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HOMINID EVOLUTION. Phylogenetic tree to show the place of the family Hominidae in the animal kingdom.. Human classification. Phylogenetic Tree of the family Hominidae:. Australopithecus & Homo Chimpanzees Gorillas Orangutans Gibbons. Tribe : Hominini. Subfamily : Homininae. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Phylogenetic Tree of the family Hominidae:
Australopithecus & HomoChimpanzees
GorillasOrangutans
Gibbons
Super family: Hominoidea
Family: Hominidae
Subfamily: Homininae
Tribe: Hominini
Evidence that supports the idea of common ancestors for living hominids including humans: 1) Fossil evidence
List of characteristics that humans share with African apes: p243
1)Opposable thumb =
2)Hands and feet can grasp (prehensile) =
5) 32 teeth in permanent heterodont dentition = heterodont means different teeth (molar, canine etc. see p243)
6) Single pair of mammary glands (breasts)
Tabulated anatomical differences between African apes and humans:
Humans African apes1) Permanently Bipedal (foramen magnum central, spine S-curved with short lower back and pelvic girdle short) .
1) Occasionally Bipedal (foramen magnum in back, spine C-curved with long lower back, pelvic girdle long narrow).
2) Larger brain size. 2) Smaller brain size.3) Small teeth, equal size.
3) Small teeth, large canines.
Humans African apes4) No prognathis. 4) Pronounced
prognathis.5) Palate rounded shape.
5) Palate elongated rectangular shape.
6) Cranial ridges totally absent.
6) Cranial ridges still visible.
7) Brow ridges absent. 7) Brow ridges pronounced.
Bipedalism leaves the hands free to hold food, young and protect self.
Allows field of view over tall grasses to protect against stalking predators.
Distribution of humans across the planet:
The Out of Africa hypothesis states that all modern humans originated in
Africa.
Lines of evidence that support the Out of Africa hypothesis: 1) Fossil record – fossil sites in:
a) The Great Rift Valley in East Africa (Kenya and
Tanzania), Ethiopia p256b) South Africa p256
2) Mitochondrial DNA p255
Bipedalism evidence:
•Laetoli footprints discovered in 1978 by Mary Leaky at Laetoli in Tanzania.•3.6 million years old.•Made most likely by an australopithecene
• Australopithecus africanus – Taung child & Mrs. Ples
1924 – Taung, R.S.A. 1947 – Sterkfontein
2.8 – 2.6 mya p250
• Homo neanderthalensis
(1829) 1856 – all across Europe, from Belgium, into Germany, Gibraltar, Palestine
600 000 – 30 000ya not in text