HomeostasisHomeostasis

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GlossaryGlossary

Maintain – keep up.Maintain – keep up. Constant – the same.Constant – the same. Internal – inside the body.Internal – inside the body. Environment – surroundings of the Environment – surroundings of the

body.body. Feedback - a Feedback - a cyclecycle in which the output in which the output

of a system “feeds back” to modify or of a system “feeds back” to modify or reinforce the actions of the system in reinforce the actions of the system in order to maintain homeostasis.order to maintain homeostasis.

GlossaryGlossary

Negative feedback - a change causes system 1 Negative feedback - a change causes system 1 to send a message to system 2 to restore to send a message to system 2 to restore homeostasis. When system 1 detects that homeostasis. When system 1 detects that system 2 has acted, it stops signaling for system 2 has acted, it stops signaling for action and system 2 stops (turned off). action and system 2 stops (turned off).

Positive feedback - the original stimulus is Positive feedback - the original stimulus is promoted rather than stopped. Positive promoted rather than stopped. Positive feedback is rarely used to maintain feedback is rarely used to maintain homeostasis. An example of positive feedback homeostasis. An example of positive feedback is childbirth.is childbirth.

What is Homeostasis?What is Homeostasis?

Body cells work best if they have the Body cells work best if they have the correctcorrect TemperatureTemperature Water levelsWater levels Glucose concentrationGlucose concentration

Your body has mechanisms to keep Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a constant environment.the cells in a constant environment.

What is Homeostasis?What is Homeostasis?

The maintenance The maintenance of a constant of a constant

environment in environment in the body is called the body is called

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Controlling body Controlling body temperaturetemperature

All mammals maintain a constant All mammals maintain a constant body temperature.body temperature.

Human beings have a body Human beings have a body temperature of about 37temperature of about 37ººC.C. E.g. If your body is in a hot environment E.g. If your body is in a hot environment

your body temperature is 37your body temperature is 37ººCC If your body is in a cold environment If your body is in a cold environment

your body temperature is still 37your body temperature is still 37ººCC

Controlling body Controlling body temperaturetemperature

Animals with a large surface area compared Animals with a large surface area compared to their volume will lose heat faster than to their volume will lose heat faster than animals with a small surface area.animals with a small surface area.

Volume = _______

Surface area = ______

Volume : Surface area ratio = ___________

Volume = _______

Surface area = ______

Volume : Surface area ratio = ___________

Controlling body Controlling body temperaturetemperature

Volume : Surface area ratio = 1:6

Volume : Surface area ratio = 1:5

For every 1 unit of heat made, heat is lost out of 6 sides

For every 1 unit of heat made, heat is lost out of 5 sides

Controlling body Controlling body temperaturetemperature

Volume : Surface area ratio = 1:6

Volume : Surface area ratio = 1:5

The bigger the Volume : Surface Area

ratio is, the faster heat will

be lost.

Penguins huddling to Penguins huddling to keep warmkeep warm

What mechanisms are there What mechanisms are there to cool the body down?to cool the body down?

1.1. SweatingSweating When your body is hot, sweat glands When your body is hot, sweat glands

are stimulated to release sweat.are stimulated to release sweat. The liquid sweat turns into a gas (it The liquid sweat turns into a gas (it

evaporates)evaporates) To do this, it needs heat.To do this, it needs heat. It gets that heat from your skin.It gets that heat from your skin. As your skin loses heat, it cools down.As your skin loses heat, it cools down.

Sweating

The skin

What mechanisms are there What mechanisms are there to to coolcool the body down? the body down?

2.2. VasodilationVasodilation Your blood carries most of the heat Your blood carries most of the heat

energy around your body.energy around your body. There are capillaries underneath There are capillaries underneath

your skin that can be filled with your skin that can be filled with blood if you get too hot.blood if you get too hot.

This brings the blood closer to the This brings the blood closer to the surface of the skin so more heat surface of the skin so more heat can be lost.can be lost.

This is why you look red when you are This is why you look red when you are hot!hot!

If the temperature rises, the blood vessel dilates (gets bigger).

This means more heat is lost from the surface of the skin

What mechanisms are there to What mechanisms are there to warmwarm the body up? the body up?

1.1. VasoconstrictionVasoconstriction This is the opposite of vasodilationThis is the opposite of vasodilation The capillaries underneath your The capillaries underneath your

skin get constricted (shut off).skin get constricted (shut off). This takes the blood away from the This takes the blood away from the

surface of the skin so less heat can surface of the skin so less heat can be lost.be lost.

If the temperature falls, the blood vessel constricts (gets shut off).

This means less heat is lost from the surface of the skin

What mechanisms are there to What mechanisms are there to warm the body up?warm the body up?

2.2. PiloerectionPiloerection This is when the hairs on your skin This is when the hairs on your skin

“stand up” .“stand up” . It is sometimes called “goose It is sometimes called “goose

bumps” or “chicken skin”!bumps” or “chicken skin”! The hairs trap a layer of air next to The hairs trap a layer of air next to

the skin which is then warmed by the skin which is then warmed by the body heatthe body heat

The air becomes an insulating The air becomes an insulating layer.layer.

Controlling Glucose Controlling Glucose levelslevels

Your cells also need an exact level of glucose in Your cells also need an exact level of glucose in the blood. the blood.

Glucose moves into the cells for cellular Glucose moves into the cells for cellular respirationrespiration

Excess glucose gets turned into glycogen in the Excess glucose gets turned into glycogen in the liverliver

This is regulated by 2 hormones (chemicals) from This is regulated by 2 hormones (chemicals) from the the pancreaspancreas called: called:

InsulinInsulin

GlucagonGlucagon

If there is too much glucose in the blood, Insulin converts some of it to glycogen the rest moves into the cells for use in cellular respiration.

Glycogen

Insulin

Glucose in the blood

If there is not enough glucose in the blood, Glucagon converts some glycogen into glucose.

Glycogen

Glucagon

Glucose in the blood

DiabetesDiabetes

Some people do not produce enough Some people do not produce enough insulin.insulin.

When they eat food, the glucose levels When they eat food, the glucose levels in their blood cannot be reduced.in their blood cannot be reduced.

This condition is known as DIABETES.This condition is known as DIABETES. Diabetics sometimes have to inject Diabetics sometimes have to inject

insulin into their blood. They have to insulin into their blood. They have to be careful of their diet.be careful of their diet.

Time

Glucose Concentration

Meal eaten

Insulin is produced and glucose levels fall to normal again.

Glucose levels rise after a meal.

Normal

Time

Glucose Concentration

Meal eaten

Insulin is not produced so glucose levels stay high

Glucose levels rise after a meal.

Diabetic

The glucose in the blood increases.

Glycogen

Insulin

Glucose in the blood

But there is no insulin to convert it into glycogen.

Glucose concentration rises to dangerous levels.

Pancreas produces Insulin

Glucose into cells Out of blood

Blood glucose increases Homeostasis Blood glucose decreases ( High ) (Low)

Glucose out of cells Into blood

Pancreas produces Glucagon

Blood Glucose Feedback Mechanism

Controlling water levelsControlling water levels

The control of water levels is carried The control of water levels is carried out by the KIDNEYS.out by the KIDNEYS.

It is closely linked to the excretion of It is closely linked to the excretion of urea.urea.

Urea is a waste product that is made Urea is a waste product that is made when the LIVER breaks down when the LIVER breaks down proteins that are not needed by the proteins that are not needed by the body.body.

Urea contains the element Nitrogen.Urea contains the element Nitrogen.

The kidneysThe kidneys

The kidneys “clean” the blood of waste products and control how much water is kept in the body. The waste products and water make up urine which is excreted via the ureter.

“Dirty” blood enters the kidney through the renal artery. Then, several things happen to clean the blood...

Blood enters the tubule area in a capillary.

The capillary forms a small “knot” near the kidney tubule.The blood is filtered so all the small particles go into the tubule.

The capillary then carries on to run next to the tubule.

1. Filtration

The kidney tubule now contains lots of blood components including:

Glucose:Ions:Water:Urea:

2. Reabsorb sugar

The body needs to have sugar in the blood for cells to use in respiration. So all the sugar is reabsorbed back into the capillary.

2. Reabsorb sugar

The body needs to have sugar in the blood for cells to use in respiration. So all the sugar is reabsorbed back into the capillary.

3. Reabsorb water

Water and ions are the next to be absorbed. It depends on how much is needed by the body.

3. Reabsorb water

Water and ions are the next to be absorbed. It depends on how much is needed by the body.

Reabsorbing water

If you have too little water in your blood, you will produce very concentrated urine.

(very little water in it)

If you have too much water in your blood, you will produce very dilute urine.

(lots of water in it)

5. Excrete the waste

Everything that is left in the kidney tubule is waste:

•All the urea•Excess water

This waste is called urine. It is excreted via the ureter and is stored in the bladder.

The “clean” blood leaves the kidney in the renal vein.

Renal vein

Ureter

Summary of urine Summary of urine productionproduction

Urea is a waste product made in the Urea is a waste product made in the LIVERLIVER

Water content of the body is controlled in Water content of the body is controlled in the the KIDNEYSKIDNEYS

Urea, water and other waste makes up Urea, water and other waste makes up URINEURINE..

Urine travels down the Urine travels down the URETERURETER and is and is stored in the stored in the BLADDERBLADDER

Urine is excreted through the Urine is excreted through the URETHRAURETHRA..

Temperature regulation, glucose Temperature regulation, glucose level control and water level control level control and water level control are all examples of NEGATIVE are all examples of NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS.FEEDBACK MECHANISMS.

Homeostasis in PlantsHomeostasis in Plants

Control of water levels in the plant is Control of water levels in the plant is important to the survival of the important to the survival of the plant.plant.

This is achieved by a number of This is achieved by a number of methods:methods: Waxy cuticle on leavesWaxy cuticle on leaves Storage of waterStorage of water Opening and closing of stomatesOpening and closing of stomates

Stoma Open Stoma Closed

Guard Cells

Stoma

Function of StomataFunction of StomataGuard Cells

CO2

O2 H2O

What goes in?

What goes out?

•What process involves using CO2 and H2O releasing

O2 as a waste product?

•Photosynthesis

•What is the plant using this process to make?

•Carbohydrates-glucose

•If the plant needs water for photosynthesis, why is water coming out of the stoma?

Stoma Open Stoma Closed

Guard Cells

Function of Guard CellsFunction of Guard CellsGuard Cells•These stomata (leaf

openings) naturally allow water to evaporate out.

•Why would the plant close stomata with guard cells?

•Prevent excess water loss through transpiration. (conserve water)

•So what is the point of having stomata?

•Allow gas exchange for photosynthesis

The opening and closing of the The opening and closing of the stomata maintains water balance in stomata maintains water balance in the plant and thus maintains the plant and thus maintains homeostasis.homeostasis.