HomeFrontHawai`i:aWWIILegacyUnderneaththeSea(lessonsfromsubmergedsocialsciences)

HansVanTilburgNOAAOfficeofNationalMarineSanctuarieshans.vantilburg@noaa.gov

NOAAEducator’sWebinar,ThursdayFebruary14,2019

TopicstobeCovered:

1)Themaritimeheritagefield=submergedsocialscience2)TheHawaiianIslandsduringthewaryears=history3)TheWWIIresourcebaseinHawai`i=maritimearchaeology4)Wrecksandtheenvironment=biologicalinteractions5)Accesstotheoceans=evolvingmarinetechnology6)MaritimeCulturalLandscapes=understandingourimpacts

Submerged Social Sciences What is Maritime Archaeology?

“The interpretation of the seafaring past through the study of things manufactured or modified by humans…usually underwater”

but not this…

This…

Multidisciplinary: Anthropology History Geography Engineering Chemistry etc

This…

Field initiated by Dr. George Bass and others in the 1960s

Training in the maritime archaeology field

Types of coursework: •  archaeology •  anthropology •  history •  museum studies •  material culture •  GIS and mapping •  engineering •  acoustics •  etc

• Applied skills needed:

•  diving •  computer •  grant writing •  rigging •  drafting (drawing) •  photography •  archival research

Main American universities:

•  Texas A&M •  East Carolina University

College graduate (Masters) degree standard for the field

•  National Historic Preservation Act section 106 section 110

•  National Marine Sanctuaries Act

includes historic, archaeological, cultural resources

•  Abandoned Shipwreck Act

State properties under DLNR •  Sunken Military Craft Act

military vessels remain federal property

Maritime Heritage: the Preservation of our archaeological resources in the sea

History: Islands during War Years

USArmyMuseum

•  MartialLaw•  Japaneseinternment•  Lossofhabeascorpus•  Schoolclosures•  Censorship•  Coastalfortifications•  Gasmasks•  Curfew•  Blackout•  Rationing•  Victorygardens•  Lossoffishingfleet

Waikiki,TerritoryofHawai`i,1943

History: Islands during War Years

Japanese-Americanloyaltyonparade,Waikiki1942

USArmyMuseum

History: Islands during War Years

4thMarineDivisiondepartingKahului,Maui

NationalArchives

History: Islands during War Years

WWIIGroundtrainingareas,TerritoryofHawai`i

USArmyMuseum

Archaeology:EarlyNavalAviationinHawai`i

FordIslandVP-1squadroninsignia

KeystonePK-Inavalflyingboat,long-rangepatrolbomber1930s(USNphoto)

(NOAAONMS)

(NOAAONMS)

USN

Archaeological Resource: 1,475+ Sunken Naval Aircraft

TBFAvenger(Ross and Milisen 2015)

SB2C-1CHelldiver

F6FHellcat(HURL)

Evolutionofamphibianvesselsandtactics,1932-1945

(USNimage)

LCA landing craft assault, small vessel LCI landing craft Infantry, fitted with bow doors LCP landing craft personnel, for transporting personal LCS landing craft support, small armed landing craft LCT landing craft tank, up to four tanks and bow doors LSI landing ship infantry, ship carrying LCI, or capable of being grounded LSM landing ship medium LST landing ship tank, RoRo vessel converted for carrying tanks DUKW amphibious truck six-wheel drive

Andspecificvariationsofallthese:

Archaeological Resource: Amphibious Vessel losses in Hawai`i

LVT-4Maui

LVT(A)-4Maui

OperationForagertrainingexercisesApril-May1944,Maui(NARA)

CombatlossesinHawai`i USSUtah

USSArizona

JapaneseKohyoteki(minisub)HURL

PBY-5siteplan(KaneoheBay)

(NPS)

(NPS)

Islandsonlyattackedacoupletimes

Main Hawaiian Islands 2,127 entries in the database

EducationalCollaboration:MASTcourses(UH)NASsportdivertraining

BiologicalInteraction:WrecksintheMarineEnvironment

BiologicalInteraction:WrecksintheMarineEnvironment

Biology:WrecksintheMarineEnvironment

Technology: Multibeam and Backscatter Data for Target Analysis

Backscatter imagery comparison

Multibeam survey

(NOAAOER)

Hull-mountedmultibeamsonar

Themultibeamtarget=JapanesesibmarineI-401

KongsbergEM30230khzmultibeamRange7000m

Technology:fromBreath-holdtoBubblesandBeyondDivingbell17thcentury

Heavygear19thcentury

SCUBA1950s

LloydbridgesasMikeNelson!

Open-circuitscientificdiving

Closed-circuitrebreathertechnology

Hawai`iUnderseaResearchLabPISCES3-personresearchsubmersibles

(HURLCWollerman)

ROVSurveys(OkeanosExplorer)Shipcontrolcab

RemotelyOperatedVehiclesDeepDiscovererandSeiriosRange6000m

ShoresideCommCenter

DeployingSeiriosandD2ROVsystem

1)OahuS-19surveySept2015

2)WakeIslandAmakasuMaruNo.1surveyMarch2016

3)TinianB-29SuperfortresssurveyJuly2016

4)OahuJapanesemini-submarinesurveyDec2016

5)OahuRoyalTaipan(ex-USSSwan)surveyDec2016

6)OahuSentakaI-203searchSept2017

7)OahuUSSBaltimoresurveySept2017

NOAACAPSTONEarchaeologymissions2014-2017

"The maritime cultural landscape signifies human utilization (economy) of maritime space by boat, settlement, fishing, hunting, shipping, and its attendant subcultures, such as

pilotage, lighthouse and seamark maintenance…"

CulturalLandscapes:PatternsinOceanHistory

Navigationlandscapealongcoastsandharbors

Commercialfishinglandscape

Culturallandscapeoftraditionalvoyaging

UsingalandscapeanalysistounderstandWWIIonthehomefront

…oneofthemostorganized,premeditated,regimented,andpatternedformsofhumanbehavior…theactionofmilitaryunitsonabattlefieldarebasedonthetacticsoftheprevailingmilitarywisdomoftheday;theyarenotrandom.(Potteretal2000)

Amphibiouslandingplan“Porcelain”Island--Kwajalein

NationalArchives

T.A.2ndDiv

T.A.4thDiv

LSTarea

LSTarea

helldiver

sailboat

schooner

helldiver

helldiver

hellcatmooring

StAnthonysLVT

LVTs

schooner

LVT

GREEN1

GREEN2

BLUE1

BLUE2

MAKENAAIRFIELD(CONSTRUCTIVE)

AmphibiousrehearsalexercisesMauiIsland,OperationForager,May1944

ExamplesofmodernmilitarytraininglandscapesinHawai`i

Potentiallypollutingwrecksworldwide

Review:

1)Themaritimeheritagefield=submergedsocialscience2)TheHawaiianIslandsduringthewaryears=history3)TheWWIIresourcebaseinHawai`i=maritimearchaeology4)Wrecksandtheenvironment=biologicalinteractions5)Accesstotheoceans=evolvingmarinetechnology6)MaritimeCulturalLandscapes=understandingourimpacts

Wreck of the Dunnottar Castle 1886

“CuriosityistheFirstPrerequisite”

Thankyouforparticipating

HistoryandheritagehaveaspecialplaceinOurOceans…