HO4 Consti, Citizen, And Vote

8/12/2019 HO4 Consti, Citizen, And Vote

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POLIGOVHANDOUTS # 4

CONSTITUTIONALISM: THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONAND THE CONCEPTS OF CITIZENSHIP AND SUFFRAGE

AND THE ROLE OF MEDIA AND PROPAGANDAIN THE FORMATION OF PUBLIC OPINION

PREPARED BY: PORTIA ELAINE V. BISMONTE

I. CONSTITUTIONALISM

A. DEFINITION:

1. WHAT IS CONSTITUTIONALISM?

Is a doctrine or principle which describes and

supports a constitution as the supreme law of the land, it is aninstrument that provides a system of effective restraints uponpolitical power.

2. WHAT IS A CONSTITUTION?

Fundamental law of the state (land), an organic act.

Is a Body of rules and maxims in accordance with which

power of sovereignty is habitually exercised. By CooleyConstitutional aw

!he fundamental law of the land(state) which contains the

principles on which the government is founded, regulates the

division of sovereign powers, and directs to what persons each ofthese powers is to be entrusted and the manner of it"s exercise

Is a written instrument by which the fundamental power of

the government are established, limited and defined and by whichthese powers are distributed among several department for theirsafe and useful exercise for the benefit of the body politic. By#alcom, $hil. Constitution.

Is a citadel %eeping governments under restraint to prevent it

from becoming arbitrary and tyrannical. It assures the effectiveoperation of the government to protect the rights and liberties of thepeople, conserve their customs, traditions, and raise their economic

well being. Is a system for governance, often codified as a written

document, that establishes the rules and principles of anautonomous political entity. In the case of countries, this term refersspecifically to a national constitution defining the fundamentalpolitical principles, and establishing the structure, procedures,powers and duties, of a government. #ost national constitutionsalso guarantee certain rightsto the people. &istorically, before theevolution of modern'style, codified national constitutions, the termconstitution could be applied to any important lawthat governed thefunctioning of a government.

!he term constitutioncomes from atin, referring to issuingany important law, usually by the oman emperor. ater, the termwas widely used in canon lawto indicate certain relevant decisions,mainly from the $ope.

B. HISTORY OR ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codifiedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codified


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THE ANCIENTS:xcavations in modern'day Ira* by rnest de +arec in -// found

evidence of the earliest %nown code of 0ustice, issued by the +umerian %ing1ru%agina of agash ca2344 BC. $erhaps the earliest prototype for a law ofgovernment, this document itself has not yet been discovered5 however it is

%nown that it allowed some rights to his citiens. For example, it is %nown that itrelieved tax for widows and orphans, and protected the poor from the usuryofthe rich.

6fter that, many governments ruled by special codes of written laws. !heoldest such document still %nown to exist seems to be the Code of 1r'7ammuof1r(ca2484 BC). +ome of the better'%nown ancient law codes include the codeofipit'Ishtarof Isin, the code of &ammurabiof Babylonia, the &ittite code, the

6ssyrian code, #osaic law, and the Cyrus cylinderby Cyrus the 9reatof $ersia.In :2- BC, a scribe named ;raco wrote the laws of the city'state of

6thens5 and being *uite cruel, this code prescribed the death penalty for anyoffence. In 8the arrangement of the offices in a state>. Inhis wor%s Constitution of Athens, Politics, and Nicomachean Ethicshe exploresdifferent constitutions of his day, including those of 6thens, +parta, andCarthage. &e classified both what he regarded as good and bad constitutions,

and came to the conclusion that the best constitution was a mixed system,including monarchic, aristocratic, and democratic elements. &e alsodistinguished between citiens, who had the exclusive opportunity to participatein the state, and non'citiens and slaves who did not.

!he omans first codified their constitution in ==< BC as the TwelveTables. !hey operated under a series of laws that were added from time to time,but oman law was never reorganised into a single code until the CodexTheodosianus(6; =3)5 later, in the astern mpire the Codex Justinianus(83=)was highly influential throughout urope. !his was followed in the east by theEclogaof eo III the Isaurian(/=4) and the asilicaof Basil I(/).

#any of the 9ermanic peoples that filled the power vacuum left by the?estern oman mpire in the arly #iddle 6gescodified their laws. @ne of thefirst of these 9ermanic law codes to be written was the Aisigothic Code of Eu!ic(=/-). !his was followed by the "ex u!gundionum, applying separate codes for9ermans and for omans5 the Pactus Alamanno!um5 and the +alic awof theFran%s, all written soon after 844. In 84:, the !evia!um or #"ex $omana# of

6laric II, %ing of the Aisigoths, adopted and consolidated the CodexTheodosianus together with assorted earlier oman laws. +ystems thatappeared somewhat later include the Edictum $otha!iof theombards(:=3), the"ex %isigotho!um(:8=), the "ex Alamanno!um(/34) and the "ex &!isionum(ca/8).

apans Seventeen'a!ticle constitutionwritten in :4=, reportedly by $rince+hDto%u, is an early example of a constitution in 6sian political history. Influencedby Buddhist teachings, the document focuses more on social morality thaninstitutions of government (e! se and remains a notable early attempt at agovernment constitution. 6nother is the Constitution of )edina, drafted by theprophet of Islam, #uhammad,in :22.

!he *a+anashagowa,or oral constitution of the Iro*uoisnation, has beenestimated to date from between -4


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),-E$N A*EE

In ngland, &enry Is proclamation of the Charter of iberties in --44bound the %ing for the first time in his treatment of the clergy and the nobility.

!his idea was extended and refined by the nglish barony when they forced ingohn to sign )agna Ca!ta in -2-8. !he most important single article of the)agna Ca!ta, related to >habeas co!(us>, provided that the %ing was notpermitted to imprison, outlaw, exile or %ill anyone at a whim G there must be dueprocessof law first. !his article, 6rticle 3


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ights >occupies a position of primacy in the fundamental law>. J=K!he Bill ofights, contained in 6rticle III, enumerates the specific protections against+tate power. #any of these guarantees are similar to those provided in the

6merican constitution and other democratic constitutions, including the dueprocess and e*ual protection clause, the right against unwarranted searches

and seiures, the right to free speechand the free exercise of religion,the rightagainst self'incrimination, and the right to habeas corpus. !he scope andlimitations to these rights have largely been determined by $hilippine +upremeCourtdecisions.

@utside of the Bill of ights, the Constitution

also contains several other provisions enumerating various state policiesincluding, i.e., the affirmation of labor >as a primary social economic force>(+ection -=, 6rticle II)5 the e*ual protection of >the life of the mother and the lifeof the unborn from conception> (+ection -2, 6rticle II)5 the >Filipino family as thefoundation of the nation> (6rticle MA, +ection -)5 the recognition of Filipino as>the national language of the $hilippines> (+ection :, 6rticle MIA), and even a

re*uirement that >all educational institutions shall underta%e regular sportsactivities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and othersectors.> (+ection -guarantee e*ual access to opportunities to publicservice> could not be enforced without accompanying legislation, and thuscould not bar the disallowance of so'called >nuisance candidates> inpresidential elections. But in another case, the Court held that a provisionre*uiring that the +tate >protect and advance the right of the people to a

balanced and healthful ecology> did not re*uire implementing legislation tobecome the source of operative rights.

C. CONSTITUTION VS. LAW

LAW/STATUTESN is a rule of conduct binding on all members of society andpromulgated by competent authority.

CONSTITUTION LAW

its is the supreme law of the land

its is a direct enactment from the

people to ratify it it contains general principles or

provisions

its is permanent in character as it"s

amendment is difficult

the amendatory process must be

strictly followed

it is of general applications but must

conform with the constitution

it is an enactment of the people"srepresentative

it contains details to implement

provisions of the constitution

it is easy to amend directly by the

legislative body

the amendment process is 0ust a

simple process of legislation

D. CLASSIFICATIONS OR TYPES OF CONSTITUTION

CODIFIEDN is one that is contained in asingle written document, which is thesingle source of constitutional law in astate.

!he most obvious advantages of

codified constitutions are that theytend to be more coherent and more

UNCODIFIED N is one that is notcontained in a single document, consistingof several different sources, which may bewritten or unwritten.

1ncodified constitutions are the

product of an >evolution> of lawsand conventions over centuries. By

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Constitution#_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_protection_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Constitution#_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_protection_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language


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easily understood, as well assimpler to read (being singledocuments). &owever, althoughcodified constitutions are relativelyrigid, they still yield a potentially

wide range of interpretations byconstitutional courts.

Codified constitutions are usually

the product of dramatic politicalchange, such as a revolution+tatesthat have codified constitutionsnormally give the constitutionsupremacy over ordinary statutelaw. !hat is, if there is a conflictbetween a legal statute and thecodified constitution, all or part of

the statute can be declared ult!avi!esby a court and struc% down asunconstitutional. In addition, anextraordinary procedure is oftenre*uired to ma%e a constitutionalamendment. !hese proceduresmay involveE obtaining O ma0oritiesin the national legislature, theconsent of regional legislatures, areferendum process or some otherprocedure that ma%es obtaining a

constitutional amendment moredifficult than passing a simple law.

contrast to codified constitutions, inthe ?estminster tradition thatoriginated in ngland, uncodifiedconstitutions include writtensourcesE e.g. constitutional statutes

enacted by the $arliament (&ouseof Commons ;is*ualification 6ct-


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specially constituted authority calledconstitutional convention (commission)and these provisions are embodied in onecompact document.

Consists of a single document

containing all the written provisionsof the fundamental law of the land

Is used to describe a constitution

that is entirely written, which bydefinition includes every codifiedconstitution. &owever, someconstitutions are entirely written but,strictly spea%ing, not entirelycodified. For example, in theConstitution of 6ustralia, most of itsfundamental political principles and

regulations concerning therelationship between branches ofgovernment, and concerning thegovernment and the individual arecodified in a single document, theConstitution of the Commonwealthof 6ustralia.

inaugurated at any specific time, andchanging by accretion rather by anysystematic method, it may includescattered written provisions, but isunwritten in the sense of having no

compact written form. xE 1"sconstitution.

Is not embodied in a single written

document, it is an evolvedconstitution which undergoesgrowth and development in thecustoms and traditions of the peopleand reinforced by written laws, rulesand principles

+trictly spea%ing, unw!itten

constitution is never an accurate

synonym for uncodified constitution,because all modern democraticconstitutions consist of some writtensources, even if they have nodifferent technical status thanordinary statutes.

ENTRENCHED N 6 fundamental feature of constitutions. ntrenchment refers towhether the constitution is legally protected from modification without a procedure ofconstitutional amendment. ntrenchment is an inherent feature in most written

constitutions. !he $hilippine constitution is an example of an entrenched constitution,and the 1 constitution is an example of a constitution that is not entrenched.

!he procedure for modifying a constitution is often called

amending9amendments!atification;. 6mending an entrenched constitutionre*uires more than the approval of the national legislature, it re*uires wideracceptance. +ometimes, the reason for this is that the constitution is consideredsupreme law, such as according to the supremacy clausein the 1+ constitution.egardless of whether a constitution has this technical status, all states with anentrenched constitution recognie the difference between constitutional law andordinary statutory law. $rocedures for ratification of constitutional amendmentsvary between states. In a federal system of government, the approval of a

ma0ority of stateLprovincial legislatures may be re*uired. 6lternatively, a nationalreferendum may be re*uired in some states, such as in 6ustralia.

7@!E In constitutions that are not entrenched, no special procedure is re*uired formodification. In the small number of countries with un'entrenched constitutions, the lac%of entrenchment is because the constitution is not recognised with any higher legalstatus than ordinary statutes. In the 1, for example, passing laws which modifysources of the constitution, whether they are written or unwritten, are passed on asimple ma0ority in $arliament. !he concept of >amendment> does not apply, as theconstitution can be altered as easily in terms of procedure as any national law.

RIGID/INELASTIC N when amendments

or revisions of the constitution can only beeffected by complying with procedureprovided in the constitution itself.

FLEIBLE/ELASTIC N ?hen

amendments can be affected in a mannersimilar to the manner of passing or alteringan ordinary law.

E. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD WRITTEN CONSTITUTION

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BROAD AND COMPREHENSIVE ' the

purpose of the constitution is to outline the organiation of thegovernment, in this framewor%, the functions and powers of thegovernment are defined and limited, the locus and focus of the power isstated, relations between the government and the governed are

prescribed.

BRIEF AND CONCISE N the constitution

should only contain the essentials of government, together with certainimportant aspects, the legislation will supply the details in order for theconstitution to be not so verbose and the brevity of the charter must notbe despoiled by too much vague words and contradictions.

CLEAR AND DEFINITE N the provisions of

the constitution must leave no room for ambiguity because if they arevague they would be susceptible to various interpretations, and such

varied interpretations will lead to constitutional problems unresolved anddestructive to a nation"s welfare.

F. PARTS OF THE CONSTITUTION

-) PREAMBLE' from the word(!eambula!ewhich means to wal% before, itis the introduction to the constitution not an actual part of the organic act,,but is useful for it explains why the constitution was enacted and for whomit was made, and it enumerates the general ob0ectives of the constitution.

2) DIVISION AND DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF

GOVERNMENTN provides for the division and distribution of powers andfunctions of the government in order to ensure the supremacy of the ruleof law and to safeguard the rights and liberties of the people from abuseand suppression by men clothed with political authority.

3) BILL OF RIGHTS N an essential part of the constitution, it is theenumeration of the rights of the people protected and guaranteed by theconstitution from abuses and oppression of individuals, groups of persons,associations, and especially the government, it includes civil, political,social, economic, rights of the accused and etc.

CIVIL RIGHTS ! is a right of an individual enforced by the

state at the instance of the individual for the pupose ofsecuring for him

6re the protections and privileges of personal

power given to all citiens by law. Civil rights aredistinguished from >human rights> or >natural rights>.Civil rights are rights that are bestowed by nationson those within their territorial boundaries, whilenatural or human rights are rights that manyscholars claim that individuals have by nature ofbeing born. For example, the philosopher ohnoc%e(-:32N-/4=) argued that the natural rights of

life, liberty and propertyshould be converted intocivil rights and protected by the sovereignstateasan aspect of the social contract. @thers have arguedthat people ac*uire rights as an inalienablegift froma deity (such as 9od) or at a time of naturebeforegovernments were formed.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1632http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1704http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inalienable_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1632http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1704http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inalienable_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_nature


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POLITICAL RIGHTSN are the rights that are given to every

citien of the state these rights allow that individual toparticipate in government and the politics that surround it egEright to vote, freedom of speech, etc.

SOCIAL RIGHTS !6re generally considered an obligation a

society places upon itself and its citiens to ensure to allpeople some specified standard of living, withoutdiscrimination. !hese standards may include the right to ataxpayer'funded educationor healthcare.6nti'discriminationacts have often secured these rights for politically wea%ergroups.

NOTE: &uman rights, refers to the concept of human beings as having universal rightsor status, regardless of legal 0urisdiction or other localiing factors, such as ethnicity andnationality. !he theory of three generations of human rightsconsiders social rights to be>second'generation rights>, and the theory of negative and positive rights considers

them to be >positive rights>. 6lmost all rights stem from these. gE right to life, right tolove, liberty and property are 0ust among the examples.

ECONOMIC RIGHTSN are rights that gives an individual the

duty or functions or even the privilege of owning property,participating and owning a business, any opportunity toimprove one"s financial life and improve *uality of life.

RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED ! are a class of rights that

apply to a person in the time period between when they areformally accused of a crime and when they are eitherconvicted or ac*uitted. ights of the accused are generally

based on the maxim of >innocent until proven guilty> and areembodied in due (!ocess. $romotion of the rights of theaccused sometimes comes into conflict with promotion ofvictim


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Constitutions depending on their type can be changed thru the followingprocessesE

6mendment by the 9I+6!IA B@; thru

a 2L3 or P vote of it"s members. !he legislative act also %nown asConstituent assembly o! #con'ass> is one of the three modes in which the

- is one of the threemodes in which the >Constitution of the $hilippines could be amended orrevised. !he other two modes are via $eoples Initiative or >$I> andConstituent 6ssembly or >Con'6ss>. 1nder 6rticle MAII, +ec.3 of theConstitution of the $hilippinesE Q!he Congress may, by a vote of two'thirds ofall its #embers, call a constitutional convention, or by a ma0ority vote of all its#embers, submit to the electorate the *uestion of calling such a convention.R!he delegates for Constitutional Convention can be either elected by thepeople andLor appointed by the $resident. !he process of amending or

revising the -$I> is one of the modes in whichthe -Con'6ss> and ConstitutionalConventionor >Con'Con>5 which also allow revisions.

NOTE: 1nder 6rticle MAII, +ec.2 of the Constitution, Q6mendments to this Constitutionmay li%ewise be directly proposed by the people through initiative upon a petition of atleast twelve per centum of the total number of registered voters, of which everylegislative district must be represented by at least three per centum of the registeredvotes therein.R !he process of amending or revising the -


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A. CITIZENSHIP is the membership in a political community (a country)and carries with it rightsto political participation5 a person having suchmembership is called a $%&%'() *+,-($&". It is largely coterminous withnationality, although it is possible to have a nationality without being acitien (i.e., be legally sub0ect to a state and entitled to its protection

without having rights of political participation in it)5 it is also possible tohave political rights without being a national of a state. In most nations, anon'citien is a non'national and called either a fo!eigne!or an alien.

as a membership of an individual in a politicalcommunity en0oying political, civil rights, and etc.

2" INDS OF CITIZENSHIP: WAYS OF AC0UIRING CITIZENSHIP

-. 8 I$TH ' an individual ac*uires citienship at the time ofhis birth under two general principlesE

J7S S,"I J7S SAN*7INIS

atin, means law of the soil.

?

herein the citienship of the new bornchild is determined not by his parent"snationality but on the place of his birthegE +ally had 6merican parents butwas born in France in us +oli rulesshe is a French Citien by being bornin France.

Is a right by which nationality orcitienship can be ac*uired by anyindividual born in the territory of therelated state. 6t the turn of thenineteenth century, nation'statescommonly divided themselvesbetween those granting nationality onthe grounds of /us soli (France, forexample) and those granting it on thegrounds of /us sanguinis (right of

blood) (9ermany, for example).&owever, most uropean countrieschose the 9erman conception of an>ob0ective nationality>, based onblood, race or language (as inFichtes classical definition of anation), opposing themselves torepublican rnest enans >sub0ectivenationality>, based on an every'dayplebiscite of ones appurtenance tohis Fatherland. !his non'essentialist

conception of nationality allowed theimplementation of/us soli, against theessentialist /us sanguinis. &owever,todays massive increase of refugeeshas somewhat blurred the linesbetween these two antagonisticsources of right.

atin, means law of blood.

?

herein the citienship of the new bornchild is determine not by place of birthbut by his parents either both or one ofthem. gE +ally because of her

6merican parents is 6merican even ifshe was born in France.

I

s a right by which nationality orcitienship can be recognied to anyindividual born to a parent who is anational or citien of that state. Itcontrasts with ,+ +%(atin for >rightof soil>).

6

t the end of the -


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can lead to generations of people livingtheir whole lives in the state withoutbeing citiens of it ' according to

6gamben, thus li%ening their status toan Homo Sace!, deprived of any civil

rights. B

ut notably unli%e France, someuropean states (in their modernforms) are in fact post'empirecreations within the past century.+tates arising out of the 6ustro'&ungarian and @ttoman mpires hadhuge numbers of ethnic populationsoutside of new boundaries and severalhad long standing diasporas

inamicable to 24th century uropeannationalism and state creation. Inmany cases 0us sanguinis rights weremandated by international treaty '' withdefinitions often imposed by theinternational community. In othercases minorities were sub0ect to legaland extra'legal persecution and theironly sage option was immigration totheir ancestral home country. +tatesoffering 3,+ +)5,%)%+rights to those

persons and their descendants wouldinclude 9reece, !ur%ey and Bulgariaall of whom are obligated byinternational treaty to extend thoserights.

7@!E @ften times these two principles are used and thus dual nationality and evendualLdouble citienships exists (triple citienry also exists) while the $hilippineconstitution doesn"t prohibit this it also provides that dual allegiance QloyaltyR of citiensare inimical to national interests and shall be dealt with by the law. 6rt. IA +ec 8.

7@!E #ultiple citienship , or multiple nationality, is a status in which a person isconcurrently regarded as a citien under the laws of more than one state. ;ualcitienship (being a citien of two nations), or dual nationality, is by far the mostcommon type of multiple citienship, as nothing in international law prevents anyonefrom establishing citienship in two countries. #ultiple citienships can be ac*uiredbecause countries use different and not necessarily mutually exclusive criteria tobestow their citienship. +ome countries bestow citienship automatically at birth topersons with a parent who is one of their nationals (0us sanguinis), or to persons bornon their territory (0us soli), or through marriage to persons wedding their nationals (0urematrimonii). @ther nations (such as6ustralia) allow the grant of citienship to be made

to the children of citiens under certain circumstances. In addition, citienship can begranted through naturaliation. +ome countries consider multiple citienship undesirableand ta%e measures to prevent it5 this may ta%e the form of an automatic loss of acitienship if another citienship is ac*uired voluntarily (e.g. in apanor +ingapore) orcriminal penalties for exercising another citienship (e.g. carrying a foreign passport in+audi 6rabia). @thers may allow a citien to have any number of nationalities. &owever,since each country decides for itself who its citiens are, based solely on its own lawsand generally without regard for the laws of other countries, it is *uite possible for a

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agambenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_Sacerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_sanguinishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_solihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jure_matrimonii&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jure_matrimonii&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passport#Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agambenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_Sacerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_sanguinishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_solihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jure_matrimonii&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jure_matrimonii&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passport#Saudi_Arabia


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given individual to be considered a citien by two or more countries even if some or allof these countries forbid dual or multiple citienship. @n the other hand, some countriesconsider multiple citienship desirable because it increases opportunities for theircitiens to compete and build contacts globally, andLor have ta%en active steps towardspermitting multiple citienship in recent years (e.g.6ustraliasince6pril =, 2442J2K5India,

as noted below, has introduced a form of overseas citienshipbut this stops well shortof full dual citienship).#any countries, even those which >permit> dual or multiplecitienship, do not >recognie> dual or multiple citienship under their lawsE individualsare treated either as citiens of that country or not, and their citienship with respect toother countries is considered to have no bearing. !his can mean, for example, thatconsular officials abroad may not have access to their citiens if they also hold localcitienship (eg. Iran,J #exico, many 6rab countries, former +oviet republics). +omecountries may provide access for consular officials as a matter of courtesy, but do notaccept any obligation to do so under international consular agreements. !he right ofcountries to act in this fashion is protected via the #aster 7ationality ule. In populardiscourse, reference to countries that >recognie> multiple citienship may refer only to

the lac% of any specific statute forbidding multiple citienship (leaving aside thedifficulties of enforcing such statutes).

2. J7-ICIA" -ECISI,NN filing a petition before the !C andma%ing a ;eclaration of Intent to become a Filipino, in which the courtwill study his petition and oath and then if *ualified be approved and benaturalied.

3. NAT7$A"I?ATI,N ' refers to an act whereby a personac*uires a citienshipdifferent from that persons citienship at birth.

' the process of ma%ing an alien a citien and

giving himLher the rights or privileges of a citien. (inthe $hilippines the process of naturaliation is underthe 0udiciary courts 0urisdiction.)

7@!E 7aturaliation is most commonly associated with economic migrants or refugeeswho have immigratedto a country and resided there as aliens, and who have voluntarilyand actively chosen to become citiens of that country after meeting specificre*uirements. In general, basic re*uirements for naturaliation are that the applicanthold a legal status as a full'time residentfor a minimum period of time and that theapplicant promise to obey and uphold that countrys laws, to which an oath or pledge ofallegiance is sometimes added. +ome countries also re*uire that a naturalied nationalmust renounce any other citienship that he currently holds, forbidding dual citienship,but whether this renunciation actually causes loss of the persons original citienship willagain depend on the laws of the countries involved.

=. )A$$IA*E N according to the $hilippine Constitution 6Filipino male or female being married to a foreign spouse would notma%e himLher loss hisLher citienship, this is retained unless by the actof omission which will be deemed by law as an act of havingrenounced one"s citienship and be deemed an alien. If a foreignerwife is married to a Filipino husband that wife ipso factoLautomatically aFilipino citien provided that she can lawfully naturalied, which meansshe has no dis*ualifications to become a Filipino.

8. "E*IS"ATI%E ACTI,NN citienship may be lost or ac*uiredthru a legislative process, and in a manner provided for by the law andare under general authority of the Congress.

6" WAYS OF LOSSING ONE7S CITIZENSHIP

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenship#_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenship#Overseas_Citizenshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenship#_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Nationality_Rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_residencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenship#_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenship#Overseas_Citizenshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenship#_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Nationality_Rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_residencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenship


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If one can apply and ac*uire citienship one can also loss one"s citienship andit can also be re'ac*uired.

DENATURALIZATION REPATRIATION

6

n 6lien can be denaturaliedLhiscitienry revo%ed by the Courts ifheLshe is found doing the followingactsE ($hilippines)

-. illegally or fraudulently ac*uiringhis certificate of naturaliation.

2. within five residence of ac*uiringcitienship he returned to hishome country and established apermanent residence their.

3. and etc.

I

s the reverse of naturaliation, when astate deprives one of its citiens of hisor her citienship. From the point ofview of the individual, denaturaliationmeans >revocation> or >loss> ofcitienship. ;enaturaliation can bebased on various legal 0ustifications.!he most severe form is the >strippingof citienship> when denaturaliation

ta%es place as a penalty for actionsconsidered criminal by the state, oftenonly indirectly related to nationality, forinstance for having served in a foreignmilitary. In countries that enforce singlecitienship, voluntary naturaliation inanother country will lead to anautomatic loss of the originalcitienship5 the language of the lawoften refers to such cases as >giving upones citienship> or (implicit)

renunciation of citienship. 1nli%ethese two cases, which affect alsonative'born citiens, naturaliedcitienscan lose their citienship by anannulment of naturaliation, also%nown as >administrativedenaturaliation> where the original actof naturaliation is found to be invalid,for instance due to an administrativeerror or if it had been based on fraud(including bribery).

Is the reac*uisition of one"s original

citienship effected by mere ta%ing ofnecessary oath of allegiance to theepublic of the $hilippines and theregistration in the appropriate civil registry,involves purely executiveLadministrativeproceedings.!hose who are given epatriationE-. Filipino women who lost their

citienship by marriage to an alien,those marriages celebrated from-


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are called electorate and it is only from their mandate that their chosenrepresentatives in government can exercise political authority.

from the atin suffragium8meaning >vote> is the civil right tovote, or the exercise of that right. In that context, it is also called

(olitical f!anchiseor simply the f!anchise. In most democracies

citiens or sub0ects above the voting age can normally vote in itselections. esident aliens can vote in some countries and inothers exceptions are made for citiens of countries with whichthey have close lin%s. (e.g. some members of theCommonwealth of 7ations, and the members of the uropean1nion).

2. ORIGINS OF SUFFRAGE

+uffrage was a political institution that

started from the 6ncient 9ree%s, 6thens 9reece, in it"s ancient city

state where their citiens meet regularly and vote for their leaders andon ma0or issues.

1niversal suffrage is the term used to

describe a situation in which the right to vote is not restricted by race,gender, belief or social status. It typically does not extend a right tovote to all residentsof a region5 distinctions are fre*uently made inregard to citienship, age, and occasionally mental capacity or criminalconvictions. !he short'lived Corsican epublic (-/88'-/:


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3. +uffrage as an 6bstract or 7atural ight N this principles adheres thatthe right to suffrage is inherent in every human being, and is a rightendowed to a person by 9od otherwise %nown as a higher being.

=. !he thical !heory N the exercise of suffrage in this theory ma%es manan asset to his community for its main ob0ective is to improve not only

his personality but also mold him in the matrix of responsiblecitienship.8. +uffrage as a 9overnment Function N prepositions that the right to

suffrage is a function of government, for it is the government whoprescribes the *ualifications to legible for the privilege of voting.

4. 0UALIFICATIONS FOR THE RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE!he following are the *ualifications for the right to suffrageE

CITIZENSHIPN re*uires for a person to be able to practice his right to

suffrage must be a citien of that country he intends to participate in.

may be a natural born or even a naturalied citien. !his is one of there*uirements for Filipino voters. 6liens aren"t allowed to vote in the$hilippines.

RESIDENCEN re*uires for the voter to be a legalied residence of a

certain electoral area or in a place where he proposes to vote within astate. .g. a #anileSo has to vote in #anila. !his legal residence is anecessary re*uirement for preparations before elections such as inregistration for voters. !his is also one important re*uirement forFilipino voters. ?herein the re*uirement is @ne year residence in the$hilippines and : months in the area in which heLshe intends to vote.

AGE N !he voter must be of ma0ority in age, which is the age of

maturity, this is a controversial re*uirement for each constitution isdifferent in assessing this age of ma0ority. In the $hilippines the age ofma0ority and voting age is - years old.

LITERACYN In most democracies a literate(able to read and write)

voter is better than an illiterate one for a voter must be literate enoughto be informed about the basic socio'politico'economic issues thathappens around him to be able to vote more wisely and responsibly.Before in the $hilippines literacy was one of the re*uirements for theright to vote it was abolished by the -


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OPINION

I. DEFINITION OF TERMS

6. PROPAGANDA from modern atinE propagare, literally >extending

forth>. a techni*ue that manipulates behavior and influences the opinionsof a number of individuals by the use of words, persons, ob0ects,pictures, music, stereotypes and etc. !his involves a processE The

propagandists and his message, the technique and media used,and the subjects exposed to the influence.

Is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinion orbehavior of large numbers of people. Instead of impartially providinginformation, propaganda in its most basic sense presents information inorder to influence its audience. !he most effective propaganda is oftencompletely truthful, but some propaganda presents facts selectively to

encourage a particular synthesis, or gives loaded messages in order toproduce an emotional rather than rational response to the informationpresented. !he desired result is a change of the cognitive narrative ofthe sub0ect in the target audience.

1. THE BEGGININGS OF PROPAGANDA

!he term originates with the Sac!ed Cong!egation fo! the s(!eadingof the &aith (sacra congregatio christiano nomini propagando orCongregatio de $ropaganda Fide), which was founded by $ope 9regoryMA in -:22, shortly after the start of the !hirty ears ?ar. !his

department of the pontifical administration was charged with the spread ofCatholicism and with the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs in missionterritory.

!he atin stem propagationem' (from pro' >forth> T Upag', root ofpangere >to fasten>), conveys a sense of >that which ought to be spread>and does not refer to misleading information. !he modern sense datesfrom ?orld ?ar I, when the term evolved to be mainly associated withpolitics, and is still in used today.

2. INDS/TYPES OF PROPAGANDA

W9%&( ;5)


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!he techni*ues used are a part of debate or argumentationprinciples and the sound base of the discipline of @9ICE

A< H%)(E 6 atin phrase which has come to mean attac%ing your opponent,

as opposed to attac%ing their arguments. xE you attac% the reputation of the

person not malign what they are doing. A( & ,&9;%&>E 6ppeals to authority cite prominent figures to support a

position, idea, argument, or course of action.

A( & @(;E 6ppeals to fear see% to build support by instilling anxieties and

panic in the general population, for example, oseph 9oebbels exploited!heodore aufmans *e!man+ )ust Pe!ish@to claim that the 6llies sought theextermination of the 9erman people.

A( & P;(,6ny hard'wor%ing taxpayer would have to agree that those who do not wor%, and who donot support the community do not deserve the communitys support through

social assistance.> A;5,()&, < ),+(E !his argument approach uses tireless repetition of

an idea. 6n idea, especially a simple slogan, that is repeated enough times, maybegin to be ta%en as the truth. !his approach wor%s best when media sourcesare limited and controlled by the propagator.

B)inevitable'victory> appeals attempt to persuade

the target audience to 0oin in and ta%e the course of action that >everyone else ista%ing.>

Inevitable victoryE invites those not already on the bandwagon to0oin those already on the road to certain victory. !hose already or atleast partially on the bandwagon are reassured that staying aboardis their best course of action.

oin the crowdE !his techni*ue reinforces peoples natural desire tobe on the winning side. !his techni*ue is used to convince theaudience that a program is an expression of an irresistible massmovement and that it is in their best interest to 0oin.

B$=)E $resenting only two choices, with the product or idea

being propagated as the better choice. (e.g., >ou are either with us, or you arewith the enemy>)

B(,&%@, ((E !he type of propaganda that deals with famous people or

depicts attractive, happy people. !his ma%es other people thin% that if they buy a

product or follow a certain ideology, they too will be happy or successful. (!his ismore used in advertising for products, instead of political reasons)

B%5 L%(E !he repeated articulation of a complex of events that 0ustify subse*uent

action. !he descriptions of these events have elements of truth, and the >big lie>generaliations merge and eventually supplant the publics accurate perceptionof the underlying events. 6fter ?orld ?ar I the 9erman +tab in the bac%explanation of the cause of their defeat became a 0ustification for 7ai re'militariation and !evanchistaggression.

C) )E !he >plain folks'> or >common man> approach attempts to

convince the audience that the propagandists positions reflect the commonsense of the people. It is designed to win the confidence of the audience by

communicating in the common manner and style of the target audience.$ropagandists use ordinary language and mannerisms (and clothe theirmessage in face'to'face and audiovisual communications) in attempting toidentify their point of view with that of the average person. For example, apropaganda leaflet may ma%e an argument on a macroeconomic issue, such asunemployment insurance benefits, using everyday termsE >given that the countryhas little money during this recession, we should stop paying unemployment

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Hominemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_fearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Kaufman&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_Must_Perish!http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_Prejudice&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentum_ad_nauseamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inevitable_victory&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Join_the_crowd&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white_fallacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Liehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab_in_the_backhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Hominemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_fearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Kaufman&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_Must_Perish!http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_Prejudice&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentum_ad_nauseamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inevitable_victory&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Join_the_crowd&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white_fallacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Liehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab_in_the_backhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_man


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benefits to those who do not wor%, because that is li%e maxing out all your creditcards during a tight period, when you should be tightening your belt.>

D()%'%)5 &9( ()(>E #a%ing individuals from the opposing nation, from a

different ethnic group, or those who support the opposing viewpoint appear to besubhuman (e.g., the Aietnam ?ar'era term >goo%s> for 7F soldiers), worthless,

or immoral, through suggestion or false accusations. D%;($& ;I want you> image is an example of this techni*ue.

E,9;%E !he use of an event that generates euphoria or happiness, or using

an appealing event to boost morale. uphoria can be created by declaring aholiday, ma%ing luxury items available, or mounting a military parade withmarching bands and patriotic messages.

D%+%)@;&%)E !he creation or deletion of information from public records, in

the purpose of ma%ing a false record of an event or the actions of a person ororganiation, including outright forgery of photographs, motion pictures,broadcasts, and sound recordings as well as printed documents.

F5%)5E 6n attempt to 0ustify an action on the grounds that doing so will

ma%e one more patriotic, or in some way benefit a group, country, or idea. !hefeeling of patriotism which this techni*ue attempts to inspire may not necessarilydiminish or entirely omit ones capability for rational examination of the matter in*uestion.

G%&&(;%)5 5()(;%&%(+E 9littering generalities are emotionally appealing words

applied to a product or idea, but which present no concrete argument or analysis.6 famous example is the campaign slogan >Ford has a better ideaV>

I)&()&%) 5,()(++E 9eneralities are deliberately vague so that the audience

may supply its own interpretations. !he intention is to move the audience by useof undefined phrases, without analying their validity or attempting to determinetheir reasonableness or application. !he intent is to cause people to draw theirown interpretations rather than simply being presented with an explicit idea. Intrying to >figure out> the propaganda, the audience foregoes 0udgment of theideas presented. !heir validity, reasonableness and application may still beconsidered.

O-&%)


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R((&%&%)E !his type of propaganda deals with a 0ingle or word that is repeated

over and over again, thus getting it stuc% in someone"s head, so they can buy theproduct. !he >epetition> method has been described previously.

S$(5&E 6ssigning blame to an individual or group, thus alleviating feelings of

guilt from responsible parties andLor distracting attention from the need to fix the

problem for which blame is being assigned. S5)+E 6 slogan is a brief, stri%ing phrase that may include labeling and

stereotyping. 6lthough slogans may be enlisted to support reasoned ideas, inpractice they tend to act only as emotional appeals. @pponents of the 1+sinvasion and occupation of Ira* use the slogan >blood for oil> to suggest that theinvasion and its human losses was done to access Ira*s oil riches. @n the otherhand, >haw%s> who argue that the 1+ should continue to fight in Ira* use theslogan >cut and run> to suggest that it would be cowardly or wea% to withdrawfrom Ira*. +imilarly, the names of the military campaigns, such as >enduringfreedom> or >0ust cause>, may also be regarded to be slogans, devised toinfluence people.

S&(;(&>%)5; N( C%)5or L-(%)5E !his techni*ue attempts to arousepre0udices in an audience by labeling the ob0ect of the propaganda campaign assomething the target audience fears, hates, loathes, or finds undesirable. Forinstance, reporting on a foreign country or social group may focus on thestereotypical traits that the reader expects, even though they are far from beingrepresentative of the whole country or group5 such reporting often focuses on theanecdotal.

T(+&%)%E !estimonials are *uotations, in or out of context, especially cited to

support or re0ect a given policy, action, program, or personality. !he reputation orthe role (expert, respected public figure, etc.) of the individual giving thestatement is exploited. !he testimonial places the official sanction of a respected

person or authority on a propaganda message. !his is done in an effort to causethe target audience to identify itself with the authority or to accept the authoritysopinions and beliefs as its own.

T;)+@(;E 6lso %nown as A++$%&%), this is a techni*ue of pro0ecting positive

or negative *ualities (praise or blame) of a person, entity, ob0ect, or value (anindividual, group, organiation, nation, patriotism, etc.) to another to ma%e thesecond more acceptable or to discredit it. It evo%es an emotional response,which stimulates the target to identify with recognied authorities. @ften highlyvisual, this techni*ue often utilies symbols (for example, the +wasti%a used in7ai 9ermany, originally a symbol for health and prosperity) superimposed overother visual images. 6n example of common use of this techni*ue in 6merica is

for the $residents image to be overlayed with a swasti%a by his opponents. U)+&&(< ++,&%)E !his techni*ue is used when the propaganda concept

that the propagandist intends to transmit would seem less credible if explicitlystated. !he concept is instead repeatedly assumed or implied.

V%;&,( ;!he !ruth>, etc. are virtue words.In countries such as the 1.+. religiosity is seen as a virtue, ma%ing associationsto this *uality affectively beneficial. +ee >>!ransfer>>.

B. PUBLIC OPINION N in political science the study of public opinion isfocused on the analysis of interaction between citien and groups 8 andbetween citien and the state. It is in this interaction that people learn toform their own political opinions based on information and impressionsgarnered from the world around them.

' !he $eople express their views on prevailing issues of publicpolicy, on certain government actions, on the manner the nationalleadership exercises the political authority and other politico'socio'

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimonialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstated_assumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimonialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstated_assumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)


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economic'environmental'cultural problems that are brought to theirattention.

' a multi'individual situation in which individuals are expressingthemselves as favoring or opposing some definite condition, person, orproposal of widespread importance, in such a proportion of number,

intensity, and constancy as to give rise to the probability of affectingaction directly or indirectly towards the sub0ect concerned. By Floyd6llport $sychologist.

P7"IC ,PINI,NS E**ININ*S:

!he term public opinion may be traced to the 6ncient times mainlyused in 67CI7! 9 CI! +!6!+ and the massive oman mpire,wherein the democratic type of government used in 6thens, 9reece whichallowed it"s citiens to discuss everyday political issue en masse in publicplaces and s*uares, and even decide on this issues thru a vote or a

consensus.?hile in the @#67 #$I, the theater became the symbol offree speech and expression, and a massive wave of ideas and expressionswere exchanged. 6 crucible of ideas and opinions they called consensus

(o(uli.It was during the #I;; 69+ !@ !& -!& C7!1 that

scholars and philosophers coined the term vox (o(uli vox deiwhich meansthe voice of the people is the voice of 9od. 6nd it emphasied theimportance of the opinions and views of the people in shaping the politicalsociety around them.

6t the present time public opinions plays a big role in society andit"s government and politics. Both in local and foreign affairs of each andevery country that exists today.

C. MASS MEDIA is a term used to denote a section of the media specifically

envisioned and designed to reach a very large audiencesuch as the populationof a nation state.It was coined in the -


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Information dissemination for the formation of a public opinions of the

people in terms of politico'socio'cultural'economic'environmentalconcerns

2. EAMPLES OF MASS MEDIA USED IN PROPAGANDA AND IN

SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION:

J,7$NA"IS) is a discipline of collecting, analying, verifying, and presenting

information regarding current events, trends, issues and people. !hose whopractice 0ournalism are %nown as0ournalists.

7ews'oriented 0ournalism is sometimes described as the

>first rough draft of history> (attributed to $hil 9raham),because 0ournalists often record important events, producingnews articles on short deadlines. ?hile under pressure to befirst with their stories, news mediaorganiations usually editand proofreadtheir reports prior to publication, adhering to

each organiations standards of accuracy, *uality and style.#any news organiations claim proud traditions of holdinggovernment officials and institutions accountable to thepublic, while media critics have raised *uestions aboutholding the press itself accountable.

$1BIC 6!I@7+ is the art and science of managing communication

between an organiation and its %ey publics to build, manage and sustain itspositive image. xamples includeE

7on'profit organiations, including schools and universities,

hospitals, and human and social service agencies, usepublic relations in support of awareness programs, fund'

raising programs, staff recruiting, and to increase patronageof their services.

$oliticians use public relations to attract votes and raise

money, and, when successful at the ballot box, to promoteand defend their service in office, with an eye to the nextelection or, at career"s end, to their legacy.

lectronic media and print media includeE

Broadcasting, in the narrow sense, for radio and television.

Aarious types of discs or tape. In the 24th century, these

were mainly used for music. Aideo and computer uses

followed. Film, most often used for entertainment, but also for

documentaries.

Internet, which has many uses and presents both

opportunities and challenges. Blogs and podcasts, such asnews, music, pre'recorded speechand video)

$ublishing, in the narrow sense, meaning on paper, mainly

via boo%s, magaines, and newspapers.

Aideo games, which have developed into a mass form of

media since devices such as the $lay+tation 2and the morerecent ?iibroadened their use.

II. THE MEDIA AND PROPAGANDA7S ROLE IN SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION

6s stated above information is vital in the formation of a person"s publicopinion and thus both propaganda and media which are the tools of trade forinformation to be disseminated to the public are important in shaping a person"sviews and opinions for the environment and the world around him.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_eventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fads_and_trendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Grahamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofreadinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_eventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fads_and_trendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Grahamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofreadinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii


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!hus the government"s propaganda machine and the #edia must beresponsible enough to bring true facts and figures when they share informationto the public, to facilitate a better interrelationship between people and thegovernment when it comes to the formation of public opinion, which greatly

affects morale and performance of the government, and the leaders that moveit.

!he government has a role to be honest about it"s transparency when itcomes to it"s day to day dealings and they have the right to classify informationif it"s sensitive and will bring harm to both public and the state.

?hile the media has a duty as the main source of information for thepublic and private usage to be responsible media persons and to balance theneed for being media sensationalists to sell their networ%s with the need to givevital, ob0ective, factual and non'sensational hard core information as to not

influence the formation of a persons public opinion. 6s in history the facts andnews must be presented in all it"s facets and the good with the bad included.

'ad'infinitum'

+ourcesE

ay awson &uman $olity&ector +. ;e eon"s Constitution and 9overnment

6gnes ivera"s Constitution and 9overnmentFlorentino 6yson"s Fundamentals of $olitical +cience

Documents

HO4 Consti, Citizen, And Vote