Robert Gallo March 13, 2012 Living Environment A ReviewHomeostasis in OrganismsBasic Biochemical Processes of Living Organisms: Storing Energy Photosynthesis 8. Without chloroplasts and light energy, the process of photosynthesis in plants would not occur. Two raw materials that are also necessary for this process are Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and water (H20). Carbon Dioxide is needed to build carbohydrates, such as the sugar glucose. In fact, water and carbon dioxide are combined to make this simple carbohydrate of glucose, proving why water is important along with carbon dioxide. Water is also needed in the electron transport chain.Basic Biochemical Processes of Living Organisms: Releasing Energy: Cell Respiration17. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two very important processes; however, are also extremely different. For example, in photosynthesis energy comes from sunlight as solar energy and ends up in glucose molecules as chemical bond energy; whereas, in cellular respiration energy comes from the chemical bond energy of glucose molecules and ends up in ATP bonds where it can be utilized for cell activities. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide gas and water are used; both molecules come from the environment; however, in cellular respiration sugar or other energy-rich organic food compounds and oxygen gas is used from the environment (Food is obtained through photosynthesis in producers and by feeding in consumers. Oxygen is obtained through gas exchange.) Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, algae, and some one-celled organisms when they are exposed to light; whereas, respiration occurs in the cell of all living things. In most organisms, cellular respiration is concluded in mitochondria, in which ATP is produced more efficiently. Finally, photosynthesis occurs in plant cells when light is available, which is generally during the daytime; however, cellular respiration occurs in all cells (including plant cells) 24 hours a day. 19. Yes, plants do carry out cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the process by which food is broken down by the body's cells to produce energy, in the form of ATP molecules. In plants, some of this ATP energy is used during photosynthesis to produce sugar. These sugars are in turn broken down during cellular respiration, continuing the cycle. Basic Biochemical Processes of Living Organisms: Enzymes 33. Enzyme interactions are determined by molecular shape. Molecule B has been created by chemically bonding two other molecules for the synthesis of the new one, Molecule B. After the two molecules collide creating molecule C, the enzyme forms a temporary physical condition with them and then separated after a reaction has occurred. This new separated molecule is represented by Molecule D, representing the product of this process digestion. 34. This reaction is an illustration of digestion. 35. Most enzymes have an optimum temperature at which they function most efficiently and produce the highest reaction rate. As the temperature of a cell or organism reaches its optimum level, enzymes and the molecules they are interacting with will move faster and collide more often, causing the reaction to increase. Beyond the optimum temperature, the rate falls rapidly because the fragile enzyme molecules begin to change shape or break apart. 36. Another name for a protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions during cellular respiration is an enzyme.40. 41. Feedback and Homeostasis: Feedback Mechanisms and Negative Feedback and Cell/Organ System Interaction 49. Soon after a person eats a meal that contains carbohydrates blood glucose levels will rise steadily for about two hours after you eat (can be shorter for some people), at that point it will level out and remain the same for a short time. After about three hours from when you last ate, it will begin to dip again.50. Insulin affects blood sugar levels by triggering the cells to open up their glucose receptors to allow the glucose to enter thereby lowering blood sugar concentrations.52. This process is important to the individual because the heat to evaporate the water in the sweat comes from the skin and provides a cooling effect. The body then does not overheat.53. Feedback refers to positive and negative feedback loops. Normally is used to describe hormonal changes. Positive feedback is like this: You start out with a certain population. The population produces young, which increases the population, which continues to produce young. It's exponential growth; more gives you more. Effect A leads to affect B, which increases effect A, causing more effect B. Negative feedback is like this; if the population is too small, the population produces young until the population is at a reasonable height. If the population is too large, certain parts of the population become axe murderers and destroy other members of the population until the population is at that same reasonable height. Due to this positive and negative feedback, the organism maintains homeostasis. Disease as a Failure of Homeostasis: The Immune System65. There are many causes of diseases, including inherited disorders, exposure to toxins, poor nutrition, organ malfunction, high-risk behaviors, etc. An example of a specific disease from inherited disorders is Down syndrome and an example of a specific disease from exposure to toxins is radiation poisoning. 66. Sometimes the immune system fails to recognize the self molecules and attacks the bodys own cells. For example, in some cases, the immune system attacks and destroys the pancreas cells that produce insulin. The result is one type of diabetes.

67. The steps I would follow to prepare a vaccine to immunize people against a newly discovered virus are as followed: obtain pathogen treat pathogen to kill or weaken it inject altered pathogen (vaccine) into organism body responds to antigens present by making antibodies and having white blood cells attack invader some white blood cells specific for this pathogen remain in the body for a long to continue the protection from future attacks by the pathogen68. There are many methods developed on how to diagnose and prevent/control a disease. For example, to diagnose a disease doctors use X-rays, CAT scans, ultrasound, blood pressure monitoring devices, and other methods to determine the cause or extent of the illness. An example of how to prevent/control a disease is promoting improved sanitation measures, including frequent hand washing, safe garbage disposal, and sewage treatment.69. Parasites survive by living and feeding on other organisms. Examples of a specific disease that can make us ill or negatively affect body functioning are leeches and tapeworms. Malaria (a disease caused by a one-celled organism and transmitted to humans by mosquitoes) and heartworm (a parasitic worm that lives in cats and dogs) are diseases caused by parasites. Questions for Regents Practice: Part B20. The jar full of air fouled by breathing probably contained an excess of carbon dioxide (CO2).21. Plants go through respiration when they don't have sunlight. Therefore the answer is respiration. Plants go through respiration at night, and photosynthesis in the day.The plant will produce O2 (Oxygen) during the day, and CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) at night.22. The process the plant performed to produce air nearly as good as common air was photosynthesis.23. The gas oxygen was produced by the plant in the process that improved the air in the jar.24. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is produced in the dark.28. 29. 30.31. 32.33.34.36. 37.Questions for Regents Practice: Part C41.42.