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MEMORY OF WATER
The Information Medicinehypothesis
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MEMORY OF WATER
Water, and perhaps other polar solvents are, under certain
circumstances, capable of storing information relating to
substances with which they have previously been in contact,
and subsequently transmitting this information to
presensitised biosystems.
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HISTORY
Jacques Benveniste 1935-2004
1935 Born in ParisStudied medicine at the medical school
1967 Head of clinic at the medical faculty in1971 Discovered PAF
Candidate for the Nobel prizeEarly 1980s:
A medical doctor with side interest inhomeopathy joined his team.
Jacques:He asked me if he could try my basophil
degranulation test on some homeopathicPreparations. I said OK bu t al l you w i l lbe test ing is water.
1988: Scientists from six laboratories in fourcountries (France, Canada, Israel andItaly) submitted an article to NATURE.
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HISTORY
Nature1988; 333: 816818
Suggestion:
Since di lu t ions need to b e accom panied by vigorous shaking for
the effects to be observed, transm issio n of the biolog ical
inform ation cou ld be related to the mo lecular organizat ion of
water.
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HISTORY2 weeks later- July 1988Nature recruited a magician to challenge Jacques experiment.
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HISTORYMaddox J, Randi J, Stewart WW.
High- dilution experiment is a delusion.Nature 1988; 334: 287290
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HISTORY
Water Memory
WAR
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HISTORY
Water Memory
WAR
$1m prize to anyone who can provide convincing evidence
James Randi
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HISTORY
Water Memory
WAR
Horizonconducts its own scientific experiment, to try and win his money.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2002/homeopathy.shtml
Results are no t conc lusiv e.
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HISTORY
The end of the Benveniste Affair?
Philippe Belon, Boiron, LyonJean Cumps, statistician, Catholic University of LouvainMarcel Roberfroid, coordinator, Catholic University of LouvainMadeleine Ennis, Queen's University BelfastPF Mannioni, University of FlorenceJean Ste Laudy, CERBA, ParisFred Wiegant, University of Utrecht
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HISTORY
Belon et al results
LaboratoryControl
(% degranulation)Histamine 15-19c
(% degranulation) n p
1 45.8 36.5 123 0.00022 50.2 47.5 312 0.065
3 51.6 47.4 183 0.0244 47.8 35.7 154
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How might water store
information? Hypotheses Geometric models
Formation of clathrates Information stored in bond lengths, angles
Dynamic models Coherent regions displaying stable laser-like
behaviourDel Guidice E, Preparata G, Vitiello G. Water as a free
electric dipole laser. Phys Rev Letts 1988; 61:1085-1088
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How might water store
information? Hypotheses
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How might water store
information? HypothesesComputer simulation of hydrogen bonding in
liquid water
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How might water store
information? Hypotheses
Structure of waterH+ andOH ionsDeuterium HDO molecules
Previously dissolved solutesDissolved gassesGaseous nanobubblesMaterials dissolved or detached from the containing vesselSolid particles and aerosols
weakly-bound but partially-covalently linked molecular clusters containing one,two, three or four hydrogen bonds, and hydrogen ion and hydroxideion species.
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How Homeopathic preparations
store information? Hypotheses
Ethanol1) Ethanol forms solutions in water that are slow to equilibrate2) Complex mixture of water-water and ethanol-ethanol clusters3) Hydrogen bonding is longer lived than in water alone4) They favour nanobubble formation
Nieto-Draghi C, Hargreaves R, Bates SP. Structure and dynamics of water in aqueousmethanol. J Phys Condens Matter 2005; 17: S3265S3272.
Jin F, Ye J, Hong L, Lam H, Wu C. Slow relaxation mode in mixtures of water andorganic molecules: supramolecular structures or nanobubbles? J Phys Chem B2007; 111: 22552261.
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How Homeopathic preparations
store information? HypothesesSilica
Dissolved silica is capable of forming solid silicate particles with
complementary structures (ie imprints) to dissolved solutes and
macromolecules.
Such particles will remember these complementary structures essentiallyforever.
A thorough investigation into the structural differences previously reported betweenhomeopathically potentized (ie succussed and extremely diluted) and unpotentizednitric acid solutions showed that the effect was lost if different glassware was used.
Anick DJ, Ives JA. The silica hypothesis for homeopathy:physical chemistry. Homeopathy2007; 96: 189195.
Milgrom LR, King KR, Lee J, Pinkus AS. On the investigation of homeopathic potencies usinglow resolution NMR T2 relaxation times: an experimental and critical survey of the work ofRoland Conte et al. Br Homeopath J 2001;
90: 513.
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How Homeopathic preparations
store information? HypothesesSuccussion
May significantly increase concentrations of silicate, sodium and bicarbonate
Increasing and decreasing (negative) pressure will be encountered so involving thecompression and stretching of the hydrogen bonded network.
Silicate glassliquid surface: Pressure waves would not only encourage dissolutionbut may dislodge nanoparticles of silicate (or other) material.
Elia V, Niccoli M. New physico-chemical properties of extremely diluted aqueous solutions. JTherm Anal Calorim2004; 75: 815836.
Voeikov VL. The possible role of active oxygen in the Memory of Water. Homeopathy 2007;
96: 196201.
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How Homeopathic preparations
store information? HypothesesSuccussion
Produces long term oscillatory behaviour
Produces hydrogen peroxide and Ozone molecules (increased potency withincreased dilution)
Water impurities (bacterial contamination) can change during the dilution process byreactions initiated by the original active material. Different potencies have different
Effects.Elia V, Niccoli M. New physico-chemical properties of extremely diluted aqueous solutions. JTherm Anal Calorim2004; 75: 815836.
Voeikov VL. The possible role of active oxygen in the Memory of Water. Homeopathy 2007;
96: 196201.
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Normal water
in electromagnetic field
Clustered water
in electromagnetic field
Formation of Clathrates
Evaporating monosodium phosphate IE(clustered) solution in the presence of an
electromagnetic field.
Lo SY, Lo A, Chong LW, Tianzhang L, Hua LH, Geng X.
Physical properties of water with IE structures.
Modern Physics Letters. (1996) B10:921-930.
How might water store
information? Hypotheses
Th l i f
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Thermoluminescence of
ultramolecular dilutions of NaCl and
LiCl Method dilutions of LiCl and NaCl in heavy water (D2O)
cooled to 770K, bombarded with x- or -rays
excites electrons, creates +vely charged holes
warmed: +ve holes and excited electrons recombine generates characteristic thermoluminescence glow
Results
high dilutions (15c = 10-30) of LiCl and NaCl have similar
spectrum to dilutions containing molecules of the samesubstances, and different from D2O
likely to be due to broken H-bonds
Thermoluminescence signature of
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Thermoluminescence signature ofultramolecular dilutions of NaCl and
LiCl
Rey L. Thermoluminesence of ultra-high dilutions of lithium chloride andsodium chloride. Physica A 2003; 323:67-74
ermo um nescence s gna ure o
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ermo um nescence s gna ure oultramolecular dilutions of NaCl and
LiCl
Rey L. Thermoluminesence of ultra-high dilutions of lithium chloride andsodium chloride. Physica A 2003; 323:67-74
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