Honors Physics Curriculum - Paramus Public Schoolsteachernotes.paramus.k12.nj.us/Ziemba/_private/Honors... · Web view5. solve problems related to the period of a mass on a spring,

Introduction, Measurement, Estimating 1

Honors Physics CurriculumText: Physics, Giancoli, 6th Edition

Contents:

A. Course DescripitionB. Major Concepts and TopicsC. Unit Descriptions

A. Course Descripition

B. Major Concepts and Topics

Unit 1: Measurement, Math, Motion in One Dimension Significant figures Systems of units Unit conversions using dimensional analysis Reference frames Position, distance, and displacement The basic trigonometric functions Speed and velocity

Average Instantaneous Constant

Acceleration Average Instantaneous Constant

Equations of motion with constant acceleration Free fall Graphs of position versus time, velocity versus time, and acceleration versus time

Unit 2: Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors Scalars (magnitude only) Vectors (magnitude and direction)

Components Addition and subtraction

Unit vectors Vector position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration Motion in two dimensions

Components of velocity and acceleration Equations of motion for constant acceleration and constant velocity

Projectile Motion Acceleration due to gravity: g


Independence of horizontal and vertical motions Air resistance Basic equations

o Special case: zero launch angleo General case

Characteristics of projectile motion Relative motion

Unit 3: Dynamics-Newton's Laws of Motion Force

Vector nature of force Weight Normal force

Mass Reference frames

Inertial Noninertial

Newton's laws First law (law of inertia) Second law ( ) Third law (action-reaction force pairs)

Free-body diagrams Friction

Static friction Kinetic friction

Strings and pulleys

Unit 4 Circular Motion; Gravitation Uniform circular motion

Centripetal acceleration Centripetal force Banked and unbanked highway curves

Newton's law of universal gravitation Universal gravitation constant G Inverse square dependence on the distance Point and spherical objects Cavendish experiment

Kepler's laws of orbital motion Law of orbits Law of areas Law of periods

Unit 5: Work and Energy Work

Force in the direction of displacement Force at an angle to displacement Positive, negative, and zero work Constant force and variable force

Kinetic energy Work-energy theorem


Potential energy Gravitational Spring (Hooke's law)

Conservative and nonconservative forces Work and stored energy Path dependence or independence of work

Conservation of mechanical energy Work done by nonconservative forces; changing mechanical energy Law of conservation of energy Power

Unit 6: Linear Momentum Linear momentum

General form of Newton's second law

Impulse

Conservation of momentum Internal and external forces Recoil

Collisions Inelastic Elastic

Center of mass

Unit 7: Rotational Motion Angular variables

Angular position θ Angular velocity ω Angular acceleration α

Equations for rotational kinematics Connections with linear variables Rolling

Rotational kinetic energy Moment of inertia Conservation of mechanical energy Torque

Definitions Dynamic applications

Angular momentum Definitions Conservation of angular momentum

UNIT 8: Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) Periodic motion

Frequency Period

Simple harmonic motion Sine and cosine curves


Connection to uniform circular motion Position, velocity, acceleration

Mass on a spring Simple pendulum Conservation of energy applied to oscillating systems

Unit 9: Waves and Sound Waves

Transverse and longitudinal Wavelength and frequency Speed of a wave

Superposition and interference Constructive and destructive Phase Standing waves Damped and driven oscillations and resonance

Sound waves Speed of sound Frequency and pitch

Intensity and intensity level The Doppler effect Beats

Unit 10: Electric Charge and Electric Field Electric charge

Positive and negative Quantization of charge Conservation of charge

Electric properties of materials Insulators Conductors Semiconductors

Coulomb's law The electric field

Definition Field lines Induction

Electric potential energy Electric potential

Definition Equipotential surfaces

Capacitors Definition Dielectrics Electrical energy storage

Unit 11: Electric Currents and Simple Circuits Batteries Current

Definition


Simple circuits Conventional current Direct current (dc) Alternating current (ac)

Ohm's law and resistors Resistance and resistivity Ohmic and non-ohmic devices

Power

Unit 12: Magnetism and Induced emf Magnets and the magnetic field

North and south poles Field lines Earth's magnetic field

Magnetic force Moving charged particle Magnetic force right-hand rule Current-carrying

Magnetic field Magnetic field right-hand rule

Magnetic flux Induced emf

Faraday's law Lenz's law Motional emf

Mechanical work and electrical energy Generators Motors

Unit 13 Temperature, Heat, the Laws of Thermodynamics Temperature

The zeroth law of thermodynamics Temperature scales Absolute zero

Thermal expansion Linear Area Volume

Heat Energy transfer Mechanical equivalent Specific heat Calorimetry

Internal energy of a gas Phase equilibrium Latent heat Phase changes and energy conservation Mechanisms of heat exchange

Conduction Convection Radiation


The first law of thermodynamics Definitions of Q, W and ΔU Sign conventions Specific heat at constant pressure Specific heat at constant volum

Unit 14: Light: Geometric Optics Wave fronts and rays Reflection and mirrors

The law of reflection Plane mirrors Spherical mirrors—concave and convex Ray tracing and the mirror equation

Refraction and lenses The law of refraction Total internal reflection Reflection Thin lenses—converging and diverging Ray tracing and the thin-lens equation Combinations of lenses

The lensmaker’s equation

C. Unit Descriptions

Unit 1: Measurement, Math, Motion in One Dimension

I. Essential Questions1. To determine location three dimensions are not enough, we need four. Why?2. The United States is the only developed country to use the British system of measurement. What

are the advantages of the metric system and why do we not use it?

II. Unit ObjectivesUnit 1 presents the general definitions of science and physics and some of the conceptual tools needed to begin their study. The unit reinforces calculation and measurement skills covered chemistry, including, units and conversion factors, dimensional analysis, significant figures, and scientific notation. Many of the concepts in this chapter, such as velocity and acceleration, are familiar to students from everyday experiences, like driving a car. The unit lays the foundation for the treatment of two-dimensional motion addressed in later chapters.

III. Acquired abilities:On completion of Unit 1 students will be able to:1. use SI units to measure length, time, volume and mass2. solve problems using standard units, conversion factors, dimensional analysis, significant figures,

scientific notation, the basic trigonometric functions3. solve straight line, one dimension problems using the physics definitions of velocity, acceleration

and the effects of friction 4. solve straight line, one dimension problems (including free-fall) using the kinematic equations


5. create and interpret graphs of position versus time, velocity versus time, acceleration versus time

IV. Evaluation Procedures and MethodsLabs: 1. Calculating g (acceleration due to gravity) in Paramus2. Uniform velocity on an air track3. Uniform acceleration on an air track 4. Graphing linear motionQuizzes:1. Calculations using the basic trigonometric functions2. One- dimensional velocity and accelerationUnit 2 Test

V. Materials and SourcesFrom the student text, Physics, Giancoli, 6th Edition, (Chapter-Section) Topics1-1, 1-2, 1-32-1 though 2-7

TransparenciesT1. Table 1-1 Some Typical Lengths or Distances (order of magnitude)T2. Table 1-2 Some Typical Time IntervalsTable 1-3 Some MassesT3. Table 1-4 Metric (SI) PrefixesT4. Figure 1-12 Example 1-9. (Height by triangulation.)

Giancoli Instructor Resource disc Volume I

Unit 2: Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors

I. Essential Questions1. If we analyze two-dimensional motion, why are positive and neative signs not sufficient?2. When analyzing projectile motion, why is there zero acceleration in the horizontal direction?

why is there constant acceleration in the vertical direction?

II. Unit ObjectivesThis Unit moves the concepts of position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration into the two-dimensional world. In two dimensions, direction can no longer be indicated simply by positive and negative signs. Vectors and vector manipulations, important for the remainder of the course, are introduced. Projectile motion, or motion of an object under the influence of gravity only, is treated thoroughly.


III. New Jersey Core Curriculum Standards Addressed and Skill ObjectivesAddressed Standards:5.1.A.15.1.A.25.1.A.35.1.A.45.1.B.15.1.B.25.1.C.15.2.A.15.2.B.15.2.B.25.2.B.35.3.A.15.3.B.15.3.C.15.7.A.15.7.A.25.7.A.35.7.B.2On completion of Unit students will be able to:

1. recognize the difference between vector and scalar quantities 2. add and subtract vectors both graphically and using the component method 3. solve problems involving projectiles

4. solve problems involving relative velocity using vector manipulation

IV. Major Concepts and TopicsBy the end of the unit, students should understand each of the following and be able to demonstrate their understanding in problem applications as well as in conceptual situations.

Scalars (magnitude only) Vectors (magnitude and direction)

Components Addition and subtraction

Unit vectors Vector position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration

Motion in two dimensions Components of velocity and acceleration Equations of motion for constant acceleration and constant velocity

Projectile Motion Acceleration due to gravity: g Independence of horizontal and vertical motions Air resistance Basic equations

o Special case: zero launch angleo General case

Characteristics of projectile motion Relative motion


V. Evaluation Procedures and MethodsWorksheets:Labs: The Tragectory of a DartUnit 2 Test:

VI. Materials and SourcesFrom the student text, Physics, Giancoli, 6th Edition, Chapter 3Giancoli Instructor Resource disc Volume 1

Unit 3: Dynamics: Newton's Laws of Motion

I. Essential Questions1. Describe situations where a human can have zero acceleration.2. Are the astronauts on the International Space Station weightless?

II. Unit ObjectivesUnit 3 begins the study of the causes of motion (dynamics). An unbalanced force is one cause of motion. “Normal-sized objects moving at normal speeds,” keep our atudies in the realm of Newtonian physics. Newton's three laws are quite powerful and elegant and explain how an object moves when acted on by one or more forces. Unit 3 introduces force as a push or pull. The vector nature of force is discussed and contrasted with the scalar nature of mass. Weight and the normal force are presented as examples of forces. Pulleys and springs are considered massless for now. Pulleys simply change the direction of the tension in a string. In general, basic methods of problem solving are discussed.

III. New Jersey Core Curriculum Standards Addressed and Skill ObjectivesAddressed Standards:5.1.A.15.1.A.25.1.A.35.1.A.45.1.B.15.1.B.25.1.C.15.2.A.15.2.B.15.2.B.25.2.B.35.3.A.15.3.B.1


5.3.C.15.7.A.15.7.A.25.7.A.35.7.B.2

On completion of Unit students will be able to:1. using Newton’s second law convert units of mass to weight and the reverse2. analyze and apply the effects of friction and normal force on motion3. solve problems using Newton’s second law , including friction and pulleys

(Atwoods machine)4. given a situation, recognize which of Newton’s three laws is being applied5. describe situations illustrating each of Newton’s three laws6. sketch and apply free body diagrams to solve problems7. solve prolems involving inertial and noninertial frames (elevator problems)


Force Vector nature of force Weight Normal force

Mass Reference frames

Inertial Noninertial

Newton's laws First law (law of inertia) Second law ( ) Third law (action-reaction force pairs)

Free-body diagrams Friction

Static friction Kinetic friction

Strings and pulleys Assumptions Transmission of force

V. Evaluation Procedures and MethodsWorksheets:Labs: 1. on an Air Track

2. Students suggest experiments to demonstrate the first law3. Detrmine the coefficient of friction

Unit 3 Test:



Unit 4: Circular Motion

I. Essential Questions1. Does a person weigh more at the north pole, the south pole, or the eqauator? Why?2. How does a centrifuge separate substance, fro example, blood?3. Under what conditions will a satellite stay in the same position in the sky?

4. What is the difference between centripetal force and centrifugal force?

II. Unit ObjectivesUnit 4 begins with the study of uniform circular motion. This chapter introduces Newton's law of universal gravitation and applies it to spherical objects which is elegant and simple, especially for spherical or point objects. The force acting between centers of the objects, is always attractive, is proportional to both masses, and is inversely proportional to the distance between the centers squared. Kepler's laws are stated and discussed, as is the general equation for gravitational potential energy and its role in the conservation of energy.

III. New Jersey Core Curriculum Standards Addressed and Skill ObjectivesAddressed Standards:5.1.A.15.1.A.25.1.A.35.1.A.45.1.B.15.1.B.25.1.C.15.2.A.15.2.B.15.2.B.25.2.B.35.3.A.15.3.B.15.3.C.15.7.A.15.7.A.25.7.A.35.7.B.2

On completion of Unit students will be able to:1. solve problems involving the kinematics of uniform circular motion2. solve problems involving the dynamics of uniform circular motion3. solve uniform circular motion problems involving friction, tension, and banked turns


4. analyze and calculate the gravitational force between ob jects using Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation

5. derive Kepler’s Law of Periods using Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Newton’s second law of motion


Uniform circular motion Centripetal acceleration Centripetal force Banked and unbanked highway curves

Newton's law of universal gravitation Universal gravitation constant G Inverse square dependence on the distance Point and spherical objects Cavendish experiment

Kepler's laws of orbital motion Law of orbits Law of areas Law of periods

V. Evaluation Procedures and MethodsWorksheets:Labs: 1. Centrifugal force

2. Sketching a satellite’s orbit and Kepler’s Law of AreasUnit 4 Test:


.

Unit 5: Work and Energy

I. Essential Questions1. If you hold you Art History text above your head for ten minutes you would do no work.

Explain.2. Describe two situations where neative work has been performed.3. The power company, PSE&G, sells us kilowatt-hours. Do we buy power or energy?

Explain.

II. Unit Objectives


Unit 5 introduces students to the important concepts of work and energy. Kinetic energy, potential energy, and the law of conservation of energy are all covered. The important distinction between conservative and nonconservative forces is made. Conservation of mechanical energy is discussed in detail. Methods of solving problems using energy considerations are demonstrated; these methods often lead to easier solutions than methods involving kinematic equations. Power, the time rate of change of doing work, is also defined.


On completion of Unit students will be able to:1. solve problems involving work done by a constant force2. solve, using the area under the curve, problems involving work done by a variable force3. recognize the difference between conservative and nonconservative forces4. apply the concept of potential energy using a hookean spring and/or gravity5. solve problems using conservation of energy instead of kinematic equations


Work Force in the direction of displacement Force at an angle to displacement Positive, negative, and zero work Constant force and variable force

Kinetic energy Work-energy theorem Potential energy

Gravitational Spring (Hooke's law)

Conservative and nonconservative forces Work and stored energy


Path dependence or independence of work Conservation of mechanical energy Work done by nonconservative forces; changing mechanical energy Law of conservation of energy Power

V. Evaluation Procedures and MethodsWorksheets:Labs: 1. Calculating spring constant

2. Calculate the horsepower of a student ascending a flight of stairsUnit 5 Test:


.

Unit 6: Linear Momentum

I. Essential Questions1. Using the concept of impulse explain the purpose of an automobile’s crumple zone.

2. Give an example of an elastic collision in nature.

II. Unit ObjectivesThe conservation of momentum is the second major conservation law that students encounter. Momentum is a vector quantity. The conservation of linear momentum is extremely important in the treatment of collisions: elastic, inelastic, and explosions (or recoil).. The center of mass is defined. The cases of collisions in two or three dimensions are covered as optional topics.

III. New Jersey Core Curriculum Standards Addressed and Skill ObjectivesAddressed Standards:5.1.A.15.1.A.25.1.A.35.1.A.45.1.B.15.1.B.25.1.C.15.2.A.15.2.B.15.2.B.2


5.2.B.35.3.A.15.3.B.15.3.C.15.7.A.15.7.A.25.7.A.35.7.B.2

On completion of Unit students will be able to:1. calculate the momentum of an object in linear motion2. calculate the impulse of an object using

3. apply the concept of conservation of momentum using ,4. solve problems involving collisions using conservation of momentum 5. calculate the center of mass of simple point mass systems using

xCM = Σ m ixi yCM = Σ m iyi

M M


Linear momentum

General form of Newton's second law

Impulse

Conservation of momentum Internal and external forces Recoil

Collisions Inelastic Elastic

Center of mass

V. Evaluation Procedures and MethodsWorksheets:Labs: 1. Conservation of momentum on an air trackUnit 6 Test:



.

Unit 7: Solid Body Rotation

I. Essential Questions1. Why is it easy to stay up on a bicycle if is moving but not is it is stationary?2. Explain the difference between rolling inertia and sliding inertia.

II. Unit ObjectivesUnit 7 begins the study of rotational motion. The variables of rotational motion are defined, used in kinematic equations, and connected to their linear counterparts. A description of rolling is presented. The causes of rotational motions are also considered. Just as forces cause translational motion, torques cause rotational motion. The moment of inertia and rotational kinetic energy are defined, and energy considerations are discussed. Angular momentum and rotational work are defined, and the conservation of angular momentum in the absence of external torques is discussed.


On completion of Unit students will be able to:1. convert linear quantities, including displacement - x velocity - v, and acceleration – a, to angular

quantities: displacement - θ velocity - ώ, and acceleration – ά

2. apply rotstinal energy, both kinetic and potential, to solving problems3. apply the concept of conservation of momentum to rotational motion4. solve problems involving collisions using conservation of momentum 5. define torque and apply the concept to solve problems



Angular variables Angular position θ Angular velocity ω Angular acceleration α

Equations for rotational kinematics Connections with linear variables Rolling

Rotational kinetic energy Moment of inertia Conservation of mechanical energy Torque

Definitions Dynamic applications

Angular momentum Definitions Conservation of angular momentum

V. Evaluation Procedures and MethodsWorksheets:Labs: 1. Conservation of momentum on an air trackUnit 7 Test:


.

UNIT 8: Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

I. Essential Questions1. When is periodic motion “simple harmonic motion?” 2. Does a system with simple harmonic motion have energy?3. Pertaining to shm, what is meant by a system?

II. Unit ObjectivesThe description and analysis of general periodic motion and the special case of simple harmonic motionare treated thoroughly in Unit 8. Students enforce and apply knowledge of circular motion (from theprevious unit) to derive equations for the position, velocity and acceleration of an object undergoingsimple harmonic motion. The specific cases of a mass on a spring and a pendulum are emphasized.Conservation of energy is applied to oscillating systems.


III. New Jersey Core Curriculum Standards Addressed and Skill Objectives

Addressed Skills:5.1.A.15.1.A.25.1.B.15.1.B.25.3.A.15.3.B.15.3.C.15.7.A.15.7.A.25.7.A.35.7.B.2

On completion of Unit 9 students will be able to:1. calculate the spring constant of a spring given test data2. design a lab procedure to record data to determine the spring constant of a spring3. describe and apply Hooke’s Law.4. using a sine curve graph of simple harmonic motion, determine the amplitude, frequency and period of an object in shm.5. solve problems related to the period of a mass on a spring, given the spring constant and the magnitude of the mass.6. solve problems related to the period of a pendulum, given the length of a pendulum and the acceleration due to gravity (g).7. calculate the kinetic, potential and total energy of an object in shm determined by the distance from equilibrium.


Periodic motion Frequency Period

Simple harmonic motion Sine and cosine curves Connection to uniform circular motion Position, velocity, acceleration

Mass on a spring Simple pendulum Conservation of energy applied to oscillating systems

V. Evaluation Procedures and MethodsWorksheets:

1. Periodic Motion, Frequency, and Period of an Object in SHM2. Calculating Spring Constant

Labs:1. Two Methods to Determine Spring Constant


2. Period of a Pendulum and SpringUnit 8 Test: SHM

VI. Materials and SourcesFrom the student text, Physics, Giancoli, 6th Edition, (Chapter-Section) Topics11-1 Simple Harmonic Motion11-2 Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator11-3 The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM11-4 The Simple Pendulum11-5 Damped Harmonic Motion

Throughout the discussion of the chapter demonstrate shm properties using a spring and a simple pendulum.

Giancoli Instructor Resource disc Volume II

UNIT 9: Waves and Sound

I. Essential Questions1. Give examples of longitudinal and transverse waves.2. are ocean waves longitudinal or transverse? Explain.3. Some string instruments (acoustical guitars, violins) are of high quality and others are

not. What determines the quality of a string instrument?

II. Unit ObjectivesThis unit introduces the student to basic wave properties and characteristics: superposition and interference, standing waves, and refraction and diffraction. In addition to the production, transmission, and detection of sound, beats, and the Doppler effect are also treated here. This chapter contains many interesting applications of sound in modern technologies.

III. New Jersey Core Curriculum Standards Addressed and Skill ObjectivesAddressed Standards:5.1.A.15.1.A.25.1.A.35.1.A.45.1.B.15.1.B.25.1.C.15.2.A.15.2.B.15.2.B.25.2.B.35.3.A.15.3.B.15.3.C.15.7.A.1


5.7.A.25.7.A.35.7.B.2On completion of Unit students will be able to:1. determine the wave length, frequency and amplitude of a wave from its graph2. describe, and give examples, of the differences between transverse and longitudinal waves3. calculate the speed, wavelength and frequency of a wave4. describe, from calculations, the effects of interference, constructive and destructive5. describe and calculate the effects of the Doppler effect5. describe and calculate the effects of beats


Waves Transverse and longitudinal Wavelength and frequency Speed of a wave

Superposition and interference Constructive and destructive Phase Standing waves

Sound waves Speed of sound Frequency and pitch

The Doppler effect Intensity Beats

V. Evaluation Procedures and MethodsWorksheets:

Labs:1. Calculate the speed of sound using a standing wave column2. Standing wavesUnit 9 Test:

VI. Materials and Sources Materials and SourcesFrom the student text, Physics, Giancoli, 6th Edition, Chapters 11 and 12Giancoli Instructor Resource disc Volume II

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Honors Physics Curriculum - Paramus Public Schoolsteachernotes.paramus.k12.nj.us/Ziemba/_private/Honors... · Web view5. solve problems related to the period of a mass on a spring,