Holloway - Crisis, fetichismo y composicion de clase (1990)

7/31/2019 Holloway - Crisis, fetichismo y composicion de clase (1990)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/holloway-crisis-fetichismo-y-composicion-de-clase-1990 1/17

<

G_IWIW" FD[IGEIWCH Y GHCQHWIGI×J KD GBLWD

Nhej Ehbbhply

%Qtobiglkh dj <991 dj DB JÞCD_H 7 kd bl _dviw{l _DBLGIHJDW" kdb Kdqlr{lcdj{h kdGidjgilw Whgilbdw* Kiviwi÷j kd Gidjgilw Whgilbdw y Etcljiklkdw kd bl Tjivdrwiklk

Lt{÷jhcl Cd{rhqhbi{ljl Uhgeicibgh* Céuigh)

[rlktgikh qhr> Glrhbijl [drìj Glw{ibbh

Db ctjkh dw{ì glcoiljkh rìqiklcdj{d* Db glcoih dw" frdgtdj{dcdj{d" db hond{h kdb ghjfbig{h* Kd

|tidjdw wd hqhjdj l bl {rlwfhrclgi÷j wd kigd |td whj irrlgihjlbdw" |td dw{ìj qlrlbi~lkhw dj db glcijh

kd bh ijdvi{lobd" y whj bbdvlkhw qhr blw btgelw kd éqhglw qlwlklw* Blw {djkdjgilw whgilbdw whj

ghjwikdrlklw ijdbtkiobdw*

Dw{lw lfirclgihjdw wd dwgtgelj ghj frdgtdjgil dj bhw þb{ichw lühw" jh w÷bh dj bhw wdg{hrdw

kdrdgeiw{lw wijh {lcoiéj dj bhw kd i~|tidrkl* Wd whw{idjd lcqbilcdj{d |td db glqi{lbiwch dw{ì

dj{rljkh dj tjl jtdvl flwd" l cdjtkh bblclkl jdh h qhwfhrkiwch" y |td bhw whgilbiw{lw kdodj

lntw{lrwd l dw{l jtdvl rdlbiklk y rdqdjwlr db wdj{ikh kdb whgilbiwch*

Qdrh" ¸elw{l |té qtj{h dw gidr{h |td db glqi{lbiwch dw{ì dj{rljkh dj tjl jtdvl flwd8 Y kd wdr lwã"

¸g÷ch wd el klkh dw{h8 ¸Dw {lj w÷bh tjl flwd #tjl {djkdjgil ijdbtkiobd# |td wicqbdcdj{d dw{ì qhr

rddcqbl~lr l h{rl8 Wi dw{d jh dw db glwh" ¸gtìb dw dj{hjgdw bl jl{trlbd~l kd dw{l {rljwigi÷j8 Dw{l

qrd`tj{l dw icqhr{lj{d {lj{h {d÷rigl ghch qhbã{iglcdj{d*

Db ciwch ghjgdq{h kd ‒flwd– kdb glqi{lbiwch wtìdrd |td kd edgeh duiw{d tj wlb{h gtlbi{l{ivh" tjl

rtq{trl kdb qrhgdwh jhrclb kd glcoih* Db glcoih whgilb widcqrd qrdwdj{d" wd ij{djwifigl kd chkh |td

elgd |td db rdwtb{lkh kdb glcoih wdl gtlbi{l{ivlcdj{d kifdrdj{d dj rdblgi÷j lb qdrihkh qrdgdkdj{d*

< Griwiw

Tj wlb{h gtlbi{l{ivh" tjl rtq{trl dj db qrhgdwh jhrclb kd glcoih" dw tjl griwiw* Db hri`dj kdb {ércijh

‒griwiw– qrhvidjd kd bl cdkigijl* Dj wt wi`jifiglkh `rid`h hriìjlb elgãl rdfdrdjgil lb chcdj{hgrtgilb h kdgiwivh kd tjl djfdrcdklk" ‒gtljkh bl ctdr{d h bl rdgtqdrlgi÷j dw{ìj dj ntd`h–* Bl griwiw

wd qrhktgãl dj tjl djfdrcdklk ‒widcqrd |td bl djfdrcdklk ltcdj{lrl dj ij{djwiklk" kdwlqlrdgidrl"

wd {hrjlrl dj h{rl djfdrcdklk" h oidj {drcijlrl qhr ghcqbd{h–* Dj{hjgdw" dj tj wdj{ikh dw{rig{lcdj{d

cékigh" tjl griwiw jh dw jdgdwlrilcdj{d lb`h clbh" ijkigl cìw oidj bl vlriloibiklk ijedrdj{d lb

qrh`rdwh kd tjl djfdrcdklk* Dw bl irrtqgi÷j dj ql{rhjdw kd kdwlrrhbbh rdbl{ivlcdj{d ehch`éjdhw" kd

chcdj{hw dj bhw gtlbdw db glcoih qlrl oidj h qlrl clb wd ij{djwifigl" chcdj{hw dj bhw |td tj ql{r÷jkd kdwlrrhbbh wd gljgdbl y h{rh %{lb vd~) wd ijw{ltrl* Dw tj {idcqh kd ljwidklk y tj {idcqh kd

dwqdrlj~l*

Wi wd lqbigl dw{l jhgi÷j lb kdwlrrhbbh eiw{÷righ y whgilb" bl griwiw jh wd rdfidrd þjiglcdj{d l bhw

‒{idcqhw kifãgibdw– wijh l bhw wlb{hw gtlbi{l{ivhw* Kiri`d lwã" bl l{djgi÷j l blw kiwghj{ijtiklkdw kd bl

eiw{hril" l frlg{trlw dj bl {rlydg{hril kdb kdwlrrhbbh" l rtq{trlw kd tj ql{r÷j kd chvicidj{h" l

vlrilgihjdw dj bl ij{djwiklk kdb {idcqh* Db ghjgdq{h kd griwiw icqbigl |td bl eiw{hril jh dw tjifhrcd h

qrdkig{iobd" wijh bbdjl kd virlndw dj bl kirdggi÷j y rdqbd{l kd qdrihkhw kd ij{djwlw {rljwfhrclgihjdw*

Wi bl eiw{hril jh dw tjifhrcd" ijgbtwh dj wtw qrhgdwhw kd kdwlrrhbbh" wd wi`td |td db ghjgdq{h kd griwiw

kdod dw{lr qrdwdj{d dj db gdj{rh kd gtlb|tidr {dhrãl whord db glcoih whgilb* Ghch bh qblj{dl



?

H‘Ghjjhr> –bl ikdl kd griwiw wd djgtdj{rl dj db ghrl~÷j kd {hkl kiwgtwi÷j wdril kdb ctjkh

ghj{dcqhrìjdh–*

Bhw qdrihkhw kd ij{djwh glcoih whgilb qtdkdj vdrwd kdwkd khw qdrwqdg{ivlw> qtdkdj wdr howdrvlkhw

ghch d{lqlw kd rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j whgilb" ghch chcdj{hw dj bhw |td blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw kdb

glqi{lbiwch wd rdhr`lji~lj y wd dw{lobdgdj whord jtdvlw olwdw= h qtdkdj wdr viw{hw ghch qdrihkhw kd

rtq{trl" kd |tidord qh{djgilb" chcdj{hw dj bhw |td db glqi{lbiwch lbglj~l wtw qrhqihw bãci{dw* Ghch

bl ljlbh`ãl cékigl icqbigl" db qlgidj{d qtdkd rdgtqdrlrwd h jh* Db khg{hr howdrvl bl griwiw y bl

dulcijl otwgljkh bl rdgtqdrlgi÷j kdb qlgidj{d= db wdqtb{trdrh ghj{dcqbl bl griwiw ghj tjl ikdl

ghcqbd{lcdj{d kiw{ij{l* Bl griwiw kdb glqi{lbiwch {idjd tj wi`jifiglkh cty dwqdgilb qlrl l|tébbhw |td

cirlj lb glqi{lbiwch kdwkd bhw hnhw kdb wdqtb{trdrh* Qlrl db howdrvlkhr ijkifdrdj{d" bl griwiw dw tj

qdrihkh kd glcoih ij{djwifiglkh |td qhkrãl bbdvlr dj tjl t h{rl kirdggi÷j= qlrl bl qdrwhjl |td kdwdl

tj ft{trh rlkiglbcdj{d kiw{ij{h" dw db dbdcdj{h kd rtq{trl db |td cìw l{rld wt l{djgi÷j*

Db ghjgdq{h kd griwiw dw icqhr{lj{d qlrl gtlb|tidr {dhrãl kdb glcoih whgilb" dw lowhbt{lcdj{d gdj{rlb

qlrl l|tdbblw {dhrãlw |td ghjwikdrlj lb glqi{lbiwch kdwkd bl qdrwqdg{ivl kd wt {rljwfhrclgi÷j rlkiglb*

Dw{h dw qlr{igtblrcdj{d gidr{h qlrl bl {rlkigi÷j clruiw{l* Bh |td hw{djwiobdcdj{d kiw{ij`td lb

clruiwch kd h{rlw fhrclw kd qdjwlcidj{h rlkiglb dw bl ikdl kd |td tjl ghcqrdjwi÷j kdb glqi{lbiwchqtdkd chw{rlr jh w÷bh bl ghjvdjidjgil h jdgdwiklk kd dw{lobdgdr tjl fhrcl kifdrdj{d kd hr`lji~lgi÷j

whgilb" wijh {lcoiéj bl qhwioibiklk kd elgdrbh* Bl {rljwfhrclgi÷j rlkiglb kd bl whgidklk dw qhwiobd

klkh |td db glqi{lbiwch dw ijedrdj{dcdj{d ijdw{lobd" y dw{l ijdw{loibiklk wd duqrdwl dj griwiw

qdri÷kiglw" dj blw |td db glqi{lbiwch dw ghjfrhj{lkh ghj wt qrhqil chr{ljklk* Db ghjgdq{h kd griwiw wd

djgtdj{rl dj db ghrl~÷j kdb clruiwch* Jh dw tjl dul`drlgi÷j kdgir |td db clruiwch dw tjl {dhrãl kd

bl griwiw" tjl {dhrãl kd bl ijdw{loibiklk dw{rtg{trlb kd bl whgidklk* Dj {lj{h |td h{rlw {rlkigihjdw

rlkiglbdw gdj{rlj wt l{djgi÷j dj bl jl{trlbd~l hqrdwivl kd bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l" bl glrlg{drãw{igl |td

kiw{ij`td lb clruiwch dw bl kd jh wdr {lj w÷bh tjl {dhrãl kd bl hqrdwi÷j" wijh {lcoiéj y whord {hkh

tjl {dhrãl kd bl ijdw{loibiklk whgilb*

Wi db clruiwch dw tjl {dhrãl kd bl griwiw" dw" dj{hjgdw" tjl {dhrãl loidr{l* Db ciwch Clru jh kdn÷jij`tjl {dhrãl kd bl griwiw ghcqbd{lcdj{d dw{iqtblkl" y bhw kdol{dw lgdrgl kd bl {dhrãl kd bl griwiw elj

ghj{ijtlkh kdwkd |td Db Glqi{lb ftd qtobiglkh* Kdj{rh kd bl {rlkigi÷j clruiw{l duiw{dj wdrilw

kivdr`djgilw dj {hrjh l bl {dhrãl kd bl griwiw" dj{rd bl {dhrãl kd bl kdwqrhqhrgihjlbiklk" bl {dhrãl kdb

wtoghjwtch" bl {dhrãl kd bl whordlgtctblgi÷j" d{gé{drl* Dw{hw kdol{dw whj frdgtdj{dcdj{d

ghjktgikhw dj bh |td qlrdgd tjl kiwgtwi÷j dj {ércijhw {égjighw y dghj÷cighw* Wij dcolr`h" bh |td

dw{ì dj ntd`h dj gtlb|tidr qhbécigl whord bl griwiw dw g÷ch wd dj{idjkd bl ijdw{loibiklk glqi{lbiw{l y bl

qhwioibiklk kd tjl {rljwigi÷j l tj {iqh kd whgidklk rlkiglbcdj{d kiw{ij{h* Jh wd qtdkd kivhrgilr l bl

{dhrãl kd bl griwiw kd jtdw{rl ghjgdqgi÷j kd bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l y kd bh |td bl elgd glcoilr

?* Db ghjgdq{h kd glcoih whgilb dj Clru

Db glqi{lbiwch dw ijdw{lobd qhr|td dj wã ciwch dw lj{l`÷jigh* Db lj{l`hjiwch whgilb dw bl ftdj{d kdb

glcoih dj bl whgidklk* Ghjh Clru kinh dj wt flchwl frlwd ijigilb kd Db Cljifidw{h Ghctjiw{l> ‒Bl

eiw{hril kd bl etcljiklk elw{l jtdw{rhw kãlw dw bl eiw{hril kd bl btgel kd gblwdw– *

Kdj{rh kd bl {rlkigi÷j clruiw{l ely" wij dcolr`h" kivdrwlw cljdrlw kd ghjgdq{tlbi~lr db glcoih

whgilb* Dj hglwihjdw blw kifdrdjgilw wd qrdwdj{lj dj bhw {ércijhw kd tjl kiw{ijgi÷j edgel dj{rd db

nhvdj Clru y db Clru clktrh* Kd lgtdrkh ghj dw{d qblj{dlcidj{h" db nhvdj Clru wtorlylol bl btgel

y bl lggi÷j wtond{ivl ghch blw ftdj{dw kdb glcoih eiw{÷righ" dj {lj{h |td db Clru clktrh" db Clru kd

Db Glqi{lb" ljlbi~lol db kdwlrrhbbh whgilb dj {ércijhw kd blw ‒bdydw hond{ivlw kdb kdwlrrhbbh

glqi{lbiw{l–* Dj lühw rdgidj{dw" dw{l kiw{ijgi÷j bl elj qblj{dlkh kd cljdrl cìw rãìkl Lb{etwwdr y bl

dwgtdbl dw{rtg{trlbiw{l kdb clruiwch" qdrh #duqbãgi{l h icqbãgi{lcdj{d# bl wdqlrlgi÷j kd bl btgel

rdwqdg{h kd blw bdydw kdb kdwlrrhbbh kdb glqi{lbiwch dw{ì lcqbilcdj{d kiftjkikl lb ij{drihr kd bl



7

{rlkigi÷j clruiw{l* Ghcþjcdj{d wd rdghjhgd bl icqhr{ljgil kd bl btgel kd gblwdw= wij dcolr`h" dw

viw{l ghch wtowikilril kd" h ghch ijwdr{l kdj{rh kdb clrgh kd blw bdydw kdb kdwlrrhbbh glqi{lbiw{l*

Bhw kiw{ij{hw éjflwiw qtdkdj djghj{rlrwd jh w÷bh dj blw kifdrdjgilw duiw{dj{dw dj{rd db nhvdj Clru y db

Clru clktrh" wijh l bh blr`h kd {hkl wt horl* Db {du{h" |td ctgelw vdgdw el wikh ghjwikdrlkh ghch

blqrhqhwigi÷j gbìwigl kd bl {dhrãl kd Clru dw db qlwlnd kdb ‒Qr÷bh`h– l bl Ghj{riotgi÷j l bl Grã{igl kd

bl Dghjhcãl Qhbã{igl kd <549 dj db |td Clru qrdwdj{l blw ghjgbtwihjdw kd wtw qricdrhw dw{tkihw>

Db rdwtb{lkh `djdrlb lb |td bbd`té y |td" tjl vd~ ho{djikh" wirvi÷ kd eibh ghjktg{hr l ciw dw{tkihw

qtdkd rdwtcirwd lwã> dj bl qrhktggi÷j whgilb kd wt vikl" bhw ehcordw ghj{rldj kd{drcijlklw

rdblgihjdw jdgdwlrilw d ijkdqdjkidj{dw kd wt vhbtj{lk" rdblgihjdw kd qrhktggi÷j" |td ghrrdwqhjkdj l

tjl kd{drcijlkl flwd kd kdwlrrhbbh kd wtw ftdr~lw qrhktg{ivlw cl{drilbdw* Db ghjntj{h kd dw{lw

rdblgihjdw kd qrhktggi÷j fhrcl bl dw{rtg{trl dghj÷cigl kd bl whgidklk" bl olwd rdlb whord bl |td wd

bdvlj{l bl wtqdrdw{rtg{trl ntrãkigl y qhbã{igl y l bl |td ghrrdwqhjkdj kd{drcijlklw fhrclw kd

ghjgidjgil whgilb* Db chkh kd qrhktggi÷j kd bl vikl cl{drilb ghjkigihjl db qrhgdwh kd bl vikl whgilb"

qhbã{igl y dwqiri{tlb dj `djdrlb* Jh dw bl ghjgidjgil kdb ehcord bl |td kd{drcijl wt wdr" wijh" qhr db

ghj{rlrih" db wdr whgilb dw bh |td kd{drcijl wt ghjgidjgil* Lb bbd`lr l tjl kd{drcijlkl flwd kd

kdwlrrhbbh" blw ftdr~lw qrhktg{ivlw cl{drilbdw dj{rlj dj ghj{rlkiggi÷j ghj blw rdblgihjdw kdqrhktggi÷j duiw{dj{dw" h" bh |td jh dw cìw |td bl duqrdwi÷j ntrãkigl kd dw{h" ghj blw rdblgihjdw kd

qrhqidklk kdj{rh kd blw gtlbdw wd elj kdwdjvtdb{h elw{l lbbã* Kd fhrclw kd kdwlrrhbbh kd blw ftdr~lw

qrhktg{ivlw" dw{lw rdblgihjdw wd ghjvidr{dj dj {rlolw wtylw* Y wd lord lwã tjl éqhgl kd rdvhbtgi÷j

whgilb* Lb glcoilr bl olwd dghj÷cigl" wd rdvhbtgihjl" cìw h cdjhw rìqiklcdj{d" {hkl bl ijcdjwl

wtqdrdw{rtg{trl driìkl whord dbbl*

Db ‒Qr÷bh`h– kd <549 el wikh cty gri{iglkh dj lühw rdgidj{dw* Dw{h el wikh qlr{d kd bl grã{igl cìw

`djdrlb lgdrgl kd bl ‒hr{hkhuil– kd bhw qlr{ikhw ghctjiw{lw y lgdrgl kd bhw glcoihw dj db chvicidj{h

ij{drjlgihjlb kd bhw qlr{ikhw ghctjiw{lw kdwkd bl kéglkl kd bhw wdwdj{l* Dw{l grã{igl ghcþjcdj{d

djfl{i~l bl ‒lt{hjhcãl rdbl{ivl– kd bl wtqdrdw{rtg{trl" lr`tcdj{ljkh |td bh dghj÷cigh dw

kd{drcijlj{d dugbtwivlcdj{d ‒dj þb{icl ijw{ljgil–> qhr bh {lj{h wd qrdw{l cìw l{djgi÷j" qlrl otwglr db glcoih whgilb" l {rlvéw kd blw dwfdrlw kd lggi÷j qhbã{iglw" ikdhb÷ìglw y bd`lbdw |td vlj cìw lbbì kd

bh |td db ‒Qr÷bh`h– kd <549 qlrdgidrl qdrci{ir*

Dw{l grã{igl qlrdgd rhcqdr rlkiglbcdj{d ghj db kd{drcijiwch dghj÷cigh kdb {du{h kd Clru* Wij

dcolr`h" {rlw rdfbduihjlr whord db qlr{igtblr" qtdkd vdrwd |td dw{l kiwgtwi÷j kd edgeh rdqrhktgd db

ciwch clrgh ghjgdq{tlb |td ijwqir÷ db ‒Qr÷bh`h– kd <549* Bl whgidklk wd wi`td ljlbi~ljkh dj

{ércijhw kd dw{rtg{trlw" yl wdlj dghj÷ciglw" qhbã{iglw h ikdhb÷ìglw" bl kifdrdjgil rlkigl

dugbtwivlcdj{d dj bl lt{hjhcãl |td wd l{riotyd l glkl tjl kd éw{lw*

Duiw{d tjl grã{igl cìw qrhftjkl lb ‒Qr÷bh`h– kd <549 #bl gtlb qtdkd gidr{lcdj{d lqbiglrwd ghj clyhr

wdvdriklk l ctgelw kd blw grã{iglw edgelw lb ciwch* Bh |td dw qrhobdcì{igh dj bl fhrctblgi÷j kdClru" jh dw bl rdblgi÷j |td wd dw{lobdgd dj{rd blw kivdrwlw dw{rtg{trlw wijh bl ltwdjgil kd lj{l`hjiwch

dj bl cd{ìfhrl olwd#wtqdrdw{rtg{trl* Db þjigh ghjfbig{h cdjgihjlkh dj db qlwlnd" dw db duiw{dj{d dj{rd

blw ftdr~lw qrhktg{ivlw cl{drilbdw kd bl whgidklk y blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw kd qrhktggi÷j tj ghjfbig{h

|td" l nt~`lr qhr dw{d qrdgiwh qlwlnd" {idjd bt`lr cty ijkdqdjkidj{dcdj{d kd bl vhbtj{lk etcljl* Db

chkifiglr bl f hrctblgi÷j kd Clru elobljkh lgdrgl kd bl ‒lt{hjhcãl rdbl{ivl– kd bl wtqdrdw{rtg{trl

elgd qhgh qlrl glcoilr dw{l wi{tlgi÷j> db ciwch chkdbh ijdr{d wd rdqrhktgd wicqbdcdj{d kd h{rl

fhrcl*

Lb ‒Qr÷bh`h– wd bd qtdkd ghj{rlw{lr ghj h{rh qlwlnd kdb ciwch Clru |td {lcoiéj djfl{i~l bl

rdbdvljgil kd bl qrhktggi÷j" qdrh bh elgd kd cljdrl cty kiw{ij{l>



;

Bl fhrcl dghj÷cigl dwqdgãfigl dj bl |td wd bd du{rld db qbtw{rlolnh icql`h lb qrhktg{hr kirdg{h

kd{drcijl bl rdblgi÷j kd khcijlgi÷j y wdrviktcord" {lb ghch éw{l wtr`d kirdg{lcdj{d kd bl qrhqil

qrhktggi÷j y l wt vd~ rdlggihjl dj fhrcl kd{drcijlj{d whord dbbl* Qdrh dj dw{h wd ftjkl {hkl bl

ghjfi`trlgi÷j kd bl dj{iklk ghctji{lril dghj÷cigl" dcljlkl kd bl qrhqilw rdblgihjdw kd qrhktggi÷j"

y qhr djkd" lb ciwch {idcqh" wt fi`trl qhbã{igl dwqdgãfigl*

Bl gblvd l|tã dw bl qrhktggi÷j" lb i`tlb |td dj db qlwlnd kdb –Qr÷bh`h– kd <549" qdrh dj éw{d wd

qrdwdj{l l bl qrhktggi÷j jh ghch bl olwd dghj÷cigl" wijh ghch tj lj{l`hjiwch ijij{drrtcqikh*

Gtlb|tidr whgidklk kd gblwdw {idjd dj wt wdjh tjl rdblgi÷j lj{l`÷jigl" tjl rdblgi÷j ghjfbig{ivl> bl

du{rlggi÷j kd qbtw{rlolnh l bhw qrhktg{hrdw kirdg{hw* Db ghjfbig{h jtjgl gdwl" wi bl gblwd khcijlj{d

kdnl kd du{rldr dugdkdj{dw" bl whgidklk wtfrirãl tj ghblqwh* Bl fhrcl |td lwtcd dw{d lj{l`hjiwch

ghjw{lj{d dw bl gblvd qlrl dj{djkdr gtlb|tidr whgidklk kd gblwdw*

Dw{d qlwlnd jhw kl tj qtj{h kd qlr{ikl cty kiw{ij{h kdb |td jhw qrhqhrgihjlj blw eloi{tlbdw

ij{drqrd{lgihjdw kdb ‒Qr÷bh`h–* Db Qr÷bh`h kd <549 jhw kdnl ijkdfdjwhw" ghch cdrhw hond{hw kdb

glcoih eiw{÷righ |td wd qrhktgd kd blghj{rlkiggi÷j kd blw ftdr~lw qrhktg{ivlw y blw rdblgihjdw kd

qrhktggi÷j |td duqdricdj{lj ghbiwihjdw qhr whord jtdw{rlw glod~lw* Db qlwlnd kd Db Glqi{lb jhw

toigl dj db gdj{rh kdb ljìbiwiw" jhw elgd qlr{d kdb ijgdwlj{d lj{l`hjiwch kd gblwd kdb gtlb jh elyqhwioibiklk kd dwglqlr" qtdw {hkhw jhw rdblgihjlchw kd lb`tjl cljdrl ghj bl rdqrhktggi÷j kd bl

whgidklk y ghj bl du{rlggi÷j kd qbtw{rlolnh kd bl gtlb kdqdjkd bl whgidklk ciwcl*

7* Fhrcl y fd{igeiwch

Bl btgel kd gblwdw" dj{hjgdw" jh dw cdjhw rdbdvlj{d qlrl db Clru kd Db Glqi{lb kd bh |td drl qlrl db

Clru |td eloãl dwgri{h db Cljifidw{h Ghctjiw{l glwi vdij{d lühw lj{dw* Bh |td qtdkd lqrdgilrwd jh dwtj virlnd kd bl btgel kd gblwdw elgil db ‒kdwlrrhbbh kd blw bdydw kdb glqi{lbiwch– wijh tj virlnd edgeh

kdwkd bl btgel kd gblwdw dj `djdrlb elgil bl fhrcl dwqdgãfigl |td {hcl bl btgel kd gblwdw dj bl

whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l* Bl icqhr{ljgil kd Db Glqi{lb jh wd whw{idjd dj db edgeh kd |td wdl tj dw{tkih kd

bl olwd dghj÷cigl h kd blw ‒bdydw hond{ivlw kdb kdwlrrhbbh glqi{lbiw{l–" wijh dj db edgeh kd |td dw tjljìbiwiw kd bl btgel*

Dw{h jh |tidrd kdgir |td bl qrdhgtqlgi÷j qrijgiqlb dj Db Glqi{lb ftdrl wdülblr bl rdbdvljgil kd bl

btgel* Dwh yl wd eloãl bh`rlkh dj horlw lj{drihrdw y drl" dj {hkh" glwh dvikdj{d qlrl blw qdrwhjlw l blw

|td Clru wd kiri`ãl dj wtw dwgri{hw* Bl qrdhgtqlgi÷j kd Clru drl" cìw oidj" ghcqrdjkdr blw

kifdrdjgilw dwqdgãfiglw lgdrgl kdb lj{l`hjiwch kd gblwd dj bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l* Db Glqi{lb

ghjw{i{tyd tj ljìbiwiw kd bl btgel dj bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l" tj ljìbiwiw kd blw fhrclw |td {hclj blw

rdblgihjdw whgilbdw lj{l`÷jiglw* Dw{d dw db qhr|té" qhr tj blkh" db qtüh gdrrlkh jh widcqrd dw

dvikdj{d qlrl db bdg{hr" qdrh {lcoiéj l dbbh wd kdod |td {hklw blw gl{d`hrãlw kd Db Glqi{lb wdlj

gl{d`hrãlw kd btgel*

Blw gl{d`hrãlw kd Db Glqi{lb whj gl{d`hrãlw kd lj{l`hjiwch kdwkd db ijigih* Dbbh jh wi`jifigl |td

Clru ghcidjgd kirdg{lcdj{d kdwkd bl rdblgi÷j kd duqbh{lgi÷j" #ghch Jd`ri" qhr dndcqbh" wtìdrd |td

kdoi÷ elodr edgeh#" db ljìbiwiw kd bl qrhktggi÷j kd qbtwvlbhr" bl fhrcl dj bl |td db qbtw{rlolnh dw

du{rlãkh kd bhw qrhktg{hrdw kirdg{hw olnh db réìcdj glqi{lbiw{l" jh ghcidj~l wijh elw{l db glqã{tbh 4*

Db Glqi{lb ghcidj~l cìw oidj ghj db ljìbiwiw kd bl cdrgljgãl y kdb vlbhr* Dw{h el bbdvlkh l

ij{drqrd{lgihjdw dghjhcigiw{lw |td elj viw{h dj Db Glqi{lb db biorh kd {du{h kd bl dghjhcãl clruiw{l #

ijfdrdjgil {ìgi{lcdj{d lgdq{lkl ijgbtwh qhr ctgehw grã{ighw kd blw ij{drqrd{lgihjdw dghjhcigiw{lw kdb

clruiwch#* Bl lr`tcdj{lgi÷j kd Clru" wij dcolr`h" dw{lobdgd |td dw{lw gl{d`hrãlw {idjdj

icqhr{ljgil" jh ghch bl olwd kd tjl dghjhcãl clruiw{l" wijh qhr|td dbblw whj blw fhrclw

ftjklcdj{lbdw l {rlvéw kd blw gtlbdw wd qrdwdj{lj l wã ciwclw blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw lj{l`÷jiglw*



4

Db Glqi{lb ghcidj~l kigiéjkhjhw |td dj bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l" bl ri|td~l wd jhw qrdwdj{l ghch ‒tj

djhrcd gþctbh kd cdrgljgãlw– y ‒tjl cdrgljgãl dw" dj qricdr bt`lr" tj hond{h du{drihr–*lDj dw{l"

lqlrdj{dcdj{d" ijhgdj{d howdrvlgi÷j kd |td tjl cdrgljgãl dw ‒tj hond{h ftdrl kd jhwh{rhw–" dw{lchw

dj qrdwdjgil kdwkd db ijigih ghj db cìw vihbdj{h lj{l`hjiwch kd {hkhw> db glqi{lbiwch dw bl jd`lgi÷j

kd jtdw{rl ikdj{iklk" db khcijih kd {hklw blw ghwlw*

Bl cdrgljgãl jh dw" qhr wtqtdw{h" whblcdj{d ‒tj hond{h du{drihr l jhwh{rhw ciwchw–* L bh blr`h kdb

qricdr glqã{tbh" Clru dw{lobdgd |td blw cdrgljgãlw whj db qrhktg{h kdb {rlolnh etcljh" y |td bl

cl`ji{tk kd

wt vlbhr %|td dw bl olwd kd bl qrhqhrgi÷j dj bl |td wdrìj ij{drglcoilklw blw cdrgljgãlw) dw{ì

kd{drcijlkl qhr bl glj{iklk kd {rlolnh whgilbcdj{d jdgdwlrih rd|tdrikh qlrl wt qrhktggi÷j* Bl

cdrgljgã l jh dw tj ‒hond{h du{drihr–> dw db frt{h kd jtdw{rh {rlolnh ghbdg{ivh" bl þjigl ftdj{d kd wt

vlbhr*

Wij dcolr`h" olnh db glqi{lbiwch" bl cdrgljgãl wd jhw qrdwdj{l ghch" h dw" ‒dj qricdr bt`lr–" ‒tj

hond{h du{drihr l jhwh{rhw ciwchw–* Jhwh{rhw jh ghj{rhblchw blw ghwlw |td qrhktgichw ji blw

rdghjhgdchw ghch jtdw{rhw qrhktg{hw* Dj tjl whgidklk dj bl |td blw ghwlw whj qrhktgiklw qlrl dbij{drglcoih y jh qlrl db twh" blw rdblgihjdw dj{rd bhw qrhktg{hrdw wd dw{lobdgdj kd lgtdrkh lb vlbhr kd

blw cdrgljgãlw qrhktgiklw* Jh w÷bh dwh" wijh |td bl rdblgi÷j dj{rd blw cdrgljgãlw vidjd l hgtqlr db

bt`lr kd blw rdblgihjdw dj{rd bhw qrhktg{hrdw |td blw `djdrlj> dw{h dw" blw rdblgihjdw dj{rd qrhktg{hrdw

{hclj bl fhrcl kd rdblgihjdw dj{rd ghwlw* L dw{h wd rdfidrd Clru ghch db fd{igeiwch cdrglj{ib> kd bl

ciwcl cljdrl |td bhw kihwdw" bl cdrgljgãl dw horl kd jtdw{rl grdlgi÷j" qdrh wd jhw qrdwdj{l ghch

tjl ftdr~l lndjl |td `hoidrjl jtdw{rlw viklw* Olnh db glqi{lbiwch jtdw{rlw viklw dw{ìj khcijlklw qhr

blw cdrgljgãlw %ijgbtikh db kijdrh)" ghch bl fhrcl |td lk|tidrdj blw rdblgihjdw dj{rd qrhktg{hrdw* Db

biord fbtnh kd rdblgihjdw dj{rd bl `dj{d" ‒bl lowhbt{l lì{lgi÷j kd bl vikl–" ghch bh bblcl Ed`db wd

clj{idjd glt{ivl dj db finh dw|tdcl kd hond{hw> ghwlw |td jhw khcijlj" ghwlw |td rhcqdj bl tjiklk

kd bl vikl dj ctgehw dbdcdj{hw kiwghj{ijthw" |td vtdbvdj ijghcqrdjwiobdw {hklw blw

ij{drghjduihjdw*

Bl {dhrãl kdb vlbhr#{rlolnh dw tjl {dhrãl kdb fd{igeiwch* Lb rdfbduihjlr lgdrgl kd bl cdrgljgãl" Clru

dw{lobdgd |td bl cl`ji{tk kdb vlbhr kd tjl cdrgljgãl dw{ì kd{drcijlkl qhr bl glj{iklk kd {rlolnh

whgilbcdj{d jdgdwlril |td wd rd|tidrd qlrl qrhktgirbl* Wij dcolr`h" duiw{d tj qtj{h lþj cìw

icqhr{lj{d* Db hond{ivh jh dw {lj w÷bh ghcqrdjkdr |té dw bh |td dw{ì l{rìw kdb vlbhr" wijh {lcoiéj

ghcqrdjkdr qhr |té db {rlolnh dj bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l {hcl bl ciw{ifiglkl y du{rlül fhrcl kd vlbhr*

Qlrl Clru dw{h dw bh |td kiw{ij`td wt cé{hkh kd l|tdb dcqbdlkh qhr bhw dw{tkihwhw gbìwighw kd bl

dghjhcãl qhbã{igl {lbdw ghch Wci{e y _iglrkh* Dbbhw dw{lolj ij{drdwlkhw whblcdj{d dj ghcqrdjkdr

|té dw bh |td kd{drcijl bl cl`ji{tk kdb vlbhr> dw{l wd`tjkl ij{drrh`lj{d" bl kd qhr |té db {rlolnh

{hcl bl fhrcl kd vlbhr" ji wi|tidrl qtkh eloérwdbdw hgtrrikh" klkh |td wtw qdrwqdg{ivlw wd bici{lolj

l ghjwikdrlr whblcdj{d bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l dj bl |td dbbhw vivãlj* Qlrl Clru" |td vd l bl whgidklkglqi{lbiw{l ghch tjl whgidklk kd {rljwigi÷j" djglcijlkl elgil tjl whgidklk ghctjiw{l dj bl |td db

{rlolnh dw{lrãl hr`lji~lkh kd fhrcl ghcqbdcdj{d kifdrdj{d" bl qrd`tj{l whord blw fhrclw |td lkhq{lj

blw rdblgihjdw dj{rd qrhktg{hrdw dw ftjklcdj{lb* Db ghjgdq{h kd fhrcl dw gdj{rlb qlrl Clru"

qrdgiwlcdj{d qhr bl rl~÷j kd |td wd {rl{l kd tj qrhobdcl ijviwiobd" h cdnhr" kd tj qrhobdcl

ijduiw{dj{d qlrl gtlb|tidr {dhrãl |td wtqhj`l bl qdrcljdjgil kd blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw otr`tdwlw> l

wlodr" qhr|td dw{lw fhrclw %cdrgljgãl" vlbhr" d{g*) ‚bbdvlj dwgri{l dj bl frdj{d wt qdr{djdjgil l tjl

fhrclgi÷j whgilb khjkd db qrhgdwh kd qrhktggi÷j khcijl lb ehcord" dj vd~ kd khcijlr db ehcord l

dwd qrhgdwh*– Db edgeh kd |td db {rlolnh dw{é rdqrdwdj{lkh qhr vlbhr" y kd |td blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw

dj{rd bhw qrhktg{hrdw lkhq{dj bl fhrcl kd rdblgihjdw kd vlbhr dj{rd ghwlw dw" dj wã ciwch" tjl

jd`lgi÷j kd bl biodr{lk" dw{h dw" bl ijglqlgiklk qhr qlr{d kd bl `dj{d kd ghj{rhblr wtw qrhqilw viklw*



6

Bl {dhrãl kdb vlbhr dw" qhr {lj{h" tjl {dhrãl kdb fd{igeiwch" y bl {dhrãl kdb fd{igeiwch dw" dj{hjgdw tjl

{dhrãl kd bl khcijlgi÷j* Db {dcl lohrklkh kdwkd tj qrijgiqih qhr Db Glqi{lb dw db rdbl{ivh l bl

ltwdjgil kd biodr{lk> vivichw dj tj ctjkh rhkdlkh kd cdrgljgãlw" kd ‒hond{hw ftdrl kd jhwh{rhw–

|td edchw qrhktgikh" qdrh |td jh ghj{rhblchw ji rdghjhgdchw* Blw fhrclw |td lkhq{lj blw

rdblgihjdw dj{rd blw qdrwhjlw whj" dj wã ciwclw" duqrdwihjdw kdb edgeh kd |td ‒db qrhgdwh kd

qrhktggi÷j khcijl lb ehcord" dj vd~ kd khcijlr db ehcord l dwd qrhgdwh–* Db edgeh kd |td bl

‒lowhbt{l lì{lgi÷j kd bl vikl– wd djgtdj{rd ghj`dblkl dj fhrclw |td wd hqhjdj l bl `dj{d" |td wd

qrdwdj{d ghch ‒hond{h lndjh l jhwh{rhw–" dw dj wã ciwch bl jd`lgi÷j kd bl biodr{lk dj db wdj{ikh kd

lt{hkd{drcijlgi÷j ghbdg{ivl*

Bhw {rdw {hchw kd Db Glqi{lb whj tj kdwlrrhbbh kdb {dcl kdb fd{igeiwch kd bl cdrgljgãl* Dcqd~ljkh

qhr bl rdblgi÷j kd ij{drglcoih" Clru kdctdw{rl g÷ch bl i`tlbklk kd dw{l rdblgi÷j djgtord bl

duqbh{lgi÷j ijedrdj{d lb qrhgdwh kd qrhktggi÷j" y dj{hjgdw g÷ch glql l glql wd ghjw{rtydj

cdgljiwchw `djdrlkhrdw kd ciw{ifiglgi÷j |td hgtb{lj glkl vd~ cìw blw rdblgihjdw kd duqbh{lgi÷j* Db

glqi{lbiwch dw tj ‒ctjkh djglj{lkh" ijvdr{ikh y qtdw{h kd glod~l–<1kd fhrclw fd{igei~lklw* Dw tj

ctjkh frl`cdj{lkh" dj db gtlb blw ij{drrdblgihjdw dj{rd blw qdrwhjlw qdrcljdgdj hgtb{lw lj{d

jtdw{rhw hnhw* Gtljkh cirlchw db ctjkh" jh bh elgdchw cdrlcdj{d l {rlvéw kd tj bdj{d hqlgh" wijh

l {rlvéw kd tj bdj{d |tdorlkh dj cibbhjdw kd frl`cdj{hw kiw{ij{hw*

Wij dcolr`h" jh dw w÷bh jtdw{rl qdrgdqgi÷j kd bl rdlbiklk bh |td dw{ì frl`cdj{lkl> bl rdlbiklk ciwcl

{lcoiéj bh dw{ì* Blw fhrclw olnh blw gtlbdw blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw wd qrdwdj{lj dj db glqi{lbiwch jh

whj cdrlcdj{d fhrclw kd lqlridjgil* Jh wd {rl{l {lj w÷bh kd |td blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw lqlrd~glj dj

fhrcl frl`cdj{lkl ghch ghwlw> blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw kd edgeh dw{ìj frl`cdj{lklw y cdkilklw l

{rlvéw kd blw ghwlw" dw éwl bl fhrcl dj bl gtlb dbblw duiw{dj* Gtljkh ghcqrlchw tj lt{h" qhr dndcqbh"

bl jl{trlbd~l kd bl rdblgi÷j dj{rd bhw qrhktg{hrdw kdb lt{h y jtdw{rh qrhqih {rlolnh {hcl bl fhrcl kd

tjl rdblgi÷j dj{rd jtdw{rh kijdrh y db lt{h> bl rdblgi÷j whgilb wd qrdwdj{l" lqlrdgd ghch tjl rdblgi÷j

dj{rd ghwlw* Ijgbtwh" lþj kdwqtéw kd elodrbh dj{djkikh" bl rdblgi÷j |td wd kl dj{rd jhwh{rhw y |tidjdw

qrhktndrhj db lt{h ghj{ijþl widjkh cdkilkl qhr db ij{drglcoih kd cdrgljgãlw* Bl frl`cdj{lgi÷j kd

bl whgidklk jh wd djgtdj{rl w÷bh dj jtdw{rl cdj{d" dw{ì kd edgeh dw{lobdgikl y dw ghjw{lj{dcdj{drdqrhktgikl l {rlvéw kd blw qrìg{iglw whgilbdw*

;* Fd{igeiwch y kdwghcqhwigi÷j kd gblwd

Bl {dhrãl clruiw{l kdb fd{igeiwch kd bl cdrgljgãl jh dw kiw{ij{l kd wt {dhrãl kd gblwd* Db qlqdbkhcijlj{d kd bl cdrgljgãl ghch cdkilkhrl kd blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw jh dw ijkdqdjkidj{d kd bl

jl{trlbd~l kd bl duqbh{lgi÷j* Qhr db ghj{rlrih" dw g÷ch bl duqbh{lgi÷j dj bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l wd

dw{lobdgd cdkilj{d bl ghcqrl#vdj{l kd ftdr~l kd {rlolnh #ghch cdrgljgãl# bh |td elgd |td blw

rdblgihjdw cdrglj{ibdw wd ̀ djdrlbigdj dj bl whgidklk* Bh icqhr{lj{d dw bl fhrcl ‒cdkilj{d bl gtlb db

qbtw{rlolnh jh rdctjdrlkh dw du{rlikh kd bhw qrhktg{hrdw kirdg{hw–*

Ghch dj h{rlw {lj{lw whgidklkdw gblwiw{lw" db glqi{lbiwch dw{ì olwlkh dj bl du{rlggi÷j kdb dugdkdj{d

kd {rlolnh l bhw qrhktg{hrdw kirdg{hw* Bh |td kiw{ij`td l bl duqbh{lgi÷j glqi{lbiw{l kd h{rhw {iqhw kd

duqbh{lgi÷j dw db edgeh kd dw{lr cdkilkl l {rlvéw kdb ij{drglcoih* Bhw {rlolnlkhrdw whj biordw dj db

khobd wdj{ikh kd dw{lr biodrlkhw kd bl~hw qdrwhjlbdw kd wdrviktcord" y kd jh {djdr ghj{rhb lb`tjh

whord bhw cdkihw kd qrhktggi÷j> db qricdr lwqdg{h kd wt biodr{lk bdw qdrci{d" y db wd`tjkh" bhw hobi`l

l vdjkdr wt ftdr~l kd {rlolnh qlrl qhkdr whordvivir* Dj rdw{i{tgi÷j rdgiodj l glcoih kdb vlbhr kd wt

ftdr~l kd {rlolnh" tj vlbhr dj fhrcl kd wlblrih* Db glqi{lbiw{l qhjd l blohrlr l bhw {rlolnlkhrdw y dbbhw

qrhktgdj tj vlbhr wtqdrihr lb kd wt ftdr~l kd {rlolnh= dw{d vlbhr lkigihjlb" h qbtwvlbhr" wd bh lqrhqil

db glqi{lbiw{l dj fhrcl kd `ljljgil*

Db edgeh kd |td bl duqbh{lgi÷j dj bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l dw{é cdkilkl l {rlvéw kd bl ghcqrl#vdj{l kd

ftdr~l kd {rlolnh #ghch cdrgljgãl# hgtb{l bl jl{trlbd~l kd gblwd kd bl rdblgi÷j dj{rd db glqi{lbiw{l y db



0

{rlolnlkhr qhr bh cdjhw dj khw wdj{ikhw* Dj qricdr bt`lr" bl rdblgi÷j dj{rd db glqi{lb y db {rlolnh dw{ì

frl`cdj{lkl* Lwtcd bl fhrcl kd cty vlrilkhw ghj{rl{hw blohrlbdw qlg{lkhw dj{rd cty kivdrwhw

{rlolnlkhrdw y cty kivdrwhw ql{rhjdw* Dw{h jh w÷bh `djdrl kiviwihjdw dj{rd glqi{lbdw" wijh {lcoiéj

icqbigl kiviwihjdw dj{rd bhw {rlolnlkhrdw ghj{rl{lkhw qhr kifdrdj{dw glqi{lbiw{lw* Bl frl`cdj{lgi÷j

`djdrlb kd bl rdlbiklk whgilb wd rdfbdnl djbl frl`cdj{lgi÷j %lqlrdj{d y rdlb) kd blw rdblgihjdw kd gblwd*

Bl whgidklk jh wd qrdwdj{l olnh bl fhrcl kd gblwdw lj{l`÷jiglw" wijh |td bh elgd ghch tjl `rlj

vlridklk kd `rtqhw" glkl tjh ghj wtw ij{drdwdw qlr{igtblrdw* Bl whgidklk wd qrdwdj{l ghch" y

qrhqilcdj{d dw" tjl whgidklk l{hci~lkl y frl`cdj{lkl*

Dj wd`tjkh bt`lr" bl rdblgi÷j duiw{dj{d dj{rd db glqi{lb y db {rlolnh jh wd qrdwdj{l dj cljdrl lb`tjl

ghch tjl rdblgi÷j kd duqbh{lgi÷j" wijh ghch tjl rdblgi÷j kd kdwi`tlbklk" kd tjl %qhwiobd) ijntw{igil*

Bl rdblgi÷j kd duqbh{lgi÷j lqlrdgd ghch tjl rdblgi÷j kd ij{drglcoih dj{rd db ql{r÷j %righ) y db

dcqbdlkh %qhord)* Bh |td lqlrdgd jh dw db lj{l`hjiwch kirdg{h kd bl duqbh{lgi÷j" db ijgdwlj{d

ghjfbig{h lwhgilkh ghj bl du{rlggi÷j kd qbtw{rlolnh |td wd du{rld l bhw qrhktg{hrdw kirdg{hw" wijh tjl

whgidklk dj bl gtlb ely kdwi`tlbklk" ijntw{igil" ri|td~l y qhord~l* Bl rdblgi÷j kd duqbh{lgi÷j wd

qrdwdj{l ghch tj qrhobdcl kd clbl kiw{riotgi÷j* Bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l wd jhw qrdwdj{l ghch

ghjfhrclkl qhr ijkivikthw %righw h qhordw) cìw oidj |td ghch ij{d`rlkl qhr tj lj{l`hjiwch

ijgdwlj{d dj{rd gblwdw" bl duqbh{lkhrl y bl duqbh{lkl* Bhw |td btgelj qhr tj glcoih whgilb" jh lwtcdjbl fhrcl kd tjl btgel ghj{rl bl duqbh{lgi÷j" wijh cìw oidj gblclj qhr tjl clyhr ntw{igil whgilb" qhr

glcqlülw ghj{rl bl qhord~l" wd qdbdl qhr ‒bl biodr{lk" bl i`tlbklk" bl qrhqidklk y Odj{elc–z

4* Fd{igeiwch y fd{igei~lgi÷j

Db gtlkrh |td rdwtb{l kd bh lj{drihr dw kdqricdj{d* Bl whgidklk wd olwl dj bl duqbh{lgi÷j" dj bl

du{rlggi÷j kd {rlolnh jh rdctjdrlkh kd bl clwl kd bl qhoblgi÷j" wij dcolr`h bl fhrcl |td {hcl dw{l

duqbh{lgi÷j {idjd ghch ghjwdgtdjgil" {lj{h bl frl`cdj{lgi÷j kd bl whgidklk" ghch bl lqlridjgil kd

éw{l ghch tjl whgidklk jh duqbh{lkhrl* Bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l wd jhw qrdwdj{l l wã ciwcl ghch tjl

wdrid kd frl`cdj{hw |td whj `djdrlbi~lkhw kd cljdrl low{rlg{l dj bhw ghjgdq{hw kd vlbhr" kijdrh"

rdj{l" `ljljgil" Dw{lkh" {dgjhbh`ãl" `rtqhw kd qrdwi÷j" d{gé{drl* Bl þjigl cljdrl kd ghcqrdjkdr blwij{drghjduihjdw dj{rd {hkhw dw{hw ghjgdq{hw dw vdrbhw ghch fhrclw eiw{÷riglcdj{d dwqdgãfiglw kd

rdblgihjdw whgilbdw" qdrh" ghch edchw viw{h" dw{d glcijh dw{ì jd`lkh qlrl bl {dhrãl otr`tdwl> jh

jdgdwlrilcdj{d l gltwl kd lb`tjl dw{tqikd~ h kdwehjdw{iklk" wijh wicqbdcdj{d kdoikh l |td db

ghjgdq{h kd fhrcl whblcdj{d {idjd wdj{ikh wi tjh vd l bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l kdwkd db qtj{h kd viw{l

kd wt wtqdrlgi÷j* Dw ijdvi{lobd" dj{hjgdw" |td bl {dhrãl otr`tdwl %dw kdgir {hkl {dhrãl |td kl qhr

wdj{lkl bl ghj{ijtl duiw{djgil kd blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw glqi{lbiw{lw) w÷bh qtdkl bdvlj{lrwd whord blw

fhrclw kiwghj{ijtlw olnh blw |td wd qrdwdj{lj blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw* Bl kiviwi÷j" db ‒kivikd y

vdjgdrìw–" bl frl`cdj{lgi÷j" {lb dw db qrijgiqih kd bl low{rlggi÷j {d÷rigl kd blw {dhrãlw otr`tdwlw dj

khjkd wd ghjw{rtydj kivdrwlw kiwgiqbijlw ghch bl gidjgil qhbã{igl" bl dghjhcãl" bl whgihbh`ãl" db

kdrdgeh" blw gidjgilw kd bl ghcqt{lgi÷j" d{gé{drl* ghj gb hond{h kd ghcqrdjkdr l bl whgidklk* Db

rdwtb{lkh jh dw chw{rlr blw ij{drghjduihjdw duiw{dj{dw dj{rd blw kivdrwlw fhrclw frl`cdj{lklw kd blrdlbiklk whgilb" wijh db ghjwhbiklr kigel frl`cdj{lgi÷j* Cidj{rlw bl whgihbh`ãl kdwlrrhbbl wt {dhrãl kd

`rtqhw" bl gidjgil qhbã{igl kdwlrrhbbl wt {dhrãl kdb Dw{lkh" y bl dghjhcãl wt {dhrãl kdb kijdrh" bl

frl`cdj{lgi÷j whgilb lk|tidrd clyhr ghedrdjgil y wtw ij{drghjduihjdw wd vtdbvdj cdjhw qdjd{rlobdw*

Wij dcolr`h" dw{lw ij{drghjduihjdw jh whj {h{lbcdj{d icqdjd{rlobdw* Db Glqi{lb" dj {lj{h grã{igl l bl

{dhrãl otr`tdwl" dw tjl grã{igl l bl lqlrdj{d frl`cdj{lgi÷j kd bl whgidklk* Db ghjgdq{h kd fhrcl

icqbigl |td duiw{d lb`tjl ij{drghjdui÷j wtoylgdj{d dj{rd {hklw blw fhrclw* Dwl ij{drghjdui÷j dw bl

qrhktggi÷j y bl fhrcl dj |td bl `dj{d wd rdblgihjl ghj éw{l" dw kdgir" blw rdblgihjdw kd qrhktggi÷j*

Wtoylgdj{d l bl qrdwdj{lgi÷j kd bl whgidklk |td wd ctdw{rl l wã ciwcl ghch ghcqtdw{l kd

ijkivikthw cìw h cdjhw i`tlbdw" wd djgtdj{rl bl ij{drghjdui÷j kd ‒ijkivikthw– l bh blr`h kd bl

qrhktggi÷j> bl cljdrl dj bl |td wd hr`lji~l bl qrhktggi÷j dw bh |td kl bt`lr l bl ghjw{i{tgi÷j kdb

ijkivikth" lwã ghch l blw lqlrdj{dcdj{d l~lrhwlw kdwi`tlbklkdw |td wtr`dj dj{rd dbbhw* Bh |td



5

wtoylgd l bl frl`cdj{lgi÷j kd {lj kivdrwhw qrhgdwhw kd qrhktggi÷j dw db chvicidj{h kdb vlbhr" db

eibh |td tjd lb ctjkh |td elgd |td qrhgdwhw kd qrhktggi÷j lqlrdj{dcdj{d kdwvijgtblkhw wd ntj{dj"

dw db |td grdl bl bi`l dj{rd blw btgelw kd bhw cijdrhw kd glro÷j dj bl @rlj Ord{lül y blw ghjkigihjdw

kd {rlolnh kd bhw {rlolnlkhrdw kd bl ijktw{ril lt{hch{ri~ dj Céuigh" y vigdvdrwl*

Wij dcolr`h" db ghcqrdjkdr blw ij{drghjduihjdw dj{rd bhw kivdrwhw wd`cdj{hw kd bl whgidklk" jh

wi`jifigl |td bl frl`cdj{lgi÷j elyl wikh wtqdrlkl= ‒vdbl kd edgeh" dj vd~ kd rdvdblr" db glrìg{dr

whgilb kd bhw {rlolnhw qrivlkhw" y qhr {lj{h blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw dj{rd bhw {rlolnlkhrdw ijkiviktlbdw–"

qtdw dwd vdbh dw tj qrhktg{h kd blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw glqi{lbiw{lw* Qdrh" cidj{rlw dwl jdobijl duiw{l"

cidj{rlw bl whgidklk wi`l frl`cdj{lkl" ¸|té qhwioibiklk {djdchw kd tj glcoih whgilb rlkiglb8 Bl

qhwioibiklk kd tjl rdvhbtgi÷j lj{iglqi{lbiw{l qrdwtqhjd |td blw rdblgihjdw kd gblwd lqlrd~glj ghch

{lbdw" |td bl frl`cdj{lgi÷j %h kdwghcqhwigi÷j) kd bl gblwd hordrl wd wtqdrd* Db glqi{lbiwch dw tjl

whgidklk kd gblwdw |td jh qlrdgd wdrbh= qdrh wi jh lqlrdj{l wdr tjl whgidklk gblwiw{l" ¸g÷ch dw

qhwiobd |td wd qtdkl viwbtcorlr tjl rdvhbtgi÷j kd bl gblwd {rlolnlkhrl8 Wi bl kdwghcqhwigi÷j kd

gblwdw ghch lwqdg{h kdb fd{igeiwch kd bl cdrgljgãl dw ijedrdj{d l bl jl{trlbd~l kd blw rdblgihjdw

glqi{lbiw{lw" ¸g÷ch wdrì qhwiobd iclìjlr bl rdghcqhwigi÷j kd bl gblwd {rlolnlkhrl" jdgdwlril qlrl

rddcqbl~lr blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw glqi{lbiw{lw8

Duiw{dj vlrilw rdwqtdw{lw qhwiobdw l dw{d kibdcl" {hklw bhglbi~lobdw kdj{rh kd bl {rlkigi÷j clruiw{l*

Tjl qhwiobd rdwqtdw{l dw l|tdbbl kdb ij{dbdg{tlb {rììgh> l qdwlr kd |td jhwh{rhw dj glbiklk kd

ij{dbdg{tlbdw clruiw{lw" qhklchw qdjd{rlr blw lqlridjgilw" bh`rljkh lqrdgilr bh |td hgtrrd" bl

whgidklk |td jhw rhkdl dw{ì glkl vd~ cìw fd{igei~lkl* Bl gblwd {rlolnlkhrl dw{ì l {lb qtj{h

kdwghcqtdw{l h l{hci~lkl |td yl jh dw qhwiobd ghjwikdrlrbl dj fhrcl lb`tjl ghch db wtnd{h

rdvhbtgihjlrih* Jhwh{rhw qhkdchw y kdodchw qrh{dw{lr dj ghj{rl kd bl whgidklk duqbh{lkhrl y

kdw{rtg{hrl |td jhw rhkdl" qdrh gtlb|tidr hq{iciwch kdqlr{d jtdw{rl wdrì qhgh rdlbiw{l* Dw{l qhw{trl"

bl |td elgd kdb ij{dbdg{tlb clruiw{l tjl Glwljkrl qrhfdwihjlb" lkvir{idjkh dj vljh kd bhw kdwlw{rdw

qhr vdjir" {idjd tjl blr`l {rlkigi÷j |td wd rdchj{l l bl dwgtdbl kd Frljmftr{ y dw{ì kiwdcijlkl kd

cljdrl ghcqrdjwiobd elw{l jtdw{rhw kãlw*

Tjl wd`tjkl rdwqtdw{l lb kibdcl ghjwiw{d dj kdgir |td jhwh{rhw" dj {lj{h ij{dbdg{tlbdw clruiw{lw |td

edchw qdjd{rlkh dj blw lqlridjgilw fd{igei~lklw" {djdchw bl dwqdgilb rdwqhjwloibiklk kd kiwiqlr bl

jdobijl |td dj{hrqdgd bl viwi÷j kd blw ghwlw" kd wdülblr l bl gblwd {rlolnlkhrl blw ij{drghjduihjdw" kd

chw{rlrbd |té dw bh |td wd djgtdj{rl olnh bl wtqdrfigid* Dwl dw" grtklcdj{d" bl ghjgdqgi÷j |td ijwqirl

bl kiw{ijgi÷j |td elgd Bdjij dj{rd bl ghjgidjgil rdvhbtgihjlril y bl ghjgidjgil wijkiglbiw{l" y db

ghjwi`tidj{d qlqdb |td bd lkntkigl lb qlr{ikh rdvhbtgihjlrih*

Bh |td lcolw rdwqtdw{lw {idjdj dj ghcþj" kdnljkh kd blkh wtw hovilw kifdrdjgilw" dw bl l{riotgi÷j kd

tj qlqdb qrivibdìlkh lb ij{dbdg{tlb* Dj lcohw glwhw wd kl qhr wdj{lkh |td bl icqdjd{rloibiklk

fd{igeiw{l kd blw rdblgihjdw glqi{lbiw{lw dw tj edgeh dw{lobdgikh y |td whblcdj{d qhr cdkih kd bl

lg{iviklk ij{dbdg{tlb" qhr cdkih kd bl rl~÷j" qhkrdchw vdr l {rlvéw kd bl jdobijl* Db qlqdb kd bl {dhrãlclruiw{l wdrì db kd lg{tlr ghch lj{hrgel" qlrl lbtcorlr db glcijh l wd`tir %h qlrl chw{rlrjhw |td jh

ely {lb glcijh)*

Wij dcolr`h" wd qhkrãl lr`tcdj{lr |td bl jdobijl kdb fd{igeiwch jh ghjw{i{tyd bl ghr{ijl

icqdjd{rlobd" ghch wtìdrdj dw{lw {dhrãlw* Db Glqi{lb drl tjl grã{igl l bl {dhrãl otr`tdwl |td chw{r÷

wt olwd dj blw rdblgihjdw kd qrhktggi÷j* Dbbh jh wi`jifigl |td {hkh ctjkh dw{é ghcqbd{lcdj{d

icotikh kd blw ghjgdqgihjdw kd bl {dhrãl otr`tdwl* Ghch Clru wdülbl" blw ij{drghjduihjdw dj{rd bhw

fdj÷cdjhw whgilbdw whj cìw gblrlw qlrl bl ‒cdj{lbiklk qhqtblr– |td qlrl bhw {d÷righw kd bl

otr`tdwãl> ‒Jh jhw qtdkd clrlvibblr" ]…< |td bl dghjhcãl vtb`lr wd widj{l qdrfdg{lcdj{d l wtw

ljgelw y |td dwlw rdblgihjdw wd bd lqlrd~glj ghch {lj{h cìw dvikdj{dw gtlj{h cìw dwghjkikl dw{é dj

dbblw bl ghjdui÷j ij{drjl" qdrh cìw ghrrdwqhjklj l bl rdqrdwdj{lgi÷j hrkijlril–*



9

Dw{h wt`drirãl |td blw fhrclw fd{igei~lklw klklw olnh blw rdblgihjdw glqi{lbiw{lw jh ghjw{i{tydj tjl

gtoidr{l hqlgl |td hgtb{d ghcqbd{lcdj{d bl duqbh{lgi÷j kd gblwd l |tidjdw whj hond{h kd dbbl* Bl

lqlrdj{d jdt{rlbiklk y frl`cdj{lgi÷j kd blw fhrclw" blw dj`lühwlw kdwghjduihjdw" kdwdcohglj dj tj

ghjw{lj{d ghjfbig{h ghj bl duqdridjgil |td {idjdj bhw {rlolnlkhrdw kd bl hqrdwi÷j kd gblwd* Kijdrh"

glqi{lb" ij{dréw" rdj{l" `ljljgil" Dw{lkh whj {hkhw flg{hrdw ghcþjcdj{d vivikhw ghch lwqdg{hw kd tj

wiw{dcl `djdrlb kd hqrdwi÷j" l qdwlr kd |td wd wi`lj kdwghjhgidjkh wtw ij{drghjduihjdw qrdgiwlw* Wi

edchw kd wd`tir bl cd{ìfhrl kd Clru lgdrgl kd bl jdobijl {lb vd~ wdrãl cdnhr jh ghjwikdrlrbl ghch

tjl dw{ì{igl d icqdjd{rlobd jidobl" wijh ghch tjl ghr{ijl kiwghj{ijtl kd jdobijl" ghj qlr{dw cìw h

cdjhw kdjwlw* Blw ij{drghjduihjdw lqlrdgdj y kdwlqlrdgdj" qhr chcdj{hw bl jdobijl wd kiwqdrwl" dj

h{rlw hglwihjdw vtdbvd l kdwgdjkdr* Db fd{igeiwch jh dw dw{ì{igh" wijh tj qrhgdwh ghjw{lj{d kd

kdwfd{igei~lgi÷j(rdfd{igei~lgi÷j*

Db ghjgdoir lb fd{igeiwch ghch tj qrhgdwh kd {lb jl{trlbd~l {idjd icqhr{lj{dw ghjwdgtdjgilw" {lj{h

{d÷rigl ghch qhbã{iglcdj{d* Bl ghcqrdjwi÷j kdb fd{igeiwch ghch tj edgeh ghjwtclkh" ghch tjl

dwqdwl jidobl" bbdvl l tj ghjgdq{h kd bl rdvhbtgi÷j ghch cdrh dvdj{h" ghch tj dvdj{h du÷`djh |td

h wdrì vir{tlbcdj{d icqhwiobd %bl qhw{trl qdwiciw{l) h wdrì bl {ritjflb ghjgbtwi÷j kdb grdgicidj{h kdb

qlr{ikh* Lj{dw kd dwd dvdj{h db glqi{lbiwch dw tj wiw{dcl gdrrlkh |td wd`tirì blw ‒bdydw kdb

chvicidj{h– ljlbi~lklw dj Db Glqi{lb*

Db ghjgdoir lb fd{igeiwch ghch tj qrhgdwh kd kdwfd{igei~lgi÷j(rdfd{igei~lgi÷j" d|tivlbd l djfl{i~lr bl

frlìbiklk ijedrdj{d kd blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw glqi{lbiw{lw* Dw{d qrhgdwh kd

kdwfd{igei~lgi÷j(rdfd{igei~lgi÷j dw tjl btgel ghjw{lj{d* Db qrhgdwh kd qdjd{rlgi÷j kd bhw fd{igedw" db

qhjdr bhw frl`cdj{hw tjh ghj h{rh" dw wictb{ìjdlcdj{d tj qrhgdwh kd rdghcqhwigi÷j kd gblwd" bl

wtqdrlgi÷j kdb dw{lkh kd frl`cdj{lgi÷j kd bl gblwd {rlolnlkhrl* Dw cdkilj{d bl hr`lji~lgi÷j qrìg{igl

y bl btgel kd bl gblwd {rlolnlkhrl ghch wd dw{lobdgdj blw ij{drghjduihjdw whgilbdw" {lj{h dj bl qrìg{igl

ghch dj bl qdrgdqgi÷j* Db qrhgdwh hqtdw{h" db kd bl rdfd{igei~lgi÷j" dw lwiciwch tj qrhgdwh kd

kdwghcqhwigi÷j kd gblwd" tj rhcqicidj{h kd blw ij{drghjduihjdw dw{lobdgiklw" {lj{h dj bl qrìg{igl

ghch dj bl {dhrãl*

Bl wtqdrvivdjgil kdb glqi{lb kdqdjkd kdb dui{hwh qrhgdwh kd rdfd{igei~lgi÷j" h bh |td dw bh ciwch" kd

bl dui{hwl kdwghcqhwigi÷j kd bl gblwd* Bl rdqrhktggi÷j kdb glqi{lb jh dw lt{hcì{igl> éw{l wd bh`rl qhr

cdkih kd bl btgel*

Wi db fd{igeiwch el kd wdr ghcqrdjkikh ghch tj qrhgdwh" dj{hjgdw" dbbh el kd lfdg{lr bl ghcqrdjwi÷j

kd blw gl{d`hrãlw qblj{dlklw qhr Clru* Blw fhrclw kd blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw ljlbi~lklw qhr Clru jh

whj fhrclw gdrrlklw* Wd el viw{h |td db vlbhr jh dw w÷bh tjl fhrcl kd rdblgi÷j whgilb" wijh {lcoiéj

tjl fhrcl kd rdblgihjdw whgilbdw lj{l`÷jiglw* Clw wi db lj{l`hjiwch el kd {djdr tj wdj{ikh" {djkrì

|td elodr tj dbdcdj{h kd ijgdr{iktcord" h kd lqdr{trl" dj db wdjh kd bl gl{d`hrãl* Kdgir |td blw

rdblgihjdw whgilbdw whj lj{l`÷jiglw dw bh ciwch |td kdgir |td wd kdwlrrhbblj l {rlvéw kd btgel" |td

qhr dbbh ciwch nlcìw qhkrìj wdr viw{lw ghch qrdkd{drcijlklw* Dj{hjgdw" qlrl dj{djkdr lb vlbhr"kdodchw kd lorir qhr ghcqbd{h bl gl{d`hrãl" dj{djkdr db vlbhr ghch btgel" tjl btgel kd bl |td

ijdvi{lobdcdj{d fhrclchw qlr{d* Kdgir |td blw cdrgljgãlw wd ij{drglcoilj qhr wt vlbhr ghjw{i{tyd

tjl `djdrlbi~lgi÷j vdrklkdrl" qdrh dbbh gidr{lcdj{d jh rdqrdwdj{l tj qrhgdwh tjifhrcd y lt{hcì{igh*

Dw{h jh whbh wd kdod l blw chkifiglgihjdw ij{rhktgiklw qhr Clru %blw kiw{ijgihjdw dj{rd qrdgih" qrdgih

kd qrhktggi÷j" vlbhr" d{g*)" wijh kdoikh l |td" kd edgeh" blw cdrgljgãlw l cdjtkh whj rholklw* Db

vlbhr kdqdjkd kdb rdwqd{h l bl qrhqidklk" y ghch gtlb|tidrl |td elyl bbdvlkh l tj jiüh qd|tdüh l

tjl {idjkl" h elyl ghqilkh rdgidj{dcdj{d tj glwwd{{d" tj kiwmd{{d" h tj biorh" oidj wlod |td db rdwqd{h

l bl qrhqidklk dw vdrklkdrlcdj{d cty kéoib dj jtdw{rl whgidklk* Tjl cìw h cdjhw tjifhrcd

hqdrlgi÷j kd vlbhr wd clj{idjd dj bl qrìg{igl qhr tj ijcdjwh lqlrl{h kd dktglgi÷j y ghdrgi÷j*

Gtljkh kdgichw |td db vlbhr dw tjl fhrcl kd rdblgi÷j whgilb" dw{lchw hobi`lkhw l rdghjhgdr db

lj{l`hjiwch ghj{djikh dj dw{l lfirclgi÷j" l rdghjhgdr bl ftdr~l kd bl lj{ã{dwiw kdb vlbhr jh w÷bh djtjl whgidklk qhwrdvhbtgihjlril" wijh kdj{rh kd bl ciwcl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l*



<1

[lb vd~ wd qtdkl elgdr tjl ljlbh`ãl dj{rd blw fhrclw kd rdblgi÷j whgilb ljlbi~lklw qhr Clru dj blw

gl{d`hrãlw kd vlbhr" kijdrh" rdj{l" d{gé{drl* y db cl{richjih dj tjl whgidklk {rlkigihjlb* Wd qhkrãl

kdgir kd {lb whgidklk |td db cl{richjih dw bl fhrcl dj |td dwl whgidklk hr`lji~l blw rdblgihjdw

wdutlbdw* Wij dcolr`h" lþj dj bl whgidklk cìw {rlkigihjlb" bl ij{djwl lì{lgi÷j |td `djdrl db wduh

|tdorlj{l bhw bl~hw cl{richjilbdw tjl y h{rl vd~" {lj{h dj db qdjwlcidj{h ghch dj bl qrìg{igl* Dwh

jh |tidrd kdgir |td {hkh lg{h wdutlb ftdrl kdb cl{richjih wdl rdvhbtgihjlrih" lwã ghch jh bh dw db

rhoh lb ij{drihr kd bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l= qhr db ghj{rlrih" ijgbtwivd qhkrãl nt~`ìrwdbd ghch tj l`dj{d

rdfhr~lkhr kd bl ijw{i{tgi÷j cl{richjilb* Cìw wdrãl gblrlcdj{d d|tivhglkh lgdq{lr kd qricdrl

ijw{ljgil bl qrhqhwigi÷j kd |td db cl{richjih dw bl fhrcl |td lwtcdj blw rdblgihjdw wdutlbdw dj dwl

whgidklk wij lqrdgilr bl ftdr~l kd wt lj{ã{dwiw*

Blw fhrclw kd rdblgi÷j whgilb ljlbi~lklw dj Db Glqi{lb whj fhrclw |td ghj{idjdj wt qrhqil lj{ã{dwiw*

Db glqi{lbiwch dw tjl whgidklk fd{igei~lkl y lbidjlkl" qdrh bl rl~÷j |td jhw qdrci{d rdghjhgdrbl

ghch {lb y bl rl~÷j kd |td qhklchw ghjgdoir l tjl whgidklk biord kdb fd{igeiwch y kd lbijdlgi÷j"

wtr`d kdb edgeh kd |td bl lj{ã{dwiw kd tjl whgidklk dw{ì ghj{djikl dj wã ciwcl* Bl ‒ij{djwl lì{lgi÷j

kd bl vikl– wd djgtdj{rl glt{ivl olnh fhrclw fd{igei~lklw" olnh tjl wdrid kd hond{hw" qdrh dw{ì widcqrd

lbbã" ghj{ijtlcdj{d dugdkidjkh wtw bãci{dw" dj {hkh chcdj{h fhr~ljkh l blw fhrclw fd{igei~lklw l

rdghjw{i{tirwd kd cljdrl |td bl wi`lj {djidjkh glt{ivl*

Jtdw{rl duqdridjgil kd bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l dw" qhr bh {lj{h" wtclcdj{d ghj{rlkig{hril* Db kijdrh dw

db kijdrh" tj hond{h* Qdrh db kijdrh dw lwiciwch lcqbilcdj{d duqdricdj{lkh ghch qhkdr" ghch tjl

rdblgi÷j kd gblwd" qhr cty vl`l |td éw{l wdl* Bl qrdhgtqlgi÷j lbrdkdkhr kd bl ‒ntw{igil– kdb ghj{rl{h

wlblrilb" ghduiw{d ghj duqrdwihjdw cty kirdg{lw kd rdodbi÷j dj ghj{rl kd bl duqbh{lgi÷j dj db bt`lr kd

{rlolnh* Cidj{rlw cìw ij{djwhw whj bhw lj{l`hjiwchw whgilbdw" cìw ijdw{lobdw wdrìj blw lqlridjgilw

fd{igei~lklw kd blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw* Jh dw bl rdfbdui÷j {d÷rigl" wijh bl irl wtrìkl kd bl duqdridjgil

kd bl hqrdwi÷j bh |td qrhqhrgihjl db dw{ibd{d qlrl kdwolrl{lr blw ciw{ifiglgihjdw kd bl whgidklk

glqi{lbiw{l* Db qlqdb kd bl {dhrãl jh dw db kd `tãl" wijh db kd bblclr bl l{djgi÷j whord bl jl{trlbd~l

ghj{rlkig{hril kd bl duqdridjgil" db kd klrbdw clyhr ghedrdjgil l blw ij{drghjduihjdw vl`lcdj{d

qdrgioiklw" db kd kiftjkir blw bdggihjdw kd bl btgel*

Tjl jdobijl |td vl y vidjd" tj ghj{ijth qrhgdwh kdwfd{igei~lgi÷j(rdfd{igei~lgi÷j" qhkrãl qlrdgdr tjl

ghjgdqgi÷j dj{drlcdj{d glrdj{d kd dw{rtg{trl y kirdggi÷j= qdrh jh dw éwd db glwh* Bl vlrilj{d jdobijl

jh wd chkifigl wij kirdggi÷j* Bhw qrhgdwhw kd kdwfd{igei~lgi÷j(rdfd{igei~lgi÷j" y bhw kd

rdghcqhwigi÷j y kdwghcqhwigi÷j kd gblwd whj qrhgdwhw eiw{÷righw |td wi`tdj gidr{hw ri{chw* Dj tjl

griwiw bl lqlrdj{dcdj{d tjifhrcd lt{hrrdqrhktggi÷j kd bl whgidklk wd ij{drrtcqd* Bhw lj{l`hjiwchw

whgilbdw wd ij{djwifiglj" wtr`dj tjl jtdvl hr`lji~lgi÷j y tjl jtdvl btgel" ghjduihjdw jh viw{lw

ktrlj{d blr`h {idcqh rdlqlrdgdj* Blw griwiw duqrdwlj bl kdwfd{igei~lgi÷j kd bl whgidklk glqi{lbiw{l" bl

rdghcqhwigi÷j kd bl gblwd {rlolnlkhrl*

6* Griwiw" dghjhcãl clruiw{l y gidjgil qhbã{igl clruiw{l

Blw griwiw jh whj griwiw dghj÷ciglw qdrh wd qrdwdj{lj ghch {lbdw* Blw griwiw duqrdwlj bl ijdw{loibiklk

dw{rtg{trlb kd blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw glqi{lbiw{lw" bl ijdw{loibiklk kd bl rdblgi÷j oìwigl duiw{dj{d dj{rd

glqi{lb y {rlolnh whord bl gtlb wd olwl bl whgidklk* Wd qrdwdj{lj ghch griwiw kd bl dghjhcãl" blw gtlbdw

qhkrãlj bbd`lr l {djdr dfdg{hw dj h{rlw dwfdrlw kd bl vikl whgilb*

Db ghjgdq{h kd bl dghjhcãl ghch tj flg{hr dwqdgãfigh kd bl whgidklk lqlrdgd w÷bh ghj db wtrìcidj{h

kdb glqi{lbiwch* Dj éqhglw qrdglqi{lbiw{lw dwd {ércijh wd rdfdrãl l bhw lwtj{hw kdb eh`lr %kdb `rid`h

himhw#glwl" eìoi{l{)" y jh wd elgãl tjl kiw{ijgi÷j gblrl dj{rd bl lkcijiw{rlgi÷j kdb eh`lr y bl

dghjhcãl" h dj{rd bl qhbã{igl y bl dghjhcãl" h dj{rd {dhrãl dghj÷cigl y fibhwhfãl chrlb* Dw{l ltwdjgil

kd kiw{ijgi÷j kd bh dghj÷cigh ghch tj rdijh ghjgdq{tlb lqlr{d {djãl wt olwd dj bl jl{trlbd~l kd blw

rdblgihjdw whgilbdw qrdglqi{lbiw{lw* Blw rdblgihjdw whw{djiklw dj{rd dwgblvh y lch" h dj{rd widrvh y



<<

wdühr fdtklb ftdrhj rdblgihjdw ijkiw{ij`tiobdcdj{d qhbã{iglw y dghj÷ciglw> db wdühr fdtklb jh

whblcdj{d du{rlãl db {rlolnh dugdkdj{d kd wtw widrvhw" wijh |td kd i`tlb fhrcl dndrgãl lt{hriklk ntkigilb y ‒qhbã{igl– whord dbbhw*

Whblcdj{d ghj db lkvdjicidj{h kdb glqi{lbiwch y ghj bl wdqlrlgi÷j kd bl duqbh{lgi÷j %dndrgikl qhr db

glqi{lbiw{l) kdb clj{djicidj{h kdb hrkdj whgilb %dndrgikh qhr db Dw{lkh) dcdr`dj ghch ghjgdq{hw bl

‒dghjhcãl– %qricdrh ghch dghjhcãl qhbã{igl) y bl ‒qhbã{igl–* Wt ghjwhbiklgi÷j ghch ghjgdq{hw %y

cìw {lrkd ghch kiwgiqbijlw tjivdrwi{lrilw) qrhvidjd kd bl wdqlrlgi÷j cdjgihjlkl*

Bhw ghjgdq{hw kd ‒qhbã{igl– y ‒dghjhcãl– whj qhr {lj{h duqrdwihjdw kdb glqi{lbiwch* Whj gl{d`hrãlw

fd{igei~lklw h wtqdrfigilbdw dj {lj{h |td rdfbdnlj bl frl`cdj{lgi÷j kd bl whgidklk* Bl wdqlrlgi÷j kd bl

duqbh{lgi÷j kdb clj{djicidj{h kdb hrkdj dw tj lwqdg{h kd bl ‒cljdrl dwqdgãfigl dj bl |td db

qbtwvlbhr dw du{rlãkh kd bhw qrhktg{hrdw kirdg{hw–> dw db edgeh kd |td bl duqbh{lgi÷j dw{é cdkilkl l

{rlvéw kd bl ghcqrl#vdj{l kd bl ftdr~l kd {rlolnh #ghch cdrgljgãl# icqbigl bl wdqlrlgi÷j kdb qrhgdwh

ijcdkil{h kd duqbh{lgi÷j" kd bl ghdrgi÷j whgilb |td ijdvi{lobdcdj{d wd rd|tidrd qlrl clj{djdr bl

dw{loibiklk dj tjl whgidklk kd gblwdw* Bl wdqlrlgi÷j kd bh dghj÷cigh y bh qhbã{igh dw" dj{hjgdw" tj

lwqdg{h kd blw rdblgihjdw kd gblwd glqi{lbiw{lw" h" dj h{rlw qlblorlw" bh dghj÷cigh y bh qhbã{igh whj" dj

vir{tk kd bl wdqlrlgi÷j |td bhw ghjw{i{tyd" chcdj{hw kd bl rdblgi÷j |td wd kl dj{rd glqi{lb y {rlolnh"dw kdgir" fhrclw dwqdgãfiglw kd bl rdblgi÷j kdb glqi{lb* Db klr qhr wdj{lkl dw{l kiw{ijgi÷j kd bh qhbã{igh

y bh dghj÷cigh icqbigl db jh qdrgioir db qrhobdcl kd bl fhrcl" y qhr {lj{h" ghjwhbiklr db fd{igeiwch

ijedrdj{d dj bhw ghjgdq{hw* Clru dwgrioi÷ Db Glqi{lb jh ghch tjl dblohrlgi÷j kd bl {dhrãl dghj÷cigl

ji ghch db ftjklcdj{h qlrl tjl dghjhcãl lb{drjl{ivl kd bl gblwd {rlolnlkhrl" wijh ghch tjl grã{igl l

bl dghjhcãl qhbã{igl |td ctdw{rl |td bhw ghjgdq{hw kd dw{l kiwgiqbijl duqrdwlj blw fhrclw kd

lqlridjgil kd blw rdblgihjdw glqi{lbiw{lw kd gblwd*

Qhr dbbh" dw lt{hghj{rlkig{hrih" eloblr kd tjl dghjhcãl qhbã{igl clruiw{l* Bl grã{igl kd Clru jh bh drl

whblcdj{d kd {dhrãlw dwqdgãfiglw" wijh {lcoiéj kd bl dblohrlgi÷j kd tjl {dhrãl whord bl olwd kd bl

fhrclw wtqdrfigilbdw olnh blw gtlbdw wd qrdwdj{lj bl rdblgihjdw kd gblwd* Bl dghjhcãl" dw db dw{tkih kd

bhw hond{hw" kd blw ftdr~lw %ghch kijdrh" db vlbhr" bl rdj{l" db ij{dréw" d{g*) |td ri`dj bl vikl kd bl`dj{d" y {rl{l l {lbdw dj{iklkdw ghch {lbdw" y jh ghch fhrclw kd rdblgi÷j whgilb |td ‒bbdvlj

ghjwi`jlkh dj wt wtqdrfigid dj glrlg{drdw ijd|tãvhghw |td qdr{djdgdj l tj {iqh kd whgidklk dj bl |td

db qrhgdwh kd qrhktggi÷j dndrgd db khcijih whord db ehcord" dj vd~ kd |td wdl l bl ijvdrwl–* Lb {rl{lr

l wtw gl{d`hrãlw ghch hond{hw" y jh ghch duqrdwihjdw kd rdblgihjdw whgilbdw" bl dghjhcãl

ijdvi{lobdcdj{d {rl{l l blw qdrwhjlw ghch hond{hw kdb glcoih whgilb low{rlg{hw y qlwivhw*

Bl dghjhcãl otr`tdwl lgdq{l wtw gl{d`hrãlw {lb y ghch éw{lw wd qrdwdj{lj* Db kijdrh dw kijdrh> bl

blohr kd bl dghjhcãl dw ghcqrdjkdr wt rdblgi÷j ghj h{rlw gl{d`hrãlw dghj÷ciglw" blw bdydw |td

`hoidrjlj db chvicidj{h kdb kijdrh" d{gé{drl* Kdoikh l |td db kijdrh jh dw ghjgdoikh ghch tjl

fhrcl kd rdblgi÷j whgilb" jh wd elgd jij`þj ij{dj{h qhr lorir ghcqbd{lcdj{d blw gl{d`hrãlw" qhr

rdvdblr ‒bhw hrã`djdw kdb kdwlrrhbbh dghj÷cigh dj blw lg{iviklkdw ghjgrd{lw kd ehcordw y ctndrdwghcqrhcd{ikhw dj bl vikl whgilb–

Lþj lwã db fd{igeiwch jh kdwlqlrdgd ghj bl grã{igl kd wt duiw{djgil" ghch {lcqhgh db qhw{tblkh

ghjgdq{tlb otr`téw kdwlqlrdgd ghj db rdghjhgicidj{h kd wt wtqdrfigilbiklk* Db twh |td bd kih dbciwch Clru lb {ércijh ‒dghj÷cigh– dw lcoi`th h ghj{rlkig{hrih %ghch dj db glwh kdb ‒Qr÷bh`h– kd

<549" qhr dndcqbh) y bl {rlkigi÷j kd bl ‒dghjhcãl clruiw{l– dw cty ftdr{d" wtlvi~ljkh blw

ghj{rlkiggihjdw |td wtr`dj kd bl bdg{trl kd Db Glqi{lb kdj{rh kdb lcoidj{d tjivdrwi{lrih*

Wi ghj{dcqblchw db vlbhr y bl griwiw kdwkd bl qdrwqdg{ivl kd bl dghjhcãl clruiw{l" ho{djdchw tjl

icl`dj kiw{ij{l kd bl qrdwdj{lkl elw{l lehrl* Ctgelw kd blw wtqhwigihjdw kd bl {dhrãl otr`tdwl whj

rdqrdwdj{lklw dj bl kiwgtwi÷j kd blw gl{d`hrãlw clruiw{lw" tjl vd~ |td {lbdw gl{d`hrãlw whjviw{lw ghch

dghj÷ciglw* Blw gl{d`hrãlw qdrcljdgdj gdrrlklw* L qdwlr kd wdülblr |td db vlbhr dw tjl rdblgi÷j



<?

whgilb" y |td jh {djkrãl gloikl dj tjl whgidklk whgilbiw{l" wd wi`td wtqhjidjkh |td" kdj{rh kd bhw

ghjfijdw kdb glqi{lbiwch" wd qtdkd {rl{lr lb vlbhr ghch tjl gl{d`hrãl dghj÷cigl* Lwã" qhr dndcqbh" lb

ljlbi~lr db vlbhr" {ãqiglcdj{d wd qrdw{l cìw l{djgi÷j l bl cl`ji{tk kdb ciwch" y bl gtdw{i÷j kd bl

fhrcl dw dj `rlj cdkikl hbviklkl* Dw{h dw vdrklk jh whblcdj{d kd bhw bblclkhw jdhriglrkiljhw" wijh

{lcoiéj kd {d÷righw lcqbilcdj{d rdghjhgikhw ghch clruiw{lw* Ghcþjcdj{d bl bdy kdb vlbhr wd

ghjwikdrl ghch tjl kdchw{rlgi÷j kd ‒g÷ch blw kiw{ij{lw glj{iklkdw kd {rlolnh whgilbcdj{d jdgdwlrih

qlrl qrhktgir cdrgljgãlw rd`tblj bhw qrdgihw–* Bl grã{igl kdb vlbhr ghch fhrcl wd qidrkd" y wd

ghjwdrvl bl riìkd~ kdb qdjwlcidj{h otr`téw* Ltj|td wd kigd |td db vlbhr dw tjl rdblgi÷j whgilb" lb

lwqdg{h whgilb kd dbbl wd bd clj{idjd dj db fhjkh y wd bd dueioirãl kdwqtéw kd bl rdvhbtgi÷j" ‒tjl vd~

|td l bhw qrhktg{hrdw kirdg{hw wd bdw kdvtdbvl wt glbiklk kd wtnd{h" y kdndj kd wdr ghjwikdrlkhw hond{h

kd bl qrhktggi÷j–* <%)Wi bhw {rlolnlkhrdw jh whj cìw |td hond{h kd qrhktggi÷j" wi" qhr icqbiglgi÷j" db

fd{igeiwch dw {h{lb" dj{hjgdw I{he {idjd rl~÷j* Jh elorì jdgdwiklk kd lorir qhr ghcqbd{h bl gl{d`hrãl

kd vlbhr %lqlr{d kd vdrbl kdwkd tjl qdrwqdg{ivl eiw{÷rigl)" y db glqi{lbiwch qhkrì wdr dj{djkikh dj

{ércijhw kd wtw ‒bdydw kd chvicidj{h–* Qdrh" wi bhw {rlolnlkhrdw jh whj cìw |td hond{hw kd

qrhktggi÷j" bl rdvhbtgi÷j qlrdgdrãl wdr qrìg{igl y {d÷riglcdj{d icqhwiobd* H" cìw oidj" bl þjigl

cljdrl kd qdjwlr dj bl rdvhbtgi÷j wdrì ghjgioiéjkhbl ghch tj lghj{dgicidj{h du{drjh*

Dw{lw wtqhwigihjdw wd rdfbdnlj dj `rlj qlr{d kd bl kiwgtwi÷j kd bl {dhrãl clruiw{l kd bl griwiw* Bh |tdkiw{ij`td lb clruiwch kd h{rlw fhrclw kd qdjwlcidj{h rlkiglb" wd wtìri÷ cìw lrriol> jh dj {lj{h wt

ljìbiwiw kd bl hqrdwi÷j glqi{lbiw{l h wt viwi÷j kdb whgilbiwch" wijh db edgeh kd wdr tjl {dhrãl kd bl

ijdw{loibiklk glqi{lbiw{l* Db glqi{lbiwch dw hqrdwivh" clw wd {rl{l kd tjl fhrcl kd hqrdwi÷j

lt{hghj{rlkig{hril d ijdw{lobd" Tjl {dhrãl kd bl griwiw ghjw{i{tyd tjl {dhrãl kd dw{l ijdw{loibiklk" y qhr

dbbh" tjl {dhrãl kd bl vhbl{ibiklk kd blw rdblgihjdw kd gblwd* Wij dcolr`h" ctgelw kd blw kiqt{lw whord

blgriwiw" bl lohrklj ghch tj lwtj{h du{drihr l blw rdblgihjdw kd gblwd y lndjh l bl btgel kd gblwdw* Dj

db cdnhr kd bhw glwhw" db ljìbiwiw kd bl griwiw `djdrl tj clrgh ghjgdq{tlb dj db |td bl btgel {djkrì

bt`lr" tj rdghrkl{hrih kd bl chr{ljklk kdb glqi{lbiwch" clw jh tjl {dhrãl kd blw rdblgihjdw kd gblwd*

Wd kiwgt{d" qhr dndcqbh" |td bl griwiw wd vtdbvd ijdvi{lobd qhr horl kd bl bdy kd bl olnl {djkdjgilb kd bl

{lwl kd `ljljgil= {lb griwiw icqbigl tjl ij{djwifiglgi÷j kd bl btgel kd gblwdw y qtdkd grdlr

hqhr{tjiklkdw kd tjl rdvhbtgi÷j> qdrh bl griwiw ghch {lb y bl {djkdjgil kd bl {lwl kd `ljljgil lkiwcijtir" whj {hklvãl dj{djkiklw ghch qrhgdwhw dghj÷cighw" lndjhw l bl btgel kd gblwd* Ghch

H‘Ghjjhr wdülbl" ‒db éjflwiw gtljkh cdjhw" kd bl {dhrãl {rlkigihjlb dw |td bl ftdr~l etcljl kd

{rlolnh dw {rl{lkl ghj éui{h ghch wi ftdrl cdrlcdj{d tj hond{h kd glcoih y {rlolnh" y |td bhw

{rlolnlkhrdw {idjdj qhgh h jij`þj qhkdr qlrl rdvdr{ir" ctgeh cdjhw rdkdfijir" db qrhgdwh kd

lt{hduqljwi÷j kdb glqi{lb dugdq{h dj db glwh kd tjl rdvhbtgi÷j whgilbiw{l–*

Qlrlk÷niglcdj{d" bh |td kdoãl wdr tjl {dhrãl kd bl frlìbiklk glqi{lbiw{l wd ghjvidr{d dj tjl

ghjw{rtggi÷j kd bl rdqrhktggi÷j glqi{lbiw{l* L cdjtkh dw{h lk|tidrd cl{igdw wtclcdj{d

ftjgihjlbiw{lw> bl rdqrhktggi÷j glqi{lbiw{l wd vtdbvd tj gãrgtbh gdrrlkh elw{l db chcdj{h dj |td wd kl

tjl rdvhbtgi÷j whgilbiw{l" qhr wtqtdw{h* Blw bdydw kdb chvicidj{h glqi{lbiw{l qrdwgriodj kd{drcijlkl

vãl kd dvhbtgi÷j" y elw{l db kãl kd bl rdvhbtgi÷j bhw {rlolnlkhrdw whj hond{h kd khcijlgi÷j*

Dj lühw rdgidj{dw wd elj wtgdkikh ij{dj{hw qhr biodrlrwd kdb kd{drcijiwch y kdb ftjgihjlbiwch kd bl{rlkigi÷j kd bl dghjhcãl clruiw{l" qrhgtrljkh kdwlrrhbblr tjl ‒{dhrãl qhbã{igl clruiw{l–*

Db ij{dj{h qhr kdwlrrhbblr tjl {dhrãl qhbã{igl clruiw{l wtr`d kd bl grã{igl l bl duqhwigi÷j |td elgd

Clru kd wt cé{hkh dj db ‒Qr÷bh`h– kd <549" kiwgt{ikh lj{drihrcdj{d* Dj {lj{h |td wd {hc÷ l éw{d

ghch bl qrdwgriqgi÷j kdfiji{ivl kdb cé{hkh clruiw{l #y {lb ftd db glwh ktrlj{d ctgehw lühw qlrl bl

‒hr{hkhuil– clruiw{l kd bhw qlr{ikhw ghctjiw{lw#" wd kdwgtik÷ bl kiwgtwi÷j {d÷rigl lgdrgl kdb Dw{lkh"

klkh |td bh qhbã{igh drl viw{h wicqbdcdj{d ghch qlr{d kd bl wtqdrdw{rtg{trl* L qlr{ir kd bl griwiw kd blhr{hkhuil kd bhw qlr{ikhw ghctjiw{lw hgtrrikl kdwkd bhw lühw wdwdj{l dj lkdblj{d" lb ‒Qr÷bh`h– kd

<549 wd bd gri{ig÷ qhr jh qdrci{ir lt{hjhcãl wtfigidj{d l bl wtqdrdw{rtg{trl" qlr{igtblrcdj{d l bhwjivdbdw qhbã{igh d ikdhb÷ìgh* Qhtblj{~lw dj qlr{igtblr lr`tcdj{÷ qdrwtlwivlcdj{d |td bl lt{hjhcãl



<7

rdbl{ivl kd bhw kiw{ij{hw jivdbdw bd qdrci{ãl l tjh kdwlrrhbblr tjl gidjgil qhbã{igl clruiw{l kiw{ij{l" |td

ghcqbdcdj{lrãl bl dghjhcãl kdwlrrhbblkl qhr Clru dj Db Glqi{lb* Kdwkd dw{l qdrwqdg{ivl" db

qrhobdcl kd bl {rlkigi÷j dghj÷cigl clruiw{l dw db wdr ijghcqbd{l y whorddw{iclkl dj db dw|tdcl

{d÷righ* Bl b÷ìgl kd dw{l qhw{trl ghjwiw{d dj lfirclr |td db clruiwch kdodrãl kdwlrrhbblrwd kd tjl

{dhrãl dghj÷cigl kd bl whgidklk" l tjl {dhrãl ij{drkiwgiqbijlril kd bl whgidklk %widjkh db flg{hr

dghj÷cigh kd{drcijlj{d dj þb{icl ijw{ljgil)*

Db qrhobdcl kd bl qdrwqdg{ivl ij{drkiwgiqbijlril dw wicqbdcdj{d db kd lülkir fd{igeiwch lb fd{igeiwch*

Db djfh|td kd bl dghjhcãl clruiw{l jh dw ijghcqbd{h" qdrh dw wtqdrfigilb" dj db wdj{ikh kd |td kl qhr

wdj{lkl bl wdqlrlgi÷j kd blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw dj bl fhrcl kd rdblgihjdw dghj÷ciglw y rdblgihjdw

qhbã{iglw* Qrd{djkdr ghcqbdcdj{lr dwd djfh|td ghj tj ljìbiwiw kd bh qhbã{igh |td kd cljdrl wiciblrghjwikdrl l ‒bh qhbã{igh– ghch tj qtj{h kd qlr{ikl qlrl db ljìbiwiw" whblcdj{d ctb{iqbiglrãl bl

wtqdrfigilbiklk" hgtb{ljkh {hklvãl cìw kd jtdw{rl viwi÷j bl tjiklk kd blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw

frl`cdj{lklw* Kdgir" qhr dndcqbh" |td tjl griwiw jh dw þjiglcdj{d dghj÷cigl" wijh {lcoiéj qhbã{igl"

jh wirvd kd lytkl lb`tjl" l cdjhw |td lb ciwch {idcqh wd gtdw{ihjd bl jl{trlbd~l kd bh qhbã{igh y bh

dghj÷cigh* Dj bl qrìg{igl bh |td hgtrrd l cdjtkh dw |td bhw ljìbiwiw ‒qhbã{ighw– wdjgibblcdj{d

lgdq{lj ghch klkhw bhw clrghw ghjgdq{tlbdw dblohrlkhw dj bhw ljìbiwiw kd bhw dghjhciw{lw*

Bhw wtqtdw{hw ftjgihjlbiw{lw kd `rlj qlr{d kdb ljìbiwiw clruiw{l %qlr{igtblrcdj{d kd bl {rlkigi÷j kd bl

dghjhcãl clruiw{l) frdgtdj{dcdj{d wd rdqrhktgdj dj bl jhgi÷j ciwcl kd griwiw* Bl griwiw" ghch wd

vih cìw lrriol" jh icqbigl wicqbdcdj{d tj rhcqicidj{h" wijh" {lcoiéj" tj wlb{h gtlbi{l{ivh" tjl

ij{djwifiglgi÷j kdb qrhgdwh kd glcoih* Bl {dhrãl kd bl griwiw qrdwdj{l khw lwqdg{hw" lcohw

ghj{dcqblkhw dj bl rdfbdui÷j edgel qhr Clru dj Db Glqi{lb* Qhr tjl qlr{d" bl griwiw duqrdwl tj

rhcqicidj{h dj db ql{r÷j kd lgtctblgi÷j y ghjfrhj{l lb glqi{lb ghj ijkigihw kd wt chr{ljklk= db

kdwgdjwh dj bl {lwl kd `ljljgil ‒l{dw{i`tl bl bici{lgi÷j y db glrìg{dr whblcdj{d eiw{÷righ y {rljwi{hrih

kdb chkh glqi{lbiw{l kd qrhktggi÷j–" <5Qhr h{rl qlr{d" bl griwiw hobi`l l tjl rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j kdb

glqi{lb> qhr cdkih kd bl kdw{rtggi÷j kd bhw glqi{lbdw qhgh dfigidj{dw y l {rlvéw kdb ltcdj{h kd bl

duqbh{lgi÷j wd widj{lj blw olwdw kd tj jtdvh qdrihkh kd lgtctblgi÷j kdb glqi{lb* Bl griwiw dw lb

ciwch {idcqh tj rhcqicidj{h y tjl rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j" icqbigl l bl vd~ bl ijdw{loibiklk

y bl rddw{loibi~lgi÷j kd blw rdblgihjdw kd gblwd* Db qrhobdcl rlkigl dj g÷ch ij{drqrd{lr bl

rdblgi÷jduiw{dj{d dj{rd dw{lw khw flgd{lw kd bl griwiw*

Dj kiw{ij{hw {idcqhw wd djfl{i~lj kivdrwhw lwqdg{hw kd bl griwiw* L fijdw kd bhw wdwdj{l y qrijgiqihw kd

bhw wd{dj{l" gtljkh lþj jh drl dvikdj{d qlrl {hkhw |td Mdyjdw jh eloãl rdwtdb{h db qrhobdcl kd bl

griwiw kdb glqi{lbiwch" db éjflwiw dj blw kiwgtwihjdw whord bl griwiw wd qhjãl" whord {hkh" dj wt

ijdvi{loibiklk" y wd bl ghjgdq{tlbi~lol ghch tjl rtq{trl dj db qrhgdwh kd lgtctblgi÷j* L cdkikl |td

bl griwiw wd cljifdw{lol y |tdklol gblrh |td bl rdvhbtgi÷j jh drl ijcijdj{d" db éjflwiw dj bl kiwgtwi÷j

glcoi÷ qlrl vdr l bl griwiw ghch tj qrhgdwh kd rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j" elgidjkh tj ij{dj{h qhr ij{drqrd{lr

bhw glcoihw whgilbdw ghch cljifdw{lgihjdw kd bl rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j kdb glqi{lb* Bh |td wd qdrki÷ ghjdw{d glcoih kd éjflwiw ftd bh rdbl{ivh l bl rdblgi÷j duiw{dj{d dj{rd blw khw flgd{lw kd bl griwiw" l wlodr"

bl rtq{trl y bl rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j*

Ghj frdgtdjgil wd wtqhjd |td blw khw flgd{lw kd bl griwiw whj kd edgeh ikéj{iglw d ijwdqlrlobdw* Bl

kdw{rtggi÷j kd tj ql{r÷j kd lgtctblgi÷j dw dj wã ciwcl bl grdlgi÷j kd bl olwd kd h{rh kiw{ij{h> bl

griwiw dw tjl ‒kdw{rtggi÷j grdl{ivl–" kigeh dw{h ghj bl frlwd kd Wgetcqd{dr Lwã" kdwkd bl qdrwqdg{ivl

kd Jd`ri %l qdwlr kd |td Jd`ri dw{é bdnhw kd qdr{djdgdr l bl {rlkigi÷j dghj÷cigl clruiw{l hr{hkhul

lgdq{l ctgehw kd bhw qrdwtqtdw{hw kd bl dghjhcãl clruiw{l)" wd qhjd kd cljifidw{h bl rdbdvljgil kd

Wgetcqd{dr" |tidj ei~h dvikdj{d qlrl bl otr`tdwãl bh |td Clru eloãl wdülblkh yl ghj lühw kd

lj{igiqlgi÷j" dw{h dw" |td blw griwiw whj qlr{d ij{d`rlb kdb kdwlrrhbbh glqi{lbiw{l* Qlrdgd duiw{ir tj

wtqtdw{h" {lj{h dj db lr`tcdj{h kd Jd`ri ghch dj blw ghjgdqgihjdw kd ctgehw h{rhw {d÷righw kd bl

griwiw" |td bl kdfijdj ghch tj qrhgdwh kd ‒kdw{rtggi÷j grdl{ivl–" y |td lwtcd |td bhw khw lwqdg{hw



<;

kd bl griwiw wicqbdcdj{d wd ftjkdj* Qdrh dw{h dw qrdgiwlcdj{d lehjklr dj db ftjgihjlbiwch kd bl

dghjhcãl otr`tdwl> wi bl griwiw dw {lcoiéj tjl ijdvi{lobd rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j kdb glqi{lb" dj{hjgdw bl

rdqrhktggi÷j kdb ciwch ghjw{i{tyd tj gãrgtbh gdrrlkh kdb gtlb jh ely dwglql{hril*

0* Griwiw" fd{igeiwch y ghcqhwigi÷j kd gblwd

Bhw khw lwqdg{hw kd bl griwiw jh whj ikéj{ighw> dj{rd bl ghjgdqgi÷j kd bl griwiw ghch rtq{trl y bl |td

bl ghjgiod ghch rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j" wd djgtdj{rl {hkh tj ctjkh kd btgel*

Bl griwiw dw qricdrlcdj{d tjl rtq{trl" tj rhcqicidj{h kdb ql{r÷j dw{lobdgikh kd blw rdblgihjdw kd

gblwd* Lj{dw kd tjl griwiw wd duqdricdj{l tj dw{lkh kd dw{loibiklk lqlrdj{d" tj dw{lkh dj db |td wd

qrdwtcd |td bhw qrhobdclw `rlvdw" tjh kd dbbhw bl griwiw" yl elj wikh rdwtdb{hw" |td bl btgel kd gblwdw

dw ghwl kdb qlwlkh* Gidr{hw fdj÷cdjhw bbd`lj l lgdq{lrwd ghch ‒jhrclbdw–> ql{rhjdw dj blw

rdblgihjdw ij{drjlgihjlbdw" ql{rhjdw kd ghjfbig{hw qhbã{ighw" ql{rhjdw kd bl dw{rtg{trl hgtqlgihjlb y kd

bl hr`lji~lgi÷j kd bl gblwd {rlolnlkhrl" ql{rhjdw kd rdblgi÷j dj{rd ehcordw y ctndrdw" dj{rd lktb{hw y

jiühw" ql{rhjdw kd duqrdwi÷j gtb{trlb" d{gé{drl* Lb ghjfbig{h dj dw{lkh bl{dj{d wd bd dj{idjkd ghch

lrchjãl* Y dj{hjgdw wtr`d tjl rtq{trl" db ghjfbig{h wd cljifidw{l" bh ‒jhrclb– dw qtdw{h dj {dbl kd

ntigih" h{rlw ghjgdqgihjdw kd dw{l jhrclbiklk wd vi`hri~lj" lqlrdgdj ij{drghjduihjdw lj{drihrcdj{dhgtb{lw" y wd l{lgl l bhw ql{rhjdw kd qhkdr dw{lobdgikhw* Db ki|td dj{drh wd vidjd lolnh* Bl irl lglbblkl

jh qdrcljdgdrì lwã qhr cìw {idcqh*

[hkl whgidklk kd gblwdw" {hkl whgidklk dj bl |td bl clyhr qlr{d kd bl qhoblgi÷j dw{ì wtohrkijlkl dj

bl lg{iviklk kilril l bhw ij{drdwdw kd bl cijhrãl" dw tjl whgidklk ijdw{lobd* L bh blr`h kd {hkl bl

eiw{hril ely rdvtdb{lw y kiw{troihw lgldgikhw ctgeh lj{dw kd |td db glqi{lbiwch y wtw griwiw

irrtcqidrlj dj db dwgdjlrih ctjkilb* Wij dcolr`h" olnh db glqi{lbiwch bl rtq{trl kd bhw ql{rhjdw

dw{lobdgikhw wi`td tj ri{ch qdrgdq{iobd" ri{ch |td wd rdfbdnl dj blw {dhri~lgihjdw lgdrgl kd bl griwiw" kd

bhw gigbhw cdrglj{ibdw" hjklw blr`lw" d{gé{drl* Bl lgtctblgi÷j kd g÷bdrl lglbblkl djgtdj{rl tjl

duqrdwi÷j dj dw{hw bdvlj{lcidj{hw" clw dbbh jh duqbigl bl rd`tblriklk rã{cigl kd blw griwiw* Bl

ijdw{loibiklk ijedrdj{d l {hkl whgidklk kd gblwdw lwtcd tjl fhrcl dwqdgãfigl dj db glqi{lbiwch" |tdqtdkd wdr duqbiglkl þjiglcdj{d ghj rdfdrdjgil l blw qdgtbilriklkdw" qrdwdj{dw dj bl rdblgi÷j |td wd kl

dj{rd glqi{lb y {rlolnh* Qlrl dj{djkdr l bl griwiw ghch tjl rtq{trl dj tj ql{r÷j kd khcijlgi÷j" jh dw

wtfigidj{d duqbiglrbl w÷bh dj {ércijhw kd blw rdblgihjdw dj{rd glqi{lbdw %ghch bh elgdj blw {dhrãlw kd bl

kdwqrhqhrgihjlbiklk)* H wicqbdcdj{d dj {ércijhw kd bhw ql{rhjdw kd kiw{riotgi÷j dj bl whgidklk

%ghch bh elgdj blw {dhrãlw kdb wtoghjwtch)* Ghj db hond{h kd dj{djkdr l bl griwiw ghch duqrdwi÷j kd

bl qdgtbilr ijdw{loibiklk dw{rtg{trlb kdb glqi{lbiwch kdrivlkl kd bl khcijlgi÷j kd gblwd" elgd flb{l

djghj{rlr tj kdfdg{h" tjl flbbl `dhb÷ìgl" #qhr lwã kdgirbh#" dj bl qrhqil rdblgi÷j kd duqbh{lgi÷j" dj bl

‒bl fhrcl dghj÷cigl dwqdgãfigl dj bl |td wd bd du{rld db qbtw{rlolnh icql`h lb qrhktg{hr kirdg{h–*

Clru ljlbi~÷ dw{l ijdw{loibiklk ftjklcdj{lb |td wd kl dj bl rdblgi÷j kdb glqi{lb dj wt ljìbiwiw kdb

qbtwvlbhr* Bhw glqi{lbiw{lw" l kifdrdjgil kd blw gblwdw khcijlj{dw kd blw whgidklkdw kd gblwd |td bdwqrdgdkidrhj" wd vdj fhr~lkhw l {rlvéw kd bl ghcqd{djgil l ijgrdcdj{lr db jivdb kd duqbh{lgi÷j qhr

horl kd bl ghcqd{djgil" l ltcdj{lr bl glj{iklk kd qbtw{rlolnh du{rlãkh l bhw qrhktg{hrdw kirdg{hw* Dw

dw{l ‒…wdk vlcqirdwgl kd wlj`rd vivl kd {rlolnh– bl |td bd ghjfidrd lb glqi{lbiwch wt wij`tblr

ijdw{loibiklk* Ghch Clru lwigj{? dj Db Glqi{lb" bl lcoigi÷j kdb glqi{lbiw{l qhr lqhkdrlrwd kdb

qbtwvlbhr lwtcd khw fhrclw ftjklcdj{lbdw Bl qricdrl dw db qbtwvlbhr lowhbt{h" bl btgel kdb glqi{lb

qhr lblr`lr bl nhrjlkl blohrlb ghj db hond{h kd ijgrdcdj{lr db qbtwvlbhr qrhktgikh* Dw{l wi{tlgi÷j

bbd`l" elw{l tj qtj{h dj db |td bl wtqdrvivdjgil kd bhw {rlolnlkhrdw wd vd lcdjl~lkl y qhr djkd bl

wtqdrvivdjgil kdb glqi{lb ciwch* Bl qrhctb`lgi÷j kd bl bdìwblgi÷j blohrlb |td bici{l blw nhrjlklw kd

{rlolnh hobi`l lb glqi{lb l wl{iwflgdr wt lcoigi÷j kd fhrcl kiw{ij{l* Dj bt`lr kd lblr`lr

ghjw{lj{dcdj{d bl nhrjlkl blohrlb" ij{dj{l rdktgir bl qrhqhrgi÷j kd bl nhrjlkl |td rdqrhktgd db vlbhr

kd bl ftdr~l kd {rlolnh kdb hordrh* Dw{h wd bh`rl qrichrkilbcdj{d qhr cdkih kd bl ijjhvlgi÷j

{dgjhb÷ìgl y cdkilj{d bl ghjwdgtgi÷j kd clyhrdw jivdbdw kd qrhktg{iviklk y dfigidjgil* Dj {lj{h





<6

{djkdjgil kd bl gblwd {rlolnlkhrl |td bl bbdvl l hr`lji~lrwd y ltcdj{lr dj ftdr~l y ghcol{iviklk" dj

{lj{h |td bl {lwl kd `ljljgil gld" wd vtdbvd glkl vd~ cìw kifãgib qlrl db glqi{lb lbglj~lr bl {lwl kd

`ljljgil |td dwqdrlol" ghch {lcoiéj wd kifigtb{l gtlb|tidr rdhr`lji~lgi÷j kdb qrhgdwh kd

qrhktggi÷j" Bhw lj{l`hjiwchw wd ij{djwifiglj" blw ghj{rlkiggihjdw glqi{lbiw{lw wd elgdj ql{dj{dw" blw

ij{drghjduihjdw dj{rd fdj÷cdjhw qrdvilcdj{d kdwvijgtblkhw wtr`dj l bl bt~" y db glqi{lbiwch ghch

fhrcl kd hr`lji~lgi÷j whgilb dw" glkl vd~ cìw" gri{iglkh lcqbilcdj{d* Wd lqrdgil |td db glqi{lbiwch

dw{ì dj griwiw* L dw{l griwiw wd bl qdrgiod ghch griwiw kd bl dghjhcãl> blw `ljljgilw kiwcijtydj" wd

ij{djwifigl bl ghcqd{djgil" blw ghrqhrlgihjdw |tdklj dj oljglrrh{l y wdg{hrdw ghcqbd{hw y lþj qlãwdw

dj{drhw kdgbijlj dw{rdqi{hwlcdj{d* Clw dw{h jh dw whblcdj{d lqrdgilkh dj {lj{h |td fdj÷cdjh

dghj÷cigh* Dw viw{h lwiciwch ghch tjl griwiw kdb Dw{lkh> wi lj{dw db Dw{lkh qlrdgãl glql~ kd

`lrlj{i~lr tj kdwlrrhbbh lrchjihwh kd bl whgidklk" lehrl dbbh dw cty ktkhwh* [hkh dw{h rdqrdwdj{l"

{lcoiéj" tjl griwiw kd bl flcibil" kd bl chrlb" kd bl rdbiì÷j" kd blw dw{rtg{trlw wijkiglbdw" kd {hkh bh

|td qrdvilcdj{d qlrdgãl lwd`trlr bl dw{loibiklk whgilb y ehy dj kãl jh qtdkd elgdrbh cìw* Duiw{d tjl

lrrli`lkl ghjviggi÷j dj bl gblwd glqi{lbiw{l kd |td blw ghwlw jh qtdkdj ghj{ijtlr lwã* Db qrhgdwh kd

ghjw{lj{d glcoih ijedrdj{d lb glqi{lbiwch dw ghjwikdrlkh ijwtfigidj{d dj dw{hw {idcqhw> elgd flb{l

lb`h cìw rlkiglb* Db qrhgdwh lj{drihr kd glcoih dw viw{h lehrl ghch qlr{d kd tj ql{r÷j |td yl el

bbd`lkh l wt fij*

Dw{h dw tjl griwiw> tjl rtq{trl dj db ql{r÷j kd blw rdblgihjdw whgilbdw* Qlrl bl gblwd glqi{lbiw{l db ft{trh

dw ijgidr{h" qdbi`rhwh* Lqlr{d kdb l{l|td l bl fhr{lbd~l kdb {rlolnh hr`lji~lkh h l gtlb|tidrl |td wd

nt~`td wtovdrwivh" jh ely glcijh gblrh l wd`tir* Wd elgdj bblclkhw qhr rd r̀dwlr l bl chrlbiklk" l bl

kiwgiqbijl" lb hrkdj* Dbbh jh dw rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j> dw rtq{trl*

Dvikdj{dcdj{d" bl rtq{trl qtdkd ghj{djdr dj wã bl qhwioibiklk kd bl rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j* Qlrl lb`tjhw

wdg{hrdw kd bl gblwd glqi{lbiw{l yl jh ely ft{trh> blw oljglrrh{lw ltcdj{lj ghj gdbdriklk" qlr{ikhw

qhbã{ighw lwhgilkhw ghj db lj{drihr hrkdj whgilb duqdricdj{lj tj kdgbivd irrdvdrwiobd* Wij dcolr`h"

jtdvlw ijktw{rilw qtdkdj hgtqlr db bt`lr kd blw vidnlw" jtdvhw qlr{ikhw qhbã{ighw qtdkdj wtrìr" bl

kdglkdjgil dghj÷cigl kd tj qlãw qhkrãl olbljgdlrwd qhr horl kdb djgtcorlcidj{h dghj÷cigh kd

h{rh* Db glcijh l wd`tir jh dw gblrh" clw ely {hkl tjl wdrid kd duqdricdj{hw lbrdkdkhr kd jtdvlwfhrclw `drdjgilbdw" kd jtdvlw {dgjhbh`ãlw" kd rdblgihjdw kiw{ij{lw dj{rd db Dw{lkh y bl ijktw{ril" kd

jtdvhw ql{rhjdw kd hr`lji~lgi÷j qhbã{igl* Oidj qtdkd wdr |td bl ghcqhwigi÷j kd bl gblwd {rlolnlkhrl

qtdkl dfdg{ivlcdj{d rhcqdrwd cdkilj{d tjl ghcoijlgi÷j kd vihbdjgil" rdw{riggihjdw bd`lbdw y

rdhr`lji~lgi÷j dghj÷cigl* Qtdkd wdr |td" dj{hjgdw" db glqi{lb wdl glql~ kd icqhjdr {hkhw bhw

glcoihw kd qrhktggi÷j‘ |td‘ bd ghjvidjdj* [hkh dbbh qhkrãl hgtrrir" clw jh dw{ì qrdkd{drcijlkh dj

cljdrl lb`tjl*

Qtdkd wdr |td kdwqtéw kd lb`þj {idcqh" db glqi{lb {dj`l cìw ghjfilj~l dj db ft{trh" |td wdl qhwiobd

kiwgdrjir olwdw {dj{l{ivlw kd tj jtdvh ql{r÷j kd lgtctblgi÷j rdbl{ivlcdj{d dw{lobd* Dw{l dw bl

wi{tlgi÷j dj bl |td jhw djghj{rlchw qhr db chcdj{h* Dw dj dw{d qtj{h |td db ftjgihjlbiwch clruiw{l

wd vtdbvd ctgeh cìw ijwikihwh* Ely {hkh tj ctjkh jtdvh kd ljìbiwiw lglkécigh |td lqdjlw wdijlt`trl> {dhri~lr lgdrgl kd jtdvhw ql{rhjdw kd lgtctblgi÷j" db olt{i~lr tjl jtdvl fhrcl kd

khcijlgi÷j" y lb elgdrbh" bbd`lr l ghjwhbiklrbl* Bl griwiw ghch rtq{trl |tdkl hbviklkl" h rdghrklkl

whblcdj{d ghjwikdrìjkhbl ghch flwd qrdbicijlr l bl rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j* Wd ghjwikdrl l bhw jtdvhw

ql{rhjdw ghch dw{lobdgikhw" eloidjkh ‒dcdrìkh– dj glbiklk kd jtdvl rdlbiklk |td elorì kd wdr

lghchklkl" dj vd~ kd viwtlbi~lrbhw ghch qrhydg{hw |td db glqi{lb {idjd {hklvãl |td icqhjdr qhr

cdkih kd tjl wdril y ktrl btgel* Kd wdr db clruiwch tjl {dhrãl kd bl btgel" tjl vd~ |td bl btgel el

wikh hbviklkl" fìgibcdj{d wd {hrjl dj tjl {dhrãl kd bl khcijlgi÷j*

Dw{h jh qtdkd wdr lwã* Db rhcqicidj{h kd tj ql{r÷j kd rdblgihjdw whgilbdw jh icqbigl wt dui{hwl d

ijcdkil{l rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j* Qhkrãl wdr |td bl rtq{trl bbdvd dj wã bl qhwioibiklk kd rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j*

Qhkrãl lwiciwch hgtrrir |td dwl qhwioibiklk wd rdlbigd" ghch el hgtrrikh dj db qlwlkh* Qdrh dbbh jh dwwd`trh" ijgbtwivd lehrl" y wi tj jtdvh ql{r÷j rdbl{ivlcdj{d dw{lobd kd rdblgihjdw whgilbdw glqi{lbiw{lw



<0

wd dw{lobdgd" éw{d jh elorì dcdrìkh wicqbdcdj{d" wijh |td wdrì db rdwtb{lkh kd tjl blr`l y

wlj`ridj{l btgel* Dj{rd bl griwiw ghch rtq{trl y bl griwiw ghch rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j ely tj loiwch kd qhwioibiklkdw" tj ‒wlb{h chr{lb– |td elorì kd klr db glqi{lb wij `lrlj{ãl kd tj l{drri~lnd wd`trh" dj{rd

rtq{trl y rddw{rtg{trlgi÷j ely tjl eiw{hril ctjkilb kd btgel*

e{{q>((ppp*nhejehbbhply*ghc*cu(?1<<(10(71(griwiw#fd{igeiwch#y#ghcqhwigihj#kd#gblwd(

Documents

Holloway - Crisis, fetichismo y composicion de clase (1990)