HORMONE REGULATION JANUARY 27-28 2015. CONTROL OF HORMONE RELEASE Hormones regulate body functions...
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HORMONE REGULATION JANUARY 27-28 2015. CONTROL OF HORMONE RELEASE Hormones regulate body functions by producing specific effects in target cells. Disorders
CONTROL OF HORMONE RELEASE Hormones regulate body functions by
producing specific effects in target cells. Disorders can develop
if too much or too little hormone is secreted. How does the body
determine when/how much hormones to release? The release of nearly
all hormones occurs as part of negative feedback mechanisms.
Slide 3
REVIEW: COMPARE AND CONTRAST NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE FEEDBACK
MECHANISMS Negative feedback mechanisms maintain the levels of a
variable (e.g. body temperature) within a narrow range. If the
variable becomes high, the mechanism acts to bring it back down. If
the variable becomes low, the mechanism brings it back up. The
output acts to change the direction of the stimulus. Example: Body
temperature regulation Positive feedback mechanisms dramatically
increase a variable (e.g. contractions) until a certain endpoint
(e.g. childbirth) is reached. The output acts to increase the
stimulus Example: labor contractions
Slide 4
EXAMPLE: BLOOD SUGAR REGULATION
Slide 5
EXAMPLE: BLOOD CALCIUM REGULATION
Slide 6
STIMULUS OF HORMONE RELEASE Even when glands are part of a
negative feedback loop, there must be some stimulus that triggers
the release of hormones. What was stimulus in the previous two
examples? Blood sugar level and calcium level. Non-hormonal
chemicals like these are called humoral stimuli. There are three
basic type of stimuli that cause the release of hormones. 1.Humoral
stimuli (non-hormone chemicals in the blood and body fluids) 2.?
3.?
Slide 7
STIMULUS OF HORMONE RELEASE Even when glands are part of a
negative feedback loop, there must be some stimulus that triggers
the release of hormones. What was stimulus in the previous two
examples? Blood sugar level and calcium level. Non-hormonal
chemicals like these are called humoral stimuli. There are three
basic types of stimuli that cause the release of hormones.
1.Humoral stimuli (non-hormone chemicals in the blood and body
fluids) 2.Hormonal stimuli (other hormones e.g. TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH,
PRL) 3.Neuronal stimuli (e.g. release of ep. / nor-ep by adrenals)
Often there is just one stimulus that a gland responds to.
Occasionally there are multiple stimuli (ex: release of aldosterol
by adrenal glands)
Slide 8
EXAMPLE OF MULITIPLE STIMULI: ALDESTERONE RELEASE
Slide 9
DIABETES MELLITUS Diabetes is a disorder characterized by
abnormally high levels of blood sugar (hypoglycemia) Facts 347
people world-wide have diabetes. 7 th leading cause of death in the
US Leading cause of kidney failure, non-traumatic limb amputation,
and adult-onset blindness in US Major contributor to heart attack
and stroke
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MAJOR TYPES OF DIABETES Type I (juvenile-onset) Occurs when the
immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas,
which means that little to no insulin can be produced Genetic risk
factors and environmental triggers ~5% of cases Type II
(adult-onset) Too little insulin is produced and/or cells become
insulin-resistant Obesity and inactivity are major risk factors,
but genetics also play a role ~90% of cases Gestational diabetes
occurs in ~5% of pregnant women. Disease usually disappears when
pregnancy is over.
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SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES Symptoms develop more rapidly and are more
severe for Type I diabetes. Additional symptoms found with Type 1
diabetes include: Acetone smell to breath Lethargy Deep, labored
breathing
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COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
damages blood vessels and nerves, leading to the major
complications listed below. Note: its the high blood sugar that
causes the damage. The better blood sugar is controlled, the less
complications will arise.
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TREATMENT OF DIABETES Type I diabetes Healthy diet and exercise
Blood glucose monitoring (multiple times a day) Insulin injections
(multiple times a day) or pump Type II diabetes Weight loss Healthy
diet and exercise Blood glucose monitoring Medicines to increase
the bodys production of insulin Medicines to combat insulin
resistance and help glucose enter cells Insulin injections Many new
treatments in the development stage, including Pancreas transplants
Stem cells More convenient glucose monitoring and insulin delivery
Watch me!
Slide 14
GAME! Round 1: Bet on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 On your mark Round 2:
Bet on blue, yellow, gray, green, or red. Ready, set, go!
Slide 15
CLOSURE What were our objectives, and what did you learn about
them? What was our learner profile trait and how did we exemplify
it? How does what we did today address our unit question?