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Horse oddities
Unable to vomit Lack a gallbladder Stomach
Esophageal region of stomach- nonglandular
Margo plicatus
Horse-large intestine
Hindgut fermenters-ferment feedstuffs in Large intestine
Cecum- via ileocecal orifice Ventral colon- via cecocolic orifice Dorsal colon Small colon=descending colon
Horse-large colon
Flexures-”turns” in the colon; named for where they are in the abdomen Sternal flexure Pelvic flexure** Diaphragmatic flexure
** Sites of impactions or twists-leads to colic
A=ileumB=CecumC=right ventral colonD=left ventral colonE=pelvic flexureF=left dorsal colonG=right dorsal colonH=transverse colonI=descending colon
Caudal
Cranial
rightleft
Horses-carbohydrate digestion
Carbohydrates-poorly digested in small intestines Needed to feed the microbes in hindgut Excess carbs-highly fermented, leads to
gas production---BAD!
Horses-protein digestion
Efficiently digested in small intestines Microbes in the hindgut need proteins Liver secretes urea-helps feed
microbes
Horses-
Microbes produce Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA’s) that are absorbed for energy (other animals-what is the primary energy source??) Acetic acid, Proprionic acid, Butyric acids
Acids in the colon still need to be buffered Bicarbonate secreted in colon Cows where is bicarb from???
Ruminant digestion
Ruminate their food- Swallow Regurgitate Chew their “cud”=remastication
Breaks down large plant fibers Increase surface area for microbes
Swallow again Cattle, sheep, and goats are ruminants
Ruminant digestion
Prestomach vs. True stomach Prestomach
Reticulum Rumen Omasum
True stomach Abomasum
Reticulum
“Honeycomb” Cranial most chamber Ruminoreticular folds Coordinated
contractions with rumen
“Hardware Disease” magnet
Rumen
Fermentation Vat L. side of the cow Muscular pillars with
separate chambers within rumen for mixing
Ruminoreticular contraction- Regurgitation Eructation-escape of CO2 and
methane Bloat
Control of Rumen
Vagus nerve Other factors-rate and strength of
contractions pH Presence of VFAs ( ) Consistency of feedstuffs Stretch receptors
Fermentative Digestion
= protozoal and bacterial action on remasticated plant material Enzymes from microbes! Mammals do not have cellulase! (complex
carbohydrate) Simple sugars (glucose)-
Microbes utilize Convert to VFAs
Absorbed – liver converts to glucose
Microbes also provide Vitamin B and K
Protein digestion
Proteins eaten Microbe converts to peptides, then amino
acids Used by microbes, then converted to:
Ammonia –used by other microbes for protein production
VFAs-absorbed by animal So where do cows get protein????
Liver converts ammonia to urea Bug bodies!! Bypass proteins
Delicate balance
Fermentation balances: Substrate used by microbes (glucose and
peptides) Microbe number Amount of microbes product (VFAs and
ammonia No rapid changes in diet!!!
Omasum
The “book” Break down food
particles further VFA absorption Remove
bicarbonate ions Water absorption
Abomasum
“True stomach” Similar function as simple stomach
animals
Left displaced abomasum (LDA), RDA
Calf digestion
Do calves eat fermentable material??
Rumen/reticulum small and nonfunctional
Reticular groove (esophageal groove)-esophagus to omasum
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