HOLOGRAPHY

Seminar on 2nd December 2009

Topics Discussed...

1. INTRODUCTION

2. Hologram & Holography

3. History of holography

4. Photography vs Holography

5. HOLOGRAM- Recording & Reading

6. Usages

7. Types of hologram

8. Holographic Memory

9. Holographic Versatile Discs (HVD)

10.Applications

Hologram & Holography

A hologram is a flat surface that, under proper illumination, appears to contain a three-dimensional image.

Holography is the Nobel award-winning

science

The hologram presents a true three dimensional recreation of the original object.

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History of holography

Invented in 1948 by Dennis Gabor for use in electron microscopy, before the invention of the laser

Leith and Upatnieks (1962) applied laser light to holography and introduced an important off-axis technique

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Conventional vs. Holographic photography

Conventional: 2-d version of a 3-d scene Photograph lacks depth perception Film sensitive only to radiant energy Phase relation (i.e. interference) are lost

Conventional vs. Holographic photography

Hologram: Freezes the intricate wavefront of light that

carries all the visual information of the scene To view a hologram, the wavefront is

reconstructed View what we would have seen if present at

the original scene through the window defined by the hologram

Provides depth perception

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HOLOGRAM

Recording: Two laser beams used (Signal and Reference) Data encoded on signal beam via Spatial Light

Modulator Second beam interfaces with reference beam

through the volume of photosensitive recording medium

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Reading: Reference beam used to diffract off recorded

gratings reconstructing stored array

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Areas of Holographic Applications Security

Entertainment

Packaging (Consumer Goods Brand Protection)

Gifts

Tax Stamp

Labels & Tapes

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Areas of Holographic Applications

Decoration Art and Interactive Graphics Architecture Sports Events

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Medical Applications

Holographic TechniquesX-Ray Holography

Endoscopic HolographyInternal Hologram Recording EndoscopeExternal Hologram recording EndoscopeMultiplexed Holography For Medical TomographyHolography in OphthalmologyDiffractive Bifocal Intraocular LensHolography in DentistryHolography in OtologyStudy of Tympanic Membranes

Holography in Orthopedics

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Transmission hologram: reference and object waves traverse the film from the same side

Reflection hologram: reference and object waves traverse the emulsion from opposite sides

Hologram – Reflection vs. Transmission

View in Transmission

View in reflection

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3.4Embossed Holograms

Widely used in most security applications.

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3.5Integral Hologram

Made from a series of photographs of an object. These are usually transparencies.

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3.6Rainbow Holograms

Very practical holograms Displaying three-dimensional images Images are reconstructed by white light.

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Computer Generated Holograms

Holograms produced with the help of computer

Used for developing 2D and 3D holograms.

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Multiplex Hologram

Depicting the holographic storage of photographic information.

Produced by combining a large number of photographs in a holographic manner.

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Holographic Storage - Background

Holographic Imaging discovered in 1947 by Hungarian Physicist

Original Theory was to improve electron microscopes

Holographic images on toys, credit cards, magazine covers, art, etc.

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HOLOGRAPHIC MEMORY

storing 1 terabyte (TB) data in a sugar-cube-sized crystal.

Data from more than 1,000 CDs could fit on a holographic memory system.

recording multiple images in the same area utilizing light at different angles

capable of recording and reading millions of bits in parallel

Data transfer rate: 1 GB/sec

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Holographic Data Storage

uses three-dimensional holographic images to enable more information to be stored in a much smaller space.

holography records and reads over a million bits of data with a single flash of light.

High storage densities and fast transfer rates, combined with durable, reliable, low cost media

50 hours of high definition video on a single disk, 50,000 songs on a postage stamp, or 500,000 x-rays on a credit card. Holographic storage makes it all possible.

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Storage Trends:

The future is storage-centric, stored data is the heart of a modern network.

By 2014 the average US household will have about 12 Terabytes of content stored

Up to 1,600 Terabytes may be required for a complete digital movie production at 4K resolution

By 2015 personal content will greatly exceed commercial content and sharing of this content will multiple enormously total storage requirements.

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Holographic Versatile Discs (HVD)

What is next ?

0,7 GB 9 GB 30~50 GB

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Holographic Versatile Discs (HVD) few hundred movies on an optical disc? That's the

goal of the Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) (1TB) of data onto a single optical disc - Half of the

capacity would be enough to record six channels of TV for five and a half days non-stop

HVD disc could hold as much data as 200 standard DVDs

Transfer data at over 1 gigabit per second, or 40 times faster than a DVD.

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Holographic Versatile Discs (HVD)

Data are recorded on to the surface as bit by bit in CD/DVD System

1 Bit Data

SurfaceRecording Layer

Substrate

Conventional Optical Disc

Page Data

Volumetric RecordingLayer

Page data are recorded into the volumetric recording layer

in Holographic recordingHVD

~1μm

TM

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APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHY Optical computers Will use

holograms as "circuit elements". Parallel processing is made possible because when a hologram is addressed, all the information comes out simultaneously

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APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHY

Communication Holography

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APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHY

ENTERTAINMENT

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APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHY

Mostly the holographic techniques have been used for biomedical applications.

X-ray holography Endoscopic holography Three dimensional images of biological

specimens Holography is useful for measurements

for biomedical specimen.

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APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHY Holograms are made inside live organs

through optical fibers, providing more details than any previous alternate techniques.

Holographic interferometry is used in numerous laboratories for non-destructive testing. It visually reveals structural faults without damaging the specimen.

Instantaneous growth rate of a live plant can be directly observed through a hologram.

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APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHY Anti-counterfeiting in credit card is

now a common practice.

Holographic microfiche for high density information storage is more attractive then conventional microfiche.

Holographic scanners are used in store check-out counters for reading the bar codes

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Zebra hologram

A 2-foot-by-3-foot colour Zebra hologram contains a staggering 2 terabytes (2 trillion characters) of data.

Zebra's "virtual camera" records a 3-D image file, like a map, from 500,000 slightly different perspectives. Each shot is encoded on a laser, focused through a spherical lens and burned onto a 1-millimeter section of plastic called a hogel.

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Future Applications of Holographic Technology

holographic televisions Holographic cinematography Holographic projector holograms will revolutionize storage

capacities. Optical or holographic computers holographic security methods Using holograms in museums and

exhibitions with animated multimedia content.

Holographic Mobile