HONORS BIOLOGY LABORATORY SKILLS

The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method

Making ObservationsAsking QuestionsForming a Hypothesis (Generating a Null

Hypothesis)Making PredictionsDesigning an InvestigationTesting the Predictions (Collecting,

processing data)Conclusion

Hypotheses and Predictions

A scientific hypothesis is a possible explanation for an observation or a scientific problem that is given to you. Features of a sound hypothesis:

It offers an explanation for an observation

It refers to only one independent variable

It is written as a statement It is testable by experimentation It is based on further research,

observations or prior knowledge It leads to predictions about the system

(or the topic of your experiment)

Hypotheses…let’s give it a try!

Example 1: During an experiment on bacterial growth, the girls noticed that bacteria in cultures grew at different rates when the dishes were left overnight in different parts of the laboratory. (This is an observation)

Hypothesis:

Hypotheses…one more try!

Example 2: Observation – During an experiment on plant cloning, a scientist noticed that the root length of plant clones varied depending on the concentration of a hormon added to the agar.

Hypothesis:

VariablesYou must identify the variables that

you are testing and the ones that you keep constant.

A variable is any characteristic or property that is measurable or observable.

You must use units with your variablesTypes of variables:

Independent variable Dependent variable Controlled variable

Independent Variable

Set by the person carrying out the investigation (ex. Temperature, light intensity, pH)

Recorded on the x axis of the graph during data presentation

There is always only one in an investigationMust record proper unit

Dependent Variable

Measured during the investigation (ex. Plant growth, heart rate etc)

Recorded on the y axis of the graph during data presentation

There is always only one in an investigationMust record proper unit

Controlled Variables

Factors that are kept the same or controlled.List these in the method as appropriate to

your own investigation

Let’s play with variables! (don’t need to write this down)

Look at the picture and explanation on the board on catalase activity and answer the following questions:

1. Write a suitable hypothesis for this experiment:2. Name the independent variable with the proper unit:

___________________________3. List the equipment needed to set the independent variable,

describe how it was used:4. Name the dependent variable with the proper unit:

___________________________5. List the equipment needed to set the dependent variable,

describe how it was used:6. List three variables that might have been controlled in this

experiment:

Data Collection

Design a data table to record your results. Your data table should clearly show the units and values of the independent and dependent variables. When you design your data table, leave some room for data processing.

Data Presentation -- Types of Graphs

Choosing the wrong graph can obscure information and make data more difficult to interpret.

Some examples… Scatter Graph Line Graph Bar Graph Pie Graph

Scatter Graph

In scatter graphs, there is no manipulated (independent) variable but the variables are usually correlated. The points on the graph do not need to be connected, but a line of best fit is often drawn through the points The data for this graph must be continuous for

both variables. Useful for determining the relationship between

two variables.

Line Graph

Line graphs are used when one variable (called the independent variable), affects another, the dependent variable. The independent variable is the experimental treatment or time. The dependent variable is usually the biological response. The data for line graphs must be continuous

for both variables. Include proper labels with units, title, a key

and connect the dots at all times when using line graphs.

Bar Graph

The data for this graph are non-numerical and discrete for at least one variable, in other words, they are grouped into separate categories. There are no independent or dependent variables. The data are discontinuous, so the bars do not

touch Multiple data sets can be displayed using

different colored bars placed side by side within the same category.

What Is a Scientific Model?

A scientific model is a representation of an object or system. An example of a scientific model would be a diagram of a cell or a map .. Even a model rocket!

Any model is based on a certain set of observations. A good model must be able to explain as many characteristics of these observations as possible, but also be as simple as possible.

And as a review, watch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPaGOHwv7mQ