Hotspot Volcano Chains

8/2/2019 Hotspot Volcano Chains

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Hotspot (geology)

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Diagramshowing a crosssection though the Earth'slithosphere (in yellow) withmagmarising fromthe mantle (inred)

Schematic diagramshowing the physicalprocesses inside the Earth that lead to thegeneration of magma. Partial melting beginsabove the fusion point.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the geologic term. For other uses, see Hotspot (disambiguation).

The places known as hotspotsorhot spots in geology are volcanic regions thought to be fed byunderlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the mantle elsewhere. They may be on, nearto, or far from tectonic plate boundaries. There are two hypotheses to explain them. One suggests thatthey are due to hot mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core-mantle boundary.[1] Theother hypothesis postulates that it is not high temperature that causes the volcanism, but lithosphericextension that permits the passive rising of melt from shallow depths.[2][3] This hypothesis considersthe term "hotspot" to be a misnomer, asserting that the mantle source beneath them is, in fact, notanomalously hot at all. Well known examples include Hawaii or Yellowstone.

Contents [hide]

1 Background1.1 Comparison with island arc volcanoes

2 Hotspot volcanic chains2.1 Postulated hotspot volcano chains

2.2 List of volcanic regions postulated to be hotspots2.2.1 Eurasian Plate

2.2.2 African Plate

2.2.3 Antarctic Plate

2.2.4 South American Plate

2.2.5 North American Plate2.2.6 Indo-Australian Plate

2.2.7 Nazca Plate

2.2.8 Pacific Plate

3 Former hotspots

4 See also

5 References

6 Further reading

7 External links

Background

The origins of the concept of hotspots lie in the work ofJ. Tuzo Wilson, who postulated in1963 that the Hawaiian Islands result from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a hotregion beneath the surface.[4] It was later postulated that hotspots are fed by narrow streamsofhotmantle rising from the Earth's core-mantle boundary in a structure called a mantleplume.[5] Whether or not such mantle plumes exist is currently the subject of a majorcontroversy in Earth science.[3][6] Estimates for the numbers of hotspots postulated to be fedby mantle plumes has ranged from about 20 to several thousands, over the years, with mostgeologists considering a few tens to exist. Hawaii, Runion, Yellowstone, Galpagos, andIceland are some of the most currently active volcanic regions to which the hypothesis isapplied.

Most hotspot volcanoes are basaltic (e.g., Hawaii, Tahiti). As a result, they are less explosivethan subduction zone volcanoes, in which water is trapped under the overriding plate. Wherehotspots occur in continental regions, basalticmagma rises through the continental crust, which melts to form rhyolites. These rhyolitescan form violent eruptions. For example, the Yellowstone Caldera was formed by some of the most powerful volcanic explosions ingeologic history. However, when the rhyolite is completely erupted, it may be followed by eruptions of basaltic magma rising through thesame lithospheric cracks. An example of this activity is the Ilgachuz Range in British Columbia, which was created by an early complexseries oftrachyte and rhyolite eruptions, and late extrusion of a sequence of basaltic lava flows.[7]

The hotspot hypothesis is now closely linked to the mantle plume hypothesis.

Comparison with island arc volcanoes

Hotspot volcanoes are considered to have a fundamentally different origin from island arc volcanoes. The latter form oversubductionzones, at converging plate boundaries. When one oceanic plate meets another, the denser plate is forced downward into a deep oceantrench. This plate, as it is subducted, releases water into the base of the over-riding plate, and this water causes some rock to melt. It isthis that fuels a chain of volcanoes, such as theAleutian Islands, nearAlaska.

Hotspot volcanic chains

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Over millions of years, the Pacific Plate has moved over the Hawaiihotspot, creating a trail of underwater mountains that stretch acrossthe Pacific

An example of mantle plume locationssuggested by one recent group.[9] Figure

fromFoulger (2010).[3]

Distribution of selected hotspots. The numbers in the figure arerelated to the listed hotspots on the left.

[show]Map of all coordinates from Google

Map of first 200 coordinates from Bing

structures to be fixed relative to one another, with the continents andseafloordrifting overhead. The hypothesis thus predicts that time-progressive chains of volcanoes are developed on the surface.Examples are Yellowstone, which lies at the end of a chain of extinctcalderas, which become progressively older to the west. Anotherexample is the Hawaiian archipelago, where islands becomeprogressively older and more deeply eroded to the northwest.

Geologists have tried to use hotspot volcanic chains to track themovement of the Earth's tectonic plates. This effort has been vexed bythe lack of very long chains, by the fact that many are not time-

progressive (e.g. the Galpagos) and by the fact that hotspots do notappear to be fixed relative to one-another (e.g., Hawaii and Iceland.[8])

Postulated hotspot volcano chains

Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain (Hawaii hotspot)Louisville seamount chain (Louisville hotspot)Walvis Ridge (Gough and Tristan hotspot)

KodiakBowie Seamount chain (Bowie hotspot)Cobb-Eickelberg Seamount chain (Cobb hotspot)New England Seamount chain (New England hotspot)

Anahim Volcanic Belt (Anahim hotspot)Mackenzie dike swarm (Mackenzie hotspot)Great Meteor hotspot track (New England hotspot)

St. Helena Seamount Chain - Cameroon Volcanic Line (Saint Helena hotspot)Southern Mascarene PlateauChagos-Maldives-Laccadive Ridge (Runion hotspot)Ninety East Ridge (Kerguelen hotspot?)[10]

TuamotuLine Island chain (Could it be a Crough hotspot, it is probably not a hotspot trail)[1]

AustralGilbertMarshall chain (Macdonald hotspot)Juan Fernndez Ridge (Juan Fernndez hotspot)

List of volcanic regions postulated to be hotspots

Eurasian Plate

Eifel hotspot (8)

5012N 642E, w= 1 az= 082 8 rate= 12 2 mm/yr[11]

Iceland hotspot (14)

6424N 1718W[11]

Eurasian Plate, w= .8 az= 075 10 rate= 5 3 mm/yrNorth American Plate, w= .8 az= 287 10 rate= 155 mm/yr

Possibly related to the North Atlantic continental rifting (62 Ma),Greenland.[12]

Azores hotspot (1)

3754N 2600W[11]

Eurasian Plate, w= .5 az= 110 12North American Plate, w= .3 az= 280 15

Jan Mayen hotspot (15)

71N 9W[11]

Hainan hotspot20N 110E, az= 000 15 [11]

African Plate

Mount Etna

3745.304N 1459.715E[11]

Hoggarhotspot (13)

2318N 536E, w= .3 az= 046 12 [11]

Tibesti hotspot (40)

2048N 1730E, w= .2 az= 030 15 [11]

Jebel Marra/Darfur hotspot (6)

1300N 2412E, w= .5 az= 045 8 [11]

Afar hotspot

700N 3930E, w= .2 az= 030 15 rate= 16 8 mm/yr[11]

Possibly related to theAfar Triple Junction, 30 Ma.Cameroon hotspot (17)

200N 506E, w= .3 az= 032 3 rate= 15 5 mm/yr[11]

http://www.web2pdfconvert.com/?ref=PDFhttp://www.web2pdfconvert.com/?ref=PDFhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=2.0_N_5.1_E_type:landmark&title=Cameroon+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_Triple_Junctionhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=7.0_N_39.5_E_type:landmark&title=Afar+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_Trianglehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=13.0_N_24.2_E_type:landmark&title=Darfur+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_Domehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=20.8_N_17.5_E_type:landmark&title=Tibesti+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibesti_Mountainshttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=23.3_N_5.6_E_type:landmark&title=Hoggar+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaggar_Mountainshttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=37_45.304_N_14_59.715_E_region:IT_type:mountain&title=Mount+Etnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Etnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotspot_(geology)&action=edit&section=7http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=20_N_110_E_type:landmark&title=Hainan+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=71_N_-9_E_type:landmark&title=Jan+Mayen+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Mayen_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=37.9_N_-26.0_E_type:landmark&title=Azores+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=64.4_N_-17.3_E_type:landmark&title=Iceland+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=50.2_N_6.7_E_type:landmark&title=Eifel+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifel_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotspot_(geology)&action=edit&section=6http://toolserver.org/~para/cgi-bin/kmlexport?article=Hotspot_%28geology%29&redir=binghttp://toolserver.org/~para/cgi-bin/kmlexport?article=Hotspot_%28geology%29&redir=googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotspots.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotspots.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotspot_(geology)&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdonald_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austral_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuamotushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerguelen_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety_East_Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagos-Maldives-Laccadive_Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascarene_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_Volcanic_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena_Seamount_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Meteor_hotspot_trackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_dike_swarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahim_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahim_Volcanic_Belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Seamount_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb-Eickelberg_Seamount_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak%E2%80%93Bowie_Seamount_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvis_Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_seamount_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian-Emperor_seamount_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CourtHotspots.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CourtHotspots.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotspot_(geology)&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafloorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Seamountshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hawaii_hotspot.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hawaii_hotspot.jpg


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Madeira hotspot

3236N 1718W, w= .3 az= 055 15 rate= 8 3 mm/yr[11]

Canary hotspot (18)

2812N 1800W, w= 1 az= 094 8 rate= 20 4 mm/yr[11]

New England/Great Meteor hotspot (28)

2924N 2912W, w= .8 az= 040 10 [11]

Cape Verde hotspot (19)

1600N 2400W, w= .2 az= 060 30 [11]

St. Helena hotspot (34)

1630S 930W, w= 1 az= 078 5 rate= 20 3 mm/yr[11]

Gough hotspot, at 4019' S 956' W.[13][14]

4018S 1000E, w= .8 az= 079 5 rate= 18 3 mm/yr[11]

Tristan hotspot (42), at 3707 S 1217 W.

3712S 1218W[11]

Vema hotspot (Vema Seamount, 43), at 3138' S 820' E.

3206S 618W[11]

Related maybe to the Paran and Etendeka traps (c. 132 Ma) through the Walvis Ridge.Discovery hotspot (Discovery Seamounts)

4300S 242W, w= 1 az= 068 3 [11]

Bouvet hotspot

5424S 324E[11]

Shona/Meteor hotspot (27)

5124S 100W, w= .3 az= 074 6 [11]

Runion hotspot (33)

2112S 5542E, w= .8 az= 047 10 rate= 40 10 mm/yr[11]

Possibly related to the Deccan Traps (main events: 68.5-65 Ma)Comoros hotspot (21)

1130S 4318E, w= .5 az=118 10 rate=35 10 mm/yr[11]

Antarctic Plate

Marion hotspot (25)

4654S 3736E, w= .5 az= 080 12 [11]

Crozet hotspot4606S 5012E, w= .8 az= 109 10 rate= 25 13 mm/yr[11]

Possibly related to the Karoo-Ferrargeologic province (183 Ma)Kerguelen hotspot (20)

4936S 6900E, w= .2 az= 050 30 rate= 3 1 mm/yr[11]

le Saint-Paul andle Amsterdam could be part of the Kerguelen hotspot trail (St. Paul is probably not another hotspot)Related maybe to the Kerguelen Plateau (130 Ma)

Heard hotspot

5306S 7330E, w= .2 az= 030 20 [11]

Balleny hotspot (2)

6736S 16448E, w= .2 az= 325 7 [11]

Erebus hotspot

7730S 16712E[11]

South American Plate

Trindade/Martin Vaz hotspot (41)

2030S 2848W, w= 1 az= 264 5 [11]

Fernando hotspot (9)

348S 3224W, w= 1 az= 266 7 [11]

Possibly related to the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (c. 200 Ma)Ascension hotspot

754S 1418W[11]

North American Plate

Bermuda hotspot3236N 6418W, w= .3 az= 260 15 [11]

Yellowstone hotspot (44)

4430N 11024W, w= .8 az= 235 5 rate= 26 5 mm/yr[11]

Possibly related to the Columbia River Basalt Group (17-14 Ma).[15]

Raton hotspot (32)

http://www.web2pdfconvert.com/?ref=PDFhttp://www.web2pdfconvert.com/?ref=PDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raton_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River_Basalt_Grouphttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=44.5_N_-110.4_E_type:landmark&title=Yellowstone+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=32.6_N_-64.3_E_type:landmark&title=Bermuda+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotspot_(geology)&action=edit&section=10http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-7.9_N_-14.3_E_type:landmark&title=Ascension+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Atlantic_Magmatic_Provincehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-3.8_N_-32.4_E_type:landmark&title=Fernando+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronhahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-20.5_N_-28.8_E_type:landmark&title=Trindade+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trindade_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotspot_(geology)&action=edit&section=9http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-77.5_N_167.2_E_type:landmark&title=Erebus+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-67.6_N_164.8_E_type:landmark&title=Balleny+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balleny_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-53.1_N_73.5_E_type:landmark&title=Heard+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paulhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-49.6_N_69.0_E_type:landmark&title=Kerguelen+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerguelen_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoo-Ferrarhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-46.1_N_50.2_E_type:landmark&title=Crozet+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crozet_Islandshttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-46.9_N_37.6_E_type:landmark&title=Marion+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotspot_(geology)&action=edit&section=8http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-11.5_N_43.3_E_type:landmark&title=Comoros+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Trapshttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-21.2_N_55.7_E_type:landmark&title=R%C3%A9union+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-51.4_N_-1.0_E_type:landmark&title=Shona+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-54.4_N_3.4_E_type:landmark&title=Bouvet+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_Islandhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-43.0_N_-2.7_E_type:landmark&title=Discovery+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvis_Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_and_Etendeka_trapshttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-32.1_N_-6.3_E_type:landmark&title=Vema+hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-37.2_N_-12.3_E_type:landmark&title=Tristan+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-40.3_N_10_E_type:landmark&title=Gough+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Islandhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-16.5_N_-9.5_E_type:landmark&title=St.+Helena+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=16.0_N_-24.0_E_type:landmark&title=Cape+Verde+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Cape_Verdehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=29.4_N_-29.2_E_type:landmark&title=Great+Meteor+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=28.2_N_-18.0_E_type:landmark&title=Canary+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=32.6_N_-17.3_E_type:landmark&title=Madeira+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira


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Over millions of years, the Pacific Plate has moved over the Bowiehotspot, creating the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain in the Gulf ofAlaska

3648N 10406W, w= 1 az= 2404 rate= 30 20 mm/yr [11]

Anahim hotspot (45)

52540N 123440W (Nazko Cone)[16]

Indo-Australian Plate

Lord Howe hotspot (22)

3442S 15948E, w= .8 az= 351 10 [11]

Tasmanid hotspot (Gascoyne Seamount, 39)

4024S 15530E, w= .8 az= 007 5 rate= 63 5 mm/yr[11]

East Australia hotspot (30)4048S 14600E, w= .3 az= 000 15 rate= 65 3 mm/yr[11]

Nazca Plate

Juan Fernndez hotspot (16)

3354S 8148W, w= 1 az= 084 3 rate= 80 20 mm/yr [11]

San Felix hotspot (36)

2624S 8006W, w= .3 az= 083 8 [11]

Easter hotspot (7)

2624S 10630W, w= 1 az= 087 3 rate= 95 5 mm/yr[11]

Galpagos hotspot (10)

024S 9136W[11]

Nazca Plate, w= 1 az= 096 5 rate= 55 8 mm/yrCocos Plate, w= .5 az= 045 6

Possibly related to the Caribbean large igneous province (main events: 95-88 Ma).

Pacific Plate

Louisville hotspot (23)

5336S 14036W, w= 1 az= 316 5 rate= 67 5 mm/yr[11]

Possibly related to the Ontong Java Plateau (125-120 Ma).

Foundation hotspot

3742S 11106W, w= 1 az= 292 3 rate= 80 6 mm/yr[11]

Macdonald hotspot (24)

2900S 14018W, w= 1 az= 289 6 rate= 105 10 mm/yr[11]

North Austral/President Thiers (President Thiers Bank)

2536S 14318W, w= (1.0) azim= 293 3 rate= 75

15 mm/yr[11]

Arago hotspot (Arago Seamount)

2324S 15042W, w= 1 azim= 296 4 rate= 120

20 mm/yr[11]

Maria/Southern Cook hotspot (les Maria)

2012S 15348W, w= 0.8 az= 300 4 [11]

Samoa hotspot (35)

1430S 16812W, w= .8 az= 2855 rate= 95 20 mm/yr[11]

Crough hotspot (Crough Seamount)

2654S 11436W, w= .8 az= 284 2 [11]Pitcairn hotspot (31)

2524S 12918W, w= 1 az= 293 3 rate= 90 15 mm/yr [11]

Society/Tahiti hotspot (38)

1812S 14824W, w= .8 az= 2955 rate= 109 10 mm/yr[11]

Marquesas hotspot (26)

1030S 13900W, w= .5 az= 319 8 rate= 93 7 mm/yr[11]

Caroline hotspot (4)

448N 16424E, w= 1 az= 289 4 rate= 135 20 mm/yr [11]

Hawaii hotspot (12)

1900N 15512W, w= 1 az= 304 3 rate= 92 3 mm/yr[11]

Possibly related to the Siberian Traps (251-250 Ma).[citation needed]

Socorro/Revillagigedoshotspot (37)

1900N 11100W[11]

Guadalupe hotspot (11)

2742N 11430W, w= .8 az= 292 5 rate= 80 10 mm/yr[11]

Cobb hotspot (5)

http://www.web2pdfconvert.com/?ref=PDFhttp://www.web2pdfconvert.com/?ref=PDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=27.7_N_-114.5_E_type:landmark&title=Guadalupe+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_Islandhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=19.0_N_-111_E_type:landmark&title=Socorrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socorro_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Trapshttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=19.0_N_-155.2_E_type:landmark&title=Hawaii+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=4.8_N_164.4_E_type:landmark&title=Caroline+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Islandshttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-10.5_N_-139.0_E_type:landmark&title=Marquesas+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesas_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-18.2_N_-148.4_E_type:landmark&title=Society+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-25.4_N_-129.3_E_type:landmark&title=Pitcairn+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-26.9_N_-114.6_E_type:landmark&title=Crough+hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-14.5_N_-168.2_E_type:landmark&title=Samoa+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-20.2_N_-153.8_E_type:landmark&title=Maria%2FSouthern+Cook+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Mariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitutakihttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-23.4_N_-150.7_E_type:landmark&title=Arago+hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-25.6_N_-143.3_E_type:landmark&title=North+Austral+hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-29.0_N_-140.3_E_type:landmark&title=Macdonald+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdonald_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-37.7_N_-111.1_E_type:landmark&title=Foundation+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontong_Java_Plateauhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-53.6_N_-140.6_E_type:landmark&title=Louisville+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak-Bowie_Seamount_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kodiak-Bowie_Seamounts.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kodiak-Bowie_Seamounts.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotspot_(geology)&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_large_igneous_provincehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-0.4_N_-91.6_E_type:landmark&title=Gal%C3%A1pagos+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-26.4_N_-106.5_E_type:landmark&title=Easter+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-26.4_N_-80.1_E_type:landmark&title=San+Felix+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desventuradas_Islandshttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-33.9_N_-81.8_E_type:landmark&title=Juan+Fern%C3%A1ndez+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotspot_(geology)&action=edit&section=12http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-40.8_N_146.0_E_type:landmark&title=East+Australia+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Australia_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-40.4_N_155.5_E_type:landmark&title=Tasmanid+hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=-34.7_N_159.8_E_type:landmark&title=Lord+Howe+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Howe_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotspot_(geology)&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazko_Conehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=52_54_0_N_123_44_0_W_type:mountain_region:CA&title=Anahim+hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahim_hotspothttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hotspot_(geology)&params=36.8_N_-104.1_E_type:landmark&title=Raton+hotspot


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Earth sciences portal

4600N 13006W, w= 1 az= 321 5 rate= 43 3 mm/yr[11]

Bowie/Pratt-Welker hotspot (3)

5300N 13448W, w=.8 az= 306 4 rate= 40 20 mm/yr[11]

Former hotspots

Euterpe/Musicians hotspot (Musicians Seamounts) [11]

Mackenzie hotspot

Matachewan hotspot

See also

References

1. ^ ab W. J. Morgan (5 March 1971). "Convection Plumes in the Lower Mantle" . Nature230(5288): 4243.Bibcode1971Natur.230...42M . doi:10.1038/230042a0 .

2. "Do plumes exist?" . Retrieved 2010-04-25.

3. ^ abcFoulger, G.R. (2010). Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy . Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN978-1-4051-6148-0.4. ^ Wilson, J. Tuzo (1963). "Apossible origin of the Hawaiian Islands" . Canadian Journal of Physics41 (6): 863870. Bibcode

1963CaJPh..41..863W . doi:10.1139/p63-094 .5. "Hotspots: Mantle thermal plumes" . United States Geological Survey. 1999-05-05. Retrieved 2008-05-15.6. ^ Wright, Laura (2000-11). "Earth's interior: Raising hot spots" . Geotimes.American Geological Institute. Retrieved 2008-06-15.7. ^ Holbek, Peter (1983-11) (PDF). Report on Preliminary Geology and Geochemistry of the Ilga Claim Group . Retrieved 2008-06-

15.[dead link]

8. "What the hell is Hawaii?" . Retrieved 2011-01-07.

9. ^ Courtillot, V.; Davaillie, A.; Besse, J.; Stock, J. (2003). "Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earth's mantle". Earth Sci. Planet. Lett.205(34): 295308.Bibcode2003E&PSL.205..295C . doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01048-8 .

10. ^ E. V. Verzhbitsky (2003). "Geothermal regime and genesis of the Ninety-East and Chagos-Laccadive ridges" . Journal of Geodynamics35 (3): 289. doi:10.1016/S0264-3707(02)00068-6 .

11. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbiW.J. Morgan and J. P. Morgan. "Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement" . Retrieved 2011-11-06.

12. ^ Nielsen, Sren B.; Stephenson, Randell; Thomsen, Erik (13 December 2007). "Letter:Dynamics of Mid-Palaeocene North Atlantic riftinglinked with European intra-plate deformations". Nature450(7172): 10711074. doi:10.1038/nature06379 . PMID18075591 .

13. ^ O'Neill, C.; Mller, R. D.; Steinberger, B. (2003). "Revised Indian plate rotations based on the motion of Indian Ocean hotspots" . Earthand Planetary Science Letters215: 151168.

14. ^ O'Connor, J. M.; le Roex, A. P. (1992). "South Atlantic hot spot-plume systems. 1: Distribution of volcanism in time and space". Earth andPlanetary Science Letters113 (3): 343364. Bibcode1992E&PSL.113..343O . doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90138-L .

15. ^ Smith, Robert B.; Jordan, Michael; Steinberger, Bernhard; Puskas, Christine M.; Farrell, Jamie; Waite, Gregory P.; Husen, Stephan; Chang,Wu-Lung; O'Connell, Richard (20 November 2009). "Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume: Seismic and GPSimaging, kinematics and mantle flow" . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research188(13): 2656.

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.020 .16. "Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes- Anahim volcanic belt" . Natural Resources Canada. Geological Survey of Canada. Retrieved 2008-

06-14.

Further reading

"Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy" . Wiley-Blackwell. October 2010.Boschi, L.; Becker, T.W.; Steinberger, B. (2007). "Mantle plumes: Dynamic models and seismic images" . GeochemistryGeophysics Geosystems8 (Q10006): Q10006. Bibcode2007GGG.....810006B . doi:10.1029/2007GC001733 . ISSN15252027 .Clouard, Valrie; Gerbault, Muriel (2007). "Break-up spots: Could the Pacific open as a consequence of plate kinematics?". Earth andPlanetary Science Letters265: 195. Bibcode2008E&PSL.265..195C . doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.013 ."Towards A Better Understanding Of Hot Spot Volcanism" . SienceDaily. 4 February 2008.

External links

Formation of Hotspots

Raising Hot SpotsLarge Igneous Provinces (LIPs)Maria Antretter, PhD Thesis (2001): Moving hotspots - Evidence from paleomagnetism and modelingDo Plumes Exist?Hotspots on Map

Categories: Plate tectonics Volcanology Structure of the Earth Hotspots Geological history of Earth

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