Hodder Educationresources.hoddereducation.co.uk/files/he/NeedToKnow... · Web view: allows the Supreme Court to review actions by political figures or institutions to decide whether

AQA A-level Politics 4 Political Ideas

ANSWERS

‘Do you know?’

1 UK government1.1 The British constitution (p. 9)1 Evolution through Magna Carta, Bill of Rights, Acts of Union, the Great Reform Act and

the Representation of the People Acts.

2 Uncodified, unitary, unentrenched.

3

Statute laws outrank all other laws.

No other body is superior to Parliament.

Parliament cannot bind its successors.

There is no codified constitution.

4

statute law

conventions

common law

authoritative texts

5

Magna Carta — rule of law applied to all.

Bill of Rights — parliamentary sovereignty.

Act of Settlement — rights of Parliament to keep Britain Protestant.

Parliament Acts (1911, 1949) — prevented the Lords from blocking legislation. Instead

allowed them to delay it for 2 years (1911), later reduced to 1 year (1949).

6

devolution

Hodder & Stoughton Ltd 2020 © Rowena Hammal, Toby Cooper 1


the Human Rights Act, 1998

Lords reforms

the Fixed-term Parliament Act, 2011

Brexit

1.2 Parliament (p. 16)1 Commons: elected MPs; usually single-party dominance; chaired by speaker.

Lords: unelected peers; no single-party control; less rigid in control.

2

legislation

representation

scrutiny of government

3 1st reading → 2nd reading → committee stage → 3rd reading → passed to next chamber →

signed by monarch

4 They are departmentally focused committees of backbench MPs. They scrutinise and review

policy and actions by a government department.

5

provides a government in waiting

scrutinises the work of the government

raises awareness of key issues

6

party unity

size of majority

coalition

media image

issues

1.3 The prime minister and Cabinet (p. 24)Hodder & Stoughton Ltd 2020 © Rowena Hammal, Toby Cooper 2


1 It is the branch of government that takes actions and makes things happen. In the UK this is

based around the heads of government departments in the Cabinet.

2

make treaties

meet world leaders

command the military

run the civil service

issue patronage and pardons

control the legislative agenda

make and amend delegated legislation

3

PM sets overall policies and department heads develop specific policies.

Ministers take advice from civil service.

Issues and policies are discussed in Cabinet meetings.

Votes are held at Cabinet and decisions are made.

Some decisions are taken in bilateral meetings or by Cabinet committee.

4

personal prestige of the PM

rivals and allies within Cabinet

coalition

events

party division

5 Collective responsibility: All ministers must publicly support the decision of the

government. If a minister cannot support the government’s decision, he/she should resign.

Individual responsibility: Ministers are responsible for their personal conduct and the

actions of their department. If they make a mistake, or their department does, they should be held

accountable.



6 Introduction of poll tax: unpopular policy introduced by PM (Thatcher), leading to public

anger and rioting. Cabinet dictated events by removing its support from Thatcher, ultimately

forcing her to resign. Policy later reversed.

Invasion of Iraq: PM (Blair) determined to join US invasion of Iraq. Highlights the

inability of individual Cabinet ministers to dictate events (Robin Cook and Clare Short resigned).

Blair was supported by the rest of his Cabinet and by a majority in Parliament, so was thus able

to ignore the million people who marched against the invasion.

7

size of/lack of majority

contentious issues, e.g. Brexit

government control of legislative programme

effectiveness of whips

parliamentary scrutiny of government

public opinion and media support for the PM’s agenda

1.4 The judiciary (p. 28)1

acting as a final court of appeal on criminal and civil cases from England, Wales and

Northern Ireland

acting as a final court of appeal for civil cases from Scotland

clarifying the meaning of constitutional law

2 Vacancy occurs → special committee formed → nominees presented to the lord chancellor

accepted nominees referred to the prime minister → prime minister refers to monarch

3 Judicial independence is the separation of the judiciary from political or governmental

manipulation and influence.

Judicial impartiality ensures decisions are made based on legal facts and not on emotion or

opinion.

4

judicial review of government actions

judicial review of legislation



declarations of incompatibility

strike down some secondary legislation and EU violations

5 Influence on government: can rule that ministers are acting ultra vires, or that actions of

the executive are incompatible with the Human Rights Act (HRA). Although the government

could choose to ignore its ruling, in many cases it will accede to the judgement of the Supreme

Court so that it can be seen to be following the rule of law.

Influence on Parliament: independent of Parliament and can declare statute law

incompatible with the HRA. Parliament is sovereign so can repeal HRA if it wants to.

6 Judicial review: allows the Supreme Court to review actions by political figures or

institutions to decide whether they are legal. This means that the government and its ministers

have to ensure that they stay within the law.

Ultra vires: is a declaration by the Court that a public official has acted beyond his/her

powers. This means that officials have to be careful to operate within their legal powers.

1.5 Devolution (p. 32)1 Devolution is when power and authority over some aspects are passed from the sovereign

body to a lesser authority.

2

Key powers

Scotland Income tax (2016)

Primary legislation

Administrative

Wales Tax varying powers (2014)

Primary legislation (2011)

Administrative

Northern Ireland Corporation tax

Primary legislation

Administrative

English mayors Administrative

3



the rise of the West Lothian question

the lack of an English Parliament

4

quasi-federal state

reducing power of UK Parliament as many areas of government are dealt with by

devolved nations

EVEL

calls for an English Parliament

the rise of the SNP

the Scottish independence referendum

limited in Wales

peace and stability in Northern Ireland

2 UK Politics2.1 Democracy and participation (p. 38)1 Democracy is rule by the people.

2 In a direct democracy, people make the decisions themselves. In a representative democracy

they elect representatives to make decisions on their behalves.

3 Before 1832 only a small number of wealthy men had the vote. The franchise was extended

to include:

male property owners/wealthy renters (1832)

working-class men in cities who were householders (1867)

all men who were householders (1887)

all men over 21 years old (1918)

women over 30 who were householders or married to a householder (1918)

all women over 21 (1928)

all men and women over 18 (1969)

4Hodder & Stoughton Ltd 2020 © Rowena Hammal, Toby Cooper 6


Chartists

Suffragists

Suffragettes

5

party membership

pressure group membership

membership of a social movement

writing to MPs

signing petitions

social media campaigns

attending demonstrations and protests

6

falling membership of political parties

increased membership of pressure groups

rise of social media campaigns and social movements

partisan dealignment

lower turnout

2.2 Elections and referendums (p. 49)1

Advantages of FPTP Disadvantages of FPTP

Simple

Traditional

Clear constituency result

Little choice

Minority representatives

Votes are of unequal value



Strong and stable government

Government accountability

Clear MP–constituency link

Excludes extremist fringe parties

Elective dictatorship

It does not always work (2010 and

2017)

Unrepresentative governments

Disproportional outcomes

Excludes smaller parties

Advantages of SV Disadvantages of SV

It makes it more likely that a

candidate has majority support

It provides voters with more choice

as they have two votes

Voters can show support for

smaller parties and still choose a

likely winner

To win, a candidate would require

broad support

It would retain a strong MP–

constituency link

The winning candidate is not

guaranteed to get 50% of the total

votes cast

It makes it possible for the second-

placed candidate to win

It does not benefit smaller parties

in a practical sense

There will still be many wasted

votes

It is likely to promote more of a

two-party system and be less

representative than FPTP

Advantages of STV Disadvantages of STV

Outcomes are proportional

STV helps to ensure votes have

equal value

The final result is likely to be a

government backed by 50% of the

electorate

Voters have a wide degree of

The MP–constituency link is lost

It is complicated leading to many

wasted spoiled ballots

It is likely to produce multi-party

governments that may be unstable

or have a weak mandate

It can lead to ill-informed donkey



choice across parties and

candidates

There will be few wasted votes

voting

The whole process means it takes a

long time to get a result

People’s fifth or sixth choice vote

is not really considered a

worthwhile vote

Advantages of AMS Disadvantages of AMS

It retains the best bits of FPTP

It allows for a more proportional

representation

Voters have greater choice and can

split their votes

The party list element allows some

parties to increase the number of

BAME and women candidates

It has eliminated the winner’s

bonus in the devolved areas

With enough support, single-party

government is possible

It allows voters to split their vote

It creates two categories of

representatives who are held to

account differently

With low levels of additional

members, the proportionality is

diminished

Most voters will vote the same way

Parties have control over who

comes where on a party list

It has made it difficult for a strong

and effective government to be

formed

Usually a single party dominates

the process

2

Two-party systems tend to be the result of FPTP or majoritarian systems such as SV.

Multi-party systems tend to be the result of proportional systems such as STV.

The UK has been unusual in recent years because of the rise of parties other than the main

two (Labour and Conservatives). This means that the UK is developing from a two-party

system to more of a multi-party system, despite retaining FPTP for UK Parliament

elections. However, different voting systems are used in the devolved nations.

3



Partisan dealignment.

Class dealignment.

Age has become more important than class in predicting voting behaviour, and was the

most important predictor of voting behaviour in 2017.

Increased numbers of people voting for parties other than Labour and the Conservatives.

Turnout in general elections has fallen since the 1950s (the lowest turnout was in 2001,

when just 59% of the electorate voted).

4

Effective Conservative election campaign successfully portrayed Labour as having failed

on the key valence issue of the economy.

First female PM elected.

Watershed election — ending Labour’s time in office and starting a long period of

Conservative dominance (until Tony Blair was elected in 1997).

Majority allowed Thatcher to transform Britain, ending the period of ‘consensus politics’

that had followed the Second World War.

5

Historic landslide victory for Labour — the party’s best-ever result.

Many middle-class voters switched to Labour.

New Labour was free to pursue ‘Third Way’ policies.

6

‘Snap election’ intended to make Brexit easier for the government, but failed.

Ineffective Conservative election campaign saw Theresa May’s popularity nosedive while

an effective Labour campaign pushed up Jeremy Corbyn’s ratings.

With over 80% of the vote going to Conservatives and Labour, it was seen as a return to

‘two-party politics’.

Conservatives were forced to form a minority government with a confidence and supply

deal with the DUP.



May’s leadership and personal authority were hugely weakened, and she was unable to

pass her Brexit withdrawal agreement through Parliament. She was eventually forced to

resign in 2019.

7 Positive impact:

High turnout provides a strong democratic mandate for important constitutional decisions,

e.g. devolution, Scotland remaining in the UK.

Test of public opinion, e.g. North East Assembly, 2004.

Increased public participation and engagement, e.g. Scotland Independence referendum,

EU referendum.

Negative impact:

Low turnout indicates a lack of public interest and engagement, e.g. AV referendum,

2011.

Divisive, e.g. EU referendum 2016.

Referendum result can conflict with Parliament’s wishes, e.g. Brexit.

2.3 Political parties (p. 56)1 An organised group that seeks to:

win elected office

promote common interests

come from common backgrounds

have shared values

contest elections

2

put up candidates for election

canvas voters

formulate policy

organise fundraising dinners

organise campaign events

promote able candidates



3

Conservatives are socially conservative but economically liberal.

Labour traditionally is moderate socialist, but has adopted liberal measures.

Liberal Democrats tend to follow different elements of liberalism.

UKIP is nationalist and conservative.

SNP is liberal nationalist.

4

party leadership

national bodies

constituency level

5 For:

To reduce the influence of wealthy individuals and groups.

It might improve the image of politics by making it appear less corrupt.

It would allow parties to compete on a more equal basis.

It could be used to promote smaller parties outside Westminster.

It would reduce the need for politicians to waste time raising funds.

Against:

Taxpayer money should not be spent funding party activities.

It might increase perception of corruption if taxpayer money is misspent.

Parties will remain unequal depending on membership size and other factors.

People may object to taxpayer money being given to fund extremist parties.

Many fundraising activities involve democratic participation.

6

meetings with party leaders and media figures

newspapers endorse parties

BBC and broadcasters must remain neutral



social media allows parties to campaign, reach new voters and motivate existing

supporters

7

DUP supported Conservative minority government from 2017

Conservatives in coalition with Liberal Democrats 2010–15

SNP, Sinn Fein and DUP in government in devolved nations (though power sharing

suspended in Northern Ireland from 2017)

Brexit Party won most seats in 2019 European elections

8

Increasing influence of minor parties in the government of the UK, e.g. coalition,

confidence and supply

SNP dominance in Scotland

Ability of minor parties to set the political agenda, e.g. UKIP threatened to lure away

Conservative voters in 2015, which prompted the Conservatives to offer an EU

referendum in their manifesto

Media attention and public support for parties other than the main two, e.g. Brexit Party

2.4 Pressure groups (p. 59)1 An organisation that campaigns to put pressure on those in power to achieve its aims.

2

interest vs promotional

insider vs outsider

3

demonstrations

publicity campaigns

strikes

legal challenges

civil disobedience



publicity stunts

lobbying

4

finance

membership

ability to lobby

level of expertise

insider/outsider status

influence over a key sector

media support

celebrity support

public support

achievability of aims

5 Political parties: pressure groups may have strong links with them or fund them, e.g. trade

unions and Labour.

Government: insider status can be a big advantage for pressure groups.

Media: pressure groups often use methods that will generate media attention, e.g. direct

action.

6

think tanks

lobbyists

corporations

media

7

provide participation and representation for a broad range of different groups across

society

scrutinise the government

lobby for membership interests not just those of the ruling elite



promote public education

promote public debate

2.5 The European Union (EU) (p. 63)1

promoting peace

promoting economic, social and territorial cohesion

establishing a single European market

establishing an economic and monetary union

2 Free movement of goods, services, people and capital.

3 European Commission: initiates draft legislation; executes legislation; administers EU

expenditure; represents the EU.

Council of the European Union: shared legislative power; coordinates economic policies

of member states; develops foreign and security policy.

European Council: discusses major issues; sets political direction; makes decisions on EU

foreign and economic policy; launches new initiatives and treaty changes.

European Parliament: shared legislative power; shared budgetary power; democratic

supervision.

Court of Justice of European Union: ensures EU law is obeyed within member states.

4

fishing rights

CAP

the euro and finance

social policy

federalisation

5

opposition to ‘foreign’ laws

popular Euroscepticism

costs of the EU



EU regulation

parliamentary sovereignty

3 US politics3.1 The US Constitution (p. 69)1 Aims: democracy; limited government; federalism; a national government.

Principles: separation of powers; checks and balances; limited government; federalism;

individual liberties.

2

Proposed by 2/3 of House and Senate or 2/3 of states calling for a constitutional

convention.

Confirmed by 3/4 of state legislatures or 3/4 of states holding a ratification convention.

3 The increasing power and role of the federal government saw a decline in federalism from

the 1930s. This was partially reversed under new federalism before the re-emergence of the idea

in the twentieth century.

4

Rights are stated in the Constitution, most notably in the Bill of Rights.

Constitutional rights are entrenched, so can only be changed via a lengthy and difficult

amendment process.

Supreme Court decisions have interpreted the Constitution in a way that gives individual

rights e.g. Roe vs Wade (1973) gave women the right to an abortion.

5

codified vs uncodified

entrenched rights vs unentrenched rights

difficult to amend vs easy to amend

created vs organic

3.2 Congress (p. 75)



1 Shared powers: pass legislation; budget approval; declaring war; proposing constitutional

amendments.

Senate only: confirmation of nominations; treaties; trying impeachment cases; choosing a

vice president if the Electoral College has no majority.

House: initiating money Bills; bringing impeachments; choosing the president if the

Electoral College has no majority.

2

scrutiny of the executive

oversight of executive appointments

representation of the people and states

legislating

accountability

investigations

3 For 116th Congress:

age: average 59 years

gender: about 25% women

race: people of colour make up a record 21% of Congress (10% African–American, 8%

Hispanic)

religion: 88% Christian, 6% Jewish, 3 Muslim, 3 Hindu, 2 Buddhist members

professional background: dominated by politics, business and law

4

Two-party system.

Republicans belong to the House or Senate Republican caucus.

Democrats belong to the House or Senate Democratic caucus.

Each party caucus elects a leader to coordinate the party in the House or the Senate.

Party discipline is weak.

5

standing committees



select committees

House Rules Committee

conference committees

6

vote on legislation that affects their constituents

work on committees that deal with local interests

help constituents with federal issues

gain pork for their area through pork barrel policies

3.3 The presidency (p. 81)1 Actual powers of the president:

propose legislation

submit an annual budget

sign or veto legislation

act as the chief executive

nominate executive branch officials

nominate federal judges

commander-in-chief

negotiate treaties

issue pardon

head of state

Implied powers of the president:

electoral mandate

control of the executive branch

the power to persuade

2 Role: collegiality; exchange information; resolve disputes; debate policy; advise the

president; monitor Congress; prompt action; present a unified front.



Effectiveness: depends on the president’s popularity, expertise and individual members’

effectiveness.

3 Role: advise the president; run agencies.

Importance: largely replaced Cabinet; close to president; less congressional oversight.

4 Depends on:

size of mandate

party support

popular support

congressional control

events

5 Congressional: nominations, legislation, treaties, budget, War Powers Act.

Supreme Court: judicial review.

States: may ignore presidential orders.

3.4 The judicial branch (p. 86)1 Vacancy occurs → presidents present a nominee → Senate Judiciary Committee holds

hearings → Senate floor vote → confirmation or rejection

2 Politicisation by:

the president

Congress

parties

media

interest groups

3 Judicial review is not clearly stated in the Constitution. The power has been established

through Supreme Court rulings in Marbury vs Madison and Fletcher vs Peck.

4 Conservative: Roberts, Alito, Thomas, Gorsuch, Kavanagh

Liberals: Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan

5 Judicial activism: judges actively seek to make, strike down or amend laws.



Judicial restraint: limited rulings that have little impact beyond the specific case.

Living constitution: the Constitution is a living document open to new interpretations based

on modern standards.

Originalism: the Constitution is a dead document that should only be considered based on

the original intentions of the Founding Fathers.

3.5 The electoral process and direct democracy (p. 95)1

Delegates are chosen by state primaries and caucuses, pledged, usually, to vote for a

candidate.

Majority vote of delegates to win.

2

Starting with Iowa and New Hampshire, states hold votes or caucus discussions to

determine delegates to the national conventions.

Primaries can be open or closed.

Often early states have an advantage, leading to front-loading.

3 Formal functions of party conventions: choosing a presidential candidate and running

mate plus party platform — no longer important.

Informal functions of party conventions: party unity; motivating the base; inspiring

voters; earned media.

4 Expensive due to:

the fact that limits on spending have been ruled unconstitutional

the increased role of television advertising

candidate polling

the size of campaign teams

the importance of developing technology

Attempts to regulate them have failed due to: the Constitution and Supreme Court rulings;

the desire of politicians to find loopholes; the determination of groups to donate.

5



Strengths Weaknesses

It promotes federalism

It promotes a clear two-horse race

It enhances a presidential mandate

It ensures national support for a

candidate

It usually works

Large states are underrepresented

It discriminates against third parties

It distorts the results

It is determined by a few swing

states

2000 and 2016 saw winners who lost

the popular vote

3.6 US political parties (p. 98)1

national committees

congressional leadership

state-party leadership

2 Democrats

Principles: support for the poor; higher welfare; larger role for the state; minority rights.

Policies: increase minimum wage; defend the Affordable Care Act; promote a pathway to

citizenship for ‘Dreamers’; environmental protections.

Republicans

Principles: social conservatism; deregulation of economic sectors; smaller role for the state,

strong military.

Policies: repeal of the Affordable Care Act; oppose Roe v Wade; tax cuts for business; cut

government spending; immigration control.

3 Democrats

Policy Moderate Democrats Liberal Democrats

Trade Free trade, support Trans-Pacific

Partnership

Greater regulation of Wall Street

Education Support for disadvantaged

students

Free college education



Healthcare Public private partnership in

Affordable Care Act

Healthcare provision for all

Military Strong military and global role Military cuts and limited

intervention

Guns Limited gun restrictions Strong gun restrictions

Immigration Immigration reform Pathway to citizenship

Republicans

Policy Moderate

Republicans

Social

Conservatives

Fiscal conservatives

Trade Prioritise small

businesses

Protectionism Total free trade

Spending Balanced budgets Increases to

military, defence

and desirable social

programs

Severe cuts to all areas

Welfare Government safety

net with individual

responsibility

Individual

responsibility

Reduce/eliminate

federal welfare

Military Support a strong

military

Strong military and

American

intervention

Oppose military

intervention

Immigration Support for controlled

immigration

Opposed to

immigration

Favour immigration for

jobs/oppose spending

on immigration controls

Minimum wage Reduce Reduce Abolish

Abortion Opposed, except in

some circumstances

Opposed in all

circumstances

No strong position



4 Democrats: women; younger voters; racial minorities; urban residents; those in higher

education (postgraduate); northeast and west coast; low religious attendance.

Republicans: men; older voters; white rural; those lower educated (high school only);

central and southern USA; high religious attendance.

5 Democrats

women = support for equal rights and abortion laws

African–Americans = post-1960s support for affirmative action and welfare programs

Hispanic = support for immigration reform and fear of Republican policies

millennials = low income and high student debts, so prefer wealth redistribution policies

Republicans

men = support for more aggressive military and foreign policy

business leaders = support for lower taxes

white working class = support for anti-immigration policies and promotion of

protectionism

elderly = support for traditional values

religious right = support for traditional Christian policies and opposition to abortion

3.7 US pressure groups (p. 102)1 Pressure groups provide:

broader representation than political parties

social and activist campaigns for people to participate in

agenda building, as high-profile interest groups can set the political agenda

public education, researching and publishing reports to support their positions

pressure on legislatures, as interest groups will publicise voting records to ensure

representatives vote as members wish

2

electioneering

endorsement

lobbying



advising

test cases

organising protests, marches, public campaigns, direct action

3 A super PAC is a political committee that raises ‘soft money’ for election campaigns

(money that is not linked to a candidate’s campaign). There are no limits on how much money

they can raise and donate.

4 An iron triangle is a strong relationship between Congress, the government, and a specific

set of pressure groups, (e.g. pharmaceutical companies, oil companies). Decisions are taken to

benefit all three, but the interests of the rest of society may be neglected.

3.8 Civil rights (p. 106)1 Religion: Town of Greece vs Galloway, 2014; Burwell vs Hobby Lobby, 2014

Speech: Citizens United vs FREC, 2010; McCutchen vs FEC

Right to bear arms: District of Columbia vs Heller, 2008; McDonald vs City of Chicago,

2010

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures: Riley vs California, 2014; Carpenter

vs US, 2018

Freedom from cruel and unusual punishments: Roper vs Simmons, 2005; Baze vs Rees,

2008; Hall vs Florida, 2014; Glossip vs Gross, 2015

Powers reserved to the states: US vs Lopez, 1995; Shelby County vs Holder, 2013; US vs

Windsor, 2013; Arizona vs US, 2012; McDonald vs City of Chicago, 2010; Obergerfell vs

Hodges, 2015

Equal protection: Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, 1954; Griswold vs

Connecticut, 1965; Obergerfell vs Hodges, 2015; Fisher vs University of Texas, 2016

Gender equality: Ledbetter vs Goodyear, 2007; Wal-Mart Stores Inc vs Dukes, 2011

Voting rights: Shelby County vs Holder, 2013

2

Upheld through the 15th Amendment and the Voting Rights Act, 1965.



Infringed by voter ID laws and restrictive practices by states, such as no Sunday voting.

3

Positive arguments Negative arguments

Increased minority admissions to college There are high rates of ‘drop-outs’ among

those admitted via affirmative action

It has created greater diversity It has led to race-based hostility from those

who feel they have ‘lost out’

It is justified by past wrongs It perpetuates divisions based on race

It has worked If it has worked it is no longer needed; if it is

still needed, it does not work

It is an effective means of creating racial

diversity

It does not go far enough in tackling racial

problems in the USA

It allows individuals to aspire and achieve It does not solve wider issues for minority

communities

It undermines the achievements of successful

minority citizens

4

The right of citizens to form pressure groups is itself a civil liberty, part of the rights of

free speech and assembly defined in the 1st Amendment.

Pressure groups have led many campaigns to support rights.

Liberal groups defend the rights of African–Americans, women, and the LGBT

community.

Conservative groups defend religious rights, the rights of the unborn child, and gun rights.

Social movements are increasingly important, e.g. Black Lives Matter, the Women’s

March, #MeToo.

4 Political Ideas4.1 Liberalism (p. 110)



1 Individualism, rationalism, liberty, state, equality, liberal democracy

2 Human nature: support for individuals; freedom from the government.

State: limited government, necessary but should only be there for basic protection.

Society: natural laws allow for minimal state.

Economy: support for free markets and laissez-faire trade.

3

classical

social/modern

neo-liberalism

4 Classical and modern liberalism disagree over:

negative and positive freedoms

the size and role of the state

rates of taxation

laissez-faire and Keynesian capitalism

levels of democracy and respect for private property

Classical and modern liberalism agree over:

a positive view of human nature

the importance of individualism

rationalism and toleration

the principle of capitalism

a government based on consent and limited by constitutional protections

5 Classical liberalism: Locke, Mill, Wollstonecraft

Modern liberalism: Rawls, Friedan

4.2 Conservatism (p. 115)1 Pragmatism, tradition, human imperfection, organic society, paternalism, libertarianism

2 Human nature: pessimistic view, people need rules and hierarchy to be happy.

State: needed to promote authority and order; an active role for protection; pragmatic.



Society: small groups and communities with clear hierarchy and structure.

Economy: pro-capitalism but with some regulations — protectionism.

3 Traditional/one-nation conservatism vs new-right conservatism.

4 Traditional, one-nation and new-right conservatism disagree over:

a sceptical or positive view of human nature

society: one of small communities or one that is the sum of individuals

a strong and powerful nation state or a small and minimalist state

the extent of free-market capitalism

Traditional, one-nation and new-right conservatism agree over:

humanity being motivated by self-interest

government exists to provide national security and maintain law and order

the importance of law and order

society is fractured

respect for private property

the principle of free-market capitalism

5 Traditional: Hobbes, Burke, Oakeshott

New right: Rand, Nozick

4.3 Socialism (p. 120)1 Collectivism, common humanity, equality, social class, workers’ control

2 Human nature: positive view that humans naturally work in groups seeking comradeship.

State: a strong state is necessary to ensure collective comradeship and equality for all.

Society: individuals are the product of the society in which they exist.

Economy: a rejection of capitalism, either seeking to remove it completely or adapt it to a

socialist economy of common ownership and state provision.

3

revolutionary socialism

democratic socialism



social democracy (revisionist socialists who believe in evolutionary socialism)

4 Revolutionary, democratic socialism, social democrats and third-way supporters disagree

over:

the impact of society on human nature

how far human nature is corrupted by capitalism

the strength and power of the state

the speed and nature of change

the existence or role of capitalism within a socialist state

Revolutionary, democratic socialism, social democrats and third-way supporters agree that:

human nature is social and malleable

a nation state is essential

change and reforms are needed to the current system

the state has a duty to oversee public welfare

the state plays a part in the economic developments

5 Fundamentalist: Marx and Engels, Rosa Luxemburg

Democratic socialism: Webb

Revisionist: Crosland, Giddens


Documents

Hodder Educationresources.hoddereducation.co.uk/files/he/NeedToKnow... · Web view: allows the Supreme Court to review actions by political figures or institutions to decide whether