How a Society is GovernedExternalized vs. Internalized Controls

Internalized Controlscultural control

Self-imposed by individuals. Rely on such deterrents as

shame, fear of divine punishment, and magical retaliation.

Although bands and tribes rely heavily upon them, they are generally insufficient by themselves.

Externalized Controlssocial control and sanctions

• Positive sanctions reward appropriate behavior.

• Negative sanctions punish behavior.

How a Society is Governed Formal Sanctions

Formal Sanctions are the enforceable rules of a society. Formal sanctions may involve some form of regulated combat,

seen here as armed dancers near Mount Hagen in New Guinea demand redress for murder.

How a Society is Governed Law

an external control

• Allocates authority to employ coercion to enforce sanctions.

• Redefines social relations and aids its own efficient operation by ensuring it allows change.

Settling Disputes

Example: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/countries-places/sudan/sudan_overview.htmlDarfur (part of Sudan)

• A dispute may be settled in two ways: 1. Negotiation - the parties to the dispute reach an

agreement with or without the help of a third party.

2. Adjudication - An authorized third party issues a binding decision.

Song Duels

Having a song duel is the traditional approach to dispute resolution among the Inuit of northern Canada.

Trial by Ordeal

• Togo, West Africa: trial to determine a yam thief

• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/countries-places/togo/togo_trialbyoil.html

• Similar to Kpelle of Liberia and their “trial by knife” (p. 287 in your book).

Settling Disputes Ethnographic Examples

Child Soldiers

Today, there are more than 250,000 child soldiers, many as young as 12 years old. Among them are these boys training to be guerrillas in Sahel, Eritrea.

Emmanual Jal (Child soldier in Sudan):◦ http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/countries-places/sudan/

sudan_thewarchild.htmlMore on the Civil War in the Darfur area of Sudan…

Warfare in Multinational States

Example: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/countries-places/sudan/sudan_overview.htmlDarfur (part of Sudan)