

T + NLR versus T

(Multimedia principle)

.67 23

T in line with graphics

(Spatial contiguity principle)

.95 42

Coherence: omission of redundant info 1.98 126

Audio better than T with animation/graphics .84 30

(Audio + graphics) better than (Audio + T + Graphics)

.77 28

Individual differences: Impact principles larger in learners with low prior knowledge

.60 17

Research evidence: impact when learners develop own representations

Authors Number of studies

ES Percentile

Mayer, 1989 10

16

1.02

1.31

34

40

Athappily,et al., 12980 39 .510 19

Powell, 1980 13

6

4

1.01

1.16

.56

34

38

21

Hattie et al., 1996 9 .91 32

Walberg, 1999 24

64

.56

1.04

21

35

Guzzetti et al., 1993 3 .51 20

Fletcher, 1990 47 .50 20

Conclusions CTML research

• Cognitive processing is activated by use and development of external representations– Graphical elaboration– Construction of a real physical model– Construction mental model (internal)– Drwaings and graphics and pictographics– Include physical movement (kinesthetic)

Other evidence based approaches

• Oblige to take notes• Start from problems, questions, tasks

instead of scientific content• Evolve towards task-driven and evaluation

driven lectures instead of a strong focus on text.

• Provide feedback on the tasks/questions you present during the lecture

• Work with criteria, checklists

Other evidence based approaches

• Wait: don’t expect an immediate answer after a question, task, problem.

• Ask students to rephrase remarks, questions of other students

• Ask students to submit exam questions that you actually use in your exams.

• Ask to visualize notes with mind maps

How active is your lecture?

Prof. dr. Martin Valcke

Workshop Innovative teaching and Learning Strategies in Higher Education

Maputo July 2011

"Learning is not a spectator sport. Students do not learn much just sitting in classes listening to teachers, memorizing prepackaged assignments, and spitting out answers.They must talk about what they are learning, write reflectively about it, relate it to pastexperiences, and apply it to their daily lives. They must make what they learn part ofthemselves (Chickering & Gamson, 1987)."