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Horticulture in East Africa
Dr. Lusike A. Wasilwa
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
What are the key issues to consider?
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⅓ of 1 billion undernourished people live in sub-Saharan Africa
Developing Countries
Sub- Saharan Africa
Asia & South Pacific
Latin America & Caribbean
Near East & North Africa
Countries in transition
Stringer, 2004; Spore, 2010
%
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Facts: Size of informal economy
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Gitobu, 2004
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Growing populations: Percent of urban population by 2030
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70
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Production: The yield gap -1
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Banana Papaya Mango
Reseacher Farmer (A) Farmer (B)
Yiel
d (t
ha)
Potential yield
Actual yield
Yield gap
Biophysical limitations - Soil fertility - Water - Variety, etc
Socio economic and policy limitations - Knowledge - Credit availability - Inputs-Output - Markets
Which inputs are lacking?
Why inputs are not used?
Source – Africa Soils Net, 2009
Exp
erim
enta
tion
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
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Tomato Cabbage French beans
Reseacher Farmer (A) Farmer (B)
Yiel
d (t
ha)
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Banana Papaya Mango
Reseacher Farmer (A) Farmer (B)
Yiel
d (t
ha-1
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Fruit Research: Outputs
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Current Prediction for 2050
Prediction for 2020
Source: GIS-Unit CIAT, June 2009
Climate change
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Climatic effects
p Floods and droughts p Pests and diseases p Land degradation p Food security p Human health
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Carbon foot print: How much do crops contribute?
High postharvest losses: 10 to 40%
Spoilage Postharvest
Inadequate transport,
power, marketing,
and certification infrastructure
5-21% Drying, storage,
processing
Processing
Limited agro-
processing and value addition
technologies
Harvest process
5-16% Picking, handling, sorting, Cleaning
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Harvesting and consistent delivery of quality, safe and
nutritious products from FIELD TO PLATE
Field production
Consumption
Pre-postharvest
Narrowing the GAP of postharvest losses
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Vegetable N Mean Std. Deviation MRLs % above
MRLs Cabbage 40 0.21 0.11 3.00 0 Courgette 1 0.12 0.0 2.00 0 Kenya beans 9 0.11 0.01 1.00 0
Kale 16 0.16 0.16 0.50 6 Pea 4 0.17 0.08 1.00 0 Spinach 6 0.13 0.02 0.05 83 Tomato 8 0.41 0.88 3.00 0 Average 0.19 0.21 1.36 13
Exceeded MRLs are strong indicator of chances of pesticide side effects to consumers and farmer themselves
Dithiocarbamate residue data (mgCS2/kg), mancozeb, maneb, propineb
Macharia, 2009
Pesticide Residue Analysis: Vegetable Crops
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Policy Guidelines • Visions advocate for:
• Transformation of smallholder agriculture from subsistence to an innovative, commercially oriented sector to achieve positive economic growth
• Through: • Improving market access especially for
smallholders • Value addition to farm produce before
reaching local and external markets • Encourage growth of agri-business to
markets • Increasing agricultural productivity
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Contribution of Horticulture to Smallholder Livelihoods p Contributes 33% of the GDP and 38% of export
earnings p In Kenya horticulture affects 4.5 million people
directly (in production, processing, and marketing) plus 3.5 million benefit indirectly
p Contribution of horticulture to total household income is 7% to over 25%
p Top 20% of sellers; 15% of population account for 80% of sales
p Income share of horticultural sales is only 22% p There is more room for specialization
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Prospects for Domestic and Export Horticulture p Growth in exports has declined over past
decade n International standards – GlobalGAP n Competition from other African countries
(Egypt, South Africa, Morocco, Ghana)
p Growth rates in domestic system could exceed those in export sector over next decade n domestic system is already much larger n dominated by smallholder production
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Change in crop production
Intensive Commercial Vegetable Farming: Greenhouse production
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Use Pollinators pWhat losses realized
from poor pollination
p Internet (Agri Focus) n Pollination: Key to
food security and environmental health (Kasina et al., 2009)
pMacadamia production: n Nut set by 57 to 97% n Kernel weight by 20%
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Wallace, 1996
Value Chains
Horticulture Industry: Subcomponent contribution
44%
26.1%
26.1%
2% 1.3% 0.6%
Vegetables
Flowers
Fruits
Nuts
Africa leafy
MAPs
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Commercialization and Utilization of Underutilized Crops
p Fruit - guava increase from KES 27 million in 2006 to KES 58 million 2011 (50%); 147 million in 2012
Increased income: Growing trade of indigenous crops (Kenya 2011)
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Going Back to Our Roots
p About 240 occur in East Africa
p 210 have been recorded in Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
p Indigenous vegetables constitute 3.7%; exotic vegetables 95.7 and Asian vegetables 0.7%
p % of indigenous crops in markets and what time of year
p % of land under these crops
p % consumption and utilization
p Role of private sector in processing and marketing
Why African Leafy Vegetables? The case for Kenya
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
African Indigenous Vegetables: ASARECA p Seed system developed
for spider plant and vegetable amaranth
p Spider plant and amaranth registered
p 800 kg currently being packaged by KARI Seed Unit (KSU)
p Seed technical manual developed
p Partnerships – CABI, KARI, Lagrotech
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Involvement of private sector and marketing opportunities
Farmers
Farmers
Private sector
Con
sum
ers
Traceability/ standards
Produce sourcing Fee Markets
Profit to smallholder farmers in value chain
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Constraints: Indigenous crops Research and Development
•Have not been characterized
•Dissemination / advocacies
•Classification of indigenous crops to give chance to others
•Low local funding from the government
Production inputs
•Lack of production packages
•Standards •Lack of market based
production •Fragmented farming
– not economic •Smallholders voice
in value chain
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Horticulture q Poor production systems q Dynamic and changing market demands q Essential public-private partnerships q Access to technology, knowledge and
information q Investment in Research and Development,
human and institutional capacity
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
Production data along the value chain
Natural resources Physical environment
Inputs
Research and Developm
ent
Production
Collection / Processing
Distribution Productivity challenges Market challenges
Wholesaling
Policy and institutional environment
Retailing
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org
THANK YOU