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Holodomor•Historical Outline (2)•Citizenship & Identity (20)
•Ukrainian Nationalism (22)•Soviet and Russian Nationalism (37)
•Foreign Policy (46)•Globalization (48)•Liberalism (50)•Historical Controversy (56)
Russian Empire
Russian Empire• late to industrialization• late to democratic reform• citizens lacked rights enjoyed by most
Europeans
Czar Nicholas II• Russia not prepared for
WWI • problems on the front• food riots broke out in the
cities• forced to abdicate in early
1917
Civil War • fighting takes place across the country
against many groups opposed to Bolsheviks• Bolsheviks ultimately win and consolidate
power
War Communism and Famine• no private property, • nationalization of all industry, • rationing of food • government monopoly on foreign
trade.• War Communism & severe drought
lead to 10 million deaths
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)• created in 1922 • Ukrainian Soviet Socialist
Republic (Ukrainian SSR) was one of the founding Republics
Joseph Stalin• ruled the Soviet Union
1928 - 1953• rejected the NEP• Stalinism was
characterized by terror and totalitarian rule
Five Year Plans• organized the economy• peasants forced to give up land
and join collective farms• goal was to quickly industrialize• needed to sell grain to buy parts
Kulaks• Kulaks were the most
successful farmers under the New Economic Policy
• Bolsheviks knew they would be the strongest opponents of collectivization
• They were 'eliminated' as a social class
Attack on Peasants• those resisting collectivization
are persecuted• Kulaks are arrested, exiled, sent
to prison, tortured or killed
Great Depression 1930s• hardship around the
world• wheat prices to drop • lower prices affected
the first Five Year Plan• government increased
quotas
Food Becomes State Property• On August 7, 1932 a law
came into force that stipulated that all food was state property
• peasants unable to meet quotas were stripped of all foodstuffs
Starving Peasants• forbidden to take
food from the field• forbidden to flee the
region or leave the country
• shot for looking for food
Ukrainian Cities• also saw famine as
rations were cut off to many parts of the country
• urban workers were encouraged to see themselves as the leaders the revolution
Death By Famine• By 1933, 25,000 were
starving to death per day. Diseases were spreading
• incidents of cannibalism • almost no one outside
Ukrainian SSR knew
Cossacks• large influence on
Ukrainian culture• Bohdan Khmelnytsky was a
famous Cossack who tried to unite Ukrainians
•
Taras Shevchenko• a writer and artist who lived in the
1800s• helped form Ukrainian national
consciousness• inspired revival of Ukrainian culture.• called for more autonomy for the
regions • served time in jail for his beliefs. • Today he has become an almost iconic
figure
Divided People• Prior to World War I, the area
that is now Ukrainian Republic was divided between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires
• Successor States after the war did not include Ukraine
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)• created in 1922 • Ukrainian Soviet Socialist
Republic (Ukrainian SSR) was one of the founding Republics
The Polish–Ukrainian War• 1918 and 1919 • played a role in the
development of Ukrainian nationalism
• Ukraine was defeated• deepened feelings of
patriotism • Eastern Galicia later became
part of Ukrainian SSR and remains a part of the Ukrainian Republic today.
Ukrainian National Orthodox Church• important national symbol
for Ukrainians• Created in the 1920s• Allowed to flourish to
undermine Russian Orthodox Church
End of the Soviet Union• Fifteen new countries created
when Soviet Union disbanded at the end of 1991
• Ukraine becomes independent nation-state
Ukrainian Cultural Practices• food preparation• embroidery• weaving• songs• stories• lace-making• pysanky• dance• music• "Razom nas bahato, nas
ne podolaty"
What is Ultranationalism?• authoritarian organizations/governments• anti-immigrant• scapegoating• indoctrination• propaganda
Russian Empire• Romanov Dynasty• Orthodox Church• Russification promoted
Russian Culture throughout the empire
Sovietization• led to Russians
taking important positions
• elimination of any threats to government
Foreign Policy • the actions a nation takes in relation to
other nation-states or international organizations
The Holodomor and Foreign Policy• What policies should Canada
and/or the international community have changed?
• Could actions have been taken to prevent or lessen the effects of the Holodomor?
• What principles should we follow in creating our foreign policies?
• Does humanitarianism trump national sovereignty in the international system?
• Is there a point at which the international community should intervene in the affairs of another country?
• Who should make these decisions?
Globalization • the process by
which the world’s citizens are becoming increasingly connected and interdependent
• Bolsheviks tried to increase connectivity & interdependence among people of the Soviet Union
Principles of Liberalism• freedom• equal rights• liberal democracy• liberal democracy• free and fair elections• human rights• capitalism• free trade• freedom of religion
Russia and Liberalism• Russians have never been exposed to liberal
principles for a long period• Many Russians demanded a move toward liberal
principles after the 1905 uprising
Historical Controversy• Was the Soviet
government intent on destroying Ukrainian nationalism?
• Should the victims of the Holodomor be seen as primarily Ukrainians or as peasants?
• How many people actually died in Ukraine during the Holodomor?
• How many people died in other Soviet Republics during this time due to collectivization?
• What motivated the decisions of the central government / Stalin?
Consensus• a famine occurred in
Ukraine between 1932-33
• the primary cause was forced collectivization
• most of the victims were ethnic Ukrainian
Genocide• the deliberate and
systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, Race (classification of humans), religious, or national group
Raphael Lemkin• developed and
promoted concept of genocide
The HolodomorWas a Genocide Was Not a Genocide
•government’s attack on political, cultural and religious elites•the government’s destruction of the Ukrainian churches•policies aimed specifically at Ukraine that removed foodstuffs from starving peasants•the dispersion of Ukrainians to other parts of the Soviet Union•huge influx of Russians to Ukrainian SSR•government’s stated policy of elimination of the Kulaks as a social class and the categorization of so many Ukrainians as Kulaks
•millions of non-Ukrainian Soviet citizens also died during the famine•disregard for the lives of the people in the pursuit of economic goals•Soviet Union saw such tremendous loss of life in its first 30 years due to the totalitarianism and the Holodomor is best interpreted as part of this•Stalin alone is believed to be responsible for at least 20 million Soviet citizens – some estimates go as high as 60 million