Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
How About A Career In Veterinary Pathology?
Opportunities in:
Diagnostic LabsAcademiaIndustryGovernment From the American
College of Veterinary Pathologists
We are looking for some excellent veterinarians who would like to specialize in an exciting field!
Veterinary pathologists study everything from live animals to proteins
Live animals Diseased organsCells
Organelles Chromosomes Molecules
Emma Cantor, daughter of Dr. Glenn Cantor, contemplates her career path during a necropsy on a musk-ox in Palmer, Alaska.
Diagnostic Veterinary PathologyDiagnostic Veterinary Pathology
Finding the causes of diseases in animals of all species
Duties of a diagnostic pathologist Diagnosis (for one animal or a group) Prognosis – predict the outcome and
report risks to animals and humans Written report to primary clinician
Diagnostic Veterinary PathologyDiagnostic Veterinary Pathology
Maylee Peterson, CVT, and Dr. Donna Hertzke work in a large diagnostic laboratory, helping hundreds of veterinarians, animals, and owners every day.
A diagnostic veterinary pathologist will be critical in determining what is causing disease in these animals, and whether there is a risk to humans handling the animals or consuming the milk or meat.
Divisions of Diagnostic Divisions of Diagnostic Veterinary PathologyVeterinary Pathology
Clinical Pathology Cytology – analysis of cells in tissue
or body fluid Clinical chemistry – body fluid
analysis Hematology – blood cell analysis Microbiology – agent identification
Dr. Laura Andrews and Cindy Frey, MLT, discuss fluid analysis preparation.
Cytology slide: Cells from a lymph node cancer
Blood smear: Lymph node cancer cells in blood (leukemia)
Divisions continuedDivisions continued
Anatomic Pathology Necropsy (Autopsy) – gross (naked
eye) and microscopic examination of whole animals
Surgical Pathology – gross and microscopic examination of biopsies (tissue removed from living animals)
Horse with a melanoma of the eyelid
Microscopic melanoma
The tumor is removed by a veterinary clinician and submitted to a diagnostic laboratory. The diagnosis is made by the pathologist.
Training RequiredTraining Required
Bachelor’s degree or equivalent – 2 to 4 years
DVM or equivalent – 4 years Residency training or other advanced
training in veterinary pathology – 3 - 5 years
ACVP Board Certification in Anatomic and/or Clinical Pathology (achieved by passing an examination)
Dr. Betsy Aird and Dr. James Carpenter examine cytology slides together on a double headed training/consulting microscope.
Employment OpportunitiesEmployment Opportunities
Private diagnostic laboratory State or provincial diagnostic laboratory Academic institution – veterinary or
medical school Contract laboratory (laboratory for
assessing product safety) Zoo Other agency serving the needs of wildlife
and/or the environment
Veterinary diagnostic laboratories use state of the art equipment. Stan Krogman, MT, and CellDyn 5300
Diagnostic veterinary pathologists can work for zoos and wildlife agencies. They play an important role in protecting endangered species.
Rewards of Being a Diagnostic Rewards of Being a Diagnostic Veterinary PathologistVeterinary Pathologist
Your work is critical to quality veterinary care; you will be a key team player.
Your contributions will benefit a very large number of animals and humans every day.
You could be the first to recognize a new disease or public health hazard.
You will embark on a lifetime of learning and face exciting new challenges daily.
Veterinary pathologists discovered that the West Nile virus had invaded North America. Critical work was done at the Bronx Zoo.
Veterinary pathologists at Colorado State Diagnostic Lab are studying Chronic Wasting Disease in deer and elk, a disease that has spread to several states. The disease is caused by prions similar to those which cause Mad Cow Disease.
Rewards continuedRewards continued You can build on the vast knowledge you
acquired in veterinary school, becoming extremely knowledgeable in the diseases of numerous animal species.
Or you can specialize in one area of veterinary pathology (for example, diseases of fish, or diseases of the skin).
You can work in a large laboratory with many pathologists.
Or you can perform some or all of your duties at home.
Diagnose disease in all
species.
Or specialize. Dr. Sherman Jack is an expert in catfish pathology, of economic importance in southern Gulf states in the USA.
Work in a large diagnostic laboratory. The workload is shared and it is easy to consult with others before releasing the results.
Because Dr. Maron Calderwood Mays works for two veterinary diagnostic labs in different states, she does most of her work at home.
Diagnostic veterinary pathology is often a stepping stone to other career choices in veterinary pathology.
Academia
Industry
Government
Careers in AcademiaCareers in Academia
College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University
Careers in AcademiaCareers in Academia
Combinations of: Teaching,Research, Service
Careers in AcademiaCareers in Academia
Traditionally, all three areas Many positions now combine only
two areas Research and diagnostics, or Research and teaching, or Teaching and diagnostics
Or, only research
Training required for an academic Training required for an academic careercareer
DVM Pathology residency and ACVP boards PhD (recommended) (required if you
choose a research career) Post-doctoral training (recommended if
you choose a research career as a principal investigator)
Note: Post-DVM graduate students and post-docs are paid much better than traditional graduate students
Types of institutionsTypes of institutionsVeterinary schools, medical schools, research universities
Dr. Krista La Perle, a veterinary pathologist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, and Rockefeller University, works on genetically engineered mice to identify genes involved with human diseases.
ResearchResearch
Pathology training teaches flexibility, broad approach to problem-solving, ability to learn new techniques and ways of thought
MolecularBiology
Toxicology
Histo-pathology
Physiology
InfectiousDiseases
Nutrition Fields that aren’t
inventedyet
ResearchResearch
Research by people with comparative pathology training includes a wide variety of fields: molecular biology, toxicology, infectious diseases, physiology
Principal investigator or collaborator
Funded by government or private grants
ResearchResearch
You can pick your own field of expertise and research
“Academia allows you to follow reason wherever it may lead to” - Dr. Patrick Caplazi
Dr. Peter Doherty, Nobel laureate Dr. Peter Doherty, Nobel laureate and veterinary pathologistand veterinary pathologist
Peter C. Doherty, BVSc, PhD, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
A T killer cell (upper right) attaching to and sensing the antigens on a target cell. If the target cell carries the correct antigens fitting the receptor of this particular T cell, the "kiss of death" will follow: the target cell will be destroyed.
TeachingTeaching
Small group case-based problem solving
TeachingTeachingVeterinary students
Lectures, small groups (clinical rotations, case simulations), or one-on-one
Professor of the Year stresses love of medicine, love of life Monday, December 11, 2000
SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER STAFF As a child, Steve Hines would crawl under houses to pluck out feral felines he heard crying for food. So it wasn't surprising that his love for animals led him to become a veterinarian. And when he was a doctoral student, he realized that solving actual problems, rather than answering multiple-choice questions, made it fun to learn how to treat sick animals….
Dr. Steve Hines, Professor of Pathology
TeachingTeaching
Pathology residents Small classes, lots of
one-on-one Graduate students
Research mentoring, small classes
Undergraduates Lectures, research
mentoringDr. Terry McElwainand Dr. Esther Trueblood
ServiceService Many universities are associated with state
diagnostic laboratories Diagnostic laboratories also serve veterinary
teaching hospitals Laboratory animals from the university research
community
Cryptosporidia in the intestineof a foal
RewardsRewards
Highly diverse and challenging work
“Academia offers a nice balance. Truly significant research that helps people and animals is the 20-year plan that makes my life meaningful. But I also need day-to-day immediate satisfaction--solving a case in the diagnostic lab or teaching a student.”
-Dr. Glenn Cantor
RewardsRewards
Teaching smart students is fun, keeps you constantly thinking, has a huge impact on young people’s lives
Service has short-term satisfactions and rewards – solving problems for real animal owners and practitioners
RewardsRewards
Research has long-term satisfactions and rewards – discovering something important!
Opportunity to be truly creative
It’s intellectually exhilarating to have smart colleagues who challenge one’s ideas and push for further accomplishments.
Academic environment can be very Academic environment can be very pleasantpleasant
Rafting on the Salmon River, near Washington State University
Lake Alice at the University of Florida. A good place to watch alligators and egrets or to go sailing or swimming.
Necropsy students show prowess with their knives by carving pumpkins
CareerCareer Opportunities Opportunities in Industry in Industry
Play a key role in discovery and development of new drugs for major health problems
Human diseases Animal diseases
CancerDiabetes
Malaria
HIV
Asthma
Alzheimer’s
Heartdisease
And more
CareerCareer Opportunities in Industry Opportunities in Industry
Type of businessType of business Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology
(focusing on treatment of humans) Small chemical entities, proteins,
vaccines, gene therapy products Regulated by FDA and its international
counterparts Chemical and agrochemical industry
Regulated by EPA
Veterinary pathologists participate in the short-term and long-term animal testing of drug development. The contribution by pathologists is key in the selection process and development of drug candidates.
Types of business (cont.)Types of business (cont.)
Animal health Medicines and vaccines for food and
companion animals Regulated by FDA
Food and consumer products Regulated by FDA
Contract Research Organizations (CROs) Provide service in all aspects of work for
industry
Dr Judith Saik, a pathologist working on the development of animal health products, at a research farm with animals that are on study there.
CareersCareers in Industry in Industry
Type of activitiesType of activities Safety assessment of compounds/products
Studies required by regulations Conducted under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)
Investigative pathology Determination of pathogenesis in support of
studies Earlier and faster prediction of toxic effects Use of molecular biological tools Integration of gene and protein expression with
morphology and function
Laser capture microdissectionLaser capture microdissection
Danielle Diaz, BS is identifying areas of interest for microdissection of a tissue section to be used for RNA recovery.
Microdissected tissue
Hierarchical clustering ofgene expression
mRNA
RNA isolation
Microarray
CareerCareers in Industrys in Industry
Type of activities (cont.)Type of activities (cont.) Lead optimization
Assist in selection of best compound/product in a series, based on pathologic parameters
Research Characterize animal models of diseases
Including transgenics and knockouts Assess efficacy in animal models
Compound/product sponsorship Participate in multidisciplinary development teams
Luciferase-based non-invasive imaging and Luciferase-based non-invasive imaging and microscopic localization of metastatic cellsmicroscopic localization of metastatic cells in in oncology researchoncology research
Metastatic prostate cancer cells are demonstrated by imaging in knees and rib; microscopic section of rib.
CareersCareers in Industry in Industry
Species/specimens studiedSpecies/specimens studied Rodents
Mice (including transgenics, knockouts), rats Non-rodents
Dogs, non-human primates, mini pigs, rabbits, guinea pigs, horses, cattle, chickens, fish
In vitro systems Cultured specimens: cells, tissue slices,
organs Specimens from in vitro physiologic
experiments
Light microscopy and ultrastructure of liver slice culture
Crystalline and granular mitochondrial inclusions
C and cup-shaped mitochondria
CareersCareers in Industry in Industry
Clinical pathology Hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry,
cytopathology, laboratory instrumentation and methods, and quality control/quality assurance
Seek out patterns and correlations between laboratory data in treated and non-treated groups
Technical familiarity with wide range of modern instrumentation, laboratory principles, and statistics
Dr Laurie O’Rourke and Jill Omerza, MT are reviewing dot density plots of peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Clinical pathology: flow cytometry for immunophenotyping
Careers Careers in Industryin Industry
Anatomic pathology Recognize changes on gross, light microscopy, and
ultrastructure Ancillary methods include immunohistochemistry,
in situ hybridization, laser applications (laser scanning microdissection, confocal microscopy), computerized morphometry
Participate in study design, study conduct, and data analysis
Paul Grosenstein, BS, EMT is working at the morphometry station using the KS400 system.
Immunohistochemical stains for B and T lymphocytes in spleen
Anatomic pathology - Transmission Electron Microscopy
Dr. Natasha Neef reviews ultrastructural images taken by a Zeiss electron microscope using the Soft Imaging System software.
CareersCareers in Industry in Industry
Studies requiring specialized expertiseStudies requiring specialized expertise
Reproductive toxicity Staging of spermatogenesis
Immunopathology Assessment of function/response Phenotyping cells
Neurotoxicity Detailed assessment of function and morphology
of central and peripheral nervous system
Plastic embedded, Toluidine blue stained sections of peripheral nerve from a control animal and an animal with neuropathy
Three-dimensional reconstruction of MK801-induced neuronal degeneration in rat brain (red); ventricles (light green)
Careers Careers in Industryin Industry
RewardsRewards Be a key participant in the development of
safe and innovative products that Meet unmet medical needs Increase agricultural productivity Have positive impact on customers’ business
and/or life Constant learning, new scientific and
intellectual opportunities
Rewards (cont.)Rewards (cont.) Compared to general veterinary
practice: Opportunity to manage or influence others without
being responsible for a small business Flexible hours provide a family friendly
environment Ample resources for scientific investigation Great diversity of workforce assures an enriching
environment Generous compensation package
Makes student loan and house payments more affordable
CareersCareers in Industry in IndustryWhat type of person excels in industry What type of person excels in industry
as a veterinary pathologist?as a veterinary pathologist?
Able to integrate data from other disciplines
Scientific creativity and curiosity Be a team player Good communication skills
With peers, associates, management, and regulators
Flexibility and ability to accept change
Duties overlap those of pathologists in diagnostic, academic, and industry settings
Function as an anatomical pathologist or clinical pathologist
Function may be specialized e.g., toxicologicpathologist ormolecular pathologist
Career Opportunities in GovernmentCareer Opportunities in Government
Careers in Government: TrainingCareers in Government: Training
DVM DVM with board certification in
anatomic or clinical pathology DVM and PhD During PhD studies, may obtain
training in toxicology or molecular biology which allows pathologist to become specialized
Dr. Dixon, DVM, PhD specializes in understanding the cellular and molecular causes of neoplasia in the female reproductive system at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
APOPTOSIS PROTEINS
MARKER OF CELL PROLIFERATION
Growth Factor Staining
Careers in GovernmentCareers in Government
US Army Veterinary Corps
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
Careers in Government:Careers in Government:Employment OpportunitiesEmployment Opportunities
Diagnostic pathology support for all U.S. Government-owned animals
Pathology Opportunities in thePathology Opportunities in theU.S. Army Veterinary CorpsU.S. Army Veterinary Corps
Chemical, biological & radiological defenseresearch programs
Pathology Opportunities in the Pathology Opportunities in the U.S. Army Veterinary CorpsU.S. Army Veterinary Corps
Travel and Fun
Rewards of U.S. Army Rewards of U.S. Army Veterinary CorpsVeterinary Corps
Lancet 346: 1669-71, 1995
Jaax N, Jahrling P, Geisbert T, Geisbert J, Steele K, McKee K, Nagley D, Johnson E, Jaax G, Peters C.
Transmission of Ebola virus (Zaire strain) to uninfected control monkeys in a biocontainment laboratory
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases,
Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011, USA.
Role of the Veterinary PathologistRole of the Veterinary Pathologistin an American Ebola Outbreakin an American Ebola Outbreak
National Institutes of Health (NIH)National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
National Toxicology Program (NTP)
Major governmental agency that coordinates toxicology research and testing activities in cooperation with other governmental agencies
World leader in designing, conducting, and interpreting assays for toxicity and cancer
Provides information to the public about potentially toxic chemicals to safeguard public health and prevent unnecessary exposure to hazards
Careers in Government: NIEHS / NTP Pathologists work on issues relevant to the American publicEvaluate the safety of chemicals intended for human use
Chemicals used in commerce
Food additives
Drugs, cosmetic ingredients
Pesticides
Serve as pathologist responsible for gross and microscopic evaluation of laboratory animals
Serve as director of large multidisciplinary studies
Serve as researcher – principal investigator or collaborator
Teach undergraduate and graduate students
Careers in Government: ResponsibilitiesNIEHS / NIH
Retroviruses Cat leukemia virus (Bill Jarrett) Cat sarcoma virus
(Stan Snyder, Gordon Eilen) Bovine leukemia virus
(Janice Miller) Helicobacter species
(Ward, Haines, Anver) Helicobacter hepaticus
liver tumors
Role of the Veterinary Pathologist in Discovering Infectious Agents as aCause of Cancer
Contributions of a Veterinary Pathologist to a Nobel Prize: Kuru (in humans) vs Scrapie (in sheep)
Nobel Prize in Medicine 1976 for showing the infectious nature of kuru – to Carleton Gajdusek, MD
Carlton Gadjusek, Nobel Lecture, 1976:
“The clinical picture and histopathological findings of scrapie closely resemble those of kuru; this permitted Hadlow (1959) to suggest that both diseases might have similar etiologies.”
William Hadlow, DVM 1959 letter in Lancet:
“The natural history and general clinical aspects (and the neuropathological changes) of the two diseases are strikingly similar…..Thus, it might be profitable to examine the possibility of the experimental induction of kuru in a laboratory primate ”
Provide input into review of new molecular entities and new formulations for human and veterinary drugs, vaccines, devices
Role in food safety
Research the potential for cutting edge technologies and drugs (e.g. transgenic animals)
Help design studies for understanding drug mechanisms of action and / or toxicity
Participate in national and international initiatives for drug development (e.g. World Health Organization)
Careers in Government: Careers in Government: Responsibilities of FDAResponsibilities of FDA
Research at the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
The National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory is a collection of research stations across the country where experiments are conducted to study the potential adverse effects of chemicals and environmental contaminants on human health, ecosystems, and wildlife.
EPA: Opportunities exist to become a recognized expert in many relevant fields such as reproductive toxicology,
neurotoxicology, respiratory toxicology, immunology, and carcinogenesis.
Lysotracker Staining for Cell Death
Opportunity to serve the American public and be mentored by other pathologists
Opportunity to serve as national and international advisors
Opportunity to collaborate with colleagues in academia, industry, diagnostic labs without having to write grants
Opportunity to make significant impact on protecting human health
Careers in Government: Rewards
Careers in Veterinary Pathology Careers in Veterinary Pathology For more information:For more information:
American College of Veterinary Pathologists7600 Terrace Avenue, Suite 203, Middleton, WI 53562-3174608-833-8725 www.acvp.org
Society of Toxicologic Pathology1767 Business Center Drive, Suite 302, Reston, VA 20190703-438-7508 www.toxpath.org
American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians
P.O. Box 1770, Davis, CA 95617530-754-5727 [email protected]
This presentation was created by these individuals – This presentation was created by these individuals – with the help of many other veterinary pathologists….with the help of many other veterinary pathologists….
Dr. Maron Calderwood Mays
Dr. Judit Markovits
Dr. Glenn Cantor
Dr. Robert Sills
