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Household Flies: Biology, Behavior, and Control. Dr. Richard M. Houseman Department of Entomology University of Missouri. Flies. Order Diptera Have two wings 110,000 species worldwide Aquatic and terrestrial Medically important Complete Metamorphosis Egg, maggot, pupa, adult Motivation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Household Flies: Household Flies: Biology, Behavior, Biology, Behavior,
and Controland Control
Dr. Richard M. HousemanDepartment of Entomology
University of Missouri
Flies
• Order Diptera– Have two wings– 110,000 species
worldwide– Aquatic and terrestrial– Medically important
• Complete Metamorphosis– Egg, maggot, pupa, adult
• Motivation– Food, light, sex,
temperature
Fly Development
• Life Cycle
Egg Larva Pupa Adult-Feeding-Growing
-Feeding?-Mating
Fly IPM
• Inspection• Identification• Mechanical (exclusion, traps)• Cultural (sanitation)• Chemical (baits, aerosols)
Fly Identification
• Three groups– Small flies
•Less than ¼” in length•Various breeding sites
– Filth flies• Infest indoors
– Nuisance flies• Invade from outdoors
Small Flies
Fruit Fly
• Drosophila spp.• Several species• 1/8 inch long• Tan in color• Red eyes
Fruit flyDrosophila sp.
Fruit Fly
•Life Cycle•7-10 days•Eggs laid on fruit
– About 500 eggs per female– Hatch after 24-30 hrs
•Larvae feed on fermenting sugars– 5-6 days
•Pupate in drier areas near food
Fruit Fly
• Breeding sites•Ripened fruits and vegetables•Moist organic matter in cracks,
crevices•Mops, Drains•Garbage
• Inspection•Often multiple breeding sites•Adults not always near breeding sites
Phorid Fly
• Megacelia scalaris– 1/10 inch long– Arched thorax– Dark brown– No red eyes
Humpbacked flyPhoridae
Humpbacked flyPhoridae
Phorid Fly
•Life Cycle•14-37 days•Eggs laid on surface of DOM
– 40 eggs over 12 hr period– Hatch after 24 hrs
•Larvae feed on moist DOM– 9-16 days
•Pupate in dry areas close to food
Phorid Flies
• Various Breeding Sites•Decomposing plants or animals•Organically enriched soil under slab•Dirty floor drains, disposals, drip pans•Trash containers•Crevices at base of kitchen equipment•Potted plants, terrariums•Feces•Cadavers
Phorid Flies
• Inspections•Need to be very thorough•Often multiple breeding sites•Masking tape method for drains and
slabs
Moth Fly
• Psychoda alternata– 1/8 inch long– Pointed, hairy wings– Long, drooping antennae
Moth flyPsychoda sp.
Moth Fly
•Life Cycle•8-24 days•Eggs laid on gelatinous lining or moist
DOM– 30-100 eggs per female– Hatch after 48 hrs
•Larvae feed on algae, bacteria, sludge in gelatinous film
– Utilize breathing tube– 10-15 days
•Pupate for short period
Moth flyPsychoda sp.
Moth Fly
• Breeding sites•Gelatinous organic matter•Sink/sewer drains, sump pumps•Shower pans•Porta potties•Mops, brooms•Crawlspaces•Sewers/sewage treatment nearby
Moth Fly
• Inspections•Strongly attracted to light•Masking tape method for drains•Check spider webs in crawlspaces•Drill holes in wall behind shower pan
(light)
Mosquito
• Culicidae– Thin bodies– Long mouthparts– Scales on wingveins
MosquitoCulex sp.
Mosquito
• Life Cycle•Eggs laid singly or in rafts
– Hundreds of eggs per female– Female generally needs blood to make
eggs
•Larvae live suspended from water surface
– Breathe through air tube on rear end– Move about by wiggling– Feed on algae, bacteria, organic debris
•Pupae breathe through horns on head
Mosquito larvaeCulicidae
Mosquito larvaeCulicidae
Mosquito
• Breeding Sites• Ponds, lakes, ditches• Culverts, manholes• Bird baths, gutters• Pots, cans, buckets, other containers• Old tires
• Inspections• Breeding sites for larvae• Vegetation around structure for
adults
Filth Flies
House fly
• Musca domestica– ¼ inch long– Dull gray– 4 dark stripes on
thorax– Sponging mouthparts
House flyMusca domestica
House Fly
•Life Cycle•6-10 days•Eggs laid on fresh feces or garbage
– 750-900 eggs per female
•Larvae burrow into food material to feed
– 6-8 days– May migrate several hundred feet from
feeding site
•Pupate for short period
House flyMusca domestica
House fly
• Breeding sites•Wet garbage•Manure •Rotting grains
• Inspections•Focus outdoors primarily•Pet manure areas•Trash bins, decaying
fruits/vegetables
Blow Fly
• Calliphora• Phormia
– ¼ inch long– Metallic colors
Green bottle flyCalliphora erythrocephala
Blow Fly
•Life Cycle•4-12 days•Eggs laid on carcasses, feces, garbage
– 180 eggs per time (2400 total)– Hatch after 8 hrs
•Larvae burrow into food material– Feed for 2-7 days– Crawl short distance from food– Burrow into soil to pupate
•Pupate for 2-5 days
Green bottle flyCalliphora erythrocephala
Green bottle flyCalliphora erythrocephala
Blow Fly
• Breeding Sites•Dead animals•Feces•Garbage
• Inspections•Focus outdoors primarily•Dead animals, trash, feces• Indoors usually result of dead rodent
– 180+ flies from a single dead mouse
Nuisance Flies
Cluster Fly
• Pollenia rudis– 3/8 inch long– Golden/yellow
hairs on the top of the thorax
– Buckwheat honey odor
Cluster flyPollenia rudis
Cluster Fly
•Life Cycle•25-36 days (Four generations)•Eggs laid in cracks in soil surface
– One egg at a time
•Larvae locate earthworm– Burrow into worm– Feed for 14-22 days– Exit earthworm to pupate
•Pupate for 11-14 days
Cluster Fly
• Breeding Sites•Lawns and pastures
• Inspections•Locate exterior cracks/crevices•South/west surfaces best• Inspect attics/wall voids
Crane Fly
• Tipulidae– Large flies– Gangly looking– Very long legs– Mosquito-like
Crane flyTipulidae
Crane Fly
• Breeding Sites•Damp habitats with abundant
vegetation
• Inspections•Usually considered occasional
invaders•Open doors/windows likely source•Pose no threat indoors•No treatment recommended
Midge
• Chironomidae– 1/4 inch– Mosquitoe-like– No long mouthparts
Midge
• Life Cycle•Larvae live in bottom of still water
• Breeding sites•Pools, puddles, ponds
• Inspections•Strongly attracted to lights•Look inside light fixtures,
windowsills
Fly Control
• Sanitation– Breeding site elimination
• Exclusion– Reduce ability to gain entry
• Baits– Food-based – Sex-based
Flies
• Feeding– Food is the MOST important
motivation•Odors very attractive•Detect over large distances•Locate mates at feeding sites•FEEDING and BREEDING sites
Flies
• Sanitation critical•Regularly empty/wash trash cans•Use tightly sealed trash cans•Regularly clean drains•Regular rotation of fresh
fruits/veggies
Flies
• Temperature– Important attractant at short
distances– Prefer low 80’s
•Enter from outside during hot days•Attracted to warm walls when cold
comes
– Exclusion critical
Flies
• Light– Many flies are diurnal– UV Usually used to lure into a trap – Not all species attracted equally to UV
light• Invaders very attracted• Infesters not attracted as much
– Placement is critical
• Sex– Males to female pheromones– Used to lure into traps
Contact Info:
Dr. Richard M. HousemanDepartment of Entomology1-87 Agriculture BldgUniversity of MissouriColumbia, MO 65211