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Hotel Plumbing Systems Overview
Page 3 Page 9 Page 12 Page 20
Domestic Hot Water Recirculation Systems
Domestic Hot Water Systems
Domestic Cold Water Systems
Definitions and Industry Terms
Common Plumbing Definitions
• DCW – Domestic Cold Water
• DHW – Domestic Hot Water
• DHWR – Domestic Hot Water Recirculation
• RP – Recirculation Pump
• TMV – Thermostatic Mixing Valve
• CV – Check Valve
• BFP – Backflow Preventor
• DWH – Domestic Water Heater
• GWH – Gas Fired Water Heater
• EWH – Electric Water Heater
System Types Equipment Water Heaters
Common Plumbing Definitions – Floor Plan
• A floor plan is a drawing to scale, showing a view from above, of the relationships between rooms, spaces, traffic patterns, and other physical features at one level of a structure.
• Floor plans are used in plumbing system design to show the intended routing of piping systems and locations of fixtures.
What is a Floor Plan? Why are Floor Plans Needed?
Notice the piping is routed throughout the building in the general areas it is installed.
Floor Plan Example
Common Plumbing Definitions – Riser Diagram
• Whenever new water or drain lines are to be installed, a plumbing riser diagram is required. A plumbing riser diagram consists of water, drain and vent lines being installed. A riser diagram provides the missing details that cannot be depicted on the floor plans.
• Riser Diagrams indicate all pipe sizes on the water and drainage piping systems and show cleanouts for the sanitary system. They also provide a complete view of the system layout in a condensed manner
What is a Riser Diagram? What missing information is added?
The complete domestic hot water system layout and order is providing complete sizing of the domestic hot water system.
Riser Diagram Example 1
The complete domestic hot water system layout and order is providing complete sizing of the domestic hot water system.
Riser Diagram Example 2
• Source of water is either municipal or on site well.
• Cold water enters in a service type room. Mechanical room, meter room, etc.
Cold Water Systems
• For municipal systems, a water meter and main shut off are the first two items on the system.
• Cold water pressure is typically between 30 and 80 PSI for a commercial building. Anything under 30 PSI and flush valves have operational issues. The code limits the maximum pressure at any fixture to 80 PSI.
Cold Water Systems
• When the incoming water pressure is too low a booster pump is used to increase the pressure in the system
• Some Buildings do not have enough pressure to operate the most remote fixtures based upon their incoming water pressure.
Cold Water Systems
Domestic Hot Water Systems
• All domestic hot water is supplied from the cold water system
• Industry standards is to heat the domestic hot water to above 140° F
• Point of use
• Central Generation
• Hybrid
• Instantaneous
• Semi Instantaneous
• Storage
Generation Types of Systems Types of Water Heaters
• Installed on local fixtures. Can be one per bathroom group, one per fixture, etc. No central mixing valve in this scheme
• Typically one or two fixtures are served by one water heater.
• These systems are used when there are remote fixtures and additional domestic hot water piping is not desired throughout the building.
Point of use
• Located in one place and piped through out the building at one temperature. Typically located in a mechanical or water service room.
• Master or Main TMV is located here. This is the last place the domestic hot water temperature is adjusted before going to the guest rooms.
Central Generation
• An example of centrally located domestic hot water heaters.
• Typically the system is comprised of a few smaller water heaters. This allows for some system redundancy when there is a failure or repair required.
Central Generation
• Water is heated to temperature at the rate of demand through the water heater. Can be used as point of use or as a central system.
• These can be point of use or centrally located
• Current trends are using many of these units with a small storage tank.
Instantaneous Water Heating
• Semi-instantaneous water heaters are sized to overheat the water, and they utilize a temperature-actuated mixing valves on the outlet of the water heater to provide a consistent outlet temperature to the hot water distribution system. This allows for a constant hot water temperature as flow through the heat exchanger fluctuates with demand.
Semi Instantaneous Water Heating
• Direct Fired – The water is heated directly in the storage tank.
• Indirect Fired – Water is heater through a separate energy source and pumped between the source and the storage tanks.
• Large amounts of hot water are stored. Energy input loads are typically smaller than instantaneous and semi instantons system. Storage sizes for hotels can range from 500 to 1000 gallons
Storage Type
Domestic Hot Water Systems Energy Sources
Steam – Steam is produced from a
boiler or an off site utility
Can be #2 fuel oil…aka diesel. Also
can be kerosene. Both are delivered by
truck
Can be natural gas or LP gas. Natural gas is typically connected
form the street and LP is delivered by truck.
Uses the suns radiation to heat water through
a exterior heat exchanger (solar panel)
Provided by a local utility.
Electric type water heater with a heat
pump added. Acts like an air conditioner in
reverse.
Heat Pump/Hybrid ElectricitySolarGasOil Steam
• Hot water is recirculated in central domestic hot water systems to make up for the heat loss through of the piping distribution system. The intent to maintain a minimum temperature in the entire domestic hot water system. Industry standard is a temperature above 120° F.
• Typically any fixtures that are more than 50 feet from the hot water generation will have a recirculation line. Plumbing codes have minimum standards for this. (varies by state and local jurisdictions)
Domestic Hot Water Recirculation Systems
• A pump is provided in the mechanical room, circulating the domestic hot water back through the water heater to add back in the energy lost in the domestic hot water system.
• They are sized based upon the heat loss of the piping to maintain the temperature of the domestic hot water system. Typically the return temp is 5 to 10 degrees cooler than the domestic hot water.
Domestic Hot Water Recirculation Systems
Legionella
• Legionnaires’ disease is a serious type of pneumonia (lung infection) caused by Legionella bacteria.
• To reduce the risk of biological growth.
• Shower Heads and sink faucets
• Hot water tanks and heaters
• Large plumbing systems
• It does not prevent any growth of bacteria or replace other legionella prevention systems.
• It can used by hotels as an additional tool in their legionella prevention program.
What is it?Parts of Hot Water Systems that
it grow or spread What does SWM do?
Hotel Domestic Hot Water System Key Temperatures
• Above 140°-150° F
• To reduce the risk of biological growth.
• Many domestic water heaters and storage tank warranties are voided at 160° F
• Between 120°-130° F
• Over 130° F increases the risk of scalding.
• Under 120° F is too low to assume hot water recirculation temperatures are hot enough
• Above 120° F
• This is the minimum preferred temperature to reduce the risk of biological growth in the domestic hot water system.
Hot Water Generation and Storage
Hot Water Supply to Guest Rooms
Hot Water Recirculation Temperature Range
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.26
Hotel Plumbing Systems Overview
Domestic Hot Water
Recirculation Systems
Domestic Hot Water
Systems
Domestic Cold Water
Systems
Definitions and Industry
Terms
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.27
Common Plumbing Definitions
• DCW – Domestic Cold
Water
• DHW – Domestic Hot
Water
• DHWR – Domestic Hot
Water Recirculation
• RP – Recirculation Pump
• TMV – Thermostatic
Mixing Valve
• CV – Check Valve
• BFP – Backflow Preventor
• DWH – Domestic Water
Heater
• GWH – Gas Fired Water
Heater
• EWH – Electric Water
Heater
System Types Equipment Water Heaters
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.28
Common Plumbing Definitions – Floor Plan
• A floor plan is a drawing to scale,
showing a view from above, of the
relationships between rooms, spaces,
traffic patterns, and other physical
features at one level of a structure.
• Floor plans are used in plumbing system
design to show the intended routing of
piping systems and locations of fixtures.
What is a Floor Plan? Why are Floor Plans Needed?
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.29
Notice the piping is routed throughout the
building in the general areas it is installed.
Floor Plan Example
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.30
Common Plumbing Definitions – Riser Diagram
• Whenever new water or drain lines are to
be installed, a plumbing riser diagram is
required. A plumbing riser
diagram consists of water, drain and vent
lines being installed. A riser diagram
provides the missing details that cannot
be depicted on the floor plans.
• Riser Diagrams indicate all pipe sizes on
the water and drainage piping systems
and show cleanouts for the sanitary
system. They also provide a complete
view of the system layout in a condensed
manner
What is a Riser Diagram? What missing information is added?
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.31
The complete domestic hot water system
layout and order is providing complete sizing
of the domestic hot water system.
Riser Diagram
Example 1
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.32
The complete domestic hot water system
layout and order is providing complete sizing
of the domestic hot water system.
Riser Diagram
Example 2
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.33
• Source of water is either municipal or on site
well.
• Cold water enters in a service type room.
Mechanical room, meter room, etc.
Cold Water Systems
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.34
• For municipal systems, a water meter and
main shut off are the first two items on the
system.
• Cold water pressure is typically between 30
and 80 PSI for a commercial building. Anything
under 30 PSI and flush valves have
operational issues. The code limits the
maximum pressure at any fixture to 80 PSI.
Cold Water Systems
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.35
• When the incoming water pressure is too low a
booster pump is used to increase the pressure
in the system
• Some Buildings do not have enough pressure
to operate the most remote fixtures based
upon their incoming water pressure.
Cold Water Systems
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.36
Domestic Hot Water Systems
• All domestic hot water is
supplied from the cold
water system
• Industry standards is to
heat the domestic hot
water to above 140° F
• Point of use
• Central Generation
• Hybrid
• Instantaneous
• Semi Instantaneous
• Storage
Generation Types of Systems Types of Water Heaters
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.37
• Installed on local fixtures. Can be one per
bathroom group, one per fixture, etc. No
central mixing valve in this scheme
• Typically one or two fixtures are served by one
water heater.
• These systems are used when there are
remote fixtures and additional domestic hot
water piping is not desired throughout the
building.
Point of use
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.38
• Located in one place and piped through out
the building at one temperature. Typically
located in a mechanical or water service room.
• Master or Main TMV is located here. This is
the last place the domestic hot water
temperature is adjusted before going to the
guest rooms.
Central Generation
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.39
• An example of centrally located domestic hot
water heaters.
• Typically the system is comprised of a few
smaller water heaters. This allows for some
system redundancy when there is a failure or
repair required.
Central Generation
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.40
• Water is heated to temperature at the rate of
demand through the water heater. Can be
used as point of use or as a central system.
• These can be point of use or centrally located
• Current trends are using many of these units
with a small storage tank.
Instantaneous Water
Heating
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.41
• Semi-instantaneous water heaters are sized to
overheat the water, and they utilize a
temperature-actuated mixing valves on the
outlet of the water heater to provide a
consistent outlet temperature to the hot water
distribution system. This allows for a constant
hot water temperature as flow through the heat
exchanger fluctuates with demand.
Semi Instantaneous
Water Heating
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.42
• Direct Fired – The water is heated directly in
the storage tank.
• Indirect Fired – Water is heater through a
separate energy source and pumped between
the source and the storage tanks.
• Large amounts of hot water are stored. Energy
input loads are typically smaller than
instantaneous and semi instantons system.
Storage sizes for hotels can range from 500 to
1000 gallons
Storage Type
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.43
Domestic Hot Water Systems Energy Sources
Steam – Steam is
produced from a
boiler or an off site
utility
Can be #2 fuel
oil…aka diesel.
Also can be
kerosene. Both are
delivered by truck
Can be natural gas
or LP gas. Natural
gas is typically
connected form the
street and LP is
delivered by truck.
Uses the suns
radiation to heat
water through a
exterior heat
exchanger (solar
panel)
Provided by a local
utility.
Electric type water
heater with a heat
pump added. Acts
like an air
conditioner in
reverse.
Heat
Pump/Hybrid
ElectricitySolarGasOil Steam
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.44
• Hot water is recirculated in central domestic
hot water systems to make up for the heat loss
through of the piping distribution system. The
intent to maintain a minimum temperature in
the entire domestic hot water system. Industry
standard is a temperature above 120° F.
• Typically any fixtures that are more than 50
feet from the hot water generation will have a
recirculation line. Plumbing codes have
minimum standards for this. (varies by state
and local jurisdictions)
Domestic Hot Water
Recirculation Systems
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.45
• A pump is provided in the mechanical room,
circulating the domestic hot water back
through the water heater to add back in the
energy lost in the domestic hot water system.
• They are sized based upon the heat loss of
the piping to maintain the temperature of the
domestic hot water system. Typically the
return temp is 5 to 10 degrees cooler than the
domestic hot water.
Domestic Hot Water
Recirculation Systems
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.46
Legionella
• Legionnaires’ disease is a
serious type of pneumonia
(lung infection) caused by
Legionella bacteria.
• To reduce the risk of
biological growth.
• Shower Heads and sink
faucets
• Hot water tanks and
heaters
• Large plumbing systems
• It does not prevent any
growth of bacteria or
replace other legionella
prevention systems.
• It can used by hotels as
an additional tool in their
legionella prevention
program.
What is it?Parts of Hot Water Systems
that it grow or spreadWhat does SWM do?
© 2019 SYMMONS, INC.47
Hotel Domestic Hot Water System Key Temperatures
• Above 140°-150° F
• To reduce the risk of
biological growth.
• Many domestic water
heaters and storage tank
warranties are voided at
160° F
• Between 120°-130° F
• Over 130° F increases the
risk of scalding.
• Under 120° F is too low to
assume hot water
recirculation temperatures
are hot enough
• Above 120° F
• This is the minimum
preferred temperature to
reduce the risk of
biological growth in the
domestic hot water
system.
Hot Water Generation and
Storage
Hot Water Supply to Guest
Rooms
Hot Water Recirculation
Temperature Range