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Hollywood, globalisation and Other cinemas
Dag Asbjørnsen
Chairman of the Board
Films from the South Festival
Some observations
Film charts 2007
Some basic facts
• Hollywood movies rule the home market in the US
• They rule norwegian cinemas• They rule the other european cinemas
– With the possible exception of France• They rule in cinemas in Asia, Africa, Latin
America and Oceania– With quite a few interesting exceptions
• Despite this: They rule the world– The only true ”global cinema” is made in Hollywood,
USA
It has not always been like this
• Historical background:– The Dominance of Europan Cinema– World War 1– Emigration– The Establishment of Classical Hollywood– The sound film (1927-30)– The System and its Crises (60s etc)
Now
• All other systems are Other systems
• Hollywood as standard system
• The Others: Deviations, alternatives, art cinema, National cinemas, Other commercial cinamas
Basic features
• The economical system
• The production-distribution system
• The star system
• The narrative system
The economical system
• Free market capitalism– Good for making commercial films…– Investments, not subsidies
• Global free markets– WTO, GATT, MPAA
• Intellectual property protection– MPAA, US Government
• Remember: the entertainment economy is big for US exports!
The production – distribution system
• Financing– Investments, presales, own capital
• Production– Production company
• (Sales)– Sales company, festivals, markets
• Distribution– Distribution and marketing– Home and abroad
• Exhibition– Multiple windows: cinema, DVD, TV, Internet– Home and abroad
Hollywood advantage
• Good access to investments
• Dominates large home market
• Global marketing plans
• Global distribution system (UIP etc.)
• Availability in all windows
The Star System
• Central to marketing
• Global brands
• Free press– Lindsay Lohan Scandals etc
• Why do you decide to watch a movie?
The narrative system
• Developed 1910-1920• Globally accepted• Content over form• Causality• Transparency• Analytical editing/ montage• Pesonification of conflicts• Double plot structure• Hollywood dramaturgy
Hollywood advantage
• The globally known star brand names
• The globally accepted narrative mode
The system and the Others
• Economical systems– Mixed economies, small home markets
• Production-distribution systems– Local, isolated entities
• Star systems– Locally known
• Narrative systems– Art film narration, Other modes
Other cinemas
• The French example– Heavy subsidies, good (40-50%) national market share, some
int. stars, art film narration standard
• The Norwegian example– Heavy subsidies, 15% national market share, no int. stars, no
narrational standard
• The Indian example– Commercial cinema, dominates home market, export, regionally
known stars, song-and dance narrational standard
• The Iranian example– Art cinema (++), import restrictions, export on festival market,
auteurs, art cinema narration standard
So
• ”Hollywood” is really The Global Cinema
• Other cinemas have restrictions
• Will it always be like this?
• Probably
• Not