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8/14/2019 Hormones and Endocrine Systems
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arranged by:
NIKKO ADHITAMA
HORMONES AND
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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Introduction
Hormones is a part of regulatory systemin addition to nervous system.
Hormones are produced in endocrine
glands which is known as ductlessglands. Hormones along with nervous system
control the body homeostasis,
development, and reproduction. Hormones mainly composed by:Protein and PeptidesAmines derived from amino acid
steroids
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Hormonal System in Insects
The metamorphosis in
arthropods is regulated
by hormones.
Brain Hormone (BH)Inducts the prothorax
glands to produce
ecdyson.
Ecdyson
Stimulates the ecdysis
(molting).
Juvenile Hormone (JH)
Control the ecdysis and
metamorphosis.
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Hormonal System in Vertebrates
Endocrineglands inmammals mainlyconsist of:Pituitary glandThyroid glandParathyroid
glandsAdrenal glandsPancreasOvary ()Testis ()
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary
(female)
Testis
(male)
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Major Human Endocrine
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The Master of Glands
Hypothalamus and pituitary control mostof endocrine glands and function.
Hypothalamus receives information from
all of the body and triggers endocrineglands to react.
The downward elongation ofhypothalamus called pituitary.
Two lobus of pituitary:Anterior pituitary
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Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
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Adenohypophysis releases about eighthormones:FSH and LH (Gonadotropin hormone)
Stimulate the female and male gonadactivity.TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
Stimulate the hormone production ofthyroid gland.
ACTH (Adenocorticotrophic Hormone)
Stimulate the hormone production ofadrenal cortex.
Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
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MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone)
Controlling pigment-containing-cellactivity.
EndorphinInhibits the pain receptors in the brain.
Growth Hormone (SomatotrophineHormone).
Stimulate the level of growth andmetabolism.
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Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
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Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
Neurohypophysis do not producehormone. It only keep and secretehormones produced in hypothalamus.
ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone)Also called vasoperine. Controls the water
level in the blood.
Oxytocin
Inducts contraction of uterus muscleduring birth process.
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Thyroid Gland
Thyroid gland located in front ofand on each side of the thyroidcartilage of the larynx. Thisglands secretes two kinds ofhormones:Calcitonin
Stimulates Ca2+ deposition inthe bones and secretion by the
kidneys, thus lowering blood Ca2+levels.
Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine(T )
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Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid gland located next to thyroidgland. It secretes PTH (ParathyroidHormone) or Parathormone. This hormone
regulate the level of Ca2+
with opposingeffect with Thyroid Hormone.
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Pancreas
Pancreas is an endocrine and exocrinegland. It secretes insulin and glucagon.
Insulin manufactured by beta-cell (-cell)
and control the glucose homeostasis bydecreasing its level.
Glucagon produced by alpha-cell (-cell)and have opposite effect with its brother.
Both insulin and glucagon responsible tocontrol sugar homeostasis.
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Adrenal Glands
Located on the top of kidneys.
Consists of two parts, medulla andcortex.
Adrenal MedullaSecretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine. These hormonesincrease the metabolism level rapidly.
Usually, these hormones releaseddue threat stimulus which triggersfight-or-flightresponse.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Sample Problem
Seorang lelaki baru saja ditolak oleh gadis pujaannya.Peristiwa tersebut menyebabkan ia stress dan
bersedih. Kondisi ini menyebabkan medulla adrenallaki-laki tersebut memproduksi hormonyang
menginduksi pemecahan molekul glikogen di hati.Ternyata laki-laki itu mengalami stress yang
berkepanjangan, sehingga untuk menghindarkanorang itu dari kematian, hypothalamus menginduksi
pituitary.untuk memproduksi hormon...yang merangsang sekresi hormon..dan
dari cortex medulla.
adrenalin
anterioACTH
mineralocorticoi glucocorticoi
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Gonadal Sex Hormone
The gonads (testes, ovaries) producesmany sex hormone such as: androgen,testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.
Androgen and testosterone stimulate thedevelopment and maintenance of themale reproductive system.
Testosterone stimulate the developmentof muscle.
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Estrogen and progesterone involved inmaintenance of the female reproductivesystem, development of female
secondary sex characteristics, andpreparing and maintaining the uterus.
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Disturbance on Endocrine System
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Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a disease where thelevel of blood sugar increase out ofcontrol.
It caused by hypo secretion of insulinhormone or damage in pancreas (esp. -cell in langerhans island).
There are two types of diabetes mellitus,they are:Diabetes Mellitus type I
Diabetes Mellitus t e II
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Diabetes Mellitus type I
Diabetes Mellitus type I caused byautoimmune abnormality where the bodyimmune system destroys pancreas cell
(esp. -cell).The treatment could be insulin therapy.This therapy inject insulin a few times aday.
Insulin can be synthesize by using geneticengineering.
Diabetes Mellitus t e II usuall occurs
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Diabetes Mellitus type II
Diabetes Mellitus type II is caused bydegradation of target cell response uponinsulin.
Usually occured in adult above 40 yearsold.
More than 90% diabetes is DiabetesMellitus type II.
Food control and regular sports could helpthe sufferers to survive.
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Diabetes Mellitus sufferers
have higher risk to obtainheart attack, renal failure,heart failure, blindness,stroke, miscarriage, and
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materials and pictures are taken fromCampbell 5th and 6th edition.