Hobbes Text

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THOMAS HOBBES

(1588 – 1679)

Who Was Tomas Hobbes?

homas Hobbes was born, prematurely, in 1 in

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THOMAS HOBBES

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What Was Hobbes’ Overall Philosophical Project?

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THOMAS HOBBES

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Some Useful Background Information

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THOMAS HOBBES – Leviathan

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How Important and Influential Is Tis Work?

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[]

Leviathan ()1

Te Introduction

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Part : Of Man

[…]

Chapter : Of Power, Worth,Dignity, Honor, and Worthiness

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Natural Og.

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THOMAS HOBBES – Leviathan, Part , Chapter

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d v; cc, Gf,

F Gf, Gc; c d gf d

g.

. Sg f cc express 1 by inference . Ex d k d-

dg f gf; d c d

f present past , , I give , I grant ,

I have given, I have granted , I will that this be yours ;

f f, , I will give , I will grant , c

d f f cd P.

. Sg fc c-

qc f d, cqcf c, cqc f c,

cqc f fg c-

, d g g fc, f

cc, v ffi c g2

f cc.

. Wd , f f

c, d c , -

ffi c g f f gf d f g. F f f c,

, tomorrow I will give , g I v

gv , d cq g

fd, I f

c. B f d f

, , I have given, do give to be delivered

tomorrow , ’ g gv

express Exc.

argues Idc.

d; d v f d, g

g f . Ad

g dffc gfic f

d, volo hoc tuum esse cras , d cras dabo;

, I will that this be thine tomorrow ,d, I will give it thee tomorrow , f d I

will , f f c, gfi

c f ; , g-

fi f c f c; d

f f d, g f ,

f f g; , f

f, f g. B f

g f f g d d,, g gf f, g

dd d f f, f

d3 z c fi

d f c, gf f; d g

d f f, g , f f

d v d dd,

d v .

. I cc g , d f ,

f f, c

cc 4 cg f g;

d f , c

d cvd fi f c

, dd f dd

g d , f d c-

v d dd, d v fd fi. Ad f

c, g d g, d c

f cc, qv cv,

d f g.

. H f fi c f c-

c d M c cv

fc f , d due .

A z dd , c gv ,

g jd

cc , g f gf;

cc merit , d v

D. F g fd d-

g f z d g d ,

g dd ,

propound P.

translation f.

Cv

.

F gf.

Sg f cc

x.

Sg f

cc fc.

[]

F gf

d f

.

Sg f cc

d

f ,

,

d f.

M .

THOMAS HOBBES L i h P Ch




v f c.1 B

f dffc,

cc I v f d

cc’ d, c f f gf I

d g f gv; cc I cc’ d

d d g; c

f gf, I gv d

g, d ,

d ’. Ad I

k g f dc f

Sc2 meritum congrui 3 d meritum

condigni.4 F Gd Ag, vg dd , dkd c

d, c k g d ccd-

g c d cd ,

k d

ex congruo [from its appropriateness] . B c

c dd g g-

, f,

f gc f Gd , c d ex condigno [from being deserved] .

T, I , I k g f dc-

; c d d g

gfic f f 5 g

v ,6 I ffi g f

g; I ; gf gv

dfi, z cdd f,

, d c z d.. If cv d f

f , -

, cd f (c

cd f f v g v )

c, vd; f

c v ,

g d fc ffi c c f-

c, vd. F f fi c f f, c

contention C.

the Schools T Scc —dv

E cdc, g f fif

c.

meritum congrui L: dv -

(c f vg d ).

meritum condigni L: dv c

f . terms of art cc .

serves their turn S .

d f d k d ’

, vc, g, d ,

f f ccv ; c

cd f ,

q, d jdg f j f f, c d. Ad f

c f fi d f

, c g c v

d f dfdg f d f vg.

. B cv ,

c d

v f, f ;

d f c, c cv f fi gd d.

. T c f f, c k c

cv vd, g -

g f cv d, fc

g f f, c-

k cv vd. F c cd

d f g g

dd dc f fg.. H f g f

f jg , f .

A d dd f

g d v g ; c

dv .

Ad gv g f gv-

vg dd gv

g f vg d,d f g g f d-

f jc.

. k cv

, c ddg

c, dd , cc f

f g, c g

; d cc,

cv.. k cv Gd

[xc] d f c Gd k

v -

gv d d ;

f k cv

ccd . Ad f v

g c f , v

v, g g j c v. Ad

f g cdd f ,

v, d .

[]

Cv

f

,

vd.

Rg

d,

c

g

.

N

cv

.

N

Gd -

c

v.





. T jc f cv -

g f d d; f

cv c f , ,

c, d c, f d, d -

f dd g c,d c jdgd f cv

f.

. Ad f, c

k cv. B f

v fd, c f

g , cv vd d

d, g g f,

v; , f , -fgd dv f fg c

, f c gd.

. M fd f cv

, fg g fgv. F

fc d f g, d

fgv f , g

fg f g c g-

cd.. Cv d f,

cd f , g. F x-

, f I cv vc f

f , I d . F

cc, cv fi f f,

cv vc f ; d

cq, ( c-

d f ) fd fc, cv vd. Tf f ,

f d f ,

gd ; d f k c k

ddvg c g, f f,

d k , ( d f)

d j c f f -

. Ad v c, f I

fcd d f f f g , I d , cv

dcg [f g]. F v

I f d g,

I f cv d g f; d

I f cv, I c f k.

. A f1 cv k vd .

F d g

d -

former E.

; d f

g, .

. A cv dfd f f

fc, fc, vd. F ( I v

f) c f d g v f f d, d, d

, vdg f

d f g d g; d f

f g fc, cv

f g, gg. F g

cv , unless I do so, or so,

kill me ; c cv , unless I do so,

or so, I will not resist you when you come to kill me . F c v,

c dg f d g,

g, c c d d

g. Ad gd

d c xc

d d , dg

c c v cd

c cdd.. A cv cc f, -

c f d, k vd. F

cd f v jdg,

c f cc; d cv

cc fd ,

c, g fc, gd

. T f cc f

cd f , f f, f, fc. F

f c cc, f g

gv, d cd , d

f cvd; d ’

cdd, d

gv . A cc

d2 . F

d f cjc3

d g f x d c f ; d

c cfd d

f d, fg f

, d f g v

cd f ffi c , f

dv f f cc, d

g f vg f.

reputed Rgdd.

conjecture H f.

N

cv,

f

d f.

Cv,

d

vd.

Cv

xd

f

vd.

T f

cv

k

vd

.

A ’

cv

d-

fd f

vd.

[]

N

gd

cc

f.




THOMAS HOBBES Leviathan, Part , Chapter

. T fc f d g ( I v f-

d) k d -

fc f cv, ’

g g .

Ad f f cqc f kg d g d -

g d k . T g-

fd d , c

f , cd,

, c g f kd.

T ckd f; f

v g jc: ,

f v; , f ffd. Of ,

g f g ;

f f c g f. T

f f f v g,

c c f f cv

c. T , c

g k , c

cd f , q f dcd, v f .

S f f cv c,

f , g c

g cv f c gd g

f vc, , ,

g d, f f v

c v Gd, d

f vg f fid. A f c d jc

cv

Gd f; c swearing , O,

form of speech, added to a promise, by which he that

promises signifies that unless he perform he renounces

the mercy of his God, or calls to him for vengeance

on himself . Sc f, Let Jupiter

kill me else, as I kill this beast. S f, I shall do thus, and thus, so help me God . Ad ,

d c c v

g, f f kg

f g g.

. B k c-

cdg f

v d ; d

g g c k

Gd. F g v d

kg, f f, fl;

d v dd -

d dv . Ad -

g c Gd fg f

; d g g, d

c dc, g, c, g c vc

f kg.

. I dd g

g. F cv, f f, d

g f Gd, , c

; f f, d , g

cfid .

Chapter : Of Other Laws of Nature

. F [cd] f c

gd f c g

, g d, d c f kd,

f d, c ; that men per-

form their covenants made ; c, cv-

v d d; d g f g g,

cd f .

. Ad f c f-

d g [c] f Jc. F

cv cdd, g

fd; d v g v-

g; d cq, c c j.

B cv d, k unjust d dfi f Ijc

the not performance of covenant . Ad -

v j just .1

. B c cv f ,

f f fc

( d f c2),

vd, g g f jc k-

g f cv; jc c c c f c f k ;

whatsoever is not unjust is just “J” d “j”

c, cdc. T :

dd vg

: g c j j.

Hv, H dfi “j” c

c cdc f “j.” kg

dfi c, f k cv j, c j.

the former chapter C .

T d f

.

[]

T f f

.

N ,

Gd.

A

dd -

g

g.

T d

f

,

Jc.

Jc d

jc

.

Jc d

g

cf c-

.




c, cd f

, c d. Tf f

f just d unjust c v c,

ccv c q

fc f cv f g fi

xc c f cv, d

k gd 1 c c-

c cq c f v

g d; d c

f c f c. Ad

gd f d dfi-

f jc Sc, f justice is the constant [vg] will of giving

to every man his own. Ad f

own, , , jc;

d ccv cd,

, c,

, vg g g; -

f c, -

g j. S f jc c kg f vd cv; vd f

cv g c f

cv ffi c c k

; d g.

. T f d ,

c g jc;2 d

g, gg v ’

cv d c g cd c, cd

v g d g c-

dcd ; d f k

k, k k cv

g cdcd ’ fi.

H d d cv;

d k,

k; d c c f cdjc, d vc f jc;

q jc, kg

f f Gd (f f d

Gd), d

c dc v gd;

d c , cdc c

that propriety T fi.

Te fool ... as justice T fc g-g f P P : “T f d

, T Gd.”

fi cd g-

c d d vg,

f . T kgd f Gd

g vc; f cd g

j vc? W g g , cv ?

Ad f g , g

jc; jc vd f3

gd. F c g , ccf

ckd d f v; d

g v dd

v f f, v d

f gg f kgd. Ad vd S dd

J vd v J

vg f jc, k

c f Ck’4 Commentaries on Littleton,

, f g f c -

d f , c dcd

, d eo instante 5 d6 vd; f

c c v f f kgd

k , g f,

c jc

; c v g , -

g v c f d

fi f v; d c

cdc d. T

c g v f.. F q f -

, c f fc

d, cv cd

v g, f c

cv; f

fd d

k f, q

g , , g fi f

approved for Avd .

Coke Edd Ck (–),

Egd’ dg f c . T

Kg J I

d C I. H c enures f S T L (c. –), Eg j-

, g f k. T

fi f Institutes of the Laws of England

(). eo instante L: .

attainder Cvc.

[]

Jc

c

. []




f . Ad I

g . F f f

cd, fi, d

g, c dg g c

f d ckd 1 d dc, v ccd, c

cd xc, vg

fi; c v d k

d. Scd, cd f

, v v , f

f c k ,

, c

g dfd f f dc f cfd, v

xc df cfd

d; d f c

dc k dcv

c xc f

f c d f g

. H, f, k cv

d cq dc k d , c cvd -

c v f c d df

f cv ;

cvd d -

g dg f ; c

c ck f

c; d f f f c

f c, ; d f v c, f , c cd

f ck , d cq

g f v; d ,

c dc f-

2 f gc f gd

f v.

. A f c f gg c

d fc f v , fv; g g, d

kg, kg f cv.

. Ad f c f -

g vg , f ,

g v f; c c

xcd, c,

notwithstanding ... reckoned on A f c dvc.

forbear P .

d c, gg , g

g k , f

g . Jc f, ,

kg f cv, f c

fdd d g dcv f, d cq f .

. T cd f d

v f

c cdc v f ’ f

, [] g f

fc f d, c [fc] k

c f cv cdc d c-

q j d ; c k k f k d

g vg cd v

c. B c

kdg f ’ f d,

c f d gv

c f f, f gdd

’ g k -

k k k k , c

f f c cd c f

.

. O, f f

kg f f, d v k xc

f c , [c] c, d c

3 f cv ; d

g . F f f f ffi c dcg cv d,

g v ffi c

v dd kg f .

. T f just d unjust ,

d , gf g, d,

d c, .

W d , gf

cf cf f -. B d c

gf cf cf ,

f , f f, f c-

c. A j f k

c c c j;

d j gc . Ad

c f gg d

f g d g

use not to C d .

[]

Cv

d-

cgd

vc f

d.

Jc f

, &

jc f

c

.




j d j g g .

Tf g d

f j c cd f

dd k f g ;

d g ccf c c d f d f

f, c fd jc,

fi f d.

T c gv c 1

f jc c g f

cg, fd, c c

dg f c f f

fd c f . T jc f 2 c jc

cd v; d jc, vc.

. B jc f c d

, j, g; d jc f

(c cd j) gv

f g.3

. Ag, jc f d-

d d j, d jcf cd c d g

dvd jd. B jc f

c ( , j) d-

vd jd;

cv d; d f

j cvd dg

dd . A c-

d v gv g; f d, j d ,

d f cvd ;

dg dd g,

d g, d f cd j

. Ad c v

d,4

vc,

dgd,

5

c dg

6

f d

relish Sv.

manners C cdc.

But the justice ... of guilty T fc c

j d’ k dd j—

k g c; d j

c ( j) k cd g.

remit to one another their debts L d ff

f d. endamaged Hd.

detaining N-.

j v; d vc

j f c.

. Wv d , cf-

gfid d,

j . F f d d g g d

cd cv, c f

cv, d f j d . Ad

f v, v d, g g-

fid, f cv, d g

j d .

. Jc f c 7 dvdd

commutative d distributive ; d f c c;

gc. Cv,

f, c q f v f

g ccd f; d dv,

d f q fi f q

. A f jc d

, gv .

T v f g ccd f d 8 f cc, d f

j v c cd

gv. Ad (d c cv-

, fc

fc f , d f d

jc cv, dv) d

jc, dd f 9 gc . Ad

f dc, xdd, g. k

, cv jc jc f

cc; , fc f cv

g d g, g d g ,

dg d g, xcgg, g,

d c f cc.

. Ad dv jc [] jc

f , , c f dfig j. W, g d

k , f f ,

d d v ; d

dd j d, d cd,

g , dv jc,

writers A, Aq, d . appetite D.

rewarded of Rdd .

Jc f

d jc

f c.

[]

Ng

d

c

c

j.

Jc

c-v d

dv.




q, c f ,

d c.

. A jc dd cd cv-

, d Gd dd cd

gc, , cd f gf, d f f , c ccvd

f: that a man which receives benefit from

another of mere grace endeavor that he which gives

it have no reasonable cause to repent him of 1 [regret]

his good will. F gv -

f gd f, c gf v;

d f v c, jc v

gd; f c, f [] fd, g-

g f vc , cq f

, f cc f

; d f

cd f war , c c fi

d fd f c cd

seek peace . T c f cd

ingratitude d gc jc g cv.

. A fif f Cc;

, that every man strive to accommodate

himself to the rest . F ddg f

cd ’

c dv f , g f

dv f ffc, k

g g f dg f dfic.F c 2 d -

g f fig k f

f fi, d f d c

d ,3 d d dg,

d c fi d

; , f

v g c

f fl d c,

d f f c

ccd, f c f c

c . F g v ,

g, c f ,

d dv c

c c f cv,

repent him of Rg. asperity S.

plain S.

f g f g -

fl g f

f, d f d c c

fd f , c c-

d to seek peace . T v f cd Sc, ( L c com-

modi ); c, stubborn, insociable , forward ,

intractable .

. A x f : that upon cau-

tion of the future time,4 a man ought to pardon the

offences past of them that, repenting, desire it . F

Pd g gg f c, c

g gd v , c, f; gd

gv c f f g

f v c d f c

f .

. A v , that in revenges ( , -

f v f v), men look not at the great-

ness of the evil past, but the greatness of the good to

follow . W fdd flc - dg f cc

f ffd dc f . F

cq x f ,5 c-

d d c f f .

Bd, vg c x

d fi c gg

f , dg d (f d

c6

); d gg d v-g d c ; d

d dc

f , c g f , d

c d f cruelty .7

. Ad c g f d c-

vk fig, c

c zd f

vgd, g c, f

f , d c; that no man by

deed, word, countenance, or gesture, declare hatred

or contempt of another . T c f c

c cd contumely .

upon caution of the future time Bg cf

v f.

is consequent to the next before it F f

v . somewhat to come Sg f.

contumely G .

T f

f

,

gd.

[]

T fif,

cc-

d

c-

c.

T x,

fc

d.

T

v,

vg

c

f

gd.

T g,

g

c.




. T q

c cd f ,

( f) q. T

q dcd

cv. I k A fi k f Politics ,1 f fd f dc,

k , c-

d, g , c g

f f ; v,

g d g d,

, d v

dcd c f , df-

fc f ;2 c g , g xc. F v f

f d gv v

gvd ; ,

cc, cd fc

d d, d ,

f, , g vc.3

If f v d q,

q ckdgd; f vd q, c k

v q cd f

c, q , c q

dd. Ad f f f

, I , that every man acknowledge

another for his equal by nature . T c f

c pride .

. O dd , c cd f c, q

v 4 f g c

c d vd v f

. A c f k c

d c g f ,

, v d ,5

c f ’ f , g

gv d, j , , ,

g f c c, d g

c c v v .

If c, kg f c, q

the first book of his Politics Bk , –.

wit Ic.

do they ... the victory T ( k -

v ) d’ , d’ f, v

. reserve to K f.

list D.

f v c d v

gd , d c -

cd cd ckdg

f q, d f g

f . T v f c d, d k g .

T Gk c v f x,

, d f .

. A, f a man be trusted to judge between

man and man, c f f

that he deal equally between them. F

, cv f c d-

d . H f 6 jdg d d

f f jdg d , d c-

q (g fd f )

c f .

. T vc f , f q

d c f c

gd , cd Eq, d ( I v

d f) dv jc; v, ac-ception of persons, prosopolepsia.7

. Ad f f :

c g c dvdd jd

c, f c ; d f q f

g , ;8 -

f v g.

F d q, d

c q.. B g c

dvdd jd c. T,

f c c q q, that

the entire right, or else (making the use alternate) the

first possession, be determined by lot .9 F q d-

f f ; d

f q d c gd.

. Of lots , arbitrary d

natural . A c gd

c; primogeniture 10

(c Gk c klerovomia , c g-

fi, given by lot ) first seizure .

partial Bd.

acception of persons, prosopolepsia B fa vor-itism.

stint Rc. lot L.

primogeniture Bg fi-.

T ,

g

d.

T ,g

gc.

T

v,

q.

T f,

q

f g

c.

T

,

f .

[]

T f-

, f

g-

, d

fi zg.




. Ad f g c c

jd c, dvdd, g

djdgd fi ; d c

fi , cqd .

. I f , that all men that mediate peace be allowed safe conduct . F

cd c, end , cd

c,1 means ; d c

f cdc.2

. Ad c, g v

g v , v-

q ccg ’ c;

fi, d d; cd,f d, g g

; f f cd q of

fact , q of right ; f

q cv

d c3 f , f

f c v. T , c

, cd A. Ad -

f f f that they that are at controversy submit their right to the judgment of an

arbitrator .

. Ad g v d d

g d fi,

fi c; d f

v fi,4 q g c

q fi, f dd jdg,

dd ; d c-v, , c f , , g

f .

. F c

g cvd f

g fi

f vc f f

, f k (g vd

, ) ; d c gd

. Ad cv d

cd f , c f

.

. Ad cv f fact , jdg

g gv cd

intercession Pdg f f .

arbitrement A.

stand to the sentence Ad jdg. if he were never so fit Ev f fi [ jdg

c].

,5 f g, gv

cd d; d d f; ,

f q dcdd, d f

fc, c f .

. T f , dcg c, f f cv f

d; d c cc dc

f cv c. T g dg

dc f c , dk,

d f c, c

f ckd g g

c f fdd,

c d, g c.

. Ad g

ddc f f k -

c f , f

gg fd, d gg

dd; v xc,

v ccd ,

g v cc; d : Do not that to another which thou wouldest not

have done to thyself ; c

d g f ,

gg c f

v,

f c, d

c, d f-v dd

g g; d f f

v .

. T f g in foro interno,

, d d d

k c; in foro externo;6 , -

g c, . F d

d d c, d f

c d c d

d , d k f ,

d c c , c

gd f f c d ’

being to ... the other Sd gv cdc

d .

in foro interno ... in foro externo L: , before the internal court / before the external court . T

g f “ c” vc f ’ ccc, d “x c”

jdg f c.

T

fif, f

d.

T x-

, f

-.

T v-

,

jdg.

T g-

,

jdg

c f

.

T -

, f

.

[]

A

c

f

xd.

T

f

g

ccc

,

ffc

c.




v. Ad g, vg ffi c

c v -

d , v f, k

c, , d cq dc

f vc.. Ad v d in foro interno

k, fc1 c

, fc ccdg , c

k c. F g c

c ccdg ;

g ; c, g

in foro interno, c.

. T f d, f jc, gd, gc,

d, q, cc f , d

c v d f. F c v

v f, d c d .

. T , c g

d d dv, fgd d

c dv, vd. F

q g dv, dv fc ffi ; d

ffi j.

. Ad cc f d

. F

g cc f good d

evil cv [c] d c

f kd. Good d evil gf

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f; d dv dff

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good , d, d c

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d . Ad f g

cd f (c cd-

f ), v f

gd d v; d cq g

, c gd, d f

f c, c ( I v -

a fact A c.

f) justice , gratitude , modesty , equity , mercy ,

d f f , gd;

, moral virtues ; d c vices ,

v. N cc f v d vc

; d f dc f f .

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dc f 2 , f c,

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. T dc f c

f , ; f

cc ccg cd-

c cv d df f v;

, , d f

g cd v . B f c-

d dvd df Gd g cd g,

cd laws .

Chapter : Of Persons, Authors, and

Tings Personated

. A whose words or actions are consid-

ered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man,3 or of any other thing

to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by

fiction.

. W cdd ,

cd natural person; d

cdd g d d c-

f , feigned artificial

.. T d L, d f

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face , persona L gfi disguise

in a mediocrity of Ag d-g.

as representing ... another man T v

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.

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person,

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sent f ; d c

d c (

c Cc , Unus

sustineo tres personas: mei, adversarii, et judicis ;2 I

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ant , vicar , attorney , deputy , procurator ,

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cd owner , d L dominus Gk

kurios ; kg f c, cd . Ad

g f cd d,

g f dg c cd A

d warrant . S

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f g .

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d c,

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f.

vizard V.

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f d, c f .

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executing Dg g.

dilation Dg.

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[…]

Chapter : Of the Causes,Generation, and Definition of a Commonwealth

. T fi c, d, dg f ( -

v , d d v )

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husbandry Fg.

cities and kingdoms ... greater families C .,

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d v , I authorize and give up

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assembly of men, on this condition: that thou give up

thy right to him, and authorize all his actions in like

manner . T d, d d

cd C; L,

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person, of whose acts a great multitude, by mutual

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every one the author, to the end he may use the

strength and means of them all as he shall think

expedient for their peace and common defense.

confer ... power and strength If cz cf f

d g vg, d

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to submit ... his judgment Ec

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Sovereigns by Institution

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multitude f d g d covenant, every

one with every one , v man as-

sembly of men gv j 4

right present f ,

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Commonwealth by Institution and of

Succession to the Sovereign Power

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