16
Newsletter of the Cultural Resources Division n Kansas State Historical Society May - June 2002 n Vol. 24, No. 3 Article on page 4. From its completion in 1921 until the end of segregation in 1954, Oswego’s historic East Side School served the area’s African American children. The structure, vacant since 1995, was recently approved for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. A Reminder of Black Heritage A Reminder of Black Heritage Kansas Preservation Kansas Preservation

Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

����������������� �� ������� �������������

���������������������������������

������� ��������

��������� !����"

Article on page 4.

From its completion in 1921 until the end of segregation in 1954,

Oswego’s historic East Side School served the area’s African

American children. The structure, vacant since 1995, was recently

approved for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.

������������� ������������������������ �����������

����������������������������������

Page 2: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

1

�������������������� ������������� ��� ����������������������������� ��������� ������������

������������� ���������������������� ���������������

����������� ������������������������������

!���"������� ����������������� ���"���!���"��

#����������#��������!�������� ��$��������%����#����������&����

'�(���������#�������)���*��������+��,������ ���-��

�������������� ����� ����������������� ��� ������ ����� ���������������� ��������� ������������

.����������

.����������������������%/�������������� �

���������������������������������������/���������� ���������

�"�����������"����������������������� �0�-1��2��������� -����

&���������&���������������������3 �&�����4������

5�-��������5�-������������������6�+0��""�������#��2���

7�����-���������7�����-�������������������6��/������7�����-����

'�(���������'�(�������������������8�6/�#����'�(����

,���(��������,���(������������������(��� � (�9#: ������������� ���90: ���� 0��������� ���.���������

,��������,���������������������/��""�������7����

,��2������,��2������������������%0�/������ ���2���

/�(�����������/�(�����������������������%!��������"�

�� ������ �� ��!��� �

������ ����� ����� ������ ������ ������"#����$%%&��������������������������'��� ���()������������� �������������������� � ����� ������ �� �����*�� ���������'������ � ���� � �+�� �� �,,$-����������� ����������������� �����*�������� ��� ���-.���-� /�������/�� �� �.-� �-

/��� ���������/��� �������������������+��0�+���!��������

���� ��������� ��������������� ��

��������������"������������������������������������

����������� ����.�����%%4���,�� �/�2�*��� ��������

�-�������� ��5���;�7�������������&����;���"����������� &����/��*���

��-*�� �����/��������< ���2���������������������� �����7�� (����)����(���

���2���������������)���(�������������6��0�#��(������(���������� ��*��-���8�=0/6� ��(����� ��5���;����������������%�=0�.��2�����(�����4���� .��� ����6��0�� ����(�����

������������.����������5����-2������� ��*��-��,�� �4����������*!������7�-�������������&�� �����������+��#�������������7�-�����/����� �#��� �������=�=/�����7�-�����

���������������������� ��������.�� ���8�3"����������*/��2��#��������.��2�*������3��/���������������

�� ��"��������� ��"�����������������%��#����5��"���>� � ���������������������*!�����#) ?

7�����-���������7�����-������-���-�����������������������������2�������-������*����� ��-��� �������7�����-����7�����-������������@� ��������������������������� ������-� ���� ��� ����2�� �������7�����-����

#�)�����������5���,�/�����������6��/�#������#�)������

#����������7�����5������2,��������A� ����=���� �,=��������&������������

��-�������������5��������� ������6��0/&���������2�

��������� ������������������������

�������������������

������������������� �����

�� ��� �������������� �!�"��������������

������

�0��0����1�1�20�34�

)�(����� (�"������(�����������,�����������������!����� �������������� ��������8�% �/� �$�������������2��! ����%<��==�

� ���������������������������������������������������������������� �� ��� ��������������������

���� <��������������� ������2��!�����,����� )��2���B�� ����

C�������/��*2��������������� ����������"�(����� �������D������ �������

)������*�� ���*��������(��������������� � (����0�������)��2 �������������"����*���@��������������������� �������� �����������������*����������-������������*���������"����*���@����������� ������"�������*��� ���"������""��������� ������������������ ����"���������""�� �����(����������"����*���@��������

����������"��������*� ����*�� �*��"���0�������)��2 �������,�����������*���4� �������"����*���@��������������������(������-*�� �����"��������� �����"�����*� ������������� ������"������(�����*����������������������������������� ��������������-��(�����������������(��� �����"����� ������������������"������������*�������������� (������������**� ������������������� -������E'**����*�F���'�����������0�������)��2 ��������38= �����0/�/��������������8��

Page 3: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

2

On May 11, 2002 the Kansas His-toric Sites Board of Review made itsrecommendations for the 2002 round ofHeritage Trust Fund (HTF) grants. TheBoard recommended $955,957 for 14projects distributed across the state. Inthis round the program received 51 eli-gible applications requesting a total of$3,537,106.

The Augusta Arts Council will use its$33,500 grant to repair the marquee ofthe Augusta Theater. The project alsowill involve the installation of neon light-ing and the restoration of the original ArtDeco design of the marquee.

As is usually the case, a large propor-tion of the available funds was dedicatedto masonry repair. A $7,400 grant willassist the City of Medicine Lodge in thepreservation of the Carry Nation House.The work will focus on repointing andrepair of sections of the exterior brickwalls and replacement some soft bricks inthe chimney.

A $90,000 grant will fund masonryrepair and repointing of the ManhattanCarnegie Library Building. The projectalso will involve masonry testing andrepair of the column bases and trim.

Two grants, each in the amount of$90,000, were provided to MarionCounty and Osborne County for stonerepair and repointing of their courthousesas well as step repair. In addition, thework on the Osborne County Courthousewould include roof repair over the northentry and finial repair.

Roofing projects also were well rep-resented. A $90,000 grant awarded to theLeavenworth Historical Museum Asso-ciation will be used to replace the roofand recreate missing dormers of the FredHarvey House.

Another $90,000 grant will repair theclay tile roof at the Harper County Court-house in Anthony.

A new slate roof will be installed atthe McInteer Villa in Atchison with theassistance of a $90,000 grant.

The City of Goodland will use its$41,568 award to repair the clay tile roofof the Goodland Carnegie Library. Thisproject will include masonry cleaning andrepointing as well.

A $90,000 grant will fund the secondphase of a window repair project for theFranklin County Courthouse in Ottawa.

Most of the $36,171 awarded for thepreservation of the Smoky Valley Roller

14 Heritage TrustFund Grants Awarded

�������������������

���� �����������������������

����������������������������������

������������ ���������������

������������ ���������������

�������� �������������

����������� ��������������

�� ����!�����������

����"��������� ���������������

#$�" �!��� �%������������������

���$��&'������$�������

�����$��"�#����(�����

)��������������#����� ���������������� �������������������

�����������������������������������������

�������������������������������������� �!���������"������#�������������

#������������������������������$%&�'((��������������!�� �)��� ����������������*���������#�������������+������������,������������$-&�./.��������� �����#����#������

Continued on 8

Page 4: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

3

The Kansas Historic Sites Board ofReview held its regular quarterly meetingon Saturday, May 11, 2002, at the To-peka-Shawnee County Public Library.The board recommended that $955,957 inHeritage Trust Fund grants be awarded tofourteen projects around the state (seearticle on page 2). The board also evalu-ated fourteen nominations for NationalRegister eligibility. Thirteen were ap-proved and one, the Freeman-ZumbrunnHouse in Dickinson County, was tabledfor additional information.

Preparation of the nomination for theDoniphan County Courthouse SquareHistoric District in Troy was funded by aHistoric Preservation Fund grant to theDoniphan County Heritage Commission.The district was nominated for its histori-cal association with the growth and devel-opment of Troy and Doniphan Countyand for its architectural significance as acounty courthouse square containing ex-amples of 19th and early 20th century com-mercial, public, and residential architecture.

The Grenola Mill and Elevator inGrenola, Elk County, was nominated forits association with small family farms insoutheastern Kansas and for its architec-tural significance as a complex that in-cludes a 1909 studded, balloon framecountry grain elevator, mixing room, andwarehouse. The complex has been theGrenola Elevator Museum since 1990.

The Midland Hotel at 414 26th Av-enue in Wilson, Ellsworth County, wasnominated for its historical associationwith the growth and development of Wil-son, and for its architectural significanceas an example of a limestone vernacularstructure. The hotel was originally builtin 1899 and was rebuilt after being gutted

by fire in 1902. In 1915 the hotel wasaugmented by a frame addition with brickveneer. It closed in 1988. A rehabilita-tion project is currently underway.

The East Side School at 3rd and Iowain Oswego, Labette County, is nominatedfor its association with the growth anddevelopment of the public school systemin Oswego (see page 4). Built in 1921expressly for the education of African-American children, the building was asegregated facility until the 1954 SupremeCourt decision ending segregation. Afterthat date East Side School was utilized asan integrated junior high school until1995. The Historic Preservation Societyof Labette County is working with thecurrent owner, the City of Oswego, todevelop the building as a black heritagemuseum.

Utilizing a grant from the KansasHistoric Preservation Office, the City ofLeavenworth submitted nominations forfive local historic districts. These resi-dential districts are the Arch Street His-toric District, North Broadway HistoricDistrict, South Esplanade Historic Dis-trict, Third Avenue Historic District, andUnion Park Historic District. All of these

14 National Register Nominations Approved

*������������ ���������#+�������������*�������

*������������

����������������,������,�"������

������������,�������������

,����#���#���������������

�������������%��������*��������

��� ��-���������

,�������.�'�� ��������%������������$���

#�����"������

����#�������/0#���������

����1�����#����������( ������������

�����������+��������"�������0���#���������� ����

�������� �������������������������������.%11���������#��������� �����������2�������������������������

����3��������������0��������#�����������#���������������.14(�������#������������2�����������������������������������5���������������������

�������������.11(�

Continued on 15

Page 5: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

4

The East Side School (c. 1921) isnominated to the National Registerfor its historical association with

the growth and development of the publicschool system in Oswego. Until the U.S.Supreme Court’s landmark 1954 Brown v.Board of Education decision mandatingintegration, separate schools for whitesand African Americans were the norm.East Side School is a well-constructedbrick building erected in 1921 expresslyfor African American children of theOswego area.

The building provides a good ex-ample, with very little modification, of aneducational facility constructed for aminority race in rural southeast Kansas.Located at the corner of 3rd and IowaStreets, the red brick building stands asan eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls areclay tile masonry with an exterior brickveneer. The quality of its constructionand materials, its architectural style, andits placement alone on an entire half cityblock surrounded by lawn, trees, openspace and single-familyresidences also attest tothe attention paid to aneducational facility ofthat day.

In the years justprior to 1921, therewere two school build-ings in Oswego. Onewas a brick structureknown as West SideSchool (built 1912) at 4th and Pennsylva-nia Streets in which grades 1-12 weretaught. African American students weretaught in the other school, thought to beof frame construction, located at 3rd andIowa Streets. In 1921, two new schoolswere built in Oswego. A new brick East

Side School replaced (onthe same site) the formerEast Side School and anew high school was built.The latter building stillstands and serves asOswego Middle Schooltoday. The old West SideSchool was ultimatelydemolished.

East Side School costjust over $17,000 to build,and it was dedicated andopened with much fanfareby the people of Oswego,as evidenced by earlynewspaper accounts.Apparently the town tookpride in providing suchfine, “separate but equal”educational facilities.

Official public noticeof completion of the new African Ameri-can school building was provided in theOswego Independent of April 8, 1921, ina story about a meeting of the board of

education. The headline reads “NewBuilding is Accepted — East Side GradeSchool Structure was Formally Acceptedby Board of Education Friday — CostLess than Contract Price — A Com-mencement Speker [sic] Secured.”

This article mentions the completedEast Side School building’s supervisingengineer, a Mr. Smith, along with contrac-tors Sargent and Gibson.

According to this account, the totalcost of the school building was$17,128.50. Of interest to the historian isthe fact that the final cost was $420.50

under the initial contract price. Thereason given for the cost reduction:“certain good materials from the oldbuilding, approved by the engineer, were

used and credited”referring to the previ-ous school buildingwhich East SideSchool replaced.

Later articlesreporting the newgrade school’s dedi-cation appeared thesame year (1921). Itis unknown whether

classes were actually held in the schoolfor the remainder of the 1920-21 schoolyear, or if the first students at East SideSchool attended in August of 1921.

On September 23, 1921, both theOswego Democrat and the OswegoIndependent reported the dedicationceremony of the new school under theheadlines, “Colored School Dedicated”and “Dedicated Colored Schools.”

Descriptions of the school mentionthat it was “brilliantly lighted from

Oswego’s HistoricEast Side School is

Nominated toNational Register

�����������������������2������������������������� �������6�����������������������������+��������7�����������!����� ���

*����������� ������������8������������������������������������������� ���������������

The building was used continuously from 1921 to 1954

and attended solely by African American children.

Following the Supreme Court’s ruling mandating school

integration in 1954, Oswego began utilizing East Side as a

junior high for both blacks and whites.

Continued on 11

Page 6: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

museums, and National Guard armories.Thus, a wave of new armory constructionbegan in the mid-1930s, impacting notonly Kansas, but also the entire country.

KingmanWhile all three armories were of the

same era, the Kingman armory was notbuilt with WPA funds. The Kingman ar-mory was built in 1937 with only munici-pal funds. The obvious need for a newarmory became clear in early 1937 whenKingman’s Company L of the 137th Infan-try Regiment was given orders by thegovernment to vacate the building rentedfor armory use. The Kingman Journalaccurately summarized the dilemma:

The present quarters in theFowler building on Ave. A westhas been severely criticized bythe higher military authorities aslacking in many of the require-ments that a first class militaryunit should have. Moreover, theowner of the building is notsatisfied with the amount of therent he is receiving and has sig-nified his willingness to grant along time lease only on condi-tion that the rental be materiallyincreased. This, the government

5

Ask any Kansan how the local ar-mory is used and you’ll get answers asvaried as the buildings themselves. Al-though most recognize that NationalGuard armories are intended primarily astraining and storage facilities for localGuard units, the general population alsosees the nearby armory as a gymnasiumand gathering place for dances, meetings,family reunions, and community events.Designed to be purely functional, thesebuildings also act as landmarks and hubsfor their cities, supporting a variety of usesby the military and civilian population.

Many of Kansas’ historic armorieshave been drastically altered or replacedby modern facilities, but three of the ear-liest armories have been identified aseligible for nomination to the NationalRegister. These armories in Hiawatha,Kingman, and St. Marys are all more than50 years old, have maintained their integ-rity, and are historically and architectur-ally significant.

The Kansas National Guard has itsroots in the volunteer units that assistedthe Union army during the Civil War, theregiments formed to counter Indianthreats to settlers and early militia units. Itwasn’t until 1903 that a formal NationalGuard was created to serve as the reserve

component of the U.S. Army, placingstate units under the supervision of fed-eral authorities and establishing standardsof training. The need for training facilitiesled to the creation in many Kansas com-munities of regularly-used armories fordrilling and equipment storage. Althoughmost of these were located in rented orborrowed facilities, they were the fore-runners of the modern-day Kansas Na-tional Guard armories.

Kansas Guardsmen served during theMexican Border Crisis of 1916 and thenfought in France during World War I.During the Depression, hard times inKansas meant more community supportand full unit strength for local companies.Besides providing local paychecks, theGuard’s organization helped stem the rashof bank robberies throughout the statesince, at the time, the Guard often hadmanpower and equipment superior tocounty law enforcement agencies.

A general strengthening of the U.S.military began in the 1930s, with the mili-tary infrastructure benefitting from feder-ally funded programs such as the WorksProgress Administration. FranklinRoosevelt’s WPA work projects impactedhundreds of communities with the con-struction of bridges, schools, stadiums,

Historic Kansas Armories

Page 7: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

6

has positively refused to do,asserting that the present rentalis all that can be paid for quar-ters of this sort. Hence, it ap-pears that sooner or later,Kingman must provide better,and if possible, permanent quar-ters, or run the risk of havingthis company transferred tosome other town.A solution had to be found. An idea

was proposed that a memorial armorybuilding could be used to house NationalGuard activities and community events.The city was anxious to retain the localunit, and the idea of a building to housecounty fairs, dances, and events was quiteappealing. Company L successfully cam-paigned for the bond vote that wouldbring the funds for armory construction.

After the bond proposition passed,construction rapidly progressed and thecornerstone was laid on Armistice Day,November 11, 1937. Kingman stores

were closed for the occasion and schoolsdismissed students at noon. The day cul-minated with a parade from the highschool to the armory, a concert by thehigh school band, benedictions, speeches,and a flag raising.

Kingman was justifiably proud of itsstatus as the first municipality in Kansasto build its own armory. Upon inspectingthe building in April of 1938, regimentalcommander Col. Charles Browne stated,“For fifteen years I visited this company;it had the poorest accommodations of anycompany in the state. Now it has this finebuilding and it has the distinction of be-ing the only company in the state to havean armory built by the city in which it islocated.”

HiawathaThe Hiawatha National Guard ar-

mory received enthusiastic backing fromits inception. The very large structure,begun in 1938 and built with WPA

The National Guard of Kansas con-

tracted with the Kansas State Historical

Society (KSHS) in 1996 for a cultural

resources survey of the Kansas Army

National Guard (KSARNG) installation

consisting of various properties owned,

operated, or used by KSARNG. The pri-

mary purpose of the study was to survey,

identify, and record all significant cul-

tural resources owned, used, or impacted

by KSARNG. The study was intended to

fulfill the Guard’s obligations as required

under the National Historic Preservation

Act, as well as other laws.

As a result of the contract, KSHS

staff surveyed and inventoried all 70

KSARNG sites and evaluated each for

historical significance. A final report

entitled “Kansas Army National Guard

Cultural Resources Survey” was submit-

ted by KSHS staff member Randall M.

Thies last year. The survey identified 58

armories, with only three built before

World War II; these three armories in

Hiawatha, Kingman, and St. Marys were

determined eligible for nomination to the

National Register.

A collection of Cold War armories

constructed under the leadership of Adju-

tant General Joe Nickell between 1951

and 1972 were also deemed significant

and will soon be old enough for Register

consideration. A future article in Kansas

Preservation will address the post-1951

“Nickell’s armories.”

This article is based on the Multiple

Property Documentation form entitled

“National Guard Armories of Kansas,”

written by Susan Jezak Ford. This docu-

ment paves the way for the state and lo-

cal communities to recognize, protect,

and preserve the National Guard armor-

ies of Kansas.

����������������� �+����������9����������� �������#����������� ����������#�������:����������������������������9����������� ��#�����#����������

.1-/�#���������������

Page 8: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

7

assistance, was planned to serve as acommunity center and as headquarters fora National Guard unit and Naval Reserveunit. The design was quite modern inappearance and the building would belarge enough to house basketball games,large meetings, dances, and the town’sagricultural fairs.

Even before the building was offi-cially approved in Washington or con-struction begun, it was dedicated by thetown’s raucous German band, who as-sembled in the early hours one Tuesday inJune 1938. The Hiawatha Daily Worlddutifully reported:

“The idea,” Bandmaster Beans ex-plained to a reporter who dumbfoundedThe World office clock by showing upbefore 6 a.m., “is that we decided to dedi-cate the armory before anyone else got achance. We have placed an official signthere, saying the place has been dedi-cated. No matter what may be done fromnow on about the armory, she’s certainlydedicated!”

The building project employed acrew of 50 men as work continuedthrough 1940. The early completion ofthe building’s shell allowed work toprogress through the winter despite poorweather. Local excitement grew as thearmory neared completion. The HiawathaFall Festival—a combination of agricul-tural and horticultural displays—was heldin the unfinished building in August 1940.

One of the armory’s most detailedfinal touches was the laying of the drillfloor. Installed in September 1940, thefloor was remarkable in its modernity.Interlocking hardwood planks were laidover poured concrete, using no nails. Thefloor, measuring 89 feet by 98 feet, wasas large as that of a typical collegegymnasium’s, an impressive size for theincreasingly popular sport of high schoolbasketball.

When completed in September 1940,the monolithic concrete building wouldinclude the drill floor, several garages,two supply rooms, a band practice hall, aband storage room, a naval reserve room,three dining rooms, a kitchen, basementand several offices. The final cost of theenormous building was $123,000 with theWPA paying $76,000 of the outlay. Uponcompletion, ownership was transferred tothe National Guard, with the agreementthat the building would be maintained bythe Guard but frequently rented by thecommunity.

St. MarysConstruction of the St. Marys armory

was mired in the shortages of suppliesand manpower that plagued the homefront during World War II. Ground was

broken for the armory in late April 1941just south of US Highway 24, which stillserves as the town’s main street. Menwere immediately employed to begindigging the foundation and to search forsuitable stone at the Strosnider Quarryseventeen miles north of St. Marys.

The estimated cost of constructionwas set at $55,000, with the bulk of fundscoming from the WPA. Within twomonths of breaking ground it was evidentthat costs would rise, requiring city fa-thers to ask for (and receive) additionalfunds from the WPA. As constructioncommenced, 65 men were employed onthe project during the first summer. Thepayroll fell to 35 men during the winter of1942 when duties were restricted to thecutting and laying of stone.

World War II began to take its toll onthe St. Marys armory project in the springof 1942. The St. Marys Star reported,“The ever increasing demands of warpinched the construction prospects at theArmory last week when Uncle Sam boredown even heavier on the country’s sup-ply of building material.” The missingpieces were plumbing fixtures, suppliessuddenly frozen by the War Production

Board. The issue was resolved when thepriority rating of the armory changed to aPreference Rating at the plea of the CityManager.

By September 1942 the projectpassed its original completion date andfurther setbacks occurred. The work crewdwindled to nine men, as labor left theWPA project for better paying jobs inconstruction, the railroad, and similarprivate employment. By November, allthat remained were “six or seven gray-haired men,” according to the St. MarysStar. Work gradually continued as win-dows were installed and rock coping wasadded to the walls. When a December 4presidential directive ordered the com-plete liquidation of the WPA, the status ofthe near-completed armory was unclear;however, enough of the armory was fin-ished by April 1, 1943 to house a warbond dance.

The armory was finally dedicated onMay 8, 1943. The dedication was a day-long affair, filled with speeches, bandperformances, demonstrations of warconditions, and jeep rides, followed by adance. The final cost of providing a homefor a unit that was away at war was

����������.1-%�+�#������� �#��������#����"7�������������������#����������

����������

���������)��#��������#������

������������������+�#�������� �

Page 9: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

8

$85,000, but the Drill Hall was pro-claimed unanimously as “the most beauti-ful ball room in half a dozen counties.”

PWA ModerneThe design of the Hiawatha,

Kingman, and St. Marys armories fol-lowed national trends of the late 1930sand early 1940s including the develop-ment of clean lines, simple forms, andgeometric styles. The three armories wereall designed in variations of the PWAModerne style, an architectural subcat-egory frequently used on public buildingsbetween 1933 and 1944. PWA Modernecombines the vertical geometry of ArtDeco, the horizontal streamlining ofModerne, and the traditionalism of theBeaux Arts.

The floor plans of these three build-ings are typical of armories of this era,with an office/classroom area placed ad-jacent to a large drill floor. The threearmories all contain reserved ornament,prominent horizontal features, and notice-able vertical punctuation. Materials usedare a combination of the traditional andthe modern. The Kingman and St. Marysarmories are clad in conventional materi-als—brick and stone, respectively—andthe Hiawatha armory is constructed ofpoured concrete. All three armories makeuse of modern materials that include glassblock, metal molding, or ornamental con-crete. The three buildings are in verygood condition and will continue to serveas local landmarks while accommodatingthe needs of their communities into thefuture.

����7������+��#���!������������������������������������������

���+ ���#����������$%%�(((��������������� �#�� ��#����#������������������������

Mill in Lindsborg will be used for window repair as well. Theproject also will include repointing of the masonry around thesills and stone wainscot.

An award of $32,918 will be used to repair the detachedcellar at the Gilmore/Kent Farm located near Highland. Thework will include excavation around the cellar, stonerepointing and relaying, and installation of a waterproof mem-brane and foundation drain system.

The foundation of McCormick School in Wichita will berepaired with a grant in the amount of $86,400. This projectwill include removal of concrete from around the foundation,installation of a drainage system, repointing of foundationjoints, and the addition of a graded slope for drainage.

The $88,000 awarded for the preservation of the PhillipHardware Store in Hays will be used for masonry cleaningand repointing, window repair, application of a roof coating,and sidewalk replacement.

Heritage Trust Fund Grants Awarded Continued from 2

��������� ���� ����������� �������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������������!�����"�#$%&�'(�'�)��*����"�������"��������### &������ �+,-&.�%,%�-#- �/)��% #�

����������!����� ������� �#����������.1'.;.1'-�#����"7������������!��#�������������

#�������������������������

���������!��#�������������

������� �+����������!����� ������ ����� �����������������

�:���#���)��#�������������������������!����� ������� �

Page 10: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

������������������������#�;���������

� �������!����������5������������������9������������� �"�� 4((4��<:����=����������>����?��7��

������������������������������������������� �����������������������������������������������������

��������7����#����� ��������������������������������������������������������!����������������������#���

��������������������������������#����������������������������� ���������������������������

�������������5���������������� ������� ��������������;.11(��

9

The bison or buffalo is an enduringanimal, having come from thebrink of extinction in the latter part

of the nineteenth century to a relativelysubstantial population today. The bison isalso a living symbol, or icon, with mul-tiple meanings to different people.

The association of bison with Ameri-can Indians is a firmly established andwidely known image–and with good rea-son. Archeological evidence and histori-cal accounts show that American Indiansliving in the Plains hunted bison for aperiod of some 12,000 years. As hasoften been noted, all parts of the animalcould be used for some purpose: food,clothing, shelter, tools, containers, andornamentation. Given its long association

with the people who inhabited the CentralPlains and its utility to them, it is not sur-prising that the bison was an integral partof their lives. Buffalo were central char-acters in stories that were told of theirbeginnings as tribal people living onearth, and bison figured prominently inceremonies designed to insure the tribe’scontinued existence and good fortune.

Bison bone commonly is found asfood refuse in prehistoric archeologicalsites; but bison bones, in particular bisonskulls, also are revealed as icons. Per-haps the earliest example of this occurs atthe Cooper site along the Canadian Riverin northwest Oklahoma. There, Folsomhunters trapped herds of bison within anaturally formed, large, steep-sided gullylocated on the margin of the river valley.Three bison bone beds at the site indicatethat the hunters were successful threedifferent times. A bison skull paintedwith a red zig-zag line, found sandwichedbetween the bottom most layer of bonesand the one above, was interpreted by theexcavators to be evidence for ceremonialactivities related to bison hunting. Thissite dates to the period 9000-8000 B.C.

Thousands of years later historic andethnographic accounts tell of bison skullsused in ceremonial activities related tobison hunting by tribes living within theHigh Plains or on its border. Skulls werealso placed within some earthlodges,

typically located on built-in altars oppo-site the east-facing entrances, so that themorning light would fall upon them (seeearthlodge sketch at right). Such an altarcan be seen at the Pawnee Indian VillageMuseum State Historic Site near Repub-lic, Kansas. Bison were also representedin dances, such as the Buffalo Lodgedance for Arapaho women; there werebuffalo societies within tribal organiza-tions; and bison were represented in tribalfetishes, such as the sacred Buffalo Hat orCap of the Southern Cheyenne.

Today a number of tribes have estab-lished herds that are contributing to theincrease in bison numbers. The Inter-tribal Bison Cooperative, based in RapidCity, South Dakota, has 55 membertribes. Included are some tribes, such asthe Comanche, whose nineteenth-centuryancestors lived and hunted among theextensive herds present at that time; oth-ers, such as Taos Pueblo, had more lim-ited access to the herds in historic times.Today’s herds represent economic oppor-tunity for the tribes, but the buffalo canalso provide ceremonial and spiritualbenefits.

The European immigrants and thoseAmericans who settled in the Plainswithin the former range of the bison herdsdid not share the Indian tribes’ long his-tory with the bison. In fact, many of theirsettlements were made after the bison had

Page 11: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

10

been killed off and the surviving animals confined to afew wildlife preserves. Many of the settlers’ experi-ences with bison were as “bone pickers;” they gath-ered the numerous bones of the killed animals to sellthem in town for cash to supplement their incomes.

The view of the bison in the late nineteenth andearly twentieth centuries was summarized by Mrs.Edith Connelly Ross in her chapter on the buffalo,contained in the comprehensive history of the state,Kansas and Kansans, published in 1918.

The plains were needed by the increas-ing number of Americans, to supply homes,and food-stuffs for the rest of the world.This could not be while the buffalo roamedthem in freedom. As all other factors in theworld’s progress, the buffalo had to yield tothe necessities of man and the advance ofhis civilization. It is a piteous thing, and atragic, this passing of the buffalo and theGreat Plains. But it had to be. The twowere compelled before the coming of thewhite settler.

But these two–the Great Plains and thebuffalo–are fixed features in the romancesof the early days. The haze of passing timecan never hide them. Indissolubly linkedfor all the coming ages, they offer yearningmemories to the old hunters still living, andrich dreams of the boundless freedom anduntrammeled life of pioneer times, to theromancer of the future.Kansas, as well as other states, recognizes its

bison heritage in various ways. The Kansas statesong, Home on the Range, begins with the phrase,“Oh, give me a home, where the buffalo roam.” Thestate flag and state seal include bison in a tableau, andsome 40 years after Mrs. Ross’ observations werepublished, the legislature designated the buffalo thestate animal of Kansas.

Buffalo are depicted as school mascots in sevenKansas high schools: Atwood, Belleville, GardenCity, LaCygne-Prairie View, Meade, Onaga, andWichita Southeast (Golden Buffalos). There are nobison mascots, however.

Bison statues, bison in bas-relief, and bison asarchitectural details can be seen in different parts ofthe state. The “Great White Buffalo” statue by Lumen

A century ago, the bison was hunted to

near extinction. Today the animal

continues to rebound and the icon

symbolizes strength, history, and

perserverance to many different people.

��������8����������������7#������������������#������������������������������������������������������������ ���!�������������������

� �������������#��������������>���������������������,������%;.����������

��� ������������������������ ���� �3����"��������������#����� ������7���� ��

������������������������������������������������������

������������������������3�������� �+����!������:�������!����������������9�����������������������������

������������������������������������������<�������������7����?���������������,����+ ��!����+��������!��������������

��������������������� �������@��������������������������@���������#�������9����

Page 12: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

11

Suggested Reading

Bement, Leland C.1997 The Cooper Site: A Stratified Folsom Bison

Kill in Oklahoma. Plains Anthropologist,Memoir No. 29, 42(159): 85-100.

Berthrong, Donald J.1963 The Southern Cheyennes. University of

Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Dary, David1973 The Buffalo in Kansas. Kansas Historical

Quarterly, 39(3):305-344.

1974 The Buffalo Book. The Swallow Press, Chi-cago.

DeMallie, Raymond J. (Editor)2001 Handbook of North American Indians:

Plains. Vol. 13, Parts 1 and 2. SmithsonianInstitution, Washington, D.C.

Wedel, Waldo R.1986 Central Plains Prehistory: Holocene Envi-

ronments and Culture Change in the Republi-

can River Basin. University of NebraskaPress, Lincoln.

Weltfish, Gene1965 The Lost Universe: Pawnee Life and Culture.

University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.

Selected Web Resource

www.intertribalbison.org

Martin Winter, showing a mounted,spear-carrying American In-dian next to a running buf-falo, is located at the en-trance to the Kansas His-tory Center in Topeka.Pete Felton’s bison bull,“Monarch of thePlains,” stands solidlynear the entrance toFort Hays State His-toric Site and lookseastward at a small dis-play herd of bison,penned along Big Creekon the west side of Hays.

Bison have been usedas symbols by the nationalgovernment, too. TheUnited States Depart-ment of the Interior seal,adopted in 1929, has abison prominent in theforeground, and the United States Postal Service has issued a number of postagestamps with bison as the featured subject. A ten dollar bill, issued at the turn ofthe century, had a bison bull on the front. More familiar perhaps to most peopleis the “buffalo nickel,” coined in 1913. The coin’s designer was quoted in TheBuffalo Book by Dave Dary:

My first objective was to produce a coin which was truly Ameri-can, and that could not be confused with the currency of any othercountry. I made sure, therefore, to use none of the attributes that othernations had used in the past. And, in my search for symbols, I foundno motif with the boundaries of the United States so distinctive as theAmerican buffalo.

basement to the top floor” and “theauditorium in the building was inadequateto accommodate all who came.” Thedescription also states that the roomswere decorated in purple and white, theschool colors.

Professor D.M. Bowen of Pittsburg(Kansas) Normal School spoke at theevent. According to the Oswego Demo-crat, Professor Bowen spoke “of thesplendid schools provided for the coloredchildren of the city, stating that it was thebest in this section and it was the bestcolored school in the state.” The reporteradded that the professor “was wellpleased with the interest that the coloredpeople were taking in their schools.” Atthe close of the dedication ceremony,Professor B.C. Easter, principal of theEast Side School, asked the audience to“inspect the new building of which thecolored children are so proud....”

The East Side building is historicallysignificant for the role it played in the

lives of so many African Americans ofLabette County from 1921-1954. Chil-dren of that era attended the school fivedays a week for their elementary schoolyears. The act of going to school has beenand continues to be the most dominantactivity of the emotional, intellectual andphysical development of children. For theblack children of this era, going daily to asegregated school was perhaps the singlemost important reinforcement of theseparateness in which society held them.

Kansas law regarding segregation ineducation changed several times beforeracial segregation was banned by the1954 Brown v Board of EducationSupreme Court decision. After 1862,Kansas cities with populations above7,000 were allowed to segregate elemen-tary schools by race if the local schoolboard felt it advantageous.

Only a limited number of cities wereof sufficient population to legally segre-gate, but many smaller communitiesattempted to do so. Many school boardsbelieved students would progress faster if

East Side School Continued from 4

����<:������2�� ��?�#������������#����.1.-���

.1-%���������������������������������� ������ ����

segregated by race. However, AfricanAmerican parents began to fight againstthe issue of segregation as early as 1880.At least 20 segregation related casescame before Kansas courts before Brownwas filed in 1950. Several cases weredecided in favor of plaintiffs whensmaller communities illegally segregatedschools. The Brown case was differentfrom previous cases, because it directlychallenged Kansas’ authority to passsegregation laws that countered the 14thAmendment.

East Side School was used continu-ously from 1921 to 1954 and attendedsolely by African American children.Following the Supreme Court’s rulingmandating school integration in 1954,Oswego began utilizing East Side as ajunior high for both blacks and whites. Itcontinued in that use until 1995; theconstruction of a new high school facilityresulted in the conversion of the old highschool for the junior high. Since 1995East Side School has not been usedexcept for storage.

Page 13: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

12

Flint Hills ArchaeologicalConference

Dr. Patricia J. O’Brien, professor ofanthropology at Kansas State Universityfrom 1967 to 1998, was recognized byher colleagues at the 24th Annual FlintHills Archaeological Conference in Man-hattan on April 12-13, 2002. A numberof the conference presenters referred toher work, and she was the guest of honorat a dinner and party on Friday evening.At the Saturday morning session Dr.Alfred E. Johnson and Dr. Anta Montet-White, both retired University of Kansasanthropology professors, related remi-nisces of their 35-year associations withO’Brien. On behalf of the ProfessionalArchaeologists of Kansas, Dr. Donna C.Roper presented her with a gift certificate.

O’Brien earned her Ph.D. from theUniversity of Illinois-Urbana in 1969.Her dissertation concerned the ceramicsfrom a portion of the Cahokia site in Illi-nois. Her interest in this famous site con-tinued throughout her career. In KansasO’Brien and Johnson established theKansas Archaeological Field School.O’Brien and her crews excavated TaylorMound in Doniphan County and variousWoodland mounds in the Manhattan area.She worked on several Smoky Hill aspectsites in the vicinity of Manhattan andJunction City. She investigated Steed-Kisker phase sites, both house and mortu-ary sites, many associated with the landsfor Smithville Lake in the Kansas Cityarea. O’Brien also tackled many miscel-laneous archeological projects and con-tinues to study Pawnee myths and sacredplaces.

The two-day conference included 23papers on a variety of topics. A numberof Kansas State Historical Society staffmembers presented papers: Randall M.Thies, “Connie’s Cache and the HetzellBiface: Jasper in Northeast Kansas;”Robert J. Hoard, William E. Banks, RolfeD. Mandel, Michael Finnegan, and Jenni-fer E. Epperson, “14DO417: An ArchaicBurial from East Central Kansas;” Will-iam E. Banks, “Use-Wear Analysis ofStone Tools Recovered from 14DO417;”Timothy Weston, “Archeological SurveyAlong the U.S. Highway 54 CorridorBetween Kingman and Pratt in South-Central Kansas;” and C. Tod Bevitt, “TheSangster Collection: Insight into the PrattComplex.”

Two other presenters gave papersabout research they are conducting undercontract to KSHS: Jim D. Feagins, “NewLight on a Copper Shield from a NativeAmerican Burial in Central Kansas: AnExample of Merchandising Failure in theIndian Trade” and “A Coat of Many Col-ors or Gilt Buttons and Metal Lace: Evi-dence from a Kansa Burial at the BlueEarth Village;” and Donna C. Roper,“Changing Perceptions of the Structure ofthe Salina Burial Pit.”

In spring 2003 the 25th Annual FlintHills Conference will be hosted by theKSHS in Topeka.

Kansas AnthropologicalAssociation

Two members of theavocational archeologicalcommunity were recog-nized at the Annual Meet-ing of the Kansas Anthro-pological Association inKanopolis on April 20.KAA Certificates of Ap-preciation were awardedto James A. Huss andRobert L. Thompson ofAtchison for their ongoingcontributions to archeo-logical research in north-east Kansas and particu-larly for their work on thesuccessful 2001 KansasArcheology Training Pro-gram field school.

Officers elected forthe coming biennium arePresident Dick Keck ofPrairie Village, First Vice-PresidentSharon Sage of Auburn, Second Vice-President Marsha King of Topeka, Secre-tary Virginia Rexroad of Hutchinson,Treasurer Vita Tucker of Burlingame,Historian/Recorder Mary Conrad of Kan-sas City, Librarian Don Rowlison ofStudley, and Editor Virginia Wulfkuhle ofTopeka. New presidential appointmentsare Rose Marie Wallen of Lindsborg ascertification chairman and Evelyn Reedof Coldwater as newsletter editor.

Following the business meeting, aseries of talks were presented: “HubbellTrading Post” by Harold and MargieReed of Salina; “The KATP as a ‘Corpsof Discovery’: Archaeological Surveys inIndependence Creek, Atchison and

Professional and Avocational ArcheologistsHonored at Spring Conferences

Doniphan Counties, 2001” by Dr. BradLogan, senior curator, University of Kan-sas Museum of Anthropology; “EarlyBison Hunting in Western Kansas” byJack Hofman, Professor of Anthropology,University of Kansas; “Helping Hands:Excavation of the Scott Site, a Steed-Kisker Phase House in Stranger CreekValley” by Dr. Brad Logan; “An ArchaicPeriod Burial in Douglas County” by Dr.Robert Hoard, state archeologist, KansasState Historical Society; and “Preview ofthe 2002 KATP Field School” by VirginiaWulfkuhle, KSHS public archeologist.

The meeting was held at the Ft.Harker Commanding Officers Quarters,recently acquired by the EllsworthCounty Historical Society.

��� �9�� ������������������9�����������������������������

� �������������������������������������������A�������+����������������������

����7������A��6@:�����#�����������

�����#���������������������������,����+�����������������������������

Page 14: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

13

5������������.������������ ���� ����� ������������ �0��

������������ ���������������������� �� ��� ���������-!����� �������������� ���������������������������2 ������ ������� �����"�(��������������������������� ��*��"������������"� ����������������"�������!���������������/��2�����������*�������2-����������-���������"���������5��� ������������(�#� �� ������� !����!�����������2���������� �������������������� ��������������*�����$��������������� ���������2�����*-����������2� �����!����� ����.��� �*� ������� ��� �� ��'���� G���<"�������"� �(��� ��������""�� ������*��"��������� !��������������� ����2���(��**��� ����������� ������������������������� ��(���� ������� (����! � � �������H'��<������� �������,�<����������������-���*�� ���*��"���#� -����������������������*���0�������)��2 ��������7�������0�(���2��

6���������*� �� ���� ��5������ �7����� ���

������&����� 8+��� ������������������������������/�(���������� ���������"�����(���� !����������<�����/��2�������� ����������(���������� #����� ����;�������������#����<�����������*�����������������������*�������� �������� ���������� (���"������������� ���������"���������������� ���@�������*��*���������������*(����������� ��������'���*���@����������������-� �����������������������*��������$�������(�-���<���G����������������������-�������$�� �����;����-��2������� ���������� � �����������"���-�����"��������������� �������*��G������������������� �����&������������-�������G��� ��������-��������� ����*���%������������������������������(������-� �������-������-������*������$��������

6���� �

���7�"( ������0������������������������� ���<����/������ ����4����������������������������� �������� ������!������������������������������������<�����*!���������������/��2�����������������-����� �����&����)�����0������������/�������-����

��"���"���� ���(�������"��*��������;��������#���������%����������� � �

&�� ������� ������ *������-���������������-��F��������*��"�����(����� ����*�����*������� �����������<"���*��"/ 4;�������������������������2������� �"��<���������-��������(������ �����,�� ����2��� ������"�������� ���������������-����� (�-�������� �"��<���������-��������(�,�� ����2�� !��2 "��������"�2���-����(�- ��������-�� �"�������� � ���������� ���;�� �������������������������� (���"��,�������-������������*��������(� ���������>��������2�����"(���?�(�� �� *������G�-����"�2������ �������"�2<���-���������(����2� ��� � �������2��

�-���������-��������������*����������������,��������������������������� � G�������*�������!����� ����4�������������2��(������)�-���.�����)���* �����I�� ������2������"������������������� �������� ���"�"(���*�����������������������������* ����������!��������������2������� 9���)�������5�������*���2/�����*'��������������������/��!������:

�����������B���������� ��������$������������"���<������*������������������� �����(��� (�����������<�������������������� ���*��"��� ����������������-��*������"������ (���������� �-�����*��"�������-����

0����������������0���� ��6��.�0� ��� ��������*���������(�����"����� ��������������)�����"���� ����������������������"������������

������������ ������� �������������������������0�����������������1������� ����� �����������

��������������������*����� ��2�(��������������3��������� ����������������

"�������+����!�����@������������������������������ �������3������������9�������������

"�� ��������������������7���>���������!����@����������������������������������������������������

���������� ����������������� �"�� �

9��� �9���� @�������������������� �����������!��������������������� �����������#�9����!����+��������

!����� ����������������������� ������������ �������9������������� �"�� �

Page 15: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

14

�������-���������������� ��-������� ������ ��������*������*��"/������

����4���������-�������� ������-��������������� ������������

����� ��

�����������������������������(��!����� ����4����������������� ������������������������ ��������G�������-���!���������������/��2�� ���! 4'������������������� �� �"�-���������� �����*��������� *���� ������������ ���$����"��������������������"������������������������������� �������-���������-������������*����2����������� <"�� �������������� *������������"�����������*����

���.�

���! � ���**��� ������*���� ����*��������� ���� �������!��������������������������)�����(��������0������"���������"�*��"!�������(�� ����*�� (����**�������������� �$����������*��"���!�������������<������������������>!��?-��2� �����������������(�� �"������������*������������������ �������������&�����-��������� ���������"�<���"������������� ������@���� ���<����������-����*����-� ������"�9.����E���"���� @����:��������-�������� (��-��������������������

�����8������������ ���

'��������! � ������������������ ����������*��"���4����������*'2����"���������*&����.�� ������>�������������/������@� ���?�������,����� #�)������������������������������������""����������������������������������*���������������(�������� ��������������-����*�������������������7����*��"��7����������������������������������*���&����.�� ������������������-���$������ �����*�"���;���������(����!����������<�������������)�����"*��� ���������=3��

�� ���� �������

! � ������������#����� ���������� �����-���!�����������-� ��������������������������������5���#�����*���*��� ��&����"�������������������������� � �����-����������� ��� *��"�-���*���� ������6��-������#����*�������� ������������� ��������<�%����������������� ����������"����������������(����� *��"#�����* �������������;�!���������������/��2����2�*������������������������ 0����������������������#�����*����� � � ��������(�������2��-�� ���*��������������*�����-���!������

���� ��

!������,�������������������,�� ������� ���$<��(��*������� -����,�������7�(�����9�.��������*.�����: �����"���� ���!���������������/��2������-������������� ���������*�����*������� (�0������"�������

*��"(����������� -���(��2��� ���������(���(�����

0 �����

���!��B��������*���!��������������������������������� �"������@� �������*������ �������������������7�(�������"���B"�������&���/��(����C�������������� ��� 5�"�����������"�*��"�����������<���������� /�.������"�����*�������������� �������"����� �����<��������+<�6��������������������/��2�

������ � �������� �� ���� � �

���"(���*���*���������� �������������������������������� ��(���������"� ��������!���������������/��2�������#��������������������-���"� �(�5�"�����������!���������@� ���� ������� &��� ���-�#���������� #�����<����� #��� ����!�����I(���������,������/������� �������� #��������I�� (�,�� ���#������������������ ��(��

�����������������������������*�������� ���������"�������*���!�������������������������������-������ ��������!������������<���/��2�������� ���*������ ������������������������#�������������������������������������

�������������#��������� �)�������"��� �����������������������#�����������������������������������

* �������������*��� �+ ���������������9�������6 ����

�����������������3����:�����������������5����������������� @������ ����.1%.���������B�����

���������� ��������� ���7������������������������*��� �+ ��������:������!�����:����#� ������7���3�����

Page 16: Home - Kansas Historical Society · Streets, the red brick building stands as an eclectic interpretation of the Neo-Classical style. The structural walls are clay tile masonry with

��������������������

0'0),'�@�

',&�

4� �)' ��&�

��0�3�5

����2��!����

)��"��0���==

������������������� ������

Cultural Resources Division6425 S.W. Sixth AvenueTopeka, KS 66615-1099

Return Service Requested

residential areas contain fine examples ofmid-to-late 19th century and early 20th

century architecture.The Edward M. Kelly House at 1711

North Market Street in Wichita, SedgwickCounty, was nominated for its associationwith Edward M. Kelly, a Wichita millerand grain dealer, and for its architecturalsignificance as an example of the Neo-Classical style.

The Riverview Apartments at 404-408 Back Bay Boulevard in Wichita,Sedgwick County, were nominated fortheir association with the growth and de-velopment of Wichita and for their archi-tectural significance as a garden apartmenttype.

Fire Station No. 2, located at 719-723Van Buren in Topeka, Shawnee County,was designed by architect Thomas W.Williamson. The building also housed theheadquarters for the Topeka Fire Depart-ment. Nominated for its historical asso-ciation with the growth and developmentof Topeka and for its architectural signifi-cance as an example of an eclectic Span-ish Colonial Revival firehouse, the structureis undergoing rehabilitation for the use ofthe Kansas Trial Lawyers Association.

The old Bonner Springs High Schoolat 200 East 3rd in Bonner Springs, Wyan-dotte County, was built in 1918 fromplans prepared by Charles Ashley Smith, awell-known Kansas City architect. Theproperty was nominated for its associationwith the growth and development of edu-cation in Bonner Springs. After beingvacant for 20 years, the building is nowthe focus of reuse efforts by a communitygroup.

The next meeting of the Kansas His-toric Sites Board of Review is scheduledfor August 24 in the museum classroom atthe Kansas History Center in Topeka.

National Registry Continued from 3

9����� ����� � � ������ �7� ���� ����������:5����<5����8�����=��"�<8E6���"�#�� ��������� ���� �����E6�<8E6���"� �� ��!�����#����"�*������� �������$��(���&�������8�% �/� �$����������2��!

9�� ����0������������ ��� �:5����=<6������7�����(���0������"������������������ "�2�����*������"�<%��"�/� ��� ��< ���� ���<%��"� �� ��&������)���� ������������ ����8�� �+3�� �����!���������! >=�6?�==<�6+6

9��� ���������� �� :5����<0���"(�������$������������"�� ��������������*��������"�B���!����������������������E=��"�<8E6���"�#�� ��< ���� �����E6�<8E6���"� �� ��!�����#����"�*������� �������$��(���&�������8�% �/� �$����������2��!

9������ �� �0������:5���6<�3�����#�2�����������(������������������(����=�������������(������������"�<%��"�/� ��� ��< ���� ���<%��"� �� ��&������)���� ������������ ����8�� �+3�� �����!���������! >=�6?�==<�6+6

�������������� ������������������7��������� 5���8�����+E6���"��������� ������������ ����8+�����-���36���������! >+3%?��%<�3��

:0�����1����� ������ �;������ ���0��:�������"(����.�����5����������+��"�!�-#������ ������������ ���%��0����#������������&�����! >���?+�+<%8��

�����6��������5����6�����#������2.�����*��� ������������ �����83%!���������-��%�)����������! >=�6?6%�<33=�

91<���� �0������:5���6�<�������%�����7�����(����=���������� ���������-��������� -��������"�<%��"�/� ��� ��< ���� ���<%��"� �� ��&������)���� ������������ ����8�� �+3�� �����!���������! >=�6?�==<�6+6

�������*�� ������ ���7������������=��� ������� �� �������8�����!������������������������"�

�������*�� ������ ���7������������=��� ������� �� 0���"(��������!������������������������"�