1. As an analyst at Delta Airlines, you are asked to help the operations staff. Operations has identified a new method of loading baggage that is expected to result in a 30 percent reduction in labor time but no changes in any other costs. The current labor cost to load bags is $2 per bag. Other costs are $1 per bag.

Required:a. What differential costs should the operations staff consider for the decision to use the new method

next year? What would be the cost savings per bag using it? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)

b. Describe how management would use the information in requirement (a) and any other appropriate information to proceed with the contemplated use of the new baggage loading method.

Management would use the information, but would also want to know the effect on quality.

 Explanation:a.Differential costs are costs that would change, which are the labor costs in this situation. Other costs would presumably not be affected by the change in labor. Other issues include the quality and dependability of the new approach.

Differential costs next year are $0.60 ( = $2.00 – $1.40) calculated as follows:

Labor Cost

Old Method New Method  Next year $2.00 $1.40 [ = (1 – 0.30) × $2.00]

b.Management would use the information to help decide whether to use the new method. Management would also want to know the effect on quality (lost bags, delays in delivering bags to the baggage claim, etc.).

2.

Assume that Carmen's Cookies is preparing a budget for the month ending June 30. Management prepares the budget by starting with the actual results for April 30. Next, management considers what the differences in costs will be between April and June.     Management expects the number of cookies sold to be 15 percent greater in June than in April, and it expects all food costs (e.g., flour, eggs) to be 15 percent higher in June than in April. Management expects "other" labor costs to be 20 percent higher in June than in April, partly because more labor will be required in June and partly because employees will get a pay raise. The manager will get a pay raise that will increase the salary from $3,000 in April to $3,750 in June. Rent and utilities are not expected to change.

Required:Prepare a budget for Carmen's Cookies for June.

 Explanation:Food:  Flour = $2,100 × 1.15 = $2,415  Eggs = $5,200 × 1.15 = $5,980  Chocolate = $2,000 × 1.15 = $2,300  Nuts = $2,000 × 1.15 = $2,300  Other = $2,200 × 1.15 = $2,530Labor:  Other = $1,500 × 1.20 = $1,800Number of cookies sold = 32,000 × 1.15 = 36,800

CARMEN'S COOKIES

Retail Responsibility Center

Budgeted Costs

For the Month Ending June 30

Actual Budget

(April) (June)

Food

Flour $2,100 $2,415

Eggs 5,200 5,980

Chocolate 2,000 2,300

Nuts 2,000 2,300

Other 2,200 2,530

Total food $13,500 $15,525

Labor

Manager $3,000 $3,750

Other 1,500 1,800

Total labor $4,500 $5,550

Utilities 1,800 1,800

Rent 5,000 5,000

Total cookie cost $24,800 $27,875

Number of cookies sold 32,000 36,8003.

The following balances are from the accounts of Hill Components:

January 1 (Beginning)

December 31 (Ending)

  Direct materials inventory $48,100 $44,200  Work-in-process inventory 67,730 71,500  Finished goods inventory 15,600 18,200

Direct materials used during the year amount to $59,800, and the cost of goods sold for the year was $68,900.

Required:

a. Find the cost of direct materials purchased during the year. 55900

b. Find the cost of goods manufactured during the year. 71500

c. Find the total manufacturing costs incurred during the year. 75270

Cost of Goods Sold StatementFor the Year Ended December 31

  Beginning work in process inventory $ 67,730

  Manufacturing costs:

    Direct materials:

      Beginning inventory $ 48,100

      Purchases 55,900(a)*

        Materials available $ 104,000

      Less ending inventory 44,200

        Direct materials used $ 59,800

      Other manufacturing costs 15,470 *

*

        Total manufacturing costs 75,270

 (c)

      Total costs of work in process 143,000

        Less ending work in process 71,500

          Cost of goods manufactured 71,500

 (b)

  Beginning finished goods inventory 15,600

  Finished goods available for sale 87,100

  Ending finished goods inventory 18,200

  Cost of goods sold $ 68,900

* Letters (a), (b), and (c) refer to amounts found in solutions to requirements a, b, and c.** Difference between total manufacturing costs of $75,270 and direct materials used of $59,800.

4.

The following balances are from the accounts of Todd Machining Company:

 January 1

(Beginning)December 31

(Ending)  Direct materials inventory $ 96,000 $118,000  Work-in-process inventory 116,000 112,000  Finished goods inventory 97,600 90,000

 Direct materials purchased during the year amount to $598,000, and the manufacturing costs other than direct materials for the year were $1,584,800.

 Required:Prepare a cost of goods sold statement.

TODD MACHINING COMPANY

Cost of Goods Sold Statement

For the Year Ended December 31

Beginning work-in-process inventory $116,000

Manufacturing costs:

Direct materials:

Beginning inventory $96,000

Purchases 598,000

Materials available $694,000

Less: Ending inventory (118,000)

Direct materials used $576,000

Other manufacturing costs 1,584,800

Total manufacturing costs 2,160,800

Total costs of work in process $2,276,800

Less: Ending work in process (112,000)

Cost of goods manufactured $2,164,800

Beginning finished goods inventory 97,600

Finished goods available for sale $2,262,400

Less: Ending finished goods inventory (90,000)

Cost of goods sold $2,172,400

5.

Anu’s Amusement Center has collected the following data for operations for the year:

  Total revenues $ 1,600,000  Total fixed costs $ 437,500  Total variable costs $ 900,000  Total tickets sold 100,000

Required:(a) What is the average selling price for a ticket? $1,600,000 ÷ 100,000 tickets = $16.00 per ticket  (b)What is the average variable cost per ticket? $900,000 ÷ 100,000 tickets = $9.00 per ticket    (c) What is the average contribution margin per ticket? ($16.00 – $9.00) = $7.00 per ticket    (d)What is the break-even point?     Profit = ($16.00 – $9.00)X – $437,500Let Profit = 00 = ($16.00 – $9.00)X – $437,500

X =$437,500

$7.00X = 62,500 tickets

(e) Anu has decided that unless the operation can earn at least $43,750 in operating profits, she will close it down. What number of tickets must be sold for Anu’s Amusements to make a $43,750 operating profit for the year on ticket sales?

Let Profit = $43,750$43,750 = ($16.00 – $9.00)X – $437,500

X =$437,500 + $43,750

$7.00X = 68,750 tickets

6.

The manager of Kima’s Food Mart estimates operating costs for the year will include $900,000 in fixed costs.

Required:(a) Find the break-even point in sales dollars with a contribution margin ratio of 40 percent. Break even point in sales dollars = Fixed costs ÷ Contribution margin ratio = $900,000  ÷ 0.40 = $2,250,000

(b)Find the break-even point in sales dollars with a contribution margin ratio of 25 percent. Break even point in sales dollars = Fixed costs ÷ Contribution margin ratio= $900,000  ÷ 0.25 = $3,600,000(c) Find the sales dollars required to generate a profit of $200,000 for the year assuming a contribution

margin ratio of 40 percent.Sales dollars required = (Fixed costs + Desired profit) ÷ Contribution margin ratio= ($900,000 + $200,000)  ÷ 0.40 = $2,750,000

7.

Rainbow Tours gives walking tours of Springfield. Rainbow charges $40 per person for the tour and incurs $16 in variable costs for labor, drinks, and maps. The monthly fixed costs for Rainbow Tours are $3,600.

Required:(a) How many tours must Rainbow sell every month to break even?

Profit=  (P – V)X – F

$0=  ($40.00 – $16.00)X – $3,600

$24.00X=  $3,600

X =$3,600

$24.00X = 150 tours

     (b)Rainbow Tours’s owner believes that 175 people a month will sign up for the walking tour. What is the

margin of safety in terms of the number of people signing up for the tour?

Margin of safety = 175 – 150

= 25 people (14.3%)

8. Suburban Bus Lines operates as a not-for-profit organization providing local transit service. As a not-for-profit, it refers to an excess of revenues over costs as a "surplus" and an excess of costs over revenues as a "deficit." Suburban charges $1.00 per ride. The variable costs of a ride are $1.50. The fixed costs of Suburban are $200,000 annually. The county government provides Suburban with a flat subsidy of $250,000 annually.

Required:(a) What is the break-even point for Suburban?

Surplus=  (P – V)X – F + Subsidy

$0=  ($1.00 – $1.50)X – $200,000 + $250,000

$0.50X=  $50,000

X =

$50,000

$0.50

X = 100,000 riders

(b)Suburban expects 75,000 riders this year. Will it operate at a surplus or deficit?Operates with a surplus below break-even

With 75,000 riders, Suburban will operate at a surplus because the subsidy more than offsets the negative contribution margin plus fixed costs. It is "below" break-even, but because Suburban loses money on each rider ($1.00 revenue less the $1.50 variable costs), it operates with a surplus below break-even and at a deficit above break-even.

9. Mobility Partners makes wheelchairs and other assistive devices. For years it has made the rear wheel assembly for its wheelchairs. A local bicycle manufacturing firm, Trailblazers, Inc., offered to sell these rear wheel assemblies to Mobility. If Mobility makes the assembly, its cost per rear wheel assembly is as follows (based on annual production of 2,000 units):

  Direct materials $ 50  Direct labor 106  Variable overhead 32  Fixed overhead 94

       Total $ 282

     Trailblazers has offered to sell the assembly to Mobility for $220 each. The total order would amount to 2,000 rear wheel assemblies per year, which Mobility's management will buy instead of make if Mobility can save at least $20,000 per year. Accepting Trailblazers's offer would eliminate annual fixed overhead of $80,000.

Required:a. Prepare a schedule that shows the differential costs per rear wheel assemblies.

Status Quo Alternative Difference

Trailblazers’ offer $440,000 $440,000 higher

Materials 100,000 100,000 lower

Labor 212,000 212,000 lower

Variable overhead 64,000 64,000 lower

Fixed overhead applied 188,000 108,000 80,000 lower

Total costs $564,000 $548,000 $16,000 lower

Status Quo = Based on 2,000 units.Fixed overhead applied = $94 × 2,000 = $188,000; or $94 × 2,000 units − $80,000 = $108,000

b. Should Mobility make rear wheel assemblies or buy them from Trailblazers? Make

The $20,000 savings could not be achieved. The cost to make is only $16,000 more than the cost to purchase from Trailblazers.

10. Mel's Meals 2 Go purchases cookies that it includes in the 10,000 box lunches it prepares and sells annually. Mel's kitchen and adjoining meeting room operate at 70 percent of capacity. Mel's purchases the cookies for $0.60 each but is considering making them instead. Mel's can bake each cookie for $0.20 for materials, $0.15 for direct labor, and $0.45 for overhead without increasing its capacity. The $0.45 for overhead includes an allocation of $0.30 per cookie for fixed overhead. However, total fixed overhead for the company would not increase if Mel's makes the cookies.     Mel himself has come to you for advice. "It would cost me $0.80 to make the cookies, but only $0.60 to buy. Should I continue buying them?" Materials and labor are variable costs, but variable overhead would be only $0.15 per cookie. Two cookies are put into every lunch.

Required:a. Prepare a schedule to show the differential costs per cookie. (Round your answers to 2 decimal

places.)

Status Quo Alternative Difference

Cost to buy $0.60 $0.60 lower

Direct material $0.20 $0.20 higher

Direct labor $0.15 $0.15 higher

Variable overhead $0.15 $0.15 higher

Total costs $0.60 $0.50 $0.10 lower

b. Should Mel continue to buy the cookies? NO

Mel could save $0.10 per cookie ($0.20 per lunch) by making the cookies rather than buying them.

11. Custom Home builders (CH) designs and constructs high-end homes on large lots owned by customers. CH has developed several formulas, which it uses to quote jobs. These include costs for materials, labor, and other costs. These estimates are also dependent on the region of the country a particular customer lives. Below are the cost estimates for one region in the Midwest:

  Administrative costs $20,000

  Building costs – per square foot (basic) $ 90

  Building costs – (moderate) $ 150

  Building costs – per square foot (luxury) $ 225

  Appliances (basic) $15,000

  Appliances (moderate) $25,000

  Appliances (luxury) $45,000

  Utilities costs (if required) $40,000

Required:A customer has expressed interest in having CH build a moderate, 3,000 square-foot home on a vacant lot, which does not have utilities. Based on the engineering estimates above, what will such a house cost to build?Explanation:Building costs – per square foot (moderate) = 3,000 ×$150 = $450,000

Administrative costs $20,000

Building costs – per square foot (moderate) 450,000

Appliances (moderate) 25,000

Utilities costs (if required) 40,000

Estimated cost $535,000

12.

The accounting records for Frankie’s Fixtures report the following production costs for the past year:

  Direct Materials $ 420,000  Direct Labor 350,000  Variable Overhead 308,000

Production was 210,000 units. Fixed manufacturing overhead was $480,000.     For the coming year, costs are expected to increase as follows: direct materials costs by 20 percent, excluding any effect of volume changes; direct labor by 4 percent; and fixed manufacturing overhead by 10 percent. Variable manufacturing overhead per unit is expected to remain the same.

Required:(a) Prepare a cost estimate for a volume level of 220,000 units of product this year.

(b)Determine the costs per unit for last year and for this year.Costs per unit: Last year: $7.42 = ($1,558,000 ÷ 210,000) This year: $8.00 = ($1,760,000 ÷ 220,000)

 a.)

Last Year'sCost

CostChang

e(1+Co

stIncrea

se)

This Year'sCost

(at last year's

volume)

Growth inVolume

This Year'sCost

  Cost Item(1) (2)

(1) × (2) = (3)

(4) (3) × (4) = (5)

  Direct materials $ 420,000 × 120 % =$504,000 ×

220,000= $ 528,000

210,000

  Direct labor 350,000 × 104 % = 364,000 ×

220,000= 381,333

210,000

  Variable overhead 308,000 × 100 % = 308,0

00 ×220,000

= 322,667210,000

  Fixed overhead 480,000 × 110 % = 528,000 × (fixed) = 528,000

  Total costs $ 1,558,000 $ 1,760,000

13.

The Office Mart store in South Beach experienced the following events during the current year:

1. Incurred $400,000 in marketing costs.2.Purchased $1,200,000 of merchandise.3.Paid $40,000 for transportation-in costs.4. Incurred $400,000 of administrative costs.5.Took an inventory at year-end and learned that goods costing $200,000 were on hand. This compared

with a beginning inventory of $300,000 on January 1.6.Determined that sales revenue during the year was $3,000,000.7.Debited all costs incurred to the appropriate account and credited to Accounts Payable. All sales were

for cash.

Required:Give the amounts for the following items in the Merchandise Inventory account:

Amount

a. Beginning balance (BB) $300,000

b. Transfers-in (TI) $1,240,000

c. Ending balance (EB) $200,000

d. Transfers-out (TO) $1,340,000

Explanation:a. $300,000 (see item 5)

b. $1,240,000 = $1,200,000 + $40,000 (see items 2 & 3)

c.$200,000 (see item 5)d. $1,340,000.BB + TI – TO = EB

$300,000 + $1,240,000 – X = $200,000X = $300,000 + $1,240,000 – $200,000X = $1,340,000

14.

Fill in the missing items for the following inventories:A B C

Beginning balance $51,000 $28,400 $67,000

Ending balance 48,000 24,800 56,000

Transferred in 54,000 88,000 159,000

Transferred out 57,000 91,600 170,000Explanation:Based on the basic formula:

BB + TI – TO = EB  A. $51,000 + X – $57,000 = $ 48,000

X = $ 54,000

  B. $28,400 + $88,000 – X = $ 24,800X = $ 88,000 + $28,400 – $24,800X = $ 91,600

  C. $67,000 + X – $170,000 = $ 56,000X = $ 56,000 + $170,000 – $67,000X = $ 159,000

15.

Enviro Corporation manufactures a special liquid cleaner at its Green plant. Operating data for June follow:

  Materials $714,000  Labor 61,200  Manufacturing overhead 244,800

The Green plant produced 850,000 gallons in June. The plant never has any beginning or ending inventories.

Required:Compute the cost per gallon of liquid cleaner produced in June.

  Materials$ 714,000

  Labor61,200

  Manufacturing overhead

244,800

     Total cost $ 1,020,000

  ÷ Gallons produced÷ 850,000

  = Cost per gallon $ 1.20

16.

Clean Corporation manufactures liquid window cleaner. The following information concerns its work in process:  • Beginning inventory, 12,000 partially complete gallons.• Transferred out, 63,000 gallons.• Ending inventory (materials are 20 percent complete; conversion costs are 10 percent complete).• Started this month, 72,000 gallons.

Required:

(a)Compute the equivalent units for materials using the weighted-average method.

(b)Compute the equivalent units for conversion costs using the weighted-average method.

MaterialsConversion Costs

  Units transferred out 63,000 63,000  Equivalent units in ending inventory:     Materials: 20% × 21,000a units 4,200 EU

     Conversion costs: 10% × 21,000 units 2,100 EU

  Total equivalent units for all work done to date 67,200 EU (A) 65,100 EU (B)

a 21,000 units in ending inventory = 12,000 units in beginning inventory + 72,000 units started this period   – 63,000 units transferred out.17.

Missouri Corporation shows the following information concerning the work in process at its plant:  • Beginning inventory was partially complete (materials are 100 percent complete; conversion costs are

60 percent complete).• Started this month, 180,000 units.• Transferred out, 150,000 units.• Ending inventory, 100,000 units (materials are 100 percent complete; conversion costs are 15 percent

complete).

Required:(a) Compute the equivalent units for materials using the weighted-average method.(b)Compute the equivalent units for conversion costs using the weighted-average method.

MaterialsConversion

Costs

  Units transferred out 150,000 EU 150,000 EU

  Equivalent units in ending inventory:

     Materials: 100% × 100,000 units 100,000 EU

     Conversion costs: 15% × 100,000 units 15,000 EU

  Total equivalent units for all work done to date 250,000 EU(A)

165,000 EU (B)

18. What are the transfers-out from the Finished Goods Inventory called?

Cost of Goods Manufactured.Cost of Goods Available.Cost of Goods Completed.Cost of Goods Sold.When transfers occur from Finished Goods Inventory they go to Cost of Goods Sold.

19. One of the primary differences between job costing for service and manufacturing companies is service firms generally:use fewer direct materials.have less direct labor.do not use predetermined overhead rates.have no Work-in-Process Inventory.Services are more intangible and have less materials.

20. Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding product costing?(A) Twenty cans of paint that are 25% full are equivalent to four cans of paint that are completely full.(B) The equivalent unit concept refers to the actual amount of work during the period stated in terms of whole units.Only A is true.Only B is true.Both A and B are true.Neither A nor B is true.This is a basic description of equivalent units. 20 x 25% = 5 equivalent units21. If the units in the beginning Work-in-Process Inventory are greater than the units in the ending Work-in-Process Inventory, then the units transferred out are:more than the units started during the period.equal to the equivalent units of production.less than the units started during the period.equal to the actual work done during the period.BWIP + TI - TO = EWIP; BWIP - EWIP = TO - TI. If BWIP > EWIP then TO > TI

22.After reviewing the new activity-based costing system that Janis McGee has implemented at Joplin Industries’s Port Arthur manufacturing facility, Kris Kristoff, the production supervisor, believes that he can reduce production costs by reducing the time spent on machine setups. He has spent the last month working with employees in the plant to change over the machines more quickly with the same reliability. He plans to produce 100,000 units of J25P and 40,000 units of J40X in the first quarter. He believes that with his more efficient setup routine, he can reduce the number of setup hours for both the J25P and the J40X products by 25 percent. (Refer to Exhibit 9.16)Required:(a) Compute the amount of overhead allocated to the J25P and the J40X cameras for the first quarter

using activity-based costing. Assume that all events are the same in the first quarter as in the third quarter except for the number of setup hours. Assume the cost of a setup hour remains at $900.

Explanation:J25P J40X

  Direct material $ 1,500,000 $ 2,400,000

  Direct labor

       Assembly $ 750,000 $ 600,000       Packaging 990,000 360,000

            Total direct labor $ 1,740,000 $ 960,000

  Direct costs $ 3,240,000 $ 3,360,000

  Overhead  Assembly building      Assembling (@$30/mh) $ 180,000 $ 900,000      Setting up machine (@$900/setup-hour)a 27,000 270,000

      Handling material (@$3,000/run) 24,000 120,000

  Packaging building      Inspecting and Packaging (@$5/direct labor-hour).

300,000 114,000

      Shipping (@$1,320/shipment) 132,000 264,000

         Total ABC O/H $ 663,000 $ 1,668,000

  Total ABC cost $ 3,903,000 $ 5,028,000

  Number of units 100,000 40,000  Unit cost $ 39.03 $ 125.70

a 75% of the amounts in Exhibit 9.16. ($27,000 = .75 × $36,000; $270,000 = .75 × $360,000).23. Rodent Corporation produces two types of computer mice, wired and wireless. The wired mice are designed as low-cost, reliable input devices. The company only recently began producing the higher-quality wireless model. Since the introduction of the new product, profits have been steadily declining. Management believes that the accounting system is not accurately allocating costs to products, particularly because sales of the new product have been increasing.           Management has asked you to investigate the cost allocation problem. You find that manufacturing overhead is currently assigned to products based on their direct labor costs. For your investigation, you have data from last year. Manufacturing overhead was $360,000 based on production of 140,000 wired mice and 50,000 wireless mice. Direct labor and direct materials costs were as follows:

Wired Wireless Total

  Direct labor $290,100 $109,900 $400,000

  Materials 187,500 171,000 358,500

Management has determined that overhead costs are caused by three cost drivers. These drivers and their costs for last year are as follows:

Activity Level

  Cost DriverCosts Assigned

Wired w/l Total

  Number of production runs $ 165,000 20  5 25

  Quality tests performed 148,500   6  9 15

  Shipping orders processed 46,500 50 25 75

     Total overhead $ 360,000

Required:(a) How much overhead will be assigned to each product if these three cost drivers are used to allocate

overhead? What is the total cost per unit produced for each product?(b)How much overhead will be assigned to each product if direct labor cost is used to allocate overhead?

What is the total cost per unit produced for each product? (a) 

Rate Wired Wireless Total

  Direct labora $ 290,100 $ 109,900 $ 400,000

  Direct materialsb $ 187,500 $ 171,000 $ 358,500

  Overhead costs    Prod. runs $6,60

0c

$ 132,000f

$ 33,000 $ 165,000

    Quality tests

9,900

d

59,400g

89,100 148,500

    Ship. orders 620

e

31,000h

15,500 46,500

    Total overhead $ 222,400 $ 137,600 $ 360,000

  Total costs $ 700,000 $ 418,500 $1,118,500

  Total unit cost $ 5.00

i

$ 8.37j

aData given in the first table of the exercise in the text.bData given in the first table of the exercise in the text.

c$6,600 per run = $165,000 in production run costs ÷ 25 total runs.d$9,900 per test = $148,500 in quality costs ÷ 15 total tests.e$620 per order = $46,500 in shipping costs ÷ 75 processed orders.f$132,000 = $6,600 per production run x 20 runs for Wired.g$59,400 = $9,900 per quality test x 6 tests for Wired.h$31,000 = $620 per order shipped x 50 orders shipped for Wired.i$5.00 = $700,000 total costs for Wired ÷ 140,000 units produced.j$8.37 = $418,500 ÷ 50,000 units produced.Reading from the table above, we can see that the total overhead assigned is $222,400 and $137,600 for Wired and Wireless, respectively. The total cost per unit is the total cost per product divided by the total units produced; $5.00 per Wired mouse and $8.37 per Wireless mouse.

(b)Rate Wired Wireless Total

  Direct labora

$ 290,100 $ 109,900 $ 400,000

  Direct materialsb

187,500 171,000 358,500

  Total overhead

$90%

c

261,090d

98,910 360,000

  Total costs $ 738,690 $ 379,810 $ 1,118,500

  Total unit cost

$ 5.28e

$ 7.60

aData given in the first table in the exercise.bData given in the first table in the exercise.c90% = $360,000 total overhead ÷ $400,000 total direct labor.d$261,090 = $290,100 × 0.90e$5.28 = $738,690 ÷ 140,000 units produced (rounded).From the table above, total overhead allocated to Wired and Wireless is $261,090 and $98,910 respectively. The unit cost for Wired and Wireless is $5.28 and $7.60 respectively.

24.

Marvin’s Kitchen Supply delivers restaurant supplies throughout the city. The firm adds 10 percent to the cost of the supplies to cover the delivery cost. The delivery fee is meant to cover the cost of delivery. A consultant has analyzed the delivery service using activity-based costing methods and identified four activities. Data on these activities follow:

Cost Driver Volume

  Activity Cost Driver Cost Driver  Volume  Processing order

    Number of orders $ 75,000 5,000 orders

  Loading truck     Number of items 150,000 100,000 items

  Delivering merchandise

    Number of orders 90,000 5,000 orders

  Processing invoice

    Number of invoices 72,000 4,000 invoices

       Total overhead $ 387,000

Two of Marvin's customers are City Diner and Le Chien Chaud. Data for orders and deliveries to these two customers follow:

City Diner Le Chien Chaud

  Order value $75,000 $90,000

  Number of orders 52 110

  Number of items 600 1,500

  Number of invoices 12 150

Required:

(a) What would the delivery charge for each customer be under the current policy of 10 percent of order value?

(b)What would the activity-based costing system estimate as the cost of delivering to each customer?

Delivery cost based on activity-based costing:

  CustomerOrderValue

Delivery Charge(@10%)

  City Diner $75,000 $ 7,500

  Le Chien Chaud 90,000 9,000

Cost driver rates:

Activity Cost Driver Cost ÷ Driver Volume = Rate  Processing order    Number of orders $ 75,000 ÷ 5,000 orders = $ 15 per order  Loading truck    Number of items 150,000 ÷ 100,000 items = 1.50 per item  Delivering merchandise    Number of orders 90,000 ÷ 5,000 orders = 18 per order

  Processing invoice    Number of invoices 72,000 ÷ 4,000 invoices = 18 per invoice

Cost driver delivery:  

City Diner Le Chien Chaud

  Activity

Units of Cost

Driver Cost

Units of Cost

Driver Cost  Processing order 52 order

s $ 780a

110 orders $ 1,650

  Loading truck

600 items 900

b 1,500 items 2,250

  Delivering merchandise

52 orders 936

c

110 orders 1,980

  Processing invoice

12 invoices 216

d

150 invoices 2,700

       Total cost $ 2,832 $ 8,580

a $780 = 52 orders × $15.00 per order.b $900 = 600 items × $1.50 per item.c $936 = 52 orders × $18.00 per order.d $216 = 12 invoices × $18.00 per invoice.

(c) Marvin can use this information to change the way he prices delivery service.True

Marvin's can use this information to change the way they price delivery service. They can also use the information to work with customers to change the way they (customers) order to reduce the costs of order and delivery.

25.

Davis Fabricators buys metal for manufacturing from two suppliers, Alpha Metals and First Parts. If the metal is delivered late, the shipment to the customer is delayed. Delayed shipments lead to contractual penalties that call for Davis to reimburse a portion of the purchase price to the customer.During the past quarter, the purchasing and delivery data for the two suppliers showed the following:

Alpha First Total

  Total purchases (tons) 10,000 6,000 16,000

  Average purchase price $ 10.00 $12.00 $ 10.75  Number of deliveries 80 20 100  Percentage of late deliveries 25% 5% 21%

The Accounting Department recorded $22,400 as the cost of late deliveries to customers.

Required:Assume that the average quality, measured by the percentage of late deliveries, and prices from the two companies will continue as in the past. What is the effective price for metal from the two companies when late deliveries are considered? (Do not round your intermediate calculations. Round your final answers to 2 decimal places.)

  Explanation:First compute the cost of a late delivery.

  Number of tons delivered late (10,000 × 25% + 6,000 × 5%) 2,800  Cost of late deliveries (Given) $22,400  Cost of late delivery per ton ($22,400 ÷ 2,800) $8

Now compute the “effective” price of a ton.

Alpha First

  Average purchase price per ton $10.00 $ 12.00

  Additional cost of late delivery per ton $ 8.00 $ 8.00  Probability of late delivery 25% 5%  Expected cost of late delivery per ton $ 2.00 $ 0.40

  Effective cost per ton $12.00 $ 12.40

26.

Smelly Perfume Company manufactures and distributes several different products. The company currently uses a plantwide allocation method for allocating overhead at a rate of $7 per direct labor hour. Cindy is the department manager of Department C which produces Products J and P. Department C has $16,200 in traceable overhead. Diane is the department manager of Department D which manufactures Product X. Department D has $11,100 in traceable overhead. The product costs (per case of 24 bottles) and other information are as follows:

   

If Smelly changes its allocation basis to machine hours, what is the total product cost per case for Product X?$80.48.$79.50.$74.00.$75.17.Total overhead = $28(300) + $21(500) + $14(600) = $27,300; Total machine hours = 4(300) + 2(500) + 3(600) = 4,000; Overhead rate = $27,300/4,000 = $6.825/MH; Product cost for X: $48.00 + $12.00 + $6.825(3) = $80.48

27. A company has identified the following overhead costs and cost drivers for the coming year: (CIA adapted)

   

Budgeted direct labor cost was $100,000 and budgeted direct material cost was $280,000. The following information was collected on three jobs that were completed during the year:

   

If the company uses activity-based costing (ABC), what is the cost of each unit of Job 102?$340.$392.$440.$520.[($20,000/200) × 2] + [($130,000/6,500) × 10] + [($80,000/8,000) × 10] + [($50,000/1,000) × 50] = $3,000; $12,000 + 2,000 + 3,000 = $17,000; $17,000/50 = $340

28.Warren Ltd. has two production departments, Building A and Building B, and two service departments, Maintenance and Cafeteria. Direct costs for each department and the proportion of service costs used by the various departments for the month of June follow:

Proportion of Services Used by

Department Direct Costs Maintenance Cafeteria Building A Building B

  Building A $495,000

  Building B 322,000

  Maintenance 200,000 — 0.2 0.5 0.3

  Cafeteria 160,000 0.8 — 0.1 0.1

Required:Compute the allocation of service department costs to producing departments using the direct method. (Do not round intermediate calculations.)Explanation:Direct Method:

To

Building A Building B  Maintenance $ 125,000 a $ 75,000

  Cafeteria 80,000 b 80,000

  Total Costs $ 205,000 $ 155,000

a $125,000 =

0.5 × $200,000

0.5 +  0.3

b $80,000 =0.1

 × $160,0000.1 +  0.1

(Note that the use of Maintenance's costs by Cafeteria and the use of Cafeteria's costs by Maintenance are ignored.)

29.University Printers has two service departments (Maintenance and Personnel) and two operating departments (Printing and Developing). Management has decided to allocate maintenance costs on the basis of machine-hours in each department and personnel costs on the basis of labor-hours worked by the employees in each.

     The following data appear in the company records for the current period:

Maintenance Personnel Printing Developing  Machine-hours — 1,000 1,000 3,000  Labor-hours 500 — 500 2,000  Department direct costs $15,000 $36,000 $45,000 $30,000

Required:Use the direct method to allocate these service department costs to the operating departments.

Maintenance Personnel Printing Developing

Service department costs $15,000 $36,000 $0 $0

Maintenance allocation (15,000) 0 3,750 11,250

Personnel allocation 0 (36,000) 7,200 28,800

Total costs allocated $0 $0 $10,950 $40,050

Explanation: Maintenance allocation:

$ 3,750 =1,000

  × $15,000(1,000 + 3,000)

  $ 11,250 =3,000

  × $15,000(1,000 + 3,000)

  Personnel allocation:

$ 7,200 =500

  × $36,000(500 + 2,000)

$28,800 =2,000

  × $36,000(500 + 2,000)

30.

Which of the following methods provides no data for service departments to monitor each other's costs?Direct method.Reciprocal method.Step method.All three methods, Direct, Reciprocal, and Step, provide data for monitoring costs.No reciprocal services are recognized.

31.

Joint products and byproducts are produced simultaneously by a single process or series of processes and:joint products are salable at the split-off point, but byproducts are not.by-products are salable at the split-off point, but joint products are not.the revenue from by-products may be recognized at the time of production.all by-products must be allocated some portion of joint costs.By-products can be recognized either at time of production or time of sale.

32. Bagley Company has two service departments and two producing departments. Square footage of space occupied by each department follows:

   

The department costs of Custodial Services are allocated on a basis of square footage of space. If Custodial Services costs are budgeted at $38,000, the amount of cost allocated to General Administration under the direct method would be:$0.$7,125.$6,000.$5,700.$0. There are no allocations between service departments when using the direct method.

33. Castle Company has two service departments and two producing departments. The number of employees in each department is:

   

The department costs of the Personnel Department are allocated on a basis of the number of employees. If these costs are budgeted at $37,125 during a given period, the amount of cost allocated to Department B under the direct method would be:$0.$17,187.50.$16,875.00.$18,021.84.[250/(265 + 250)] × $37,125 = $18,021.84

34. Starlite Company manufactures office products. Last year, it sold 45,000 electric staplers for $10 per unit. The company estimates that this volume represents a 30 percent share of the current electric stapler market. The market is expected to increase by 10 percent next year. Marketing specialists have determined that as a result of new competition, the company’s market share will fall to 25 percent (of this larger market). Due to changes in prices, the new price for the electric staplers will be $11 per unit. This new price is expected to be in line with the competition and have no effect on the volume estimates.Estimate Starlite’s sales revenues from electric staplers for the coming year.

 Explanation:  Market size last year =  45,000 units ÷ 0.3 = 150,000 units  Market size next year =  1.10 × 150,000 units

=  165,000 units  Company share =  25% × 165,000 units

=  41,250 units  Sales revenue =  41,250 units × $11 per unit

=  $453,750

35. Sanlax, Inc., makes portable appliances and develops plans using an annual budgeting cycle. For next year, the production budget is 400,000 units. Inventories are expected to increase by 20,000 units.

What is the sales budget for the coming year?

Sanlax Inc.Sales Budget

For the Year Ended(in units)

  Expected sales 400,000 units  Subtract: Increase in inventory level 20,000 units

  Budgeted sales 380,000units

36.

Ashland Corporation, a merchandising firm, is preparing its cash budget for October. The following information is available concerning its inventories:

  Inventories at beginning of October $ 505,000  Estimated purchases for October 1,980,000  Estimated cost of goods sold for October 2,025,000  Estimated payments in October for purchases in September 495,000  Estimated payments in October for purchases prior to September 90,000  Estimated payments in October for purchases in October 70%

Required:What are the estimated cash disbursements in October?

Ashland CorporationSchedule of Cash Disbursements

For the Period Ended October 31  Payments for purchases prior to September $ 90,000  Payments for September purchases 495,000  October purchases 1,386,000a

  Total cash disbursements $ 1,971,000a $1,386,000 = $1,980,000 × 70%.

37.

Duluth Company is preparing its cash budget for December. The following information is available concerning its accounts receivable:

  Estimated credit sales for December $ 300,000  Actual credit sales for November $ 225,000  Estimated collections in December for credit sales in December 25%  Estimated collections in December for credit sales in November 70%  Estimated collections in December for credit sales prior to November $ 24,000  Estimated write-offs in December for uncollectible credit sales $ 12,000  Estimated provision for bad debts in December for credit sales in December $ 10,500

Required:What is the estimated amount of cash receipts from accounts receivable collections in December?

Duluth Company

Schedule of Cash Collections

For the Month Ended December 31

  Collections in December for sales prior to November $ 24,000

  November sales 157,500a

  December sales 75,000b

  Total cash collections $ 256,500

a $157,500 = $225,000 × 70%b $75,000 = $300,000 × 25%38. Nassau Products is preparing a cash budget for April. The following information on accounts receivable collections is available from past collection experience:  Percent of current month’s sales collected this month 25%  Percent of prior month’s sales collected this month 62  Percent of sales two months prior to current month collected this month 7  Percent of sales three months prior to current month collected this month 4

The remaining 2 percent is not collected and is written off as bad debts. Credit sales to date are:

  April-estimated $300,000

  March 270,000

  February 240,000

  January 285,000

What are the estimated cash receipts from accounts receivable collections in April?

Nassau Products

Schedule of Cash Collections

For the Month Ended April 30

  January sales $ 11,400a

  February sales 16,800b

  March sales 167,400c

  April sales 75,000d

  Total cash collections $ 270,600a $11,400 = $285,000 × 4% b $16,800 = $240,000 × 7%c $167,400 = $270,000 × 62% d $75,000 = $300,000 × 25%

39.Varmit-B-Gone is a pest control service that operates in a suburban neighborhood. The company attempts to make service calls at least once a month to all homes that subscribe to its service. It makes more frequent calls during the summer. The number of subscribers also varies with the season. The number of subscribers and the average number of calls to each subscriber for the months of interest follow:

SubscribersService Calls

(per subscriber)  March    600 0.6  April    700 0.9  May 1,400 1.5  June 1,600 2.5  July 1,600 3.0  August 1,500 2.4

The average price charged for a service call is $80. Of the service calls, 30 percent are paid in the month the service is rendered, 60 percent in the month after the service is rendered, and 8 percent in the second month after. The remaining 2 percent is uncollectible.

Varmit-B-Gone estimates that the number of subscribers in September should fall 10 percent below August levels, and the number of service calls per subscriber should decrease by an estimated 20 percent. The following information is available for costs incurred in August. All costs except depreciation are paid in cash.

  Service costs     Variable costs $ 24,000     Maintenance and repair 22,000     Depreciation (fixed) 42,000

       Total $ 88,000

   Marketing and administrative costs     Marketing (variable) $ 14,500     Administrative (fixed) 55,000

       Total $ 69,500

  Total costs $ 157,500

Variable service and marketing costs change with volume. Fixed depreciation will remain the same, but fixed administrative costs will increase by 5 percent beginning September 1. Maintenance and repair are provided by contract, which calls for a 1 percent increase in September.Prepare a budgeted income statement for September.    Sales revenue $ 207,360 (90% × 1,500) × (80% × 2.4) × $80    Variable costs $ 17,280 (.72a × $24,000)    Maintenance and repair 22,220 (1.01 × $22,000)    Depreciation 42,000 (no change)    Marketing (variable) $ 10,440 (.72a × $14,500)    Administrative (fixed) 57,750 (1.05 × $55,000)

a Ratio of September to August volume:  September: (90% × 1,500) × (80% × 2.4) = 2,592  August: 1,500 × 2.4 = 3,600   Ratio = .72 = 2,592 ÷ 3,600 or Ratio = .80 × .90 = .7240.TL Division of Giant Bank has assets of $14.4 billion. During the past year, the division had profits of $1.8 billion. Giant Bank has a cost of capital of 6 percent. Ignore taxes.

Required:(a) Compute the divisional ROI.

$1,800,000,000  = 12.5% (ROI)

$14,400,000,000

(b)Compute the divisional RI.

$1,800,000,000 – (.06 × $14,400,000,000) = $936,000,000 (Residual Income)

41.

The following data are available for two divisions of Solomons Company:  

North Division South Division

  Division operating profit $ 6,000,000 $ 40,000,000  Division investment 30,000,000 320,000,000

  The cost of capital for the company is 8 percent. Ignore taxes.  Required:(a) If Solomons measures performance using ROI, which division had the better performance? (Round

"ROI %" to 1 decimal place.)  Using return on investment measures:

North:$6,000,000

 = 20%$30,000,000

 South:$40,000,000

 = 12.5%320,000,000

  North division's performance is better than that of south division.  (b) If Solomons measures performance using economic value added, which division had the better

performance? (The divisions have no current liabilities.)   Using EVA:      North: $6,000,000 − (8% × $30,000,000) = $3,600,000     South: $40,000,000 − (8% × $320,000,000) = $14,400,000  South division's performance is better than that of north division.

(c) Would your evaluation change if the company’s cost of capital were 16 percent?(1) When evaluated by ROI?

North division-- Using ROI, the comparison is not affected by the cost of capital; the cost of capital serves only as a benchmark against which to judge ROI.

  (2) When evaluated by EVA?

For EVA, the comparison is affected.North: $6,000,000 − (16% × $30,000,000) = $1,200,000South: $40,000,000 − (16% × $320,000,000) = ($11,200,000)  North division's performance is better than that of south division.

42.

Mississippi Company has two decentralized divisions, Illinois and Iowa. Illinois always has purchased

certain units from Iowa at $60 per unit. Because Iowa plans to raise the price to $80 per unit, Illinois is considering buying these units from outside suppliers for $60 per unit. Iowa's costs follow:   Variable costs per unit $ 56  Annual fixed costs $ 100,000  Annual production of these units 5,000 units

Required:If Illinois buys from an outside supplier, the facilities that Iowa uses to manufacture these units will remain idle. What will be the result if Mississippi enforces a transfer price of $80 per unit between Illinois and Iowa? he Mississippi Company's contribution margin woulddecrease$20,000

 Explanation:If Illinois Division buys from outsiders because the transfer price is greater than $60, this would cost the company $20,000. The difference between the price paid for the units from an outside supplier ($60) and the differential costs of producing in Iowa Division ($56) multiplied by the 5,000 units in the order = $20,000.

43.

The master budget at Windsor, Inc., last period called for sales of 90,000 units at $12 each. The costs were estimated to be $5 variable per unit and $300,000 fixed. During the period, actual production and actual sales were 92,000 units. The selling price was $12.15 per unit. Variable costs were $5.90 per unit. Actual fixed costs were $300,000.

 Required:Prepare a sales activity variance analysis Exhibit 16.4. (Indicate the effect of each variance by selecting "F" for favorable, "U" for unfavorable, and "None" for no effect (i.e., zero variance). Leave no cells blank - be certain to enter "0" wherever required.)

Windsor, Inc.

Sales Activity VarianceFlexible Budget

(based on actual of

92,000 units)

Sales Activity Variance

Master Budget

(based on budgeted

90,000 units)Sales revenue $1,104,000 $24,000 F $1,080,000Variable costs 460,000 10,000 U 450,000Contribution margin $644,000 $14,000 F $630,000Fixed costs 300,000 0 None 300,000Operating profits $344,000 $14,000 F $330,000

44.

Information on Thurmster Corporation's direct materials costs follows:  Actual quantities of direct materials used 7,500  Actual costs of direct materials used $ 98,550  Standard price per unit of direct materials $ 12.60  Flexible budget for direct materials $ 89,775

  Thurmster Corporation has no materials inventories.  Required:(a) Compute the direct materials price and efficiency variances for Thurmster Corporation

Direct materials price variance $4,050 U

Direct materials efficiency variance $4,725 U

  (b) (Appendix) Prepare the journal entries to record the purchase and use of the direct materials using

standard costing. (If no entry is required for an event, select "No journal entry required" in the first account field.)

General journal Deb CredWork in prog inv 89775Mat price var 4050Mat eff var 4725Acc pay 98550 Explanation:(a)Actual Costs = $98,550Actual Inputs at Standard Price = $12.60 × 7,500 = $94,500Flexible Budget (Standard Inputs Allowed for Good Output) = $89,775Price Variance = $98,550 – $94,500 = $4,050 UEfficiency Variance = $94,500 – $89,775 = $4,725 U

(b)To record the purchase and use of 7,500 units of materials at an actual cost of $98,550 and the transfer to work in process at a standard cost of $12.60 per unit.

A company had beginning inventories as follows: Direct Materials, $900; Work-in-Process, $1,100; Finished Goods, $1,900.

Beginning: DM: 900 WIP 1100 FG 1900

Dm 950 WIP 1150 FG 2000

Ending DM 1000 WIP 1200 FG 2000

DM 1050 WIP 1250 FG 2100

MP 4400 DL 5100 OH 5800

MP 4650 DL 5400 OH 6150

\

It had ending inventories as follows: Direct Materials, $1,000; Work-in-Process, $1,200; Finished Goods, $2,000. Material Purchases (net including freight) were $4,400, Direct Labor $5,100, and Manufacturing Overhead $5,800. What is the Cost of Goods Sold for the period?

Selected Answer:

D.$15,000.

Answers: A.$14,900.B.$15,800.C.$15,100.

D.$15,000.

Response Feedback:

$900 + $4,400 - $1,000 = $4,300 (Direct materials used in production)

$1,100 + $4,300 + $5,100 + $5,800 - $1,200 = $15,100 (COGM)

$1,900 + $15,100 - $2,000 = $15,000 (COGS)

Question 110 out of 10 points

Castle Company has two service departments and two producing departments. The number of employees in each department is:

  Personnel 10  Cafeteria 95  Producing Department A 310  Producing Department B 340

755

The department costs of the Personnel Department are allocated on a basis of the number of employees. If these costs are budgeted at $57,000 during a given period, the amount of cost allocated to Department B under the direct method would be:

Selected Answer:

B.$29,815.38.

Answers: A.$0.

B.$29,815.38.C.$27,184.62.D.$25,668.87.

Response Feedback:

[340/(310 + 340)] × $57,000 = $29,815.38

Question 210 out of 10 points

The electricity used for production machinery would be classified as a:

Selected Answer:

B.volume-related activity.

Answers: A.product-related activity.

B.volume-related activity.C.facility-related activity.D.batch-related activity.

Response Feedback:

The more units are produced, the more the machines run and the more electricity is consumed.

Question 310 out of 10 points

Activity-based costing (ABC) is a costing technique that uses a two stage allocation process. Which of the following statements best describes these two stages?Selected Answer:

A.The costs are assigned to activities, and then to the products based upon their use of the activities.

Answers: A.The costs are assigned to activities, and then to the products based upon their use of the activities.B.The costs are assigned to departments, and then to the products based upon their use of activity resources.C.Service department costs are allocated to the production departments, and then to the products based upon their use of the activities.D.Indirect costs are assigned to activities, and then to the products based upon the direct cost resources used by the activities.

Response Feedback:

Costs are assigned to activities first; activity usage is then used to allocate the activity costs.

Question 410 out of 10 points

A company has identified the following overhead costs and cost drivers for the coming year:

         Budgeted  Overhead Item   Cost Driver Budgeted Cost    Activity Level  Machine setup   Number of setups $  19,000  Inspection   Number of inspections 106,800  Material   Number of material 82,600

handling moves  Engineering   Engineering hours 11,800

Budgeted direct labor cost was $175,000 and budgeted direct material cost was $490,000. The following information was collected on three jobs that were completed during the year:

Job 101 Job 102 Job 103  Direct materials $ 4,250 $ 9,250 $ 5,250  Direct labor $ 1,900 $  1,900 $ 3,800  Units completed 50 25 150  Number of setups 1 2 2  Number of inspections 10 5 15  Number of material moves 15 5 40  Engineering hours 5 25 8

If the company uses activity-based costing (ABC), how much overhead cost should be assigned to Job 101?

Selected Answer:

B.$650.

Answers: A.$1,280.

B.$650.C.$1,611.D.$4,250.

Response Feedback:

[($19,000/190) × 1] + [($106,800/4,450) × 10] + [($82,600/5,900) × 15] + [($11,800/590) × 5] = $650

Question 510 out of 10 points

Decentralizationrefers to the delegation of decision-making authority to:

Selected Answer:

D.subordinates.

Answers: A.superiors.B.board of directors.C.

top management.

D.subordinates.

Response Feedback:

Delegation is to the subordinates; delegation is from the superiors/top management.

Question 610 out of 10 points

Which of the following measures is used by traditional costing systems as an allocation base for allocating overhead costs to the units produced?

Selected Answer:

D.Volume-related activities.

Answers: A.Batch-related activities.B.Facility-related activities.C.Product-related activities.

D.Volume-related activities.

Response Feedback:

Traditional costing uses volume-related activities exclusively.

Question 710 out of 10 points

Which of the following costs is NOT related to a batch-related activity?

Selected Answer:

B.Compliance costs.

Answers: A.Material handling.

B.Compliance costs.C.Shipping costs.

D.Machine setups.

Response Feedback:

Compliance costs are considered a product-related activity.

Question 810 out of 10 points

An operating unit of an organization is called a cost center if it is responsible:

Selected Answer:

D.only for costs.

Answers: A.for costs and revenues.B. only for revenues.C.for investments in assets.

D.only for costs.

Response Feedback:

An operating unit of an organization is called a cost center if it is responsible only for costs.

Question 910 out of 10 points

Smelly Perfume Company manufactures and distributes several different products. The company currently uses a plant wide allocation method for allocating overhead at a rate of $4 per direct labor hour. Cindy is the department manager of Department C which produces Products J and P. Department C has $12,000 in traceable overhead. Diane is the department manager of Department D which manufactures Product X. Department D has $10,800 in traceable overhead. The product costs (per case of 24 bottles) and other information are as follows:

ProductsJ P X

  Direct materials $150.00 $ 108.00 $72.00  Direct labor 63.00 47.25 18.00  Overhead 30.00 21.00 20.00

$243.00 $176.25 $110.00

  Machine hours (per case) 4 2 3

  Number of cases (per year) 300 500 600

If Smelly changes its allocation basis to machine hours, what is the total product cost per case for Product P?

Selected Answer:

D.$171.00.

Answers: A.$192.00.B.$244.50.C.$197.25.

D.$171.00.

Response Feedback:

Total overhead = $30(300) + $21(500) + $20(600) = $31,500;Total machine hours = 4(300) + 2(500) + 3(600) = 4,000;Overhead rate = $31,500/4,000 = $7.875/MH;Product cost for P: $108.00 + $47.25 + $7.875(2) = $171.00

Question 1010 out of 10 points

Which of the following best describes the objective of joint cost allocation?Selected Answer:

A. Inventory valuation.

Answers: A. Inventory valuation.B.Making decisions about raw materials requirements.C.Pricing goods for sale.D.Making decisions about levels of production.

Response Feedback:

Joint cost allocations generally do not provide good decision making support, it is used primarily to account for cost allocation between inventory and cost of goods sold.