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Moulds

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Mouldshavealotof

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Mostproblemsarecaused:

Penicillum

Aspergillus

Fusarium

mycotoxinsproducers

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Moulds

Reproductiondependsprimarilyonthewater

availability

Bacteria>0.91

Mouldsalsofrom0.85to0.9

SomeEurotium0.75to0.8,andAspergillus

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Thefoodismicrobiologicallystablewhenthewater

activityis

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arenotPROTEIN

arenotenzymes

arelowmolecularweight

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Allstrainsofthesamespeciesdonotproduce

Differentspeciescanproducethesamemycotoxin

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Wheremycotoxins

produced

Worldgrainproductionby2530%hasbeen

abreedinggroundformoldsandseen

Mycotoxins

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Tuohoutuukomycotoxins

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easily?

Not

Mycotoxinsusuallydonotdisappearor

inactivatedinthemanufactureoffood

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Cerealalreadyinfectedinthecorn

Mouldsgrowparasites,epiphytes

orsaprophytes

Homeplantassociationveryspecific

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Thecontextofpostharvestgrain

maybedamaged

Mushroomscanpenetrate

thedamagedsectionjyvn

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Inorderforfungalgrowthwouldbeimpeded

cerealsafterpuimisen

dried

Dryinglessthan14%watercontent

Whenthegrainwatercontentislessthan5.13%it

themicrobiologicalshelflife

Oilbearingcropseedsmustbedriedbelow

12.5%

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Ifthegrainisstoredtoo

humid

Mouldsandfungigrow

Metabolismproducesheatandtheharvestheatsup

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Mushroomskilltheembryoandseednolongergerminate

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Ifthegrainisstoredtoo

inahumidatmosphereof6590%

itgrowsvarastohomeita

Eurotium,Aspergillus,Penicillum

Later,Mucor,Rhizopus,and

Nigraspora

Cropqualityispooriftheconcentrationofsporesoffungal

morethan10 6 /g

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Grainstorage

Relativehumidity

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Cerealiswettedandlesskserofyyttisetsienetkin

cangrow

Aspergilluscandidus,A.flavus,A.parasiticus,A.

fumigatus,Emerciellanidulans,Penicillum

Piceum,P.capsulatum

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Thesefungiform

mycelium

Canbindgrainklimpeiksi

orsolidlumps

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Page20Growthandtemperature

Page21Thegrowthandactivityofthewater

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FAOandtheWHOrecommendation

max30gaflatoxin/kgfood

timehigh,butmalnutritionversus

livercancer

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AflatoxinB1

LD50

dogs0.5mg/kgbodyweight

LD50

rat9mg/kg

ForratsandrainbowtroutaflatoxinB1inone

themostcarcinogeniccompounds

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AflatoxinB1

India19741000peoplebecameill

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aftereatingmoldyrice

100died

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OchratoxinA

WasfirstisolatedA.ochraceusSouth

Africa

Themoststudiedbarley,wherePverrucosum

toproduceit

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OchratoxinA

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Inpigs,causedbykidneyproblems

Movestoaccompanymeat

Peoplewhoeatcannedalongtime

homekypsennettyjhamsmaybeexposed

(Balkanendemicnephropathy)

nephrotoxicandmaycauserenalcellcarcinoma

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Sterigmatokystiini

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Sterigamtokystiini

Aflatoksiinisynteesinprecursor

ManyofAspergillusmoldsproduceit

especiallyA.versicolor

Notastoxicandcarcinogenicthan

Aflatoxin

Itisfoundinmanyfood

ForalongtimestoredinEdamandGoudacheese

Thepoisononlyinthesurfacelayers

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Patulin

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Patulin

PenicilliumandAspergillusproducers,including

Byssochlamys

Apples,blueberries,strawberries,currants,

gooseberries

Theeffectsofpatulinisnotknownexactly

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Nordiccountries,themaximumallowableamountis

50g/kg

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Patulin

Discoveredin1942,itwasthoughtthatitwouldbe

goodantibioticbecauseofitslarge

Theantimicrobialactivityof

In1959itwasassociatedwithcattlepoisoning

moldygerminatedbarleygrain

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Patulin

Notverystable,exceptinacidic

conditionssuchasapplejuice

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T2

DermonecrosiscattleintheUSA

MaybeinRussia194247disease

"AlimentaryToxicAleukia"

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T2

immunosuppressiveagentssuchasochratoxin

andaflatoxin

allthreealsoinhibit

proteinsynthesis,butatdifferentpoints

Mixturesmaybesynergistic

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DON

Deoksynivalenol(=vomitoxin)

Japan"redmouthdisease",diarrheaand

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vomit

F.graminearum

FeedfactorrequiredforrefusalinpigsinNorthCarolina

LesstoxicthanT2

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Verrukariinit

Stachybotrysatra

Inhorses,aftereatingmoldyhay

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Zearalenone

vulvovaginitispigswhoatethemold

maize

infertility

fewerchicks

insomecountriesareusedasanabolics

increaseingrowthfactorsandinothersitisforbidden

monitoringtheproblem,becauseifthefeedisitso

Itisalsodetectableintheflesh

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Ergotamine

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Ergotism

alsoreferredtoasStAnthonyfire

Thereisageneral

toxiceffectspoorlyunderstood

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