hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhp Virothathinte...9 _o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw “In the big lie there is always a certain force of credibility; because the broad masses of a nation

3

_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw

_o v̂hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw

4


5


DA’WA BOOKSP.B No: 1981, Vyttila, Cochin - 19

apkvX^m X≥ho¿

_o v̂hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw

6


Publisher l DistributionDa’wa Books l Vyttila l Kochi - 19 l Kerala l India

Web: www.dawabooks.in l Email: [email protected]: Irshad l Type Setting: Yoonus k.k l Printing : Print Express, Kaloor

ISBN: 978-93-82581-25-3

DA’WA BOOKS

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilised in any form orby any means without the prior written permission of the publisher.

_o^v: hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw

Author : Musthafa ThanveerFirst Edition : April 2017

Price: ` 70

Malayalam l Criticism l Beef Virodhathinte Jathiyum Mathavum

7


A¥m-cmjv{S \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ ae-bmf ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]pd-

Øn-d°pI-bpw {]k-‡-amb hnhn[ `mjm-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ ae-bm-f-

Øn-te°v samgn-am‰w \SØn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw A¥m-cmjv{S

kaq-l-Øn\v ]cn-Nbs∏Sp-tØ≠ ae-bmf IrXn-Iƒ a‰p `mj-

I-fn-te°v ]cn-`m-js∏-SpØn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-

sb∂ e£y-tØmsS XpS°w Ipdn® "ZAvhm _pIvkv' {it≤-

bhpw hyXn-cn-‡-hp-amb ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]pd-Øn-d-°n-s°m≠v

CXn-\Iw Xs∂ ]pkvXI {]km-[\ cwKØv ÿnc-{]-XnjvT

t\Sn-°-gn-™n-´p-≠v, ¬q∏d ~ª◊G.

]iphn¬ ZnhyXzam-tcm]n°p∂ a-X-]-cn-I-¬-]-\-bmWv ̀ mc-

Xob tKmamwkhntcm[Øns‚ km£m¬ ASnØd. ]iphns\

amXmhmbn k¶¬]n®v kwc£n°m\p≈ \∑ \nd™ hy{KX-

b√, adn®v Hcp km[par-KsØ ssZhthjw sIń®v AXns\bpw

Np‰pa≈ a\p-jy-scbpw Hcpt]mse {]bmks∏SpØp∂ A‘hn-

izmkamWv "tKmamXm' ]cnI¬]\-bpsS A¥kØ.

A[nImce_v[nbpsS Du°n¬ lnμpXzw Xnf∏n°p∂ _o-

^v cmjv{SobsØ Cg Iodn ]cntim[n°p∂ ]T\w. _o^v t`m-

P\kwkvImcw C≥Uy≥ ]mcºcyØn\\yamb CkvemanI ssh-

tZinIXbmsW∂ kwLv]cnhm¿ \pWsb A°mZanI cN\I-

fp≤cn®v tNmZyw sNøp∂p. ]ipkwc£WØns‚ hymPbp-

‡nIsf FSpØWnbp∂ ̀ mcXob kh¿W tKmamwk hntcm[-

Øns‚ bYm¿∞ thcpw Z¿i\hpw hniIe\w sNbvXv AXn¬

D≈Sßnbn´p≈ PmXnshdnsb ]pdØpsIm≠phcp∂p. tKmam-

Xm ]cnI¬]\sb apkvenw hntcm[w Pzen∏n°m\p≈ Bbp[-

am°n hnIkn∏n® B[p\nI lnμp h¿KobXbpsS Im]SysØ

\ninX hnNmcW°v hnt[bam°p∂p. apkvX^m X≥hodmWv

{KŸI¿Ømhv.

\mYm... \o CsXmcp {]Xn-̂ -em¿l-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ambn

kzoI-cn-t°-Wta (Bao≥)

amt\-P¿

8


9


“In the big lie there is always a certain force ofcredibility; because the broad masses of a nation arealways more easily corrupted in the deeper strata oftheir emotional nature than consciously or voluntarily;and thus in the primitive simplicity of their minds theymore readily fall victims to the big lie than the smalllie, since they themselves often tell small lies in littlematters but would be ashamed to resort to large-scalefalsehoods. It would never come into their heads tofabricate colossal untruths, and they would not believethat others could have the impudence to distort thetruth so infamously.

Even though the facts which prove this to be somay be brought clearly to their minds, they will stilldoubt and waver and will continue to think that theremay be some other explanation. For the grosslyimpudent lie always leaves traces behind it, even afterit has been nailed down, a fact which is known to allexpert liars in this world and to all who conspiretogether in the art of lying. These people know onlytoo well how to use falsehood for the basest purposes.”

-Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf

10


11


“Cfw ]iphnd®nbpw Imfbnd®nbpw Xn∂p∂Xv

Rm≥ XpScpI Xs∂ sNøpw.” ̨bm⁄h¬Iy≥(1)

hnhmZßfpsS sNºv Xnf°pI Xs∂bmWv! {]NcWbp≤-

ßƒ, \ntcm[t\mØchpIƒ, P\Iob "hnNmcWIƒ', sXcphp-

"in£Iƒ'˛_o^ns\Xnsc ]e tImeØn¬ Dd™pXp≈pI-

bmWv tamZn {][m-\a{¥nbmb C≥Uybn¬ kh¿W tjmhn\n-

kw. 1995se apcfn at\ml¿ tPmjn apJya{¥nbmbp≈ inhtk-

\ -̨_n.sP.]n almcmjv{S k¿°m¿ I-¿-i\ hyhÿItfmSpIqSn

Xømdm°n-bXpw A∂sØ cmjv{S]Xn i¶¿ Zbm¬ i¿abpsS

A\paXn e`n-°m-Xncp∂Xn\m¬ \nbaamImXncp∂Xpamb amń-

d®n _n¬ tZth{μ ^Sv\m-hnkns‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ]pXnb

_n.sP.]n kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v Ct∏mgsØ cmjv{S]Xn {]W-

_vIpam¿ apJ¿PnbpsS H∏pt\Sn 2015 am¿®v c≠n\v ]mkm-°n-

sbSpØtXmSpIqSnbmWv N¿®Iƒ sImgp°m-\mcw`n®Xv. ]ip-

hpw ImfbpaS°ap≈ I∂pImenIsf Adp°p∂Xpw Cd®n

ssI-hiw sh°p∂Xpw A©v h¿jw XShpw ]Xn-\mbncw cq]

]n-gbpw e`n°mhp∂ Ip‰ambn \n¿hNn°p∂ ]pXnb \nbaw

"tKm-amXmhn\p' th≠nbp≈ ̀ mcXob P\Xm ]m¿ńbpsS kap-

÷z-eamsbmcp t]mcm´hnPbamsW∂v ka¿∞n-°m≥ kwLv-

]cnhm-¿ aoUnb ITn\ambn {]b-Xv\n®p. ^Sv\mhnkn\v

12


almcmjv{Sbn-se lnμpthm´pIsf GIoI-cn°m\pw lnμpXzØn-

s‚ {]hmNI-\mbn kzbw {]-Xn-jv-Tn-°m-\pw ]pXnb ]ipc£I-

thjw klm-bIambnsb∂ ImcyØn¬ kw-ibsam∂pan√.

a-lmcmjv{Sbn¬ ]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-bn AdhptPmenIfnepw A\p-

_‘ hyhkmbßfnepw \nXyhrØn Is≠-Øp-∂ Jp-ssdin

ap-kv-enwIfpsS PohnXsØ A∏msS Ccpńem°nbpw kwÿm\-

Øv 10,000 tImSn cq]bpsS hm¿-jn-I-aq-ey-ap≈ amńd®n {Ibhn{I-

bßƒ°v Xo¿Øpw Abp‡n-Iamb coXnbn¬ Xmgn´p]qńbpw

km[mc-W°mc\v Ipd™hnebn¬ {]m]yhpw t]mjIkar≤hp-

amb amńd®nbn\ßsf hn]Wnbn¬ \n-∂-{]-Xy-£-am-°nbpw

amńd®n \ntcm[\\nbasa∂ sImSnb P\t{ZmlØn\v Im¿anI-

Xzw hln°m≥ almcmjv{SbpsS Ncn{XØnse BZysØ _n.sP.

]n apJya{¥nsb {]tNmZn∏n®Xv lnμp h¿KobXsb DtØ-Pn-

∏n®v A[nIm-cw \ne\n¿ØpI F∂ krKme_p≤n Xs∂bmWv.

almcmjv{SbpsS NphSpIƒ ]n¥pS¿∂v kam\amb \nbaßƒ

cmPyhym]Iambn \S∏nem°Wsa∂ apdhnfn kwLv]cnhm¿

Iym-ºn-¬\n∂v i‡ambn Db¿∂p. cmPyØv kºq¿W tKmh[-

\ntcm[\-\nbaw \S∏n-em°m\p≈ amXrIm_n¬ Xømdm°m-

\mhiyamb {]mtbmKnI \n¿tZißƒ tXSn \nbaa{¥meb-

Øn\v {]-[m-\-a-{¥nbpsS Hmôkv Ab® IØv, tKmh[ \ntcm[-

\Øns‚ cmjv{Sob km[yXIsf tI{μØnse ln-μp-Xz k¿°m¿

ImcyambnØs∂ ]cnKWn°p-∂ps≠∂v hy‡am°p∂p≠v.

a\pjyamwkw cpNn°m\p≈ ̂ mjnk-Øns‚ klPamb B{K-

lØn\v _o v̂ Fcnhv ]Icp∂Xv AXn\ptijw C≥Uy XpS¿®-

bmbn I≠p. 2015 sk]v‰w_¿ 28\mWv DØ¿ {]tZinse Zm{Znbn¬

_o v̂ Ign®psh∂mtcm]n®v aplΩZv AJvem°zv F∂ apkvenw

Krl\mYs\ tjmhn\nÃv D∑mZw _m[n® Bƒ°´w X√n-s°m-

∂Xv. XpS¿∂tßm´v AXnt\°mƒ ISp∏w IqSnbtXm Ipd™-

tXm Bb AfhpIfn¬ I∂pImen hn¬]\-bpsSbpw Ad-hn-

s‚bpw amwtkm]tbmKØns‚bpsa√mw t]cn¬ cmPyØn-s‚

hnhn[ ̀ mKßfn¬ apkvenw-Ifpw ZenXpIfpw t\cn´ AXn{Iaß-

ƒ°v Iøpw IW°an√. adbn√mØ apkvenw hntZzjØn\≈

am-≥tU‰v BbnØs∂ sXcs™Sp∏v êsØ hnebncpØn

13


kwLv]cnhm¿ tbmKn BZnXy\mYns\ apJy-a{¥n°-tkcbnen-

cp-Ønb DØ¿{]tZin¬ \n∂v Ct∏mƒ hcp∂ hm¿ØIƒs°-

√mw Xot∑iIƒ amńd®nbn¬ \n∂v _ew {]tbmKn®v "ip≤am-

°m\p≈' Blzm\Øns‚ Nqcp≈Xv Xo¿Øpw kzm`m-hnIamWv;

ImcWw arKamw-ktØmSv shdp∏pw a\pjyamwktØmSv {]nb-

hpw Xs∂bmW√m C≥Uy≥ ^mjnkØn\v A[nImc-eœnI-

fnse-√mw XnIń hcnI.

amwk`£Ww CkvemanI {IqcX?

]iphS°ap≈ amSpIfpsS Cd®n `£n°p∂Xv {Iqchpw

am\h{]IrXn°v hncp≤hpamsW∂ Hcp shPnt‰dnb≥ s]mXp-

t_m[w krjvSns®Sp°m≥ {ian®v tKmamwk \ntcm[\{iaßƒ-

°p]n∂nse hn-Ir-Xh-¿KobXsb ad®psh°m\mWv lnμpXz

_p≤nPohnIfn¬ ]ecpw {ian®pt\m°p∂Xv. apkvenw˛ZenXv

hncp≤ shdp∏pI®hSØn¬ A`ncan®pw Ahsc X√nbpw sIm-

∂pw "ckn®pw' sImgp°p∂ _o v̂ Imw]bv≥ "lnwks°Xncmb

Alnwkm t_m[hXvIcWamsW∂v' Xami ]dbm≥ ̂ mjnÃp-

I-ƒ°v am{Xta Ignbq. ImenIfpsS Adhpw amwkt`mP\hpw

A\phZn°p∂Xns‚ t]cn¬ Ckvemans\ A]cnjvIrXamb

Hcp IØnbpsS Z-bmclnXamb adphm-°mbn hnh¿Ø\w sN-

øm≥ {ian°p∂-hcpsS Im]SysØ \njvIrjvSambn hnNmcW

sN-ømsX tjmhn\nÃpIfpsS e£yßsf ]cmPbs∏Sp-Øm\m-

hn√. Ckvemtamt^m_nbbnte°v D∏ptN¿Øv XßfpsS \new

ISpX¬ ̀ {Zam°pI IqSnbmWt√m CØcsamcp s]mXp-t_m[

kwt{]£Ww hgn ^mjnkw e£yam°p∂Xv! C≥Uy-bn¬

_o^v D]tbmKn°p∂hcn¬ _lp`qcn]£hpw apkvenwIf-

√mXncp∂n´pw "I∂pImenItfmSp≈ CkvemanI {IqcX'sb

kw_‘n®mWv D]\ymkßƒ Na°s∏Sp∂Xv F∂ hkvXpX

Xs∂ kwLv ]cnhm¿ Dt±iy-ßsf IrXyambn A\mhcWw

sNøp∂p≠v.

Ckvemw ]iphn-s‚tbm at‰sX¶nepw arKØns‚tbm amwkw

`£n°m≥ B-sc-bpw \n¿_‘n-°p∂n√. F∂m¬ I∂pImen-

Isf {]]©-\mY≥ krjvSn®n´p≈Xv a\pjy¿°v AdpØv ̀ £n-

14


°phm≥ IqSn ]mIØnemWv F∂ hkvXpX Izp¿B≥ hy‡-

am°n-bn´p≠v. amSpIsf {]tXyIambn ]cma¿-in-®p-sIm≠v Ah-

bpsS amwkw `£Wam-°p∂Xn¬ ssZth—°p \nc°mØXm-

bn bm-sXm-∂p-an-s√∂v hy‡-am°p∂ Hcp Izp¿B≥ hmIyØn-

s‚ kmcw C{]Imc-amWv: ""kXyhnizmknItf, \nßƒ Icmdp-

Iƒ \ndth‰pI. \nßƒ°v hnhcn®pXcp-∂sXmgn®p≈ BSv,

amSv, HÍw F∂o C\ßfn¬s∏´ ar-Kßƒ \nßƒ°v A\p-

hZn°s∏ńcn°p∂p.''(2) BSv, amSv, HÍw F∂nhsb AdpØv ̀ -

£n°p∂XmWv A\p-hZ\obw F∂pw a‰p coXnIfn¬ h[n-°-

s∏Sp∂hbpsS amwkw \njn≤-amsW-∂pamWv "\n-ß-ƒ-°v hnh-

cn®p-Xcp∂sXmgn-®p≈' F∂ {]tbmKØns‚ hnh£sb∂v a‰v

Izp¿B≥ hN\ßƒ hy-‡am°p-∂p≠v. _lpssZhmcm[\-

bpsS `mKambn {]]©\mY\p]pdsabp≈ hkvXp°fp-sStbm

hy-‡n-IfpsStbm {]oXn°pth-≠n Adp°s∏´ amSpIfpsS Cd-

®nbpw `£n-®pIqsS∂v B hN\ßfn¬ \n∂pw hy‡-amWv.

CΔnjbIamb Hcp Izp¿B≥ hN\-Øns‚ kmcw {i≤n°pI:

""ihw, c‡w, ]-∂n-amwkw, A√mlp A√mØhcpsS t]cn¬

Adp°s∏´Xv, izmkwapń NØXv, ASn®psIm∂Xv, hoWp NØ-

Xv, IptØ‰p NØXv, h\yarKw ISn®pXn∂Xv F∂nh \nßƒ°v

\njn≤am°s∏ńcn°p∂p. F∂m¬ (Poht\mSpIqSn) \nßƒ

AdpØ-Xv CXn¬ \ns∂mgnhmIp∂p. {]XnjvTIƒ-°papºn¬

_-en-b-¿∏n°s∏´Xpw \njn≤amIp∂p.''(3) Cu Izp¿B≥ hN\-

ß-fn¬\n∂v amńd®ntbmSp≈ CkvemanI k-ao]\Øns‚ ASn-

ØdIƒ IrXyambn hmbns®Sp°m≥ Ignbp∂p≠v. {]IrXn-bn-

se `£yirwJebn¬ I∂pImenIsf-°qSn `£Wambn D]-

tbm-Kn°m≥ Ignbp∂ XcØnemWv a\pjys‚ ÿm\w {]-]-

©-\m-Y≥ \n¿Wbn®ncn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ Ahsb amwkØn\p-

th≠n Fßs\ h[n°Wsa∂ Imcyw ssZ-hnI-amb Acpf-∏mSp-

Ifn¬ \n∂mWv a\pjy≥ a\ nemt°≠Xv. CkvemanI I¿a-

im-kv{Xw A-\pimkn°p∂ AdhpcoXn temI{]ikvXambnØo-

¿∂Xv C-Δnjb-Iamb aXm\pimk\Isf ap-kv-en-w-Iƒ IWni-

ambn apdp-sI∏nSn®XpsIm≠mWv.

amńd®ntbmSp≈ CkvemanI kao]\Øns‚ am\hnIXsb

15


hkvXp\n-jvTambn hna-¿i\-hnt[-bam-°phm≥ "]ip-hmZn'Iƒ-

s°m∂pw Ignbns√∂XmWv hkv-XpX. ̀ £yirwJebn¬ BSp-

amSpIƒ a-\pjy\pambn Fßs\ _‘s∏Sp-∂psh-∂v a\pjyi-

cocw Xs∂ hy‡am°p-∂p≠v. AhbpsS thhn® amwkw ̀ £n-

°m-\mh-iyamb ]√pIfpw Zln°m\m-hiyamb Bamibhpw

A\p-_‘mhbh-ßfpw Z-l-\ckßfpw \¬Ip∂ icocim-kv-

{X]c-am-b AdnhpIƒ lnμpXzcpsS ASp°fbn¬ Ffp∏Øn-

¬ sh¥p-In´m-ØXv aXm‘X sIm≠pam{XamWv. amńd-®nbnse

t]mjI-LSIßƒ a\pjyicoc-Øns‚ \ne\n¬-]n\pw hf¿-

®°pw ]e coXnbn¬ Bhiy-amWv F∂ bmYm¿∞ysØ B¿-

°mWv \nt-j-[n-°m\mhpI? "PohnI-sf h[n°p-∂Xv ]m]amWv'

F∂ Alnw-km Xo{hhm-Zw am{XamWv amńd®n {]IrXn hncp≤-

am-sW∂v hmZn°p∂h¿°v BsI-°qSn AhXcn∏n°m\p≈Xv.

`£WØn-\pth-≠n Nne PohnIƒ a‰p Nnehsb sIm√pI

F∂ \nbaamWv ssPhtemI-ØpS\ofw \ne\n¬°p∂Xv F∂

tIhe-kXysØ aqSnsh®psIm≠mWv Cu "{]IrXnhmZw' ÿm-

]n°s∏Sp∂Xv F∂ Imcyw Atß-b‰w k-l-Xm-]m-¿-l-at√?

]q¿Wam-b kkymlmc\njvTbmWv ̀ £-WØn\p-th≠nbp≈

lnwk Hgnhm°m≥ {]IrXn-Poh\ {]NmcI¿ \n¿tZin°p∂Xv.

kky-ßƒ°pw Poh\pw hnImcßfpw thZ-\bp-sa√m-ap-s≠-∂

imkv{X-hkvXpXsb IgpØpsRcn®p sIm∂psIm≠pam{Xta

Cu "]cnlmc'sØ kn≤m-¥-h-¬°cn°m-\mIq. {]IrXnhncp≤-

hpw a\pjyhncp≤hpw A\mtcmKyIchpw A{]mtbmKnIhpamb

Hcp `£ykwkvIm-csØbmWv amńd®n hntcm[nIƒ {]Ncn∏n-

°m≥ {ian°p∂Xv F∂¿∞w. Ckvemans‚ CΔnjbIamb

\ne]mSns\ {]Xn°qń¬ \n¿Øm\p≈ {]IrXn/Alnwkm

ss[jWnI hym-bm-a-ß-sfms°bpw A-Xn-\m¬Xs∂ ASnÿm-

\clnXamWv.

Alnwkb√, A‘hnizmkw!

bYm¿∞Øn¬ tKmamwk h¿÷\-Øn\p≈ B[p\nI

lnμphns‚ t{]cIw \tS ]d™ kn-≤m-¥ßsfm∂pa√; adn®v

aX]camb Nne A‘hnizmkßfmWv. as‰√m \ymbhmZßfpw

aXhnizmksØ {]Xntcm[n°m\p≈ hy{KXbn¬ \n∂p-

16


≠mIp∂XmWv. ]iphn¬ ZnhyXzam-tcm]n°p∂ a-X-]-cn-I-¬-]-

\-bmWv ̀ mcXob tKmamwkhntcm[Øns‚ km£m¬ ASnØd.

Ckvemw Cu ASnØdsb k-ºq-¿-W-am-bn \ncmIcn°p∂p. {]]-

©\m-Y\v am{Xta ZnhyXzap≈q F∂ IWniam-b DZvt_m[\-

Øn¬ \n∂mWv Ckvemw AXns‚ h¿Øam\ßƒ apgph\pamcw-

`n°p∂Xv. {]]©\mY\√mØ kIeXpw Ahs‚ krjvSnIƒ

am{XamWv; Ahsbm-∂pw Xs∂ ssZhamhpI km[ytab√. Ah-

sb ]qPn°p∂Xpw A-h-tbmSv {]m¿∞n°p∂Xpw G‰hpw henb

]m]am-b _lpssZhmcm[\bmWv. _lpssZh hnizm-k-Øn-

te°v hgn sX‰ptºmgmWv a\pjy¿°nSbn¬ A‘hnizmkß-

ƒ Infn¿°p∂Xv F∂v Ckvemw ]Tn∏n°p∂p. {]]©{kjvSmhv

a\pjy\pIqSn D]Imc-s∏Sm≥th≠n krjvSn® ]iphn-s\, ssZ-

hambn I-cpXn hn{Klh¬-°cn®v AXv \¬Ip∂ D]Imcßƒ

A\p`-hn°p-∂Xv ]m]amsW∂v sX‰n≤cn°p∂ hn-hctZm-j-

Ønte°v a\pjy¿ B]Xn-°p∂Xv F{X \n¿`mKyIcamWv!

]ip F∂ arK-tØmSv F-s¥-¶n-epw hntcm[ap≈hc√ apkvenw-

Iƒ. F∂m¬ ]iphns\ ssZham-°p∂Xv A‘hnizmkamsW-

∂v ]-dbmXn-cn°phm≥ apkvenwIƒ°v \n¿hmlan√. ]ip F∂-

√, krjvSnIfn¬ G‰hpw ]cnip≤\mb aplΩZv \_n(k) ssZh-

am-sW∂v IcpXp∂Xpt]mepw _lpssZ-hmcm[\m]camb A‘-

hnizm-k-am-sW∂mWv apkvenw \ne]mSv.

]iphn-t\mSp≈ B[p\nI lnμp "sXm´pIqSm-bva'-sb ]∂n-

amwkw \n-jn≤ambn {]Jym]n-°p∂ CkvemanI hnizmktØmSv

XmcX-ays∏SpØp∂h¿°v ]n-g-°p-∂-Xn-hn-sS-bmWv. ]∂n

ssZhamb-XpsIm≠√, ]∂n-amwkw a\pjyicocØn\v A\p-

tbm-Pya-√mØ-XpsIm≠mWv Izp¿B≥ AXv \njn≤-ambn {]-

Jym]n°p∂Xv. A‘hn-izmkßƒ°v IS∂phcm≥ bmsXmcp

]gpXpw \¬ImØ BZ¿iamWv Ckvemw. arKßƒ ssZhßfm-

sW∂ A‘hnizm-kw t]mseXs∂ ssZhw arKamwkw `pPn-

°psa∂ A‘hnizmkhpw Ckveman\v A\yamWv. a\pjy¿

Blmc]m\obßƒ \n-thZyambn ka¿∏n®v Xr]vXns∏SptØ-

≠ "ssZh{]XnjvT'Iƒ F√m _lpssZ-hmcm[\m k{ºZmbß-

fpsSbpw apJap{ZbmWv. kwip≤amb GIssZhmcm-[\bpsS

17


hn´phogvNbn√mØ {]-tLm-j-Wamb Ckvemw, CØcØnep≈

F√m hnIe k¶¬]ßsfbpw \ncmIcn°pI-bmWv sNøp∂Xv.

Ckveman¬ ]pWyI¿a-ambn ]Tn∏n°s∏ń´p≈ arK_enbn¬

kw`hn°p∂Xv, ssZh{]oXn°pth≠n [-\nI¿ I∂pImenIsf

AdpØv amwkw ]mhßƒ°nSbn¬ hnXcWw sNøpIbm-Wv.

lrZbØnse `‡nbpw klPohnkv-t\lhpamWv CkvemanI

_enbn¬ {]]-©\mY\nte°pbcp∂Xv; amwkw a-\p-jy¿-°v

`£n°m\p≈XmWv. Izp¿B≥ C°m-cyw hy‡am°p∂Xnß-

s\bmWv: ""Ahbp-sS (_--en-b¿-∏n°s∏Sp∂ arKßfpsS)

amwktam c‡tam A√mlphn¶¬ FØp-∂tXbn√. F∂m¬

\n-ßfpsS [¿a\njv-TbmWv Ah¶¬ FØp∂Xv. A√mlp

\nßƒ°v am¿KZ¿i\w \¬InbXns‚ t]cn¬ \n-ßƒ Ahs‚

alXzw {]Io¿-Ønt°≠Xn\mbn A{]Imcw Ah≥ Ahsb

\nßƒ°v Iogvs∏SpØnØ∂ncn°p∂p. kZvhrØ¿°v \o

kt¥mj-hm¿Ø Adnbn°pI.''(4)

A‘hnizmkßƒ {]IrXn°pw a\pjy¿°pw BXy¥nI-

ambn ZpcnXßƒ am{Xta hnX°q F-∂-Xm-Wv bmYm¿∞yw. {]Ir-

Xnhn`hßƒ°pw PohPmeßƒ°pw Ft∏mgpw kwc£Wam-

hpI ssZ-hn-I-am-¿K\n¿tZißfmWv. Ahsb Ańadn-®psIm≠v

]ptcmlnX≥am¿ {]Ncn∏n°p∂ A-‘-hn-izm-kßƒ, ]pdta°v

F{XXs∂ \∑ tXm∂n®mepw, êØn¬ ISpØ Zpc-¥ßfm-

bncn°pw D≠m°pI. ]iphns\ ssZhambn k¶¬]n°p∂

sslμhk{º-ZmbØns‚bpw Imcyw CXpXs∂bmWv. AXv

tKmkw-c£-WØn\v \nanØamhp-Ib√ sNøp∂Xv F∂v C≥-

UybpsS Ct∂mfap≈ A\p`hßƒ Xs∂ hy-‡-am°p∂p≠v.

Idh h‰nbXpw {]Xyp¬]mZ\-tijnbn√mØXpw {]mbtadnbXp-

sa√m-amb ]-ip-°-sf-t∏mepw AdhpIm¿°v hn¬°m≥ Ignbm-

sX ]mhs∏´ I¿jI¿ \cIn°pIbpw B¿°pw th-≠mØ Poh-

Ohßfmbn ZpcnXa\p`hn°m≥ km[parKßƒ hn[n°s∏Sp-

IbpamWv tKmh[ \n-cm-I-c-W-Øns‚ Ft∏mgpap≈ ̂ ew. Irjn-

bn¬ I∂pImenIƒ D]tbm-Kn°s∏Sp∂Xv b{¥-h-¬-°-c-W-Øn-

\p-tijw hym]Iambn IpdbpIbpw \Kch¬-°cWw Hgn™

ta®n¬]pdßf Hs∂m-∂mbn \nIØn-s°m-≠n-cn°pIbpw sNøp-

18


∂ ]pXnb C≥Uy≥ kmlNcyØn¬ "tKmamXmhv' A\p`hn-

°p∂ ]o-U\ßsf Ccń-∏n°m≥ am{Xta lnμpXzcpsS "tKm

kwc£W' Imºbn\pIƒ \nanØamIp-∂p≈q. a\pjy¿°v ]e

co-Xnbn¬ D]Im-cßƒ sNøp∂ ]iphns\ amXmhmbn k¶¬-

]n®v kwc£n°m\p≈ \∑ \nd™ hy{KXb√, adn®v Hcp

km[par-KsØ ssZhthjw sIń®v AXns\bpw Np‰pa≈ a\p-

jy-scbpw Hcpt]mse {]bmks∏SpØp∂ A‘hnizmkamWv

"tKmamXm' ]cnI¬]\-bpsS A¥kØsb∂mWv CXv hy‡am-

°p∂Xv. sslμh k{ºZmbßsfsb√mw am\hnIXbpsS alm-

hnfw_cßfmbn AhXcn∏n°m\p≈ `‡a\ ns‚ Xzc

am{XamWv, tKmkwc£WamWv tKm]qP-bpsS ZuXysa∂ coXn-

bnep≈ h¿Øam\-ßfn¬ ImWm\mIp∂Xv.

kh¿Wbp‡nbpsS k¿hhym]vXn

tKmh[ hntcm[Øns‚ bYm¿Y {]tNmZ\w bp‡nclnX-

amb aX[mcWIfpw AXns‚ t]cn¬ hfcp∂ hntZzj cm{„o-

bØns‚ a¿aw A]chntZzjhpamsW∂ hkvXpXsb ad®p-

sh®v arKkwc£-WØns‚bpw AlnwkbpsSbpsa√mw kt¶-

Xßfp]tbmKn®v tKmamXm k¶¬]sØ \ymboIcn-°phm-\≈

Xzc, kh¿Wbp‡nIfpsS KmVmt«jØn¬ hf¿∂ph∂ \-

ΩpsS s]mXpt_m[Øn¬ DS\ofw ZriyamWv. ̂ mjnkhpambn

]pe_‘w t]mepan√mØh¿ hsc AhbpsS XShpImcmIp∂-

Xv \ap°v Is≠Øm≥ Ignbpw; C≥Uybn¬ PmXnlnμp ]cnI-

¬]\Iƒ°≈ Cu k¿hhym]vXn Xs∂bmWt√m kwLv ]cn-

hmdns‚ G‰hpw henb kmwkvImcnI aqe[\hpw! CXn\v \s√m-

cpZmlcWamWv almflm Km‘n. ̀ ‡\mb lnμpaX hnizmkn

F∂ \n-e-bn¬ Km‘nbpw tKm]qPsb kn≤m¥-h¬°cn°m≥

{ian®Xv tKmkwc£W-Øns‚ {]m-[m-\yw ]d™psIm≠mWv.

tKmkwc£Wa√ tKmh[h¿÷\w hgn \S°pI F∂XpsIm-

≠pXs∂ Km‘nPnbp-sS CΔnjbIamb ka¿∞\ßƒ apgp-

h≥ Zb\obambn X¿I¿∂pt]mIp-∂p≠v.

Xs‚ aXhnizmksØ {]Xntcm[n-°m\mhiyamb \ymb-ß-

ƒ Is≠Øm\p-≈ bp‡nclnXamb Hcp ]nS®n¬ BWv Km‘n-

19


PnbpsS ]ipshgpØpIsf√mw. ]d™p]d™v C{Xhsc At±-

lw ]d-™p: ""tKmamXmhv \ap°v P∑w \¬In-b amXmhnt\-

°mƒ ]e\ne°pw DØa-amWv. \ΩpsS amXmhv \ap°v c≠v

h¿jtam at‰m ]m¬ \¬IpIbpw tijw \mw hf¿∂phcp-tºm-

ƒ Ahsc tkhn°psa∂v {]-Xo-£n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. F∂m¬

]ipam-Xmhv \Ωn¬ \n∂pw H∂pw {]Xo£n°p-∂n√, ]p√pw [m-

\y-hp-a√msX. \ΩpsS AΩ CS°nsS tcmK_m[nXbmhpIbpw

\Ωn¬ \n∂pw ]cnNcWw B-{K-ln-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. tKmam-

Xmhv tcmK_m[nXbmIp∂Xv AXy]q¿hamWv. \ΩpsS AΩ

acn-°ptºmƒ a-dhpsNømt\m kwkvIcn°mt\m F√mambn \ap-

°v sNehpIƒ hcp∂p. ]ipamXmhv, Poh\p≈t∏mgpw NØp-

t]mbmepw D]Imcw \¬Ip∂p.''(5) DΩsb°mƒ alØcamWv

]ipsh∂v kn≤m¥n°p∂ ]-cn-lmkyamb {]tbmP\hmZØn-

s‚ B‘yw, aX]camb {]Xn_≤Xbn¬ \n∂mWv Km‘nPnsb

]n-Sn-IqSp∂Xv. At±lw FgpXn: ""F∂m¬ sslμhXbpsS tI-

{μkXyw tKmkwc£WamWv..... tKm-kw-c-£Ww F∂ Bibw

temIØn\v sslμhX \¬Inb kΩm\amWv. ]ip°sf kwc-

£n°m≥ ln-μp-°fpt≈StØmfw Imew lnμpaXw Pohn-°pw.''(6)

tKmkwc£WamWv sslμhXbpsS {]tabw F∂ anYym[mc-

WbmWv Km‘n ]Icm≥ {ian°p∂Xv. tKmkwc£Wa√, {]-

XypX tKm]qP hgnbp≈ tKm]oU\amWv `mcXØn¬ \S°p-

∂Xv F∂pImWm≥ At±lØn\mIp∂n√. ]ip°ƒ G‰hp-a-

[nIw ZpcnXa\p`hn°p∂ \mSpIfnsem∂mWv C≥Uy F∂-Xm-

Wv kXyw. AXns‚ Hcp ]›mØew ]ip ssZhamsW∂ A‘-

hnizmkw Xs∂bmWv. {]IrXnbpsS kzm`mhnIamb Bhmkhy-

hÿbn¬ \n∂pw `£yirwJebn¬ \n∂pw ]dns®SpØv Hcp

arKsØ Nn√pIqńeS®v hn{Klam°ptºmgp≠mIp∂ ssP-hn-

Iamb Xmf`wKßfmWv ChnsSbp≠mIp∂Xv. 1954¬ Phl¿-

em¬ s\lvdp Xs‚ Hcp {]-`m-j-WØn¬ ]d™p: ""Atacn°,

Cw•≠v, djy t]mep≈ hntZicmPyßfn¬ ]ip°fpsS Ah-

ÿ C≥UybnteXnt\°mƒ F{Xtbm t`ZamWv. ]ip°sf

Adp°p∂Xv kºq¿Wambn \n-tcm-[n-®p-sIm-≠p-≈ Hcp ka{K-

\nbaw C≥Uybn¬ \S∏nem°s∏´m¬, AhbpsS ]ńWnbpw

ZpcnXw ]nSn®p≈ acWhpw h¿[n°pI am{XamWv sNøpI.''(7)

20


arKkwc£Whpambn _‘s∏´ Bibßf√ tKm]qPsb

\ymboIcn°ptºmƒ lnμp _p≤nPohnIsf \bn°p∂Xv F∂v

AhcpsS D]mk\ ]iphn\pam{Xambn kwhcWw sNøs∏Sp-

∂Xn¬ \n∂pXs∂ hy‡amIp∂p≠v. a\pjy¿°v D]Imcßƒ

\¬Ip∂ ]iphnXc I∂pImenIfS°ap≈ At\Iw P¥pPm-

eßfn¬ \n∂v "]iptkh\ßsf' am{Xw th¿Xncn®p\n¿Øn

AXns\°pdn®v Zo¿-L-{]_‘ßƒ cNn°p∂h¿ ]iphns\

ssZhambn a‰p]e ImcWßƒsIm≠pw kzoIcn® Hcp ]m-c-º-

cyØn\v apJwaqSnIƒ Xbv]n®psImSp°pI Xs∂bmWv sNøp-

∂Xv. IdpØ a\pjysct∏mse Xs∂ IdpØ FcpaIsfbpw,

C∏d™ {]tbmP\ßsfms° D≠mbn´pw, {_mlvaWnI aqey-

t_m[w Zq-sc \n¿Øp∂sX¥psIm≠msW∂ ZenXv _p≤nPohn

Im© sFeøbpsS tNmZyw lnμpXzØns‚ tKmkwc£W bp-

‡nIfpsS akvXIw XI¿°p∂p≠v. At±lw FgpXn: ""C≥-

Uybnse ]iphns\°mfpw IqSpX¬ ]m¬ Xcp∂, F∂m¬

]uckaqlØn¬ Hcp Znhyamb ÿm\hpan√mØ, ̀ cWLS\m-

]cambn Hcp kwc£Whpan√mØ, FcpabpsS KXnt]msebm-

Wv ZenXv̨ _lpP\ßfpsS Ahÿ.''(8) ]ip-hn-t\mSv lnμphn\p-

≈Xv aXP\yamb {]Xn_≤X Xs∂bmsW-∂pw AXn\p≈Xv

arKkwc£W bp-‡n-bs√∂pw Km‘nPn°pXs∂ kΩXnt°-

≠n h∂n´p≠v. At±lw FgpXn: ""sslμ-h Z¿i\w ÿm]n-

°p∂ tKm kwc£W BZ¿iw A\nhmcyambpw ]Sn™mdns‚

Im¿jnI bp‡nIfn¬ \n∂v hn`n∂hpw Ahsb adnIS°p∂Xp-

amWv...... lnμpaXw AXns‚ Bflob hiØnemWv Du∂p-∂-

Xv.''(9) Km‘n ]dbp∂ "Bflobhiw' ]ip ssZhamsW∂ k¶-

¬]amWv F∂ ImcyØn¬ bmsXmcp kw-i-bhpan√.

Km‘nPnbpsS ]ip\ne]mSpIƒ, Ah kzcq]n°s∏´ sIm-

tfmWnb¬ C≥-UybpsS N-cn-{X-]-›m-ØeØn¬ henb kmaq-

lnI {]XymLmXßƒ krjvSn®n-´p≠v F∂ hkvXpXsb Im-

Wm-Xn-cn-°m-\m-hn√. ]iphns\ ssZhh¬°cn-°m\p≈ Hcp

aXhn`mKØns‚ AhImiw t]mse-Øs∂, ]ip ss-Zhas√∂v

a\ n-em°m-\p≈ a‰p≈hcpsS AhImihpw P\m[n-]Xy-

{IaØn¬ kw-c-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xps≠∂v B¿°pw a\ nemIpw.

21


]iphn¬ ssZhmwiapt≠m C√tbm F∂ aX]c-amb A-`n-{]m-

b-hy-XymkamWv tKmh[ hnhmZØn¬ lnμp°-ƒ°pw apkvenwI-

ƒ-°pw CSbnep≈Xv. B XeØn¬ \n∂v AXns\ AS¿Øn

am‰n tKmh[w {]IrXnhncp≤hpw arKhncp≤hpw a\pjy-hncp≤-

hpamsW∂v h-cp-Øn-Øo¿Øv apkv-enwIsf am\hnIXbpsS

i{Xp]£-Øv \nebpd∏n®n´p≈ A]cnjvIrXcmbn Nn-{Xo-I-

cn°phm\p≈ ]cn{iaßfmWv sImtfmWnb¬ ImeL´Øn¬

lnμpXzi-‡nIƒ \SØnbXv. Xo¿Øpw Zpcp]ZnjvS-amb Cu

h¿Kob Imºbn\v Bib]cnk-csamcp°phm≥, t_m[]q¿ha-

√msX, Km‘nPnbpsS \nco£Wßfpw Hcfhph-sc \nanØ-am-

bn. Km‘nPnbpsS A\pbm-bnIfn¬ \s√mcp iXam\hpw A-

t±-lØns‚ ho£Wßsf {]iv\h¬°c-WßƒIqSmsX

Gs‰Sp°m\mWv Xm¬]-cyw ImWn®Xv F-∂-XpsIm≠pXs∂

kzmX{¥ym\¥c `mcXØn¬ ]et∏mgpw tKmh[ \ntcm[-\-

Øn\pth≠nbp≈ h¿Kob apdhnfnIfnte°v {]K¬`cmb ]e

Km‘nb≥amcpsSbpw i_vZßƒ sN∂ptNcp∂ \n-¿-`m-Ky-Ic-

amb ImgvN C≥Uy°v ImtW≠n h∂p. 1966¬ hnhn[ ]cnhm¿

kwLS\Ifpw P\kwLhpw tN¿∂p\SØnb tKmh[ \ntcm-

[\Øn-\pth≠nbp≈ ]m¿esa‚ v {]t£m`w Iem]Ønte°pw

Xosh∏nte°pw \oßp-Ibpw ]pcn i¶cmNmcy¿ \ncmlmckXy-

{Klamcw`n°pIbpw(10) sNbvX kabØv Pb{]Imiv \mcmbW-

≥ Cμncm Km‘n°v IØb®Xv C{]ImcamWv: ""C≥UybptSb-

Xpt]msemcp lnμp`qcn]£ cmPyØv tKmh[ \ntcm[\w \S∏n-

em°mØXv F¥psIm≠msW∂v F\n°v a\ nemIp-∂n-√.''(11)

1979¬, Km‘nPnbpsS ]n≥Kman-bmbn hmgvØs∏´ At±l-Øn-

s‚ t\¿in-jy≥ BNmcy hnt\m` ̀ msh A©pZnh-kw \ncmlm-

c kXy{Klw \SØnbXv samdm¿Pn tZimbn k¿°m¿ kºq¿W

tKmh[ \ntcm[\w \S∏nem°Wsa∂mh-iys∏´psIm-≠m-Wv.(12)

bpt´m]nb≥ shPnt‰dnb\nkw: Km‘n kwkmcn°p∂p

tKmamwkhpambn _‘s∏´ \ne]m-SpIfpsS hnime]›m-

Øew F∂ \nebn-¬ IqSnbmWv Km-‘nPn Xs‚ kkymlmc

\njvTtbbpw AhXcn∏n-®ncn°p∂Xv. ]q¿W kkymlmcamWv

22


a\pjy≥ A\ph¿-Ønt°≠Xv F∂ Km‘nho£WsØ A‘-

ambn kn≤m¥h¬°cn®psIm≠p-IqSnbmWv Km-‘ninjy≥am¿

tKmamwkm hncp≤XbpsS _m\¿ ]nSn°m≥ Hu’p-Iyw ImWn-

°p∂Xv. Km‘nb≥ Alnwk, A{]mtbmKnIamb Hcp bpt´m-

]y≥ hnNmc-temIamsW∂v At±lØn\p-Xs∂ k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n

h-∂n´p≠v F∂XmWv kXyw. Alnwkm XØzßfpcphn v́ amwk-

`£-WsØ {]-Ir-Xn-hn-cp≤am°n Nn-{XoIcn-°phm\p≈ {iaw

AXns‚ Xs∂ B¥cn-I sshcp[yßƒsIm≠v X-I-¿-∂p-t]m-

Ip∂Xv \mw t\csØ kqNn∏n®n´p≠v. Abp‡nIhpw A{]m-

tbmKnIhpamb BlmcZ¿i\w Km‘nPn ]-d-™-Xp-sIm-≠p-

am{Xw {]Ncn∏n®p\S°p∂h¿ C≥Uy-≥ s]mXpkaqltØmSp

ImWn°p∂Xv henb {Iq-c-X-b-t√? Xs‚ kkymlmc/Alnwkm

auenIhmZßfpsS ]cmPbw hy‡am°ns°m≠v Km‘nPn C-

ßs\ FgpXn:

""Rm≥ Ft∏mgpw A\pIqen°p∂Xv ]q¿W kkymlmc{Ia-

sØbmWv. ]t£, BtcmKyw i-cn-bm-bn \ne\n¿Øp∂Xn\v k-

kymlmcØn¬ ]mepw ssXcv, shÆ, s\øv XpSßnb ]mep¬]-

∂ßfpw D-ƒ-s∏SpØWsa∂v A\p`hßƒ Fs∂ ]Tn-∏n®p.

CXv Fs‚ auenIamb Bi-bØn¬ \n∂p≈ \n¿WmbIamb

hyXn-Ne\amWv.

Bdv h¿jtØmfw Fs‚ Blmc{Ia-Øn¬ \n∂v ]mens\

Rm≥ Hgn®p\n¿Øn. A°meØv AXv hensbmcp \ntj[ambn

F\n°p tXm∂nbn√. F∂m¬ 1917¬ Fs‚ Xs∂ Aew`mhw

sIm≠v A-Xn`b-¶camb AXnkmcw ]nSns]´v Rm≥ InS∏n-em-

bn. F√pwtXmepw am{Xambn Xo¿∂n´pw acp∂v Ign°m≥ Rm≥

Iq´m°nbn√. ]mtem tamtcm Ign°ns√∂pw Rm≥ hmin-]nSn®p.

]t£ icocÿnXn ho-s≠Sp-°mt\m InS°bn¬ \n∂v Fgpt∂-

¬°m\p≈ tijn ssIhcn°mt\m F\n-°mbn√.

]m¬ Ign°ns√∂v Rm≥ {hX-saSp-Øncp∂p. ̀ njKzc\mb Hcp

kplrØv AXns\mcp t]mwhgn Is≠Øn. Rm≥ {hX-saSpØ-

t∏mƒ ]m¬ F∂pt±in®Xv ]iphns‚bpw FcpabpsSbpw ]mem-

bn-cp-∂p-ht√m. Bń≥]m¬ Ign°p∂Xn\v AsXmcp XS amIp-

23


∂n√ F∂mbncp∂p At±lØns‚ hmZapJw. Fs‚ ̀ mcy AXv

icnh®p. HSphn¬ Rm≥ hgßn.

icn°pw ]d™m¬ {hXsaSpØt∏m-ƒ ]iphn≥]mtem Fcp-

a∏mtem am{Xta a\ n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈qsh¶nepw ]m¬ Dt]-

£n°m≥ i]Yw sNbvX Hcmƒ°v GXv ]mepw \njn≤w Xs∂.

LSIßfpsS tXm-Xn¬ t\cnb hyXymkßƒ D≠mIm-sa¶n-

epw. F√m arKßfpsS ]mepw LS\bn¬ Hcpt]msebmWv. A-

XpsIm-≠pXs∂ H∂p]dbs´, Rms\SpØ {hXØns‚ hmNym-

¿∞w am{Xta Rm≥ I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øp-≈q. kØ AhKWn®p.

F¥mbmepw, Bń≥ ]m¬ IpSn°m≥ XpSßnbtXmsS Fs‚

icocÿnXn sa®-s∏´p. F\ns°mcp ]pXpPoh≥ e`n®Xmbn

A\p`hs∏´p. hfsc thKØn¬ InS°bn¬ \n∂pw Fgp-t∂¬-

°m\pw Ign-™p. CtXt]mep≈ At\Iw A\p`h-ßfpsS ASn-

ÿm\ØnemWv IWniamb kkymlmc{IaØnepw ]m¬ Dƒ-

s∏SpØ-Wsa∂p ]dbm≥ Rm≥ \n¿_‘nX-\mbXv.''(13)

as‰mcn°¬ Km‘nPn ]d™-Xn{]ImcamWv: ""icoctØm-Sp-

IqSn PohnXw XpSc-Wsa∂p≈ Fs‚ B{Klw lnwk XpScm≥

Fs∂ t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂psh∂ hkvXpX thZ\tbmsS Rm≥ Hm¿-

°p∂p. AXp-sIm≠mWv ùXnIicoctØmSp≈ hnc‡n B¿-

Pn°m≥ Rm≥ A\pZn\w ]cn{ian°p∂Xv. DZmlcWØn\v,

Rm≥ izkn°ptºmƒ hmbphn¬ A-Sßnb AZr-iyamb Akw-

Jyw AWp°sf \in∏n°p-IbmsW∂p≈ t_m[w F\n°p≠v.

]t£, Rm-≥ izk\w \n¿Øp∂n√. ]®°dnIƒ D]tbmKn°p-

∂Xn¬ lnwk-bps≠∂v F\n°dnbmw. ]t£, A-sX\n-°v Dt]-

£n°m\mhn√. hnjmWp\min-\nIƒ D]tbmKn°p∂Xpw

lnwkbmsW-∂v A-dn-bm-sX-b√. ]t£ sImXpIn¬ \n∂pw a‰v

{]mWnIfn¬ \n∂pw c£s]Sp-∂Xn\v asÆÆ t]mep≈ h-

kvXp°ƒ D]tbmKn°mXncn°m≥ F\n°mhp∂n√. B{ia-Øn-

te°v IS∂phcp∂ ]mºpIsf sIm-√p∂Xv Rm≥ kln°p∂p.

B{iaØn-se Imfh≠nIfn¬ ImfIsf sXfn°p-∂Xn\v hSn

D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw Rm≥ A\phZn®psImSp°p∂p. Aßs\

Rm≥ {]Xy£amtbm ]tcm£amtbm sNøp∂ lnw-kbv°v

Hchkm\an√. CsXms° Rm≥ G‰p]dbp∂XpsIm≠v Fs∂

24


CXn-s\m∂pw sIm≈ns√∂v Fs‚ kplrØp-°ƒ hntijn∏n-

®m¬ Xs∂, tJZ]q¿hw HcpImcyw ]dbs´, AsXm∂pwXs∂

A-lnw-km ]cn]me\Øn¬ Fs‚ IpdhpI-sf ad®pshbv°p-

∂Xn\v Fs∂ {]tNmZn-∏n°pIbn√. A-lnw-k t]mep≈ al-

Øm-b BZ¿ißfpsS s]mcpƒ a\ nem-°m\pw hm°nepw

{]hr-Ønbnepw s]-cp-am-‰Ønepw Ah Dƒs°m≈n°m\pap≈

]cn-{iaßƒ, AXv Rm≥ hnNmcn°p∂ tXmXn¬ hn-P-bn-°p-

∂n-s√¶n¬ Xs∂bpw XpS¿∂psIm≠ncn°p∂p F∂pam{XamWv

Rm≥ AhImis∏Sp∂Xv.''(14)

arK-]qPm kwkvImcw

At∏mƒ, \mw kwkm-cn-t°-≠Xv Alnw-k-sb-°p-dn-®-√,

hnizm-k-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv. arKßsf ssZhambn k¶¬∏n°p∂

aqVX, Ncn{XØn¬ ]e _lpssZhmcm-[I kaqlßfnepw

\ne\n∂n´p≠v. arKm-cm[\bpsS Ncn{Xw tcJs∏SpØm≥ {ian-

®n´p≈ ]WvUnX≥am¿ ]dbp∂Xv ]p-cm-X\ CuPn]vXn¬ F√m

P¥p°fpw ]qPn-°s∏ńcp∂psh∂mWv.(15) \ho\ inembpK-Øn-

¬ Cu-Pn-]v-XpIm¿ "lmtYm¿' F∂ t]cn¬ ]iphns\ ]qPn®n-

cp∂Xmbn tcJ-Ifp≠v. {]mNo\ kptadnb≥ P\X-bpsS AΩ-

ssZhambncp∂ \n≥˛I¿kmKv Hcp ]iphmbmWv k¶¬]n°-

s∏ńcp∂Xv. _n.kn 3100¬ D¿ ]´WØn\Sp-Øp≠mbncp∂

t£{XNn{XoIcWßfn¬ "hnip≤ ]ip'°fn¬ \n∂v t£-{X-

Po-h\°m¿ ]m¬ tiJcn°p∂ cwKß-fp≠v.(16) CSnbpsSbpw

sImSp¶m‰n-s‚bpw tZh\mbn _m-_n-tem-Wnbbn¬ ]qPn°-s∏ń-

cp∂ dΩs‚ {]XoIambn Imf kzoIcn°s∏ńcp∂p.(17) C≥Uy-

bn¬, ]ip-hn\v ]pdsa B\, _wKmƒ ISph XpSßn-b arKßfpw

\mKhpsams°bmWv Bcm[n-°s∏´Xv.(18) ]iphn\mWv ]t£,

AXn¬ ]caamb hnip≤n I¬]n°s∏´Xv. {_mlv-aWnI lnμp-

aXØns‚ apJap{Z Xs∂ C-t∏m-ƒ tKm]qPbmWv.

{_lvamhv tKm°fpsS ZnhyamXmhv kpc`ntbbpw tZhtem-

IØv ]ip°fpsS kz¿Kamb "tKm-tem-I'hpw krjvSn®psh-∂

alm`mcX {]kvXmh\ (13:77) tKmhn-ip≤nbpsS CXnlmk `m-

jyambn kzo-I-cn°s∏Sp∂p. tKmtemIw F∂ kz¿K-Øn¬

25


\n∂ph∂ Znhykpc`nbpsS a°fmbn tKm°sf ]-cn-K-Wn-°m≥

alm-`mcXw t{]cn∏n°p∂psh∂p ]dbmw. hnjv-Wp]pcmWØn-

se (1:13), `qanbn¬ F√m-Xcw ]®∏pw˛ Irjnbpw, ]gßfpw, ]-

®°-dnbpw˛ D¬]mZn∏n°m≥ tZhI¬]\bp-≠mbXv Hcp

]iphns‚ \n-co£WØn-emWv F∂ ]cma¿ihpw ]iphns\

Hcp ZnhyarKambn ImWm\p≈ {]hWX `mcXØn¬ h-f¿-∂p-

h∂Xns\ km£ys∏-SpØp∂p. CXnlmkßfnepw ]pcmWß-

fnepap≈ CØcw Nne kq-N-\-IsfbmWv tKmhnip≤nbpsS aX-

]camb am\w hniZo-Icn°m≥ B[p\nI lnμp ]WvUn-X≥-

am¿ B-{ibn°p∂Xv. tKmamXmhns\, EtKzZØn¬ \n∂v C{μ-

amXmhmbn hym-Jym\ns®Sp°m\p≈ Xzcbpw kPohamWv.(19)

F∂m¬, ]ip ssZhambXn\m¬ tKmh[hpw tKmamwkhpw

\njn≤amsW∂ B[p\nI sslμh \ne]mSv \tS ]cma¿in®

sshZnI kmlnXykqN\Ifn¬ \ns∂m-∂pw \njvIrjvSambn

\n¿[mcWw sN-bv-sX-Sp-°pI km[ya√. tZhtemIØv Hcp ]ip-

hns\ k¶¬]n-°p∂ a\ v Nne E-jn-am-¿°p≠mbncp∂p F∂p-

am{XamWv Ah hgn ÿm]n°-s∏Sp∂Xv. Ahbn¬ \n∂v hnI-

kn®ph∂ ]-ip-hmcm[\m k{ºZmbßƒ ]n¬°m-eØv C∂v

\ap°v ]cnNbap≈ {_mlv-aWnI tKmhnip≤n ]-cn-I¬]\bn¬

sN∂hkm\n®ncn°m\mWv km[yX. ]iphmcm[\bpsS hnti-

jkμ¿`w F∂ \nebnemWv C≥Uybn¬ tKm]mjvSan B-

tLmjßƒ cq]s∏Sp∂Xv. tKmZnhyXm anØns\ P-\-Io-b-am-

°p∂Xn¬ AXv henb ]¶v hln®n´p≠mIWw. {ioIrjv-Ws\

]ipkwc£I\mbn ("tKmhnμ≥') {]XnjvTn®psIm≠v IrjvW-

`‡n-{]tNmZnXambn ]ip]qPm A\pjvTm-\ßƒ kwLSn∏n-

°pIbmWv tKm]mjvSan Zn\Øn¬ sNøp∂Xv. Aºeap‰Øv

sIńb ]iphns\ ]ptcm-lnX≥ Ipfºp-Iƒ IgpIn Nph∂ Nc-

SpI-ƒsIm≠v A`n-tjIw sNøpIbpw Nμ\-hpw ]q°fpw [m\y-

ßfpw \nthZyam-bn k-a-¿-∏n-°pIbpw sNøp∂p. ̀ ‡kv{Xo-Iƒ

CXn\ptijw ]iphn\p Np‰pw \mev XhW {]Z£nWw sh-

°pIbpw Hmtcm {]Z£n-WØnepw AXns‚ hm¬ IgpIn \\-

™ hm¬Xpºv XßfpsS IÆnepw Xebnepw X-ń-°pIbpw

HSphn¬ arKsØ Npw_n®v AXns‚ sNhnbn¬ ""kXyw

26


\ns‚XmWv, (\nt∂mSp≈) R-ß-fp-sS hmKvZm\ßƒ ]men°¬

RßfpsS _m[yXbmWv'' F∂v a{¥n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. tKm-

amw-kw \njn≤ambn IcpXp∂ lnμpa\ v ]iphnt\mSp≈

GXpXcw kao]\Øn¬ \n∂mWv D-bn-¿sIm≈p∂Xv F∂v tKm-

]m-jvSan BNmcßƒ kpXcmw hy‡am-°p∂p≠v. ]iphn\v

ap≥]n¬ \an°epw, ]iphns‚ s]mcpØam{Kln®v ̀ £W-km[-

\ßƒ ]qP F∂ \nebn¬ \nthZy-ambn ka¿∏n°epw, sXcphv

]-ip°sf s]mXpapX¬/I®hSapX¬ \in∏n°p∂-Xn¬ \n∂v

XSbmXncn°epw, tlmfn BtLm-j-ß-fp-sS `mKambn `‡ym-

Zchp-ItfmsS ]iphn\pta¬ Nph∂ s]mSn hnXdepsa√mw

C≥Uybn¬ k-¿--h-km-[m-cWamWv. ]iphn¬ \n∂v \njv]∂am-

Ip∂sX√mw ip≤ambncn°psa-∂pw Ah a‰p≈hsb aen\am-

°pIb√, ip≤oIcn-°pIbmWv sNøpI F∂ k¶¬]hpap≠v.

"]m©Khy' F∂ kmt¶XnI \maØn-emWv ]m¬, ssXcv, s\øv,

NmWIw, tKmaq-{Xw F∂o ]© ]ipD¬]∂ßƒ Adnb-s∏Sp-

∂Xv. tKmaq{Xhpw NmWIhpw Aip≤-as√∂pw Ahbv°v ip≤o-

IcW tijn-bps≠∂pap≈ hnizmkw tKm-aq{Xw Xfn®pw NmW-

Iw sagpInbpw "ip≤nIe-ißƒ' \SØm≥ ̀ ‡sc t{]cn∏n°p-

∂p.(20) A-XnhnIrXhpw {]mIrXhpw A_-≤PUnehpamb hnI-

e[mcWIfn¬ \n-∂mWv tKmh[hpw tKmamwkhpw \njn≤am-

Wv F∂ \ne]mSv ]nd°p∂Xv F∂pXs∂-bmWv Cu hnhc-ß-

sf√mw t_m[ys∏Sp-Øp∂Xv.

Ncn-{XsØ \mSp-I-S-Øp-tºmƒ

]ip --ssZhamsW∂pw BbXn\m¬ tKmh[hpw tKmamwkt`m-

P\hpw ssZh\nμm]camb sImSpw ]m]ßfmsW∂pap≈

ho£WamWv lnμphns‚ Xncn®dnb¬ Im¿sU∂v [z\n∏n®v

C≥Uy°mcs‚ Xo≥taibn¬ _o^n\v sk≥k¿jn∏v G¿-s∏-

SpØm≥ {ian°p∂ kh¿W ^mjnkw tKmamwk-tØmSp≈

`mcXob at\m`mhØn\v _lph¿Wßfm¬ \n_nUamb Zo¿-

LNcn{Xap≠v F∂ hkvXp-Xsb IqSnbmWv Ipgn®paqSm≥ {ian-

°p∂Xv. EtKzZ ImeL´w apX¬°p≈ sslμh kwkvImc-

sØ ]cn-tim[\mhnt[bam°nbm¬ tKmamwkh¿÷\w ]n¬-

°meØv cq]s∏´p-h∂ Hcp kh¿WimTyw am{XamsW∂pw

27


AXns\ skan‰nIv aXßfpsS BKa-\w hsc apgph≥ `mcXo-

bcpw ]pe¿Ønt∏m∂ k\mX\ aX\njvT-bmbn AhXcn∏n°p-

∂Xv Ncn{Xhncp≤amsW∂pw a\ nem°m≥ Ignbpw. ]ip-hns\

sIm√m\pw Xn∂m\pw a\ n√m-Xncp-∂ lnμp]mcºcyØns‚

Bflmhnt\‰ BLmXambn tKmamwksØ `£Wlmfn¬

\n¿hni¶w A\phZn® apkvenw ]SbmfnIfpsS IS∂phchns\

Nn{Xo-Icn®v ]ip]qPbpsS Ckvemw]q¿h shfp∏pw ]ipc‡-

Øns‚ Ckvemam\¥c Idp∏pambn C≥Uym Ncn{X-sØ ]Ip-

°p∂ kwLv]cnhm¿ bp‡n, apcØ IfhpIfn¬ \n∂mWv sh-

≈hpw hfhpw kzo-I-cn°p∂Xv. Ckvemw hntcm[Øns‚ h¿Kob-

Pzcw _m[n® Nne sImtfmWnb¬ Ime lnμp ]-cn-jv-I-¿Øm-

°tfmSmWv, A√msX {]mNo\ lnμpaX {KŸßtfmS√, B[p-

\nI kh¿W lnμphns‚ Xo{hamb tKmamwk hn{]Xn]Øn

ISs∏ńcn°p∂Xv F∂XmWv bmYm¿∞yw. aXkaqlßfpsS

B[p\nI [m-cWIsf Ncn{Xh¬°cn®v hnt«jn®v ]Tn-°m-

Xncp∂m¬ Ah AtX]Sn aX{]am-Wßfn¬ \n∂v \n-¿[cn°-

s∏´XmsW∂ A‘hnizmkØn¬ Bcpw AIs∏´p-t]m-Ipw.

]iphnd®nbn√mØ h¿-Ø-am-\-Ime kh¿W lnμpXo≥tai

"B¿j'`mcX-Øn¬\n∂v `mham‰ßsfm∂p-an√msX ssI-amdn-

°n-ńb-XmsW∂v sX‰n≤cn-°p∂ km[mcW°mcmb kwLn-

Iƒ°v kw`hn-°p∂Xpw Cu A]ISw Xs∂bmWv.

aq¿Øamb tKm]qP C≥Uybn¬ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂Xv {InkvXp-

hn\v tijw aq∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ am{XamsW∂mWv Ncn{X-Imc≥-

amcpsS A`n{]mbw.(21) Bcym[n\nthi-Øn\ptijw H∂c kl-

{km-_vZØne[nIw Imew sslμhXbpsS tI{μ{]tabßfn-

sem∂pw ]iphmcm[\ Dƒs∏ńcp∂n-s√∂mWv CXv hy‡am-

°p∂Xv. CSb kºZvhyhÿbpsS \s´s√∂ \nebn¬ C≥Uy-

°IØpw ]pdØpap≈ Bcy≥am¿-°nSbn¬ ]ip°ƒ {]m[m\y-

]q¿hw ]cnNcn°-s∏ńcp∂psh¶nepw kphy‡amb Hcp tKm]q-

PmkwkvImcambn AXv cq]m¥c-s∏Sp∂Xns‚ sXfnhpIƒ e`n-

°p∂Xv sk‚ v t]mfns‚ injy≥am¿ {InkvXpaX {]t_m[\w

Bcw`n®Xn\ptijw am{Xam-sW∂p ]dbptºmƒ, {InkvXpa-

XØns‚-b{X-t]mepw Ncn{Xan√mØ Hcmcm[\m k{ºZmbsØ-

28


bmWv {]]©tØmfw ]g°ap≈ hnip≤ kwkvIr-Xn-bmbn

B¿. Fkv.FkpIm¿ ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂Xv F∂m-WXn\¿∞w.

aq∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂, tKm]qPbpsS Bhn¿`mhw am{XamWv

Ncn{XImc≥am¿ tcJs∏SpØp∂Xv. AXv hym]IambnØocp-

∂Xv ]ns∂bpw Imeßƒ Ign™n´mWv. IrjvW`‡nbn-e[n-

jvTnXamb sshjvWhaXØns‚ P\Iob-X-bmWv tKm]qP-bp-

sS s]mXpkzo-ImcyX°v ]cnkcsamcp-°nbsX∂p ]dbmw. CS-

b\mb IrjvW≥ F∂ k¶¬]Øns‚ XWen¬ IrjvWt\m-

sSm∏w IrjvW≥ CjvSs∏´ Imenh¿Ksa∂ \nebn¬ ]ip

IqSn Bcm[n°s∏Sp∂ coXn°v kzoImcyX ssIhcnIbmbn-

cp∂p. IrjvW`‡cmb `cWI¿Øm-°fpsSbpw BflobmNm-

cy≥-amcpsSbpw CSs]SepIfpsS êambmWv tKmamXm k¶-

¬]w ̀ mcXob¿-°nSbn¬ {]Npc{]Nmcam¿Pn®Xv.(22) CXv hnhn[

ImeL´ßfnepw {]tZißfnepw GIinem-cq]an√msX hyXy-

kvX `mhßfnepw AfhpIfnepamWv \S∂Xv F∂v {]tXyIw

]dtb≠Xn√t√m. `mcXob Bflob-XbpsS At\Iw Dƒ]ncn-

hpIfn¬ H∂p am{X-amb sshjvWh aXØns‚ Hcmcm[\aq¿-

Øn°pth≠n \S∂ {]NcW, A[nImc Icp\o°ßfpsS ̂ e-

ambn Z¿i\h¬°cn-°s∏´ tKm]qPsb B¿j-`mc-XØns‚

s]mXpap{Zbmbn BtLmjn-°p∂Xn¬ F¥¿∞amWp≈Xv?

{]]©]cn]meI-\mb hnjvWp, hnjvWphns‚ AhXmcamb

IrjvW≥, IrjvWs\ A\pKan® tKm°ƒ˛ lnμp _lpP\-

ßfpsS a-\- pIƒ°I-tØ°v tKm`‡n Bgv∂ndßnbXv Cu

kahmIyØneqsSbmWv. Cu aq∂v k¶¬-]ßfpw thZßƒ°v

]cnNban√mØ ]n¬-°me hnizmkhyXnbm\ßƒ am{XamsW-

∂ncns° ]ip]qP sshZnI ]mcºcyamIp-∂sXßs\bmWv?

Bcym[n\nthiw cq]s∏SpØnb sslμh kwkvIrXnsb-

°pdn®v ]Tn°phm-\hew_n°mhp∂ G‰hpw ]gb t{kmX- mb

EtKzZØn¬ ]iphnt\mSv Alnwk ]pe¿ØWsa∂v \n¿tZ-

in°p∂ hN\ß-sfm∂pw ImWm\mhn√. Bcy≥amcpsS Pohn-

XØn¬ ]iphn\p≠mbncp∂ kmºØnI {]m[m-\y-sØ°p-

dn®pw {]kvXpX {]m[m\yw {]]©Øns‚ \ne\n¬]pambn

_‘s∏Sp-Øn ]iphns\ a\ nem°m≥ Ahsc t{]cn∏n®Xn-

29


s\°pdn®pw EtKzZØn¬ \n∂v a\ nem°m\mIp∂p≠v. _lp-

ssZhmcm[-\m]camb anØpIfn¬ Idßnb Bcy-a\ v,

{]m]©nI \ne\n¬]v tZh≥am-cpsS ssI-I-fnembXn\m¬ ]ip-

°sf D]tbm-Kn®v tZh{]oXn t\SnsbSp°p-IbmWv A\pjvTm-

\ßfpsS e£ysa∂ hnizmk-Ønte°v ]Xps° kw{Ian-®Xm-

bmWv E-tKzZØns‚ Ncn{Xm]{KY\-Øn¬ \n∂v hy‡amIp-

∂Xv. ]iphnd®n C°meL´Øn-sems°bpw sshZnI Bcy≥-

amcpsS apJy-hn`hßfnsem∂mbncp∂p F∂pthWw A\pam\n-

°m≥. Xßƒt°‰hpw CjvSs∏´ ̀ £W]Zm¿∞w Xs∂bmWv

ssZhßƒ-°pw \¬tI≠Xv F∂ BibØn¬ \n∂mWv tZh-

≥amsc tKmamwkw \¬In {]kmZn∏n°m\p≈ Xocpam\w ]ndhn-

sIm-≠Xv F∂v Ncn{X]WvUnX≥am¿ A`n{]mbs∏ń´p≠v.

AsX¥pXs∂bmbn-cp∂mepw, b-⁄ßfnepw bmKßfnepw

tKm-_enbpw tKmamwkt`mP\hpw aq¿Ø-amb Hcmcm[\m k{º-

Zm-b-am-bnØs∂ EtKzZ ImeL´Øn¬ e_v[{]XnjvT-ambn

F∂ hkvXpX A\ntj[yamWv.(23) _lp-ssZh hnizmkw B[p-

\nI lnμphns\ a\p-jys‚ Bhiyßƒ°v ]iphns\-bdpØv

Xn∂p∂Xn¬ \n∂p-t]mepw XSbptºmƒ EtKzZlnμp-hns\ Hcm-

hiyhpan√msX tZh{]oXns°∂ t]cn¬ At\Imbn-cw ]ip°-

sf sIm∂pX≈m\mWv t{]cn∏n®Xv F∂v kmcw. ]ip-hns\

sIm√mXncn°e√, sIm√embncp∂p Hcp ImeL´Øn¬ lnμp-

hn\v "aXw' F∂ Xncn®dnhv F¥pam{Xw kvt^mS\m-flIa√!

arK_-en-bpsS Bcy-]¿hw

tZh{]oXn°pth≠nbp≈ tKm_en EtKzZ sslμh¿°n-S-

bn¬ hym]Iambn-Øo¿∂Xv Ncn{X-]-cambn t\m°ptºmƒ XnI-

®pw kzm`mhnIw am{XamWv. I∂pIm-enIsf ta®p\S∂ncp∂

Hcp _lp-ssZ-hm-cm[I CSbkaqlØn¬ Imenbnd®n apJy-

\nthZyambn amdp∂Xn¬ A¤pX-s∏Sm≥ bmsXm∂pan√. \m¬-

°men arK-ßfpsS amwkw kzbw D]tbmKn°pIbpw ssZhß-

ƒ°v \¬IpIbpw sNbvXph∂ B-cy≥am¿°v AhbpsS Iq´Øn-

¬ ]iphn-t\mSv am{Xw {]tXyIamb Hcp Iød∏pw tXm∂nbn√

F∂XmWv CXnse {][m\-s∏´ Imcyw. ]ip ssZhamsW∂pw

30


AXn\m-¬ sIm∂pIqsS∂pap≈ hnizmkw {]mNo\ ssl-μh¿-

°nSbn¬ D≠mbncp∂ns√∂v CXn¬\n∂pw hy‡amWv. I∂p-

ImenIsf b⁄]oTØn¬ _enbdp°p∂ k{ºZm-bw Xs∂

sslμhX°\yamsW∂v hcpØnXo¿Øv AlnwkbpsS Nmb-

Øn¬ B¿jkwkvIrXnsb Nn{XoIcn°m≥ shºp∂h¿°v

Ncn{XhkvXpXIƒ°pta¬ IcnhmcntØt°≠n hcnI kzm`m-

hnIamWv. EtKzZ ssZhßsf√mw arKamwkanjvS-s∏Sp∂hcm-

bncp∂psh∂pw Ahbv°v AXv ka¿∏n°s∏´Xv b⁄_en-

Ifn-eqsSbm-sW∂pw thZhN\ßƒ kpXcmw hy‡am-°p∂p-

≠v. EtKzZØn¬ I∂pImenIfpambn _‘s∏´ Fgp∂qtdmfw

]Z{]tbm-Kßfp≠v. CXn¬ 176 FÆw ]iphns\ kqNn∏n°p∂-

XmWv. I∂pImenIƒ kºØns‚ kqNnIbmhpIbpw I∂pIm-

enIƒ°pth≠n tKm{Xbp≤ßƒt]mepw ]XnhmbnØocpIbpw

sNbvX Bcy≥ kmaqlnImhÿbmWv EtKzZØn-¬\n∂v hmbn-

s®Sp°m\mIp∂Xv. kº∂≥ hnfn°s∏ńcp∂Xv "tKmaXv'

F∂msW∂pw tKm{XØ-e-hs‚ A]cm`n[m\w "tKm]Xn'

F∂mbncp∂psh∂pw ImenkºØns‚ h¿[\hn\pth≠nbp-

≈ {]m¿-∞\Iƒ Bcy≥am¿°nSbn¬ kPohambncp∂p-sh∂pw

EtKzZØnse hcnIƒ hy‡am-°p∂p≠v. PohnXØns‚bpw

kºØn-s‚bpw A`nhr≤n°pth≠n Xßƒt°-‰hpw {]nbap≈

I∂pImenI-sfØs∂ ssZhßƒ°v ka¿∏n®v b⁄ßfneq-

sS ̀ ‡n sXfnbn°m≥ {ian® Bcy≥amsc-°pdn®p-Xs∂bmWv

EtKzZ kqN\Ifn¬ \n∂v a\ nem°m\mIp∂Xv. tZh{]oXn-

°mbp≈ I∂pImen_en EtKzZØn¬ ]cma¿in°s∏Sp∂Xv

"]ip_‘' F∂ t]cnemWv. amSpw BSpw IpXncbpw sNΩcn-

bmSpw ]∂nbpsa√mw B¿j`mcX b⁄-]oT-ßfn¬ Bcy-≥-

amcm¬ _enbdp°s∏´p F∂v EtKzZw sX-fn-bn-°p∂p.(24)

ssZhßƒ°v \¬Im\mbn I∂pIm-enamwkw ]mIw sNøp-

∂Xns\°pdn®v ]dbp∂ EtKzZ kq-‡ßfn¬ Imfbnd®n \nc-

¥cw ]cma¿in°s∏Sp∂p≠v. sshZnI ssZhßfn¬ G‰hpw

{][m\nbmb C{μ\p-ambn _‘s∏SpØnbmWv ]e Imfbnd®n

{]kvXmh\Ifpw. "F\n°pth≠n Ah¿ ]Xn-\©n-e[nIw Imf-

Isf ]mIw sNøp∂p' F∂v C{μ≥ kzbw ]dbp∂Xmbn EtKz-

31


Zw D≤cn°p∂p≠v (X.86.14). C{μ≥ Imfbn-d®n Xn∂p∂Xmbp-

≈ ]cma¿ißƒ°p-]pdsa (X. 28.3, X.27.2 XpSßnbh) \q-dpw

ap∂qdpw Bbnchpsa√mw FcpaIsf `£Wam°nbXmbp≈

hnhcWßfpw EtKzZØnep≠v (VI.17.11, V.29.7, VIII.12.8).

A·nbn¬ s]mcns®SpØ amwkam-Wv C{μ≥ `£n°p∂Xv

F∂mWv Nne kq‡ßfnep≈Xv. A·nbpw tZhcq]-Øn¬

]qPn°s∏SpIbmWt√m, ̀ mcX-Øn¬ sNbvXXv. EtKzZob tZh-

KWØn¬ C{μ≥ Ign™m¬ ]ns∂ {]m[m\yw A·n°mWv.

b⁄imeIfn¬ XoIpWvU-ßsfm-cp°nb Bcy≥am¿ Xo\mf-

ßsf A·ntZhs‚ {]Xy£ßfmbn k¶¬]n®v ]qPn®p.

b⁄Øn¬ \n-thZyßƒ ssZhßƒs°Øn®psImSp°p∂Xpw

ssZhßsf bmKimebn¬ lmPcm°p-∂Xpw A·nbmsW∂m-

bncp∂p hnizmkw. Imfbpw ]iphpamWv EtKzZ{]Imcw A·n-

tZhs‚ Blmcw (VIII.43.11). A·ntZh {]kmZØn\pth≠n

IpXncIfpw ImfIfpw ]ip°fpw sNΩcnSmbpIfpsa√mw _en-

bdp-°s∏´Xmbn EtKzZØnep≠v. (X. 91.14). C{μ\pw A·nbpw

t]mse {][m\s∏´ EtKzZtZh\mWv tkmahpw. tkmaeXbn¬

\n∂pw D¬]mZn∏n°p∂ elcn ]m\ob-amWv tZhcq]Øn¬

]qPn°s∏´Xv. tkma-tZh{]oXn e£yam°n \SØp∂ tkma-

bmKßfnepw I∂pImenIƒ Dƒ∏sSbp≈ arKßfpsS amwkw

\nthZn°s∏ń-cp∂psh∂mWv EtKzZw hy‡am°p∂Xv. tKmh-

[w ]m]amsW∂ [mcW A°meL -́Ønse "sslμh¿'-°\y-

ambncp∂psh-∂mWv EtKzZob b⁄hnhcWßƒ sXfnbn°p-

∂Xv F∂p Npcp°w.(25)

lnμp ]mcºcysØ F√mXcw arKh-[ßfn¬ \n∂pw th¿-

s]SpØnb-hXcn∏n-°m≥ hymJym-\-°k¿ØpIƒ \SØp∂h¿

F¥pXs∂ ]d™mepw, b⁄ßfmWv HcpImeØv `mcXob

aXkw-kvIrXnbpsS I¿aImfiambn \ne\n∂Xv F∂ hkv-

XpX-sb \njv]£aXnIƒs°m∂pw AwKo-Icn-°mXncn°m\m-

hn√. ]m]]cnlmcØn\pw B{KlkêoIcWØn\pw tZh≥-

amtcm-Sp≈ `‡nbpw IS∏mSpw sXfnbn°p∂Xn-\psa√mambn

{_mlvaW]ptcmln-X≥am-cpsS Im¿anIXzØn¬ kPohamb

bmKim-eIsf "B¿j `mcX'Øns‚ Ncn{XØn¬ \n∂v Hcm-

32


ƒ°pw shńam‰m\mhn√. {_mlv-aW≥am¿ BflobXbpsS ssI-

Imcy-I¿Øm°fmbn kmaqly-t{iWn-bn¬ {]XnjvTn°s∏´Xp-

Xs∂ Hc¿∞Øn¬ bmKßfpsS \SØn∏pIm¿ F∂ \nebn-

emWv. ssZhØns‚ s]mcpØw bmKm·n-bnemWv ÿnXn sNøp-

∂sX∂v IcpXnbh¿ {_mlvaW≥amsc ssZhØn\pw a\pjy¿-

°panSbnse a[yh¿ØnIfmbn k¶¬]n-°pIbmbncp∂p. cmPm-

hS°ap≈-h¿ b⁄\SØn∏pImcmb {_mlvaW≥-amsc XmWp-

hWßn \n¬°p∂ ÿnXnhntijw Aßs\ kwPmXambn;

{_mlvaWcm-W-t√m cmPmhn\pw tZh{]kmZw kwLSn∏n®p-sIm-

Spt°≠Xv! ssZhØns‚ Z√mfpamcmbn Ip∏mban´ Hcp sNdnb

PmXn\yq\]£w Bflob hym]mcØneqsS hensbmcp P\k-

aqlsØ ASnaIfm°p∂ atX{μPm-eØn\v `mcXØn¬ {]m-

tbmKnI hnPbw t\Sm\mbXv bmKßfpsS I¿aimkv{Xw hgn

IqSnbmWv. bmKßƒ°v AhbptSXmb hn[nIfp≠v. tZh\p-

th≠n [m\ytam amwk-tam at‰m A·nbn¬ \nthZyßfmbn

ka¿∏n°pIbmWv bmKI¿aßfpsSsb√mw A¥kØ. Hmtcm-

Xcw e£yßƒ°p-th≠n kwLSn∏n°s∏Sp∂ bmK-ß-fn¬

]ment°≠ A\pjvTm\{Iaw, D®cnt°≠ a{¥ßƒ, ]ptcm-

lnX\p\¬tI≠ kΩm\-ßƒ Xp-Sßnbhsb√mw khnkvXcw

\n¿Wbn°s∏ń´p≠v. AhbpsS A[yb\-amWv {][m\ambpw

{_m-l-v-a-Ws‚ aXhnZym-̀ ymkw. b⁄w \StØ≠bmƒ {_mlv-

a-Wsc kao]n®v BhiyahXcn∏n°pIbpw AhcpsS \n¿tZi-

ßƒ {]Xy£cw ]men®v Bhiyamb ̀ uXnI kmlNcy-samcp-

°pIbpw kºØv sNehgn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. NXp¿thZ

kwlnXIfnse b⁄ßsf°pdn® ]cma¿ißƒ, G‰hpw

{]mamWnIamb lnμpaX {KŸßfn¬-t]mepw Cu aXm-Nm-c-

Øn\v CSw e`n®n´p-s≠∂v hy‡am°p∂p. bPp¿thZØns‚

apJy{]Xn]mZyw Xs∂ bmKßfmWv. sFizcyw e`n°m\pw

tIm]w \nb{¥n-°m-\pw hnPbw t\Sm\pw tKmkºØv h¿[n-

°m\pw A[nImc{]m]vXn°pw `£We_v-[n°psa√mw th≠n-

bp≈ bmK{Iaßƒ bPp¿thZØn¬ \njvI¿jn°s∏ń´p≠v.

`KhZv KoXbn¬ b⁄ßsf kn≤m¥-h¬°cn°pIbpw t{]m-

’mln∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂ hcnIƒ \nch[nbp≠v. (DZmlc-

W-Øn\v 4:31, 18:5, 3:12˛15 XpSßnbh ImWpI). B[p\nI

33


kh¿W tjmhn-\nÃpIƒ lnμpaXØns‚ ss__nƒ Bbn

AhXcn∏n°p∂ KoX t]mepw "b⁄_m['bn¬ \n∂v ap‡-

as√∂v kmcw.

b⁄-ß-fpsS I¿a-imkv{Xw

b⁄hn[nIfpsS hniZamb I¿aimkv{X {]Xn]mZ\amWv

{_mlvaW-ßfpsS D≈S°w. thZa{¥-ßfn¬ \n∂v bmK-ß-

fpsS A\pjvTm\{Iaw \n¿[cn-s®Sp°p∂ hymJym\ {KŸß-

fmWt√m {_mlva-Wßƒ. Hmtcm thZkwlnX-bpsSbpw A\p_-

‘ambn AhbpsS {_mlvaWßƒ ÿnXn sNøp∂p. {_m-lva-

Wßƒ "kvarXn' A√, adn®v thZß-sft∏mse Xs∂ "{ipXn'

BWv F∂mWv {]_e-amb A-̀ n{]mbw. CXnlmk-ßsf°mfpw

]pcmWßsf°mfpw [¿aim-kv{X{KŸßsf°mfpsa√mw {]m-

am-Wn-I-X sshZnI kmlnXykap®bØn¬ {_mlva-Wßƒ-

°hImis∏Sm≥ Ignbpw. EtKzZØns‚ {_m-lvaWamb sFX-

tcbw BWv G‰hpw ]g°ap≈ {_mlvaWw F∂v IcpXs∏-

Sp∂p. ip¢-bPp¿-thZ-Øns‚ {_mlvaWamb iX]Yw BWv

{_mlvaW-ßfpsS Iq´Øn¬ G‰hpw {]ikvXw. ip¢bPp¿-

thZob iX]Y {_mlvaWw F∂mWv CXv s]mXphn¬ Adnb-

s∏Sp∂Xv. iX]Y {_mlvaWØnemWv {]kn≤amb Aizta[

bmKØns‚ hnhcWßfp≈Xv. Aizta[bmKw F¥pam{Xw

{]m[m\y-tØmSpw BchßtfmSpw IqSnbmWv B¿j`mcX-

Øn¬ bmKßƒ kwLSn∏n°-s∏ńcp∂Xv F∂Xns\m∏w, Ah-

bnse I¿a-ßƒ F¥pam{Xw _o`’ambncp∂p F∂p-IqSn

hy‡am°p∂p≠v. arKh[w b⁄-ßfpsS ̀ mKambncp∂p F∂

hkvXpX Aizta[ bmKØns‚ hniZmwißƒ Xs∂ sXfn-

bn°p∂p≠v. Hcp ImeL´Ønse `mcXob Bflobm[]X\-

Øns‚ IÆmSn-bmWv b⁄hn-hcW-ßfpƒs°m≈p∂ {_mlva-

Wßƒ F∂p]dbmw. bp≤ßfn¬ {_mlvaW≥am¿ sIm√s∏-

´m¬ AXn\v {]mb›nØambn cmPmhv \StØ≠ bmKambncp-

∂p hº≥ ]Ws®ehp≈ Aizta[w. bmKim-ebn-¬sh®v

at{¥m®m-cWßtfmsS sXcs™Sp°s∏´ Hcp IpXncsb Hcp

h¿jtØ°v \mń¬ sI´gn®p-hnSpIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. Hcp h¿-

34


jw XnI™m¬ IpXncsb XncnsI bmKim-ebn¬ sIm≠ph∂v

_-‘n°p∂p. tijw Z¿`∏p√n≥ta¬ XpWnhncn®v AXn¬ Hcp

kz¿W°jvWan v́ IpXncsb izmkw apń®psIm√p∂p. Cßs\

NØ IpXncbpsS apIfnte°v A«oeabamb a{¥ßtfmsS

cmPmhv Xs‚ {][m\`mcy(]álnjn)sb ]nSn®pInSØn ]pX∏n-

´paqSpIbpw NØ IpXncbpambn cmP]Xv\nsb ssew-KnI_‘-

Øn¬ G¿s∏SpØn°pIbpamWv XpS¿I¿aw. ]álnjnsb

IpXncbn¬ \n∂v th¿-s]-Sp-Øn-btijw IpXncsb shńapdn®v

c‡w tZhXIƒ°v \nthZyambn ka¿∏n-°p∂tXmsS A\pjv-

Tm\{Iaw ]q¿WX-bnte°v \oßpIbmbn. Aizta[bm-KØns‚

`mKambn hnhn[ Zn\ßfn¬ A\pim-kn°-s∏-́ ncn°p∂ NSßp-

Ifn¬ hyXykvX tZh≥am¿°pth≠nbp≈ arKh[ßfp≠v.

bmKmizØn\p]pdsabpw At\Iw arKßƒ bmK{]{Inb-Iƒ°n-

Sbn¬ _enbdp°s∏Spsa∂v kmcw. hnhn[ cmPm°≥am¿ \-S-

Ønb Aizta[ bmKßfpsS h¿W\Iƒ CXnlmkß-fnepw

]pcmWßfnepap≠v. alm`mcXØn¬ bp[njvTncs‚ Aizta-

[bmKw hniZoIcn®n-´p≈Xv {]kn≤amWv.

EtKzZØn¬ Xs∂bmWv Aizta[-bmKsØ kw_‘n®

BZy ]cma¿i-ap≈Xv (I.162,163). Aizta[bmKØn¬ Adp\q-

dn-e[nIw arKßƒ sIm√s∏Sp∂p-sh∂pw CXn¬ ]£nIfpw

Dƒs∏-Sp∂p-sh∂pw Aizta[bmKØns‚ kam]\NS-ßpIfn¬

21 a®n∏ip°fpsS _enbp-s≠∂pw hnhn[ t{kmX- pIsf

B{ibn®v eqbnkv dn\u (Louis Renou) Xs‚ Vedic India (Var-anasi: Indological Book House, 1971) F∂ {KŸØn¬ ÿm]n-

°p∂p≠v. ssXØncobkwlnX \n¿tZin°p∂Xv Aizta[bm-

KØn¬ IpXncIfpw ImfIfpw ]ip°fpw BSpIfpw am\pIfpw

Dƒ∏sS \q‰nsb¨]Xv arKßsf h[n°m\mWv (V.6.11-20).(26)

tKmh[w Aizta[bmK-Øns‚ apJyNSßpIfnsem-∂mbncp∂p-

sh∂mWv CsX√mw kqNn-∏n°p∂Xv. a‰v b⁄ßfpsSbpw Ah-

ÿ H´pw ̀ n∂am-bncp∂n√. AY¿h thZØns‚ {_mlvaW-amb

tKm]Yw Ccp]Ønsbm∂v b⁄ß-sf°pdn®v ]cma¿in°p∂p-

≠v. C{μ\pth≠n \nthZn°s∏´ Imf-sb°pdn®pw sImSp¶m‰p-

Isf \nb{¥n°p∂ kwlmctZ-h\mbn EtKzZØn¬ {]Xy£-

35


s∏Sp∂ cp{Zs‚ (cp{Z-k¶¬]amWv ]n¬°meØv cu{Z`mhap≈

inh≥ F∂ ]cnI¬]\bnte°v \bn®Xv F∂v A-̀ n{]mbap≠v)

]p{X≥amcmb acpXpI-ƒ°v ka¿∏n°s∏´ ASbmfap≈ ]iphn-

s\°pdn®pw kqcytZhs‚ cYw sXfn°p∂ IpXnc∏SbmfnI-

fmb tZh≥amcmbn \ncq]n-°s∏Sp∂ Aizn≥am¿°v (Ch¿ Cc´

k-tlmZcßƒ BsW∂mWv hnizmkw) th-≠n _en A¿∏n°-

s∏´ sNºp\ndap≈ ]iphns\°pdn®pw ]n¬°me sslμh

kaqlßfn¬ {][m\yw \jvSs∏´ Bcy-tZh≥ an{X\pw kap-

{ZtZh\mbn B-cm-[n°s∏Sp∂ hcpW\pw th≠n \S∂ tKmh[-

ßsf°pdn®psa√mw tKm]Y-{_m“Ww kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.(27)

km¶¬]nI IYm]m-{Xßƒ°pth≠n ̀ mcXØn¬ "k\mX\[-

¿a'Øns‚ ]ptcmlnX≥am¿ H-gp-°nb tKmc‡Øn\v Iøpw IW-

°pans√∂p Xs∂bt√ CsX√mw t_m[ys∏SpØp∂Xv?

cmPkqbhpw hmPt]bhpaS°ap≈ {]ikvX bmKßfnepw

]iphpƒ∏sSbp≈ arKßƒ h[n°-s∏ńcp∂psh∂mWv Ah-

sb°pdn®p≈ hnhcWßfn¬ \n∂v a\ nemIp∂Xv. F√m

bmK-ßfpsSbpw BapJNSßmbn \n›bn°s∏´ "AKv\ym-

t[yb'Øn\v Hcp ]iphns\ sIm√¬ \n¿_-‘-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-

∂pw ]ptcmlnX≥ ImftØmen¬ [m\yw s]mXnbembncp∂p

AKv\ymt[ybØnse apJyI¿Ω-ßfn-sem∂v F∂pw ]dbp-

tºmƒ(28) b⁄kwkv-ImcImesØ lnμp°ƒ°v ]ip Adp°-

s∏´pIqSmØ ZnhyarKambncp-∂ns√∂v B¿°mWv a\ nem-

ImØXv? cmPkqb-Ønepw hmPt]bØnepw "tKmkhw' F∂

t]cnemWv ]ip_en Adnbs∏ńcp∂Xv. hmPt]b bmKØn¬

ASbmfap≈ a®n∏iphns\ acpXpIƒ°v _enbm°n-bncp∂p-

sh∂v iX]Y{_mlvaWw hy‡am°p∂p≠v. aq∂v hb v XnI-

bmØ ]Xnt\gv Dbcw Ipd™ Cfw ]ip°nSmhp-Isf b⁄-

`mKambn sIm∂v ka¿∏n°p∂-Xns\°pdn®v ssXØncob {_m-

lvaWw ]dbp∂p≠v. ku{XmaWn bmKØnepw ]ip_en D≠m-

bncp∂psh∂p Xs∂bmWv tcJIƒ hy‡am°p∂Xv. kzX{¥-

ambn I∂pImen _en \SØm≥th≠n am{Xw "]-ip-_‘' F∂

t]cn¬ sNdpbmKßƒ \SØp∂ ]Xnhpw \ne\n∂ncp∂p.(29)

36


B¿j Xot∑-i-bnse _o^v

tKmh[w _enIfpsS ̀ mKambn km¿h{XnIambncp∂ B¿j-

]mcºcyØn¬ tKmamwkw kzm`mhnI ̀ £Wambncp∂p-sh∂v

sshZnI kmlnXyßƒ t\¿°p-t\sc Xs∂ {]kvXmhn°p∂p-

≠v. arKßfp-sS Iq´Øn¬ b⁄_en°v ]‰p∂hbpw ]‰mØ-

hbpw GsXms°bmsW∂v \n¿W-bn-°m≥ thZßfpsS shfn®-

Øn¬ ]WvUn-X≥am¿ {ian®n´p≠v. b⁄Øn\pth≠n sIm√m-

hp∂ arKßfpsS amwkw km[mcW ̀ £Wambn D]tbmKn°p-

∂Xv A\phZ\o-bamsW∂pw b⁄_en ]ńIbn¬ ÿm-\-an-

√mØ arKßsf Xn∂p∂Xv \njn≤-amsW∂pap≈ \ne]mSmWv

s]mXphn¬ sshZnIkwkvIrXnbn¬ ImWm\mIp∂Xv. arKamw-

kw Alnwkm XØzßfneq∂n \ntcm[n°p∂Xn\p]Icw arK-

ßfpsS Iq-´-Øn¬ a\pjy\v amwkØn\pth≠n D]tbmKn°m-

hp∂ C\ßfpw D]tbmKn-®pIqSmØ C\ßfpw Ds≠∂v hn[n-

°p∂ lnμpaX {KŸßƒ sshjvWh ]®°dn auenIhmZ-

amWv sslμh ̀ £W-kw-kvImcw F∂v sX‰n≤cn®hcpsSsb-

√mw kq£vahmb\°v hnt[bam-tI≠-hbmWv. thZßfn¬ ]cm-

-a¿in°s∏Sp∂ Ccp∂q-‰nb≥]Xv arKPmXnIfn¬ A≥]sXÆ-

Øns\bmWv bmKØn\pw AXpsIm≠p-Xs∂ `£WØn\pw

sIm≈p∂Xmbn s]mXphn¬ ]cnKWn®ncp∂Xv. IpXncbpw Imf-

bpw BSpw am\psa√mw b⁄/`£y tbmKyamsW∂v ]dbp∂

sFXtcb {_mlvaWw b⁄ß-ƒ°p-]tbm-Kn°s∏ń-cp∂h-

b√mØ HÍØns‚bpw B\bpsS-bpsam∂pw amwkw Xn∂cp-

sX∂v hn[n°p-∂p≠v (VI.8). tKm_ensb°pdn®v ]dbp-∂nSØv

"\n›bambpw AXv (tKmamwkw) ̀ £WamWv' F∂v {]kv-Xmhn-

°pIbpw \qdp ImfIsf b⁄Øn\pth≠n sIm∂Xns‚ t]cn-

¬ AKkvXyal¿jnsb {]iw-kn°pIbpw sNøp∂p≠v ssX-

Øncob {_mlvaWw (III.9.8)(30) amwksa∂p tIƒ°p-tºmtg°pw

Ckvemans\tbm¿a hcp∂ lnμpXz _p≤nPohnIƒ Fßs\-

bmWv {_mlvaWßfpsS `£Wk¶-¬-]sØ Dƒs°m≈pI

F∂ tNmZyw {]k‡amWv. iX]Y {_mlvaWw "amwkamWv

G‰hpw \√ ̀ -£-Ww' F∂pt]mepw {]kvXmhn-°p∂p≠v (XI.7.1.3.9). ]e ̀ £W ]Zm¿-∞ßfpsS Iq´Øn¬ Hcn\a√, G‰hpw

37


anI® ̀ £yhn`hambncp∂p {_mlvaW I¿Ømhn\v arKamwkw

F∂¿∞w. b⁄-ßfpsS ̀ m-Kambn sIm√s∏Sp∂ arKßfpsS

amwkØn¬ \n∂v Hcp hnlnXw a\pjy¿ `£n°Wsa∂mWv

{_m-lvaWßfpsS s]mXphmb ho£Ww. sIm√s∏´ arKsØ

IjvWßfmbn `mKnt°≠Xpw hnhn[ hy-‡nIƒ°nbn¬

hnXcWw sNtø≠Xpw Fßs\sb∂v ssXØocnb kwlnX

hniZambn N¿® sN-øp∂p≠v (VI.3.10.2-6). bmKimebn¬

]ptcmlnX≥ izmkwapń®p sImes∏SpØnb arKØns‚ amw-

kw ap∏Ønbmdv HmlcnIfm°Wsa∂m-Wv tKm]Y {_mlvaW-

Øns‚ ]£w (1.3.18). tZh≥am¿ tIm]njvTcmbncn°p∂ kab-

Øv kwLSn∏n°s∏Sp∂ b⁄ßfn-se _enamwkw Blmc-

ambp-]tbm-Kn°p-∂Xv A]ISIcamsW∂ [mcW sshZnI kaq-

lØnep≠mbncps∂¶nepw km[mcW kμ¿-`-ßfn¬ AXv \n-

jn≤ambn ]cnK-Wn°s∏ńcp∂ns√∂v am{Xa√, \n¿tZin-°-s∏-

SpI IqSn sN-bvXn-cp∂psh∂mWv CsX-√mw kqNn∏n°p-∂-Xv.(31)

bmKßfpsS ]›mØeØne√msX Xs∂ I∂pImen amw-

kw sshZnI kmlnXy-Øn¬ ]cma-¿in°s∏Sp∂p≠v. AXnYn

k¬°mcØn\v amwkw e`n°m≥ I∂pIm-enIsf sIm√p∂

]Xnhv lnμp°-ƒ°p≠m-bncp∂psh∂v Ah Ak∂nKv[ambn

sXfn-bn°pIbpw sNøp∂p≠v. AXnYn k¬-°mcØn\v A\p-

tbmPyamb ]iphn-s\ Ipdn°m\mWv EtKzZw "AXnYn\o¿'

F∂ ]Zw (X.68.3) {]tbmKn°p∂Xv F∂p-t]mepw A`n{]mb-

s∏´ ]WvUnX≥amcp≠v. EtKzZ\mbIcn¬ Hcmfmb "AXnYnKz'-

°v {]kvXpX t]cp hcm≥ ImcWw AXnYn-Iƒ°pth≠n ]ip-

hns\ sIm√p∂ ioeam-Wv F∂mWv KthjIaXw. hnhmlw

t]mep-≈ hntijmhkcßfn¬ ]iphns\ AdpØncp∂psh∂v

kqNn∏n°p∂ ]cma¿i-ßƒ EtKzZØn¬ (X. 85.13) ImWm≥

Ignbpw. ̀ cWm[nImcnsbt∏mep≈ hninjvShy‡nIƒ AXnYn-

bmbn hcp∂ kμ¿`ßfn¬ P\ßƒ Ah¿°pth≠n Hcp Imf-

tbtbm ]iphnt\tbm sIm√mdps≠∂v sF-Xtcb {_mlvaW-

hpw ]dbp∂p≠v. cmPm-hv, Kpc\mY≥, ]ptcmlnX≥, ̀ mcym]nXm-

hv, AΩmh≥, ]n-Xr-hy≥, kplrØv XpSßnb BZcWobcmb

AXnYnIƒ hoń¬ hcptºmƒ D]Nmc \njvTItfmsS Ah¿°p-

38


th≠n Hcpt°≠ hncp∂ns\bmWv DØcsshZnI ImeL´Øn-

se {KŸßƒ "a[p]¿°' F∂pw "A¿Ky' F∂psa√mw kmt¶-

XnIambn hnfn°p∂Xv. ssPan\ob D]\njZv {_mlvaWØn-

emWv "a[p]¿°' F∂ {]tbmKw BZyambn {]Xy£s∏-Sp∂Xv.

sslμh KrlØn¬ hnhn[ kμ¿`-ßfn¬ Krl\mY≥ ap≥I-

søSpØv kwLSn-∏nt°≠ aXNSßpIfpsS I¿aimkv{X-hn[n-

Iƒ hniZambn {]-Xn]mZn°p∂ Krlykq{Xßfn¬ a[p]¿°

hn]peam-bn-Ø-s∂ N¿® sNøp∂Xv ImWm≥ Ignbpw. tX\n-

s‚bpw ssXcns‚bpw a[pcan{inXw AXnYn°v \¬Inbn-cp∂-

XmWv {]kvXpX NSßn\v a[p]¿° F∂ t]cphcm≥ ImcW-

sa¶nepw a[p]¿° hncp∂nse Hgn®pIqSm\mImØ hn`hßfn-

sem∂v _ot^m at‰sX¶nepw amwktam Bbncp∂p-sh∂v Krly-

kq{Xßfn¬\n∂v hy‡amWv. hnhmlmtLmjØns‚ `mKam-

bp≈ AXnYn k¬°mcsØbpw Nne Krly-kq{Xßƒ a[p]¿-

° F∂v hntijn∏n-°p∂p≠v. AXnYnIsf _o v̂ \¬In BZcn-

®ncp∂ Hcp aXt_m[w apkvenw Ad_v IS∂phchn\v \q‰m-

≠pIƒ°v ap≥]pXs∂ k]vXkn‘phn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂psh∂

{it≤bamb hkvXpXbmWv Krlykq{X-ßfpsS k¬°mc

\n¿tZißfn¬ \n∂v A\mhrXamIp∂Xv. AXnYnbpw ]ip-hnd-

®n-bpw XΩnep≈ _‘-sØ°pdn® ZrVXc-amb ]gb `mcXo-

bm-ht_m[-Øn-s‚ {]Xnê\sa∂p ]dbmw, \memw \q‰m-≠n-

se hnJymX\mb kwkvIrX ̀ mjm]Sp ]mWn\n Xs‚ AjvSm-

[ymbw F∂ {]K¬` hymIcW {KŸØn¬ (3.4.73) AXnYnsb

Ipdn°m≥ "tKmKv\' F∂v {]tbmKn-°p∂p≠v.(32)

"amwk-\n-_-≤'-am-bn-cp∂ Krlm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ

s]mXpÿeßfn¬sh®v kwLSn∏n-°s∏´ almbmKßfn-

epw hoSpIfn¬ \S∂ hntijmXnYn k¬°mcßfnepw am{Xa√,

ssZ\wZn\ PohnXØn¬ "lnμp' A\pjvTnt°≠ sNdnb sNdn-

b aX-NS-ßpIfn¬t]mepw arKamwkØns‚ km∂n[yap≠mbn-

cp∂psh∂mWv hnhn[ Krlykq{XßfpsS hmb\ \sΩ sXcy-

s∏SpØp∂Xv. I∂pImenIfp-tSXS°ap≈ amwkw CØcw

A\pjvTm\-ßfpsSsb√mw N-´{]Imcap≈ hn[nbmbn-cp∂psh-

∂mWv a\ nem°m\mhpI. CSb kºZv hyhÿbn¬ \n∂v

39


Im¿jnI kºZv hyhÿbnte°p≈ ]cmh¿Ø\Øn\p-tij-

ambncn°Ww Bcy kaqlØn¬ Im¿jnIm-`nhr-≤n°pth≠n-

bp≈ D]mk-\m {Iaßƒ hym]IambXv. Chbn¬ hfsc {][m-

\s∏´ H∂mbncp∂p \n-ch[n Krlykq-{Xßfn¬ ]cma¿iap≈

"iqeKh'. iqeØn¬ tIm¿Ø Imfsb cp{ZtZhs‚ {]oXn°mbn

_enb¿∏n°p∂ A\pjvTm\-apdbmWv iqeKh. Imfsb sIm∂-

Xn\p-tijw hmepw sXmenbpw Xobntes°dn-bpIbpw c‡w

]mºpIƒ°pth≠n Z¿`∏p-√n\v apIfn¬ Hgp°pIbpamWv sNbv-

Xncp-∂Xv. Irjnbpw IrjnbnSßfpsS hym]\-hpamWv ̀ qanbn¬

AXn¿ØnIfpw ÿncw hoSpIfpsa√mw \n¿Wbn°m≥ Bcy≥-

am¿-°v t{]cWbmbXv. AtXmSpIqSn hoSp\n¿-amWØns‚bpw

hoSpIq-Sen-s‚-bpsa√mw aXhyhÿIƒ cq]s∏´ph∂p. hmkvXp-

"imkv{X'Øns‚ D¬]Ønbp≠mIp-∂Xv A-ß-s\-bmWv. "hmkv-

Xp' kw_‘amb {]Xn-]mZ\ßƒ°nSbn¬ Nne Krlykq{X-

ßƒ, ]pXnb hońte°v Xmakw amdp∂bmƒ Hcp IdpØ ]ip-

hns\tbm shfpØ BSns\-tbm _en \¬IWsa∂v \n¿tZ-in-

°p-∂p≠v.(33)

K¿`nWnIfmb kv{XoIsfbpw K¿`-ÿ inip°sfbpw c‡-

c£ pIfn¬ \n-∂pw ]nimNp_m[bn¬ \n∂pw kwc£n-°p-

hm\pw Ip™ns‚bpw AΩbpsSbpw kpÿnXn Dd∏phcpØm-

\psa√mambn K¿`-Øns‚ \memw amkw Krlykq{Xßƒ \n¿-

tZin°p∂ A‘hnizmk PUneamb BNmcamWv "koa-t¥m-

\b\w'. BZysØ K¿`[mcWØn\pam{XamWv Cu NSßv kw-

LSn∏nt°≠Xv F∂v A`n{]m-bap≈-hcp≠v. K¿`nWnbpsS Xe-

apSn apIƒ`mK-tØ°v ]IpØpsIémWv A\pjvTm\w. koa-

t¥m-\b\Øn\v ImfbpsStbm ]iphn-s‚tbm tXm¬ D]tbm-

Kn°Wsa-∂mWv {]mNo\ lnμp I¿aimkv{Xw. aXhn-Zym`ym-

kØns‚ {]thinIbmb D]\b\ NSßn-\pw ]ip/Imf-

tØm¬ kzoImcyambn-cp∂p. Hm-tcm PmXn°pw D]\b\Øn\v

Hm-tcm arK-Øns‚ tXm¬ BWv \n¿tZin°-s∏ńcp-∂Xv. D]\-

b\ Znh-kap]tbmKn-°p∂ ta¬-°p∏mbw Cu tXmepsIm≠v

\n¿an®Xm-bncn°Wsa∂mbncp∂p k¶¬]w. AXmXv "PmXnar-

K'Øns‚ tXm¬ Xs∂ e`n°pI ]et∏mgpw {]bmkIcambn-

cp∂Xn\m¬ F-√m PmXnIfn¬s∏´h¿°pw s]mXphmbn

40


]iphn≥tXm¬ D]tbmKn°m-sa∂mWv Nne Krlykq{XßfpsS

]£w. ]ip "arKap-Jy≥' BWv F∂p]d™p-sIm≠mWv CØ-

cw Hc\phmZw Krlykq{X-ßƒ \-¬-Ip-∂Xv. Zo¿Lmbp pw

]mWvUnXy-hpap≈ ]p{Xs\ e`n°m≥ _o^v hdpØXv s\øpw

tNmdpw Iqń-°-gn°Wsa∂v _rlZmcWytIm]\n-jØv (VI.4.18, tUm. Fkv. cm[mIr-jvW-s‚ Principal UpanishadsImWpI) \n¿tZin°p∂p≠v. CXn\v ê{]m]vXnbp-≠mbn

Ip™v P\n®m¬ Bdv amkØn-\ptijw Ah\v ]£nbnd®nbpw

ao\pw \¬-IWsa∂mWv A\pimk\w. \nthZyambpw tXmem-

bpw Cd®nbmbpw arKicocßƒ \nc¥cw lnμpkwkvIrXnbn¬

\nd™p\n-∂psh∂v kmcw.(34) s]mXp aXNSßpIfpw D±n„Im-

cy-eœn°mbp≈ sNdp kzImcy-{InbIfpw Krlm\pjvTm\pßfp-

sa√mw I∂pImen h[sØ Dƒs°m≠ncp∂ Hcp kwkvImc-

Øns‚ C-tß-Xe-bv°¬ h∂p\n-∂v AdhpimeIƒ°pt\sc

Ipc®p-NmSp∂-h¿ kzbw ]cnlmkycmhpIb√m-sX as‰¥m-Wv

sNøp∂Xv?

sshZnI kwkvImcØn¬ acWm\-¥c NSßpIƒt]mepw

ImenamwkØn¬ \n∂v ap‡-ambn-cp-∂ns√∂mWv tcJIƒ t_m-

[ys∏SpØp∂Xv. ihicocw s]mXn-bm-≥ ]iptØmepw Ińbp-

≈ ]ip-s°mgp∏pw {]tbmP\s∏SpØp-∂Xns\-°pdn®v EtKzZ

kwlnXbn¬ Xs∂ (X.16.7) ]cma¿-iap-≠v. ihkwkvImcNS-

ßpIfpsS ̀ mK-ambn I∂pImenIsf sIm√p∂Xns\°pdn® hni-

Zamb hnhcWß-ƒXs∂ Krlykq{X-ßfnep≠v. thZImeL -́

Ønse "lnμp' kmlnXyßfn¬ ]nXrb⁄w, alm]n-Xrb-

⁄w XpSßnb {]tbmKßƒsIm≠v ASbmfs∏SpØnbn´p≈

acWm\¥c NSßpIƒ, thZ-Imem\¥c cN\Ifmb Krly-

kq-{Xßfn¬ "{im≤w' F∂ t]cnem-Wv s]mXphn¬ hyhlcn°-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. acn®p-t]mbhcpsS Bflm°ƒ°v kzÿX \¬Im-

\mbn Pohn®ncn°p∂ _‘p°ƒ \SØp∂ I¿aßfmWv {im≤-

Øns‚ D≈S-°w F∂v kam\yambn ]dbmw. ]nXp-cmcm[-\sb

]cnkcam°n hf-cp∂ aqVk¶-¬]ß-ƒ kar≤ambncp∂ ̀ mcX-

Øn¬ acWs∏´p-t]mbhcpsS Bflm°ƒ°v "`£n-°m≥'

Blmc]Zm¿∞ßƒ \nthZn-°p∂ k{ºZmbßfpw hf¿∂p-

41


h∂p. \njvTm-]q-¿hw Duńbn-s√¶n¬ Bflm°ƒ KXn In´msX

AebpItbm {]XnImcZmln-Ifmbn `qanbn-¬ Ipg∏ßƒ hnX-

°p-Itbm Hs° sNøp-sa∂ sX‰n≤mcWbmWv CØcw A\m-

Nmc-ßƒ°v {]tNmZ\ambn h¿Øn®Xv. hyXy-kvX Xcw {im≤-

ßƒ Ct∏mgpw sslμh kaqlØn¬ \ne\n¬-°p∂p≠v. Kr-

ly-kq{Xßƒ {]-Imcw, Bflm-°ƒ kwXr]vXn-bSbWsa¶n¬

{im≤Øn-\v amwkw Xs∂ t\Zn°Ww. a‰p arK-ß-tfm-sSm∏w

]ip°fpw ImfIfpw kzm`mhn-Iambpw {im≤ßƒ°p-th≠n

sIm√s∏´p. Krlykq{Xßfn¬ "AjvSIw' F∂pw "GIm-jvS-

Iw' F∂psa√mw hnfn°s∏Sp∂ Hcp {]tXyIXcw {im≤-aq´p≠v.

CXn¬, ]iphns\ sIm∂v B¥cm-hbhßƒ ]mIw sNbvXmWv

acWs∏´p-t]mb ]q¿hnI¿°v \nthZn°p∂Xv; Icfpw IpS-ep-

sa-√mw thhn-®psImSp°psa∂p Xs∂! Nne Krly-kq{Xßfn¬

hnhn[ arKamw-kßƒ ]nXr-°ƒ°v \¬Ip∂ kzmÿy-Øns‚

Imebf-hphsc \n¿Wbn®p ]d™n´p≠v. tKmamw-kw \-¬-In-

bm¬ Hcp h¿jtØ°pw Im´pap-bepw hf¿Øp∂ BSpsa√m-

amWv sIm√s∏-Sp∂sX¶n¬ Hcp h¿jØne[nIhpw I≠marK-

amwkhpw Nne {]tXyIXcw ao\pIfpamWv _ensb-¶n¬ Imem-

Ime-tØ°pw Bflm°ƒ kwXr]vXcmIp-sa∂pamWv hniZoIc-

Ww. Hcp amwkhpw In´m\ns√¶n¬ am{XamWv ]®°-dnIƒ-sIm-

≠v {im≤w \SØm\\p-hmZap-≈Xv.(35) kwLv ]cnhmdpIm¿ \nc-

¥cw Iqdp-{]Jym-]n°p∂ acWaS™ B¿j`mcX ]nXr°-ƒ-

°pt]mepw Krlykq{Xß-ƒ{]Im-cw Xr]vXnbn√mØ "Cd®nc-

lnX Xo≥tai' HmP pw tXP pw th≠ Poh\p-≈ C≥Uy°m-

¿°v Xr]vXnbmIp-sa∂mtWm lnμpXz Kh-¨sa‚pIƒ IcpXp-

∂Xv? {im≤Øns‚ icnbmb kμ¿`Øn¬ am{X-a√; P\\w,

hnhmlw XpSßnb hnti-jmh-kcßfnepw BapJ NSsß∂

\nebn¬ ]nXr°sf Du´p∂ k{ºZmbhpw Krly-kq-{X-ß-fn¬

hnhcn°s∏ń´p≠v. AhnsSsb-√mw amwkw Xs∂bmWv acn®p-

t]mbh¿ B{Kln°p∂Xv. B[p\nI kh¿Ws‚ ASp°f,

Krlykq{XßfpsS aXho£W-a\pkcn®v AXnse ]®°dnbm-

[n-]Xyw-sIm≠v Ahs‚ ]nXr°-sf Akzÿ-Xbp-sS ]mcayX-

bnem-sW-Øn°pI. apkvenw-If√, {]XypX tKmamw-k-h¿÷\w

hgn "hnip≤n' sXfnbn°p-∂hcmWv icnbmb ]nXr\nμIsc∂v

42


Krlykq{Xßsf icn-sh-°p∂h¿s°m-s°bpw AwKoIcnt°-

≠n hcpw. {im≤aqń-s‚ ̀ mKambn acn®bmfpsS hoń¬ BfpIƒ-

°v kZybp≠mIpw. kZybnse {][m\ £WnXm°ƒ {_mlva-

W≥amcpambncn°pw. {im≤apÆm≥ hcp∂ {_mlvaWcS°-ap-

≈ AXnYnIƒ°v _o v̂ IqSn Dƒs∏´ sa\p Xs∂bmWv Krly-

kq{X-ßƒ hn-[n-°p-∂Xv.(36) `mcXobs‚ Ncn-{XØn¬ acWho-

ń¬ \n∂pt]mepw Hgn-™pt]mbnń√mØ t]mØnd®nbpsS K-

‘w FhnsS sIm≠p-t]mbn Hfn∏n°m-sa-∂mWv kwLv ]cnhm¿

hymtamln°p∂Xv ?

_o^v hnfºnbncp∂ aX˛atXXcmh-kcßƒ lnμp Ncn-

{XØn¬ FºmSpap-s≠∂mWv ]d-™p-h-∂-Xns‚ Npcp°w.

tKmamwkt`mP\w BtLm-jam°n am‰nbncp∂ D’hßfpw

`mcXØn-ep≠mbncp∂p; P\ßƒ ]-ip-hnd®n Xn∂pXnan¿Ø

`£ytafIƒ! Ahbpw aXNSßpIfmbncp∂psh∂XmWv {][m-

\-s∏´ Imcyw. {_mlvaW≥amcpsS ap≥Iøn¬ \S∂ncp∂ "Khm-

ab\w' F∂ I∂pImen _enbmtLmjØns‚ k-am]\w Ipdn-

®p \S∂ncp∂ "alm{hX D’hw' CØcØn-ep≈ H∂mbncp-

∂p. an{X-hcpW≥am¿°pw a-‰pNne tZh≥am¿°pw aq∂v a®n∏-

ip°sf _enb¿∏n°pIbmbncp∂p D’hØns‚ Bcm[\m-

]camb kØ-sb¶nepw \m´pIm¿ apgph≥ Hcpan®pIqSn Bth-

i]q¿hw amwk-hn`hßfSßnb kZy-bp-Æ-em-bncp∂p AXn-s‚

kmaqlnI`mhw. CXpt]mse-Øs∂ B¿`mS]q¿hw P\ßƒ

amwkw Ign®p√-kn-®n-cp∂ as‰mcp D’hambncp∂p \nch[n

{iuXkq{X-ßfn¬ {]Xn]mZn°s∏ń´p≈ "Krlta[w.' i‡am-

b aXm\pjvTm\ Omb-bn√msX Xs∂ AkwJyw ]ip°ƒ

amwk-Øn\p-th≠n Krlta[ D’hßfn¬ sIm√s∏Sp-ambn-

cp∂p. ]ipamwkw Xn∂v BÀmZn°p-∂Xpw BtLmjn°p∂Xpw

C-jv--Ss∏ńcp∂ ]q¿hIme lnμp°ƒ, AXn\p-th≠n hntij

kμ¿`ßsf hsc krjvSn-®p-sh∂mWv ChnsS hy‡amIp-∂-

Xv.(37) _os^∂v tIƒ°ptºmtg°pw Ad∏pw shdp∏pw tXm∂n

IpdphSn IønseSp°p-∂h¿ Xncn®dnbptam, Xßƒ s]men∏n®-

hXcn∏n°p∂ B¿j ]mcºcyØn¬ _o^v s^ÃnhepIƒ

t]mepap≠mbncp∂psh∂v? GXv "C≥Uy≥' ]mcºcyØn¬

43


\n∂mWv tl, \nßƒ°v Cu tKmamwkòXn ]I¿∂p-InńbXv?

h¿P-\-Øns‚ PmXnbpw _u≤-th-cp-Ifpw

amwkh¿P-\-Øns‚ aX-X-Øz-imkv{Xw ̀ mc-X-Øns‚ s]mXp-

{]m-No\]mc-º-cy-a-√, adn®v Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Hgp-°n¬ L´w L´-

ambn Nne P\-hn-̀ m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ am{Xw cq]-s∏-́ p-h∂ "`£W

[m¿an-IX'bmWv F∂v lnμp-a-X-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v.

]ip G‰hpw henb kº-Ømbn Icp-X-s∏-́ n-cp∂ CS-b-kw-kvIr-

Xn-bn¬ bmK-ß-fpsS Im¿an-IXzw hln-°p∂ {_lva-W≥am¿-

°p≈ Z£n-W-bmbn \n›-bn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv ]ip-°ƒ Xs∂-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. bmK-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n-®-√m-sX-bpw "tZh-{]oXn' e£y-

am°n {_mlva-W¿°v hºn® Imen-k-ºØv Zm\-ambn \¬Ip-I-

A-°m-e-L-´-Øn¬ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sSbpw [\m-Vy≥am-cp-sS-

bpsa√mw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. kmam-\y-P-\-ß-fn¬ Akqb hf¿-

Øpw-hn[w tKmk-º-Øn-\p-S-a-bm-bn-Øo¿∂ {_mlvaW ]ptcm-

ln-X≥am-cpsS kzØv kwc-£-Wm¿∞-amWv tKml-Xym- hn-cp≤

kq‡-ßƒ ̀ mc-X-Øn¬ ]nd-∂p-ho-WXv F∂mWv Nne ]WvUn-

X≥am-cpsS ho£-Ww. {_mlva-W≥ ̀ qan-bn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ {]Xn-

\n-[n-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ Abm-fpsS ]ip-°sf Itø‰w sNøp-∂Xv

ssZh-\n-μ-bmWv F∂ kn≤m¥w \n¿an-s®-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ ta¬-

PmXn h{K-X-bn-emWv tKmh-[-tØmSv ]n¬°m-eØv {]_-e-am-

bn-Øo¿∂ hntcm-[-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ NnI-tb-≠Xv F∂ ho£-

WsØ X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-In-√. {_mlva-W\v ]ip-hns\ Zm\w

sNøp-∂-h¿°v e`n-°m≥ t]mIp∂ ssZhm-\p-{K-l-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw

{_mlva-Ws‚ ]ip-°-tfmSv A\m-Z-chv ImWn-°p∂h¿°p≈

in£-sb-°p-dn-®p-sa√mw `mc-Xob {KŸ-ßƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-

≠v.(38) ]ip ssZh-am-sW∂ Bflm¿Yamb hnNm-c-Øn¬ \n∂-

√, {]XypX {_mlvaW arK-aq-e-[\w kaq-l-Øn¬ krjvSn-°p∂

kmº-ØnI sshcp-[y-ßƒ A[-ÿnX _lp-P-\-ßsf Iem-]-

Øn\v t{]cn-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ A[o-i-h¿K Bkq-{X-W-Øn¬

\n∂mWv tKml-Xy-s°-Xn-cmb Imw]-bn-\ns‚ thcp-Iƒ ]S¿∂-

sX-¶n¬, AXv ]ip-amwk hntcm-[-Øns‚ "PmXn' IrXy-ambn

shfns∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-sam-∂p-an-√.

44


_n. kn. C A©mw \q‰m-≠p- ap-X¬°p-≠mb _p≤-aX X-

Øz-ß-fpsS hym]\w tKmh[ hntcm-[-Øn-t‚-Xmb Hcp a\:-im-

kv{Xw ̀ mc-X-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xn¬ henb ]¶p-h-ln-

®n-´p≠v F∂p hy‡-am-Wv. F∂m¬, ]ip ssZh-am-b-Xn-\m¬

]ip-hn-s\-b-dp-Øp-IqSm F∂ B[p-\nI kh¿W \ne-]m-Sm-bn-

cp-∂n√ _p≤-{]-t_m-[-\-ß-fnse tKmh[hncp≤ hmZ-ß-fpsS

A¥-kØ F∂ hkvXpX {it≤-b-am-Wv. b⁄-]o-T-Øn¬

A\m-h-iy-ambn ]ip-°sf sIm∂p-Iq-´-emWv aX-sa∂v hcp-Øn-

Øo¿Ø A°m-e-L-´-Ønse lnμp ]utcm-ln-Xy-tØm-Sp≈

bp‡n-k-l-amb Iem-]-am-bn-cp∂p _p≤s‚ arK-h[ \ncp-’m-

l-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ. ]ip-°ƒ°v {]mNo-\-̀ m-c-X-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂

kmº-ØnI {]m[m\ywIqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Hcp-]-Im-c-

hp-an-√msX Ahsb Iq´-°-im∏v \S-Øm≥ Bflo-b-X-bpsS

sImSn \mń-b-h¿s°-Xnsc GXv kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hn-\p-

ap-≠m-Ip∂ hnIm-c-hn-£p-_v[X-bmWv _p≤s‚ h¿Ø-am-\-ß-

fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. bmK-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v Nmen-s´mgpIp∂

c‡-amWv tam£-Øns‚ hgn-sh-́ p-∂-Xv F∂ hnIr-X-̀ m-h-\-s°-

Xnsc \S∂ _u≤n-I-k-acw AI-s∏-´p-t]mb BXy-¥n-I-X-Iƒ

am{X-amWv _p≤aX -{K-Ÿ-ß-fnse Alnwkm {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ.

b⁄-ßƒs°m-cp-ßn-b-hsc AXn¬\n∂v ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥

{io_p-≤≥ \S-Ønb kwhm-Z-kw-̀ m-j-W-ß-fpsS IY-IƒsIm≠v

kar-≤-amWv _u≤-]m-c-º-cyw. F∂m¬ amwkw Hcp `£Ww

F∂- \n-e-bn¬ _p≤injy≥am-cn¬ \n∂v A\yw \n∂p-t]m-bn-

cp-∂n-s√∂v hy‡-am-°p∂ Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fp-≠v. km£m¬ {io_p-

≤≥ Xs∂ amwk-`-£Ww D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Nne- kw-`-

h-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ _p≤-a-X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ Aßn-

ßmbn NnX-dn-°n-S-°p∂ b⁄/arK-h[ hncp≤ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ-,

]n¬°m-eØv ]e- _u≤kaq-l-ß-sfbpw \njvTm-]q¿h-ap≈

Xo{h -k-kym-lm-c-{I-a-Øn-te°v \bn-®p F∂Xv kXy-am-Wv.

kkym-lm-c-{h-X-ap≈ P\-ßsf `mc-X-Øn¬ krjvSn-s®-Sp-Ø-

Xn¬, aX-ÿm-]-I≥ t\¿°p-t\sc AXp-t±-in-®n-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw,

_p≤-a-X-Øn\v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]¶p-s≠∂v ]d-bmw. F∂m¬ _p≤-

B-{i-a-ß-fn¬t]mepw CXv GI-in-em-cq-]-ap≈ ITn-\ -\n-e-]m-

sSm-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. lo\-bm-\-°mcpw alm-bm-\-°mcpambn-

45


_u≤¿ ]nf¿∂p-am-dn-b-t∏mƒ alm-bm-\-°m¿ kkym-lmc\njv-

I¿j-bn¬ Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fmbn amdp-Ibpw Xßƒ°-\p-Iq-e-ambn

_p≤-s\ hymJym-\n-°ms\mcp-sº-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah¿ Xß-

fpsS {KŸ-ß-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≈ _p≤≥ Xs∂-bmtWm

Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-´p≈ bYm¿∞ _p≤≥ F∂ -Imcyw

Xo¿Øpw kwi-bm-kv]-Z-am-Wv. CXn-s\√mw tijhpw hnhn[

{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ _p≤-aX kaq-l-ßƒ amwkm-lm-cn-I-fm-bn-Øs∂

XpS¿∂p F∂ -Imcyw kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-⁄≥am¿ Nq≠n-°m-

Wn-®n-́ p-≠v. alm-bm\ hn`m-K-°m¿ X-s∂-bmb Sn_-‰nse Xm{¥n-

I- _p-≤-a-X-°m¿ ]ip-hn-s\bpw sNΩ-cn-bm-Sn-s\-bpw ]∂n-sb-bpw

tImgn-sb-bp-sa√mw Ct∏mgpw \n¿_m[w ̀ £-W-am-°p-∂p-≠v.(39)

X\n°v amwk-ap-t]-£n-°m≥ ico-c{]-Ir-Xnbpw Imem-h-ÿ-bpw-

sh®v Ign-bn-s√∂ _p≤ Bflob -t\-Xmhv Zsse-emabpsS {]i-

kvX-amb {]kvXm-h\Xs∂, ]q¿W-amb kkym-lm-c-\njvT _u-

t≤m-]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS Hcp hymJym\w am{X-am-sW∂v kv]jvS-am-

°p-∂p-≠v.

{_mlva-WnI aX-t_m-[-Øn-s\-Xnsc AXn-i-‡-ambn bp≤w

-sNbvX {io_p-≤s‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ AtX -a-X-Øns‚ ]n¬°me

Blm-c-im-Ty-ßƒ°v ssk≤m-¥n-I- ]-cn-k-c-sam-cp-°n-bXv C≥-

Uym Ncn-{X-Ønse Xs∂ G‰hpw henb hntcm-[m-`m-k-ß-fn-

sem-∂m-Wv. _p≤s‚ Bi-b-I-em]w sshZnI lnμp-a-X-Øns‚

kmaq-ln-I-Im-WvU-amb PmXn-hy-h-ÿ°pw I¿a-Im-WvU-amb

b⁄-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-scbm-bn-cp-∂p. EtKz-Z-ln-μp-a-X-

Øns‚ BNm-c-k-Ø-bm-bn-cp∂ arK-_enbmK-ßƒs°-Xn-cn¬

P\-hn-Im-c-ap-W¿Øm≥th≠n _p≤-s\-t∏m-semcp "aX-\n-tj[n'

D∂-bn® \ymb-ß-sf-Øs∂ Iq´p-]n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v ]n¬Ime lnμp-

a-XsØ ]p\¿\n¿hNn® {_mlva-W -]u-tcm-lnXyIuiew A\-

\y-km-[m-c-W-amWv. {_mlvvaWs‚ ]ip-hn\v kwc-£-W-I-h-N-

sam-cp-°m≥th≠n \¬I-s∏´ ]ip-kw-c-£W DZvt_m-[-\-ßfpw

]ip-hns\ b⁄-]o-T-Øns‚ {Iqc-X-bn¬\n∂v c£n-°m≥ _p≤-

≥ \S-Ønb Blzm-\-ßfpw Hcp-°n-sh® aÆn¬ tKmam-Xm- k¶-

¬]sØ ka¿∞-ambn \´p-\-\®p hf¿Øp-I-bmWv IrjvW-]q-

P-I¿ sNbvX-Xv. _p≤s‚ t]mcm-´-ß-fpsS Bflm-hm-bn-cp∂

46


PmXn-hn-cp-≤-Xsb Cu Gs‰-Sp-°¬ {]{In-b-°nSbn¬ ka¿∞-

ambn Igp-Øp-sR-cn-®p -sIm-√m≥ {_mlva-W-ta-[m-hn-ØØn-\p-

km-[n®p F∂-XmWv C≥Uym- N-cn-{X-Øn-se òI-c-amb Zpc-¥-

ß-fn-sem-∂v. PmXn-hn-cp-≤-\m-bn-cp∂ _p≤s\ kvXpXn®v thcp-

]n-Sn-°m≥ {ian® kh¿W tKmamw-k-hn-tcm-[w, PmXn-kw-c-£-

W-Øns‚ ]pXnb am¿K-ß-fmWv `mc-X-Øn¬ Xpd-∂Xv F∂

hkvXpX henb hni-Ie\-a¿ln-°p-∂p-≠v. B[p-\nI C≥Uy-

bn¬ Ah¿W-k-a-c-ß-fpsS ss[j-WnI \yq¢n-bkv Bbnh¿Øn-

® ̀ c-W-L-S\m in¬]n tUm. _n.- B¿. Awt_-ZvI¿, _p≤ -A-

lnw-ksb lnμp-ta¬X´v kzmwio-I-cn-®-Xns‚ PmXn-cm-jv{Sobw

Is≠-Øm≥th≠n {ian-®n-́ p-≠v. b⁄-ß-f-psS ̀ oI-c-X- km-[m-

c-W-°m-c-\p-hsc A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-bn-cp∂ {]mNo-\- `m-c-X-Øn¬

_p≤-\p-ap-∂n¬ kwhm-Z-ß-fn¬ ]nSn-®p-\n¬°pI sshZn-I- ]u-

tcm-ln-Xy-Øn\v Zpkm-[y-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂mWv Aw-t_-ZvI¿ Nq≠n-

°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. ]X-dm-Xn-cn-°m≥th≠n Ah¿ _p≤-s\-°mƒ

henb tKml-Xym-hn-tcm-[n-I-fmbn amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. bmK-Øn\p-

-th-≠n-bp≈ tKmh-[-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb Bi-b-k-a-c-Øn-\p- e-`n®

P\-]n-¥p-Wsb sslPm°v sNøm≥ ̀ £-W-Øn-\p-th-≠n-b-S-°-

ap≈ kI-e -ar-K-amwk D]t`m-Khpw \n¿Øn-sh-°p-∂-Xmbn {_m-

lva-W¿ {]Jym-]n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xo≥ta-i-bnse Cd-®n-bpsS

Akm-∂n-[ysØ PmXo-b-amb ]cn-ip-≤n-bpsS kqN-I-ambn ]n¬-

Im-eØv {_mlva-W¿ hfsc ka¿∞-ambn ÿm]n-s®-Sp-Øp. arK-

amw-k-tØm-Sp≈ AIew Pohn-X-hn-ip-≤n-bpsS Af-hp-tIm-embn

C≥-Uy-bn¬ amdp-∂-X-ß-s\-bm-Wv. F√m-Xcw arK-amw-k-ß-fn¬-

\n∂pw AI-∂p-\n¬°m-\p≈ {_mlva-W -k-∂-≤X, Db¿∂

Bflo-b-i-‡n-bpsS {]Xo-I-ambn {]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-́ p. F∂m¬ ]ip

ssZh-am-b-Xn-\m¬ ]ip-hn-d-®n-bn¬ \n∂v hn´p-\n¬°¬ {_mlva-

W-c-√m-Ø-h¿°pw \n¿_-‘-am-Wv F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]pXnb aX-

hn-[n. XZSn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv t\m¨shPv sa\p-hn¬ \n∂v _o^n-

s\ shń-am-‰m≥ {_mlva-tW-Xc kh¿W-hn-̀ m-K-ßƒ \n¿_-‘n-

°-s∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ _lp-`q-cn-]£w C≥Uy-°mcpw ˛ A-h¿W

_-lp-P-\-ßƒ ̨ _o v̂ AS-°-ap≈ ̀ £y-tbm-Ky-amb F√m-Xcw

amwkhpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv XpS¿∂p; Ah¿ AXns‚ t]cn¬am-

{Xw Aip-≤cpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-cp-ambn ap{Z-Ip-Ø-s∏-́ p! C{]-Imcw

47


Ah¿W-\pw kh¿W-\p-an-S-bnse hyXym-k-ß-fn-sem∂v Xo≥ta-

i-bnse _o^ns‚ km∂n-[y-ambn \n¿W-bn-®p-sIm-≠mWv PmXn-

{`m¥v `£-W-sa-\p-hns‚ Ip∏m-b-an-´Xv F∂mWv Awt_-ZvI¿

ka¿∞n-°p-∂-Xv.(40) F¥n\v Ah¿W-tcmSv sXmSepw Xo≠-ep-

sa∂ tNmZy-Øn\v C≥Uy-bn¬ apg-ßnb Hcp adp-]Sn Ah¿

_o v̂ Ign-°p∂p F∂Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]ip-hn-t\m-Sp≈ _-

lp-am-\-Øns‚ t]cn¬ a\p-jysc ]oUn-∏n-°p∂ sshNn-{X-y-Øn-

emWv _p≤-Im-em-\-¥cw lnμp-aXw sNs∂-Øn-b-sX∂v Npcp-

°w. _o^n-s\-Xn-cmb hmZ-ßƒ i‡n-s∏´p h∂-t∏m-gm-bn-cn-°-Ww,

Cu ]T-\-Øns‚ Bcw-̀ -Øn¬ \map-≤-cn®, "Cfw ]ip-hn-d-®nbpw

Imf-bn-d-®nbpw Xn∂p-∂Xv Rm≥ XpS-cp-I-Xs∂ sNøpw' F∂

{]kvXm-h-\- bm⁄h¬Iy≥ \S-Øn-b-Xv. _o v̂ Ign-°m-Xn-cp∂v

AXv al-Xz-ambn hymJym-\n-s®Sp-°p-Ibpw {]kvXp-X -"a-l-Xz-'-

Øns‚ _e-Øn¬ At\-Im-bncw Ah¿W-sc Nhn-ń-sa-Xn-°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂ krKm-e-_p-≤nsb am\-hn-I-X-tbmSv Iqdp≈ B¿-

s°-¶nepw BZ-cn-°m-\m-Iptam? PmXn-bpsS i‡-\mb {]tW-

Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ hnth-Im-\-μ-\p-t]mepw, `£-W-sa\p hgn alm-

\m-Ip∂ Cu C-{μ-Pmew th≠{X t_m[n-®n-cp-∂n√ F∂p-thWw

A\p-am-\n-°m≥. At±lw FgpXn: ""]ip-°ƒ amwkw Xn∂p-∂n√.

BSp-I-fp-an-√. AXp-sIm-≠-h- a-lm-tbm-Kn-Ifpw Alnw-k-I-cpam-

tWm? GsX-¶nepw Hcp `£yw h¿Pn-°m≥ GXv hnUvVn°pw

Ign-bpw. AXp-sIm≠v Abmƒ°v kky-`p-°p-I-fmb arK-Øn-\p-

≈-Xn-t\-°m-tfsd tbmKy-Xbv°hImian-√.''(41) hnth-Im-\-μs‚

]Sw s{]m]-K-≠-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h¿, At±-l-Øns‚ kºq¿W-

Ir-Xn-Iƒ Hcm-h¿Øn hmbn-®p-t\m-°m-s\-¶nepw k∂-≤-am-Iptam?

tKmamwk \ncm-I-cWw kh¿W¿°n-S-bn¬ {]_-e-am-bn-Øo-

¿∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ H∂mw kl-{km-_vZ-Øns‚ DØ-cm¿[w

apX¬ [¿a-im-kv{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬\n∂v Is≠-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p-

≠v. F∂m¬ \ntcm-[-\-Øns‚ Xo{h-X-bn¬ Ah Ahy-‡-X-

Iƒ Ah-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. [¿a-im-kv{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ A\p-

im-kn-°-s∏-Spw-hn[w kh¿W- km-aq-ln-I-Po-hnXw kºq¿W-ambn

C°m-e-L-́ -Øn¬ _o v̂ap‡-ambn F∂p-]-d-bm≥ kam-¥c Ncn-

{X-tc-J-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p-an-√. _o^v hncp-≤-amb aX-hn-Im-c-

48


ßƒ kh¿W- ln-μp-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬ \m-sº-Sp-Øp-Xp-S-ßnb ]cn-

h¿Ø-\-L-́ -Øns‚ kmln-Xy-{]-Xn-̂ -e-\-ß-fmbn [¿a-im-kv{X-

{K-Ÿ-ß-fnse ]cm-a¿i-ßsf ImWp-I-bm-bn-cn°pw icn-bm-b k-

ao-]-\w. a\p-kvar-Xn-h-fsc hy‡-am-bn-Øs∂ {_mlva-W¿°v

amwk-`-£Ww hne-°p-∂p-≠v. CX-c -Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS Imcy-Øn¬

CØ-c-samcp \ntcm-[\w a\p ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂n-√. Hcn-SØv "amw-

kw ̀ £n-°p-∂-Xn¬ XI-cm-sdm-∂p-an√' F∂v kvarXn-Im-c≥ ]d-

bp-∂p≠pXm\pw (5:55). F∂m¬ ]ip-hns\ D]-{Z-hn-°p-∂Xpw

(4:162) sIm√p-∂Xpw (11:60) Ip‰Ir-Xy-ß-fmbnØs∂ a\p-kvarXn

{]Jym-]n-°p-∂p.(42) kvarXn-Im-e-am-Ip-tºm-tg°pw Gsd-°psd hy-

‡-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ _o^v hnap-J-Xbv°v Awt_-ZvI¿ Btcm-]n-

°p-∂-Xp-t]mse PmXo-b-amb ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wp-

≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv F∂v a‰p kvarXn-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.

]ip-hn-d®n ̀ £-W-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv A[-a-Xz-Øns‚ e£-

W-ambn {]Jym-]n®v Ah¿W\v kmaq-ly-amb {`jvSv I¬]n-°p-

I-bmWv ]e kvarXn-{]-kvXm-h-\-Ifpw sNøp-∂-Xv. ]ip-hns\

sIm√p-∂-h≥ sXm´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-h-\m-sW∂pw Ah-t\mSv kwkm-cn-

°p-∂-Xp-t]mepw ]m]w hcp-Øp-sa∂pw BWv hymk-kvarXn (1:12)

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. _ot^m NWvUm-f≥ \¬Inb `£-Wtam

Ign-®p-t]m-bm¬ {_mlva-W≥ {]mb-›nØw sNø-W-sa-∂mWv

]cm-i-c-kvar-Xn-bp-sS hn[n. tKml-Xy -\-S-Øp-Ibpw B ]m]w

ad-®p-sh-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h≥ G‰hpw tami-amb \c-I-Øn-te-

°mWv t]mIp-s∂-X∂pw kvarXn ]d-bp∂p (XI.I, IX.612). tæ—≥-

amtcm NWvUm-ftcm amwk-̀ p-°p-Itfm Hcp {_mlv-a-Ws\ tKml-

Xy°v \n¿_-‘n-®m¬ Abmƒ sNtø≠ {]mb-›nØß-sf-°p-

dn-®mWv tZh-e-kvarXn (17) kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tKmh-[-sØ-bpw

tKmamw-k-sØbpw hfsc ka¿∞-ambn ]cm-arjvS kvarXn-{]-

kvXm-h-ßƒ PmXo-b-amb A[a-Xz-hp-ambn Cg-tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p-

F∂v {]tXyIw ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√t√m.(43)

{_nójv C≥Uy: _o^v "Xn∂p-h-f¿∂' lnμp-h¿Ko-bX

kh¿W PmXn{`m¥ns‚ Icp\o°-ßfpsS ̂ eambn DcpØn-

cn™ph∂ ]iphnd®n hntcm[sØ ̀ mcXØns‚ k\mX\ ̀ mh-

ambn hen®p\ońbhX-cn∏n°m\p≈ ]cn{iaßfp≠mbXv sIm-

49


tfmWnb¬ ImeL´ØnemWv. _o v̂ h¿-P\sØ PmXobXbp-

sS Ip‰nbn¬\n∂v tZiobXbpsS Bebnte°v sIńhen-°m-

\p≈ \o°amWv apkvenw hncp≤ h¿Ko-bXbpsS Xnancw _m[n-

® Nne lnμpa-X-]-Wv-Un-X≥am¿ Ncn{X]camb Cu Zimk-‘n-

bn¬ \SØnbXv. _o^v Ign°p∂h¿ kh¿Wc√ F∂ Xo¿∏n-

¬\n∂pw apt∂m-́ pt]mbn, Ah¿ ̀ mcXØns‚ i{Xp°fpw ssh-

tZinI ̀ mhap≈hcpw BsW∂ A[ym]\ØnemWv Ah¿ apgp-

InbXv. C≥Uy≥ apkvenwIƒ, ]iphns\ ssZh-ambn IW°m-

°m-Ø-Xn\mepw ]iphnd®n Xn∂p∂Xn\mepw ̀ mcXobX ]q¿W-

am-ImØ tZihntcm[nIfmsW∂ {]-N-WvU-amb {]NcWØn\v

{_nójv `mcXw km-£nbmbn. skan‰nIv aXßfpamsbm∂pw

_‘an√mØ _lp`qcn]£w Ah¿W ̀ mcXobsc _o v̂ Ign-

°p∂psh∂p ]d™v PmXn{`jvScm°nbh¿ C≥Uy-bpsS-Ø-

s∂ a°fmbn´pw ChnSpsØ apkvenwIsf AtX ImcWw ]d-

™v A]ch¬Icn°m≥ XpSßn. tZiicoc-Øn\IØv tZi{`jv-

S-cpsS Hcp kaqlw Pohn°p∂psh∂v hcpØnØo¿Øv tZi-kv-

t\lsa∂ t]cn¬ lnμp s]mXp-P\ßfn¬ apkvenw hntcm[-

Øns‚ hnjw ]S¿ØpIbmWv kh¿W tjm-hn\nÃpIƒ sNbv-

XXv. Ct∏mƒ kwLv]cnhm¿ Pzen∏n-®psIm≠ncn°p∂ tKmamw-

k hn{]Xn-]ØnbpsS thcpIƒ h¿KobXbpsS ̂ -Ww hnS¿Øn-

bmSnb {_nójvIme tjmhn\nÃpIfpsS h¿Øam\ßfnemWv

NnItb≠Xv, A√msX {]mNo\ lnμp-aX{KŸßfnsem∂pa√

F∂p ]dbm-\p≈ ImcWanXmWv. tKmamwkhncp≤amb tImem-

leßƒ, h¿Kob ̂ mjnkØn\v apkvenwhntcm[w Bfn°Øn-

°m\p≈ am[yaamWv. A√msX Bflm¿∞amb aX`‡nbpsS

BthiØnan¿∏√.

]iphns\ h¿KobXbpsS Bbp[-am°n ]cnh¿Øn∏n°p∂-

Xn¬ G‰hpw henb ]¶phln® sImtfmWnb¬Ime lnμp

]cnjvI¿Ømhv kzman Zbm\μ kckzXnbmWv. _lpssZhm-

cm[-\s°Xn-sc NXp¿thZkwlnXIfp≤cn®v t]mcmSp-∂psh∂-

hImis∏´ {]K¬`\mb Hcp thZ]WvUnXs‚ Im¿anI-XzØn-

¬Xs∂ tKm]qPm kwkvImcØns‚ XWep-]tbmKn®v Ckvemw

òXn Pzen∏n°m\p≈ ]cn{ia-ap≠mbn F∂ hkvXpX, h¿KobX

50


Xet®mdpIsf F¥pam{Xw A‘am°pw F∂p kqNn∏n°p-∂p-

≠v. ]iphns\ apkvenwIfn¬\n∂v "kwc£n°m\p≈' Blzm-

\hpambn apkvenw˛knJv kwL¿j-ß-ƒsIm≠v IepjnXambn-

cp∂ ]©m_n-¬ IpI knJv hn`mKw 1870Ifn¬ Bcw`n® ]ipc-

£m {]ÿm\w Xpd∂n´ km[yX-I-sf aqe[\am°ns°m≠v,

1882emWv Zbm\μ≥ "tKmc£nWn k`' F∂ kwL-S\ ÿm-

]n°p∂Xv.(44) Bcykam-PØns‚ {]h¿ØI¿ kzm`mhnIambpw

F√m {]tZißfnepw tKmc£nWn kÌƒ Bcw`n®v "apkvenw

IØn'bn¬ \n∂v ]ip-hns\ c£n°p∂ Imh¬`S≥-amcmbn

Ah-Xcn®p. BcykamPØns‚ apkvenwhncp≤ Xos∏mcn{]`m-

jI\pw ip≤n{]-ÿm\Øn-s‚ s\SpwXqWpambncp∂ kzman

{i≤m\μ-bpsS "lnμpcmjv{Sw aq∂v Imcyßƒ°v ka¿∏n°s∏ -́

Xmbncn°Ww; tKmamXmhv, kckzXn amXmhv, ̀ qan amXmhv' F∂

{]ikvXamb {]kvXmh\(45) BcykamPw GXv ZnibnemWv

Imcyßsf sIm≠pt]m-bXv F∂v hy‡am°p∂p≠v. tKmc-

£nWn kÌfpsS {]h¿Ø\ßƒ C≥UybpsS hnhn[ ̀ mKß-

fn¬ lnμp km[mcW°msc h¿Kotbm∑Øcm°pIbpw Iem]-

ßƒ°v \nanØamhpIbpw sNbvXp. 1880Ifn¬ CΔnjbIap-≠m-

b kmapZmbnI Akzÿ-XIfn¬ CSs]´psIm≠v hS°p]Sn-

™m-d≥ C≥Uy≥ {]hniyIfpsS {_nójv sslt°mSXn ]ip

aXNn”as√∂pw tKmh[w aX\nμbmbn {]Jym]n°m\m-In-s√-

∂pw 1888¬ hn[n {]kvXmhn®p. ssl-t°mSXn hn[nsb kwL-

¿jw Ccń-∏n°m-\p≈ {]Xntjt[m-]IcWam-°n am‰nsbSp-

°pIbmWv tKmc£nWn kÌƒ sNbvX-Xv. 1893¬ Akw-K-

Vnepw 1912¬ Atbm-[ybnepw 1917¬ imlm_mZnepap≠mb ̀ oI-

camb h¿Kob Iem]ßƒ CXns‚ _m°n]{Xambncp∂p.(46)

]iphns\ Adp-°mXncn°m≥th≠n a\pjysc AdpØp-Iq´p-

∂Xns‚ t]cmWv am\hnIX F∂v \njvIf¶cmb lnμp°sf

]d™p-]Tn∏n°m≥ {ian®hsc C\nbpw \mw BflobXbpsS

ÿm\°tkcI-fnencp-ØnØs∂ BZcnt°≠Xpt≠m?

1893¬ AkwKVnse auhnep≠mb h¿Kob elfbmbn-

cp∂p tKmc£nWn kÌƒ Cf°nhn´ BZyIme Iem]ß-fn-

¬ G‰hpw Ip{]kn≤ambXv. Iem]sØ {_nójv k¿°m¿

51


i‡ambn Aa¿® sNbv-XXns\ XpS¿∂v kÌƒ ]ebnSß-

fnepw ]ncn®phntS≠n hs∂¶nepw hnjen-]vXamb Bi-bßƒ

A¥co-£Øn-¬Xs∂ \ne\n∂p. 1910\ptijw Ahbv°v ho-

≠pw Xo]nSn®p. Aßs\bmWv Atbm-[ybnepw imlm_mZnep-

sa√mw Iem]-ßfp≠mbXv. AkwKVv taJebn¬ tKmc£nWn

kÌƒ 1893 sabv amkw apXemWv Hu]NmcnIambn {]h¿Ø\-

amcw`n®Xv. AkwKVnepw Pl\mK-©nep-sa√mw kwLSn∏n°-

s∏´ hº≥ s]mXp-tbmKßfn¬ apkvenwIƒ _en s]cp-∂mfn\v

km[p°ƒ°v amwkw \¬Im-≥th≠n ImenIsf Adp°p∂Xv

lnμp-°sf A]am\n°p∂Xn\v XpeyamsW-∂pw _en s]cp-

∂mfdhpIƒ XSbWsa-∂pw tKmc£nWn k`bpsS t\Xm°ƒ

Bhiys∏´p. k`bpsS {]h¿ØI¿ imcocn-IambnØs∂ "XS-

ben\v' ap≥I-søSp°Wsa∂mbncp∂p {]`mj-IcpsS-sb√mw

Blzm\w. CXns\ØpS¿∂v apkv-enw I¿jIcn¬\n∂pw Iim∏p-

tPmen-°mcn¬\n∂psa√mw Kp≠m ssÃen¬ ]ip°-sf Xńsb-

Sp°¬ auhn¬ ]Xnhm-bn. s]cp∂mfn\v F{Xtbm apºpXs∂

Cu {]hWX i‡ns∏´p. hnhmlkZy-Iƒh-sc _o v̂ clnXam-

°m≥ tKmc£nWn k`bpsS "kZmNmc' I¿tkhI¿ sXcphn-

edßn akneps]cp∏n°m≥ XpSßn. s]meo-kns\ t\m°pIp-

Ønbm°n \SamSn-b Cu duUn`cWw, _ens]cp∂m-fmbt∏m-

tg°pw I\Øph-∂p. _ens]cp-∂mfn\v, Adhp XSbm≥ henb

Bƒ°p´-ßƒ sXcphpIfn¬ kwLSns®Øn. apkvenwIfpsS

kzØp°ƒ sIm≈ sNøpI-bpw ImenIsf XńsbSp°pIbpw

IrjnbnSßƒ \in∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. Pq¨ 25\mbncp∂p

_ens]cp∂mƒ. hmfpIfpw tXm°pIfpw emØnIfpsa√mw

tiJcn® Bƒ°q´ßƒ s]cp∂mƒ Znh-kw apkvenwIsf sXcp-

hn¬ B{Ian®p. G‰papépIƒsIm≠pw s]meokv shSn-sh∏p-

IƒsIm≠pw {Kmaßƒ kwL¿-j`cn-Xambn. BtLmjZn\w

c‡whoWv IdpØns\XpS¿∂v apkvenw t\Xm°ƒ F¥p hn´p-

hogvN°pw k∂≤amsW∂v t]meokns\ Adnbn®p. F∂m¬

A{Iamk‡amb lnμpP\°q´w {Kmaßfn-¬ \n∂pw {Kma-ßfn-

te°v F√mw XI¿Øpapt∂dn; H‰s∏´pt]mb apkvenwIsf X√n-

®X®p. Bdv apkvenw-I-sf Iem]ImcnIƒ ASn®psIm∂p.(47)

52


At∏mgpw Ah¿ ]iphnt\mSv Xßƒ ]pe¿Øp∂ Alnwkbp-

sS alXzØn¬ ]pfIwsIm≈p∂hcmbncp∂p!!

Bcw`L´Øn¬ tKmc£nWn kÌƒ "tKmimeIƒ' ÿm-

]n°p∂Xnem-Wv Imcyambn {i≤bq-∂nbncp∂Xv. {]mbwsN∂pw

tcmKw _m[n®pw Ahi\n-ebnemb ]ip°sf sIm≠ph∂p

kwc-£n-°pIbmbncp∂p tKmimeIfpsS ZuXyw. ]iphns\

ssZham°n AdhpXS-bp∂Xv AXns\ \cIn-∏n°p∂Xn\v

XpeyamsW∂v Aßs\ \cIn°m≥ hn[n°s∏´ ]ip°ƒ-

°pth≠n "imeIƒ' \n¿-an-t°≠nh∂n´pw k`m{]h¿ØI¿°p

a\ nembn√! AkwKVnse ]cmarjvS kw`hßfpsS Ime-

ambt∏mtg°pw tKmc-£nWn kÌƒ Kp≠m CSs]SepIƒ°v

Blzm\w \¬InØpSßnbncp∂p. ]ip°-sf "kwibmkv]-

Zamb' kmlNcy-Øn¬ I≠m¬ DSaÿs\ hnNmcW sNøm-

\pw in£ hn[n-°m\psa√mw hyhÿIfp-≠m°n kÌƒ kam-

¥c tImSXnIfmbn amdn \nbahmgvNsb sh√phnfn®p. ]m≠-

IpWvT {KmaØn¬ apkvenan\v Imfsb hn‰-Xns‚ t]cn¬ e£va-

W≥ F∂ lnμp I¿jIs\ k` Ducphne°nbXpw P\°q-´w

At±lØns‚ hoSv XI¿ØXpw Imf-sb Xncn®psIm≠ph∂n-

s√¶n¬ sIm√p-sa∂v ̀ ojWns∏SpØnbXpamb kw`hw Akw-

KVn¬ tKmc£nWn kÌƒ {]h¿Øn®ncp∂ coXn kv]jvSam-

°m≥ Ncn{X-Imc≥am¿ D≤cn®n´p≠v. tKm]qPm hnIm-cw lnμp-

hn\v \n¿_‘am°n kapZmb-sØ ]p\¿\n¿hNn°pIbmWv

tKmc-£nWn kÌƒ ASnÿm\]cambn sNbvXXv. ]iphns‚

t]cn¬ apkvenan-t\mSv ]nWßmØh¿°v lnμpkamP-Øn¬

Iøq°p]tbmKn®v ]ucXzw \ntj-[n°pIbpw AXphgn BcmWv

lnμp F∂ tNmZyØns‚ DØcw Xs∂ am‰nsbgpXp-Ibpw

sNbvXp F∂XmWv Zbm\μinjy-≥am¿ C≥Uy≥ h¿KobX-

bpsS Ncn{XØn-¬ \SØnb {it≤bamb CSs]-SepIfn-¬ H∂v.

tKmc£nWn k`tbmSv IqdpIm-Wn°mØhcpw k`°v kw`mh\

\¬Im-Øhcpw \√ lnμp°f√ F∂v hcpØn-Øo¿°m≥

Bkq{XnXamb {]h¿Ø\-ßfneqsS k`m {]h¿ØI¿°v

Ign™p. "NpSv-In' F∂mbncp∂p lnμpKr-lßfn¬ \n∂v k`m-

imJIƒ \SØn-bncp-∂ ]ncn-hns‚ t]cv. IpSpw_Ønse Hmtcm

53


AwKhpw Hmtcm `£Wt\cØpw Hcp]nSn [m\yw k`m{]h¿-

Ø\ßƒ°v Zm\ambn \o°nsh°Wsa∂v \njvI¿jn°s∏´p.

hyhÿm]nXamb kwLS\m Nm\eneq-sS Ah Hmtcm {KmaØn-

¬-\n∂pw k`bp-sS tI{μ Hmôkntes°m-gpIn. kapZmbw F∂

hnImcw DØtc¥y≥ lnμp°ƒ-°nSbn¬ D≠m°nsbSpØXn¬

tKmc£n-Wn kÌfpsS ]¶v hfsc hepXmWv. kapZmb-\n¿an-

Xnbn¬ D∏ptN¿°m≥ ]ipkvt\lhpw apkvenw hntZzjhpw

Xs∂ D]tbmKn°m≥ ImWn® tjmhn-\nÃv Bkq{XW]mS-h-

amWv k`mNcn{X-Øn¬ apgph≥ òIcambn sXfn™p-\n¬°p-

∂Xv. apkvenwIƒs°Xncn¬ "ssZh'Øn\pth≠n (]ip) t]mcm-

Sp∂p-sh∂ {]XoXn krjvSn®h¿, "hnip≤ bp≤'Ønse hnP-

bambn Iem]ßfnse apkvenw-th´sb Nn{XoIcn®p. apkvenw-

Isf `bs∏SpØn Ahcn¬\n∂v Adhp\n¿Øm-\p≈ Icm¿-

]{Xßƒ "CJvdm¿ \ma' F∂ t]cn¬ tKmc£nWn kÌƒ

FgpXnhm-ßn. "CJvdm¿ \maIƒ', XßfpsS hnb¿∏v shdpsX-

bmIp∂ns√∂v kwLS\m {]h¿ØIsc t_m[ys∏SpØm≥

t\Xm°ƒ°p≈ Xpdp∏pNo´mbn F∂v {]tXyIw ]dtb≠-

Xn√t√m.(48)

tKmc‡Øns‚ t]cn¬ Dd™pXp-≈n a\pjycpsS NpSp-

c‡w \ncØnsem-gp°n apSnbgn®pXp≈nb h¿Kob Iq´m-bvaI-

fpsS {]NcWkma{Kn-Iƒ {]kcn∏n® Bibßƒ hgnbmWv

C∂v icmicn kh¿W lnμphns\ ̀ cn®psIm≠ncn°p∂ _o v̂

hntcm[w P∑w sIm≠Xv F∂p a\ nem°ptºmgmWv tKm-

amwkh¿P\-sØ \ΩpsS tZiobXbmbn \n¿Wbn°m-\p≈

{iaw F¥pam{Xw A]ISIcam-sW∂v \ap°v ]q¿Wambn

a\ nemhpI. ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥y]mZ-Ønepw

Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZy]mZ-Ønepw apkvenwIƒs°Xncn¬

lnμp°-sf Cf°nhnSm≥th≠n tKmc£nWn kÌƒ tKmamXm

]cnI¬]\sb s]men-∏n®hXcn∏n®ncp∂ns√¶n¬ B[p\nI

C≥Uybn¬ C{X I\Ø _o^v hntcm[-ap≠mIpambncp∂n-

s√∂ Imcyw \qdp iXam\apd∏mWv. 1880Ifnepw sXmÆqdp-Ifn-

epw AkwJyw eLpteJIfpw ]ipNn{XßfpamWv lnμps]m-

Xpt_m-[sØ CΔnjbIambn kzm[o\n°m≥ tKmc£nWn

54


kÌƒ {]kn≤oIcn®v hnXc-Ww sNbvXXv. F√m a\pjycpw

]iphns‚ ]m¬ IpSn-°p-∂Xn\m¬ ]ip temIØn-s‚ amXm-

hmsW∂pw tKmh[w amXrh[-Øn\v XpeyamsW∂pw k`m-teJ-

\ßƒ hmZn®p. F√m ssZhßfpw ]iphnemWv hkn°p∂-

sX∂pw ]iphns\bdp°p∂Xv lnμpaX \nμbmsW∂pw Ah

Bh¿Øn-®p ]d™pd∏n®p. ]iphns\ Adp°p-∂Xn\pNp‰pw

hnhn[ PmXnIfn¬s∏´ lnμp°ƒ tN¿∂p\n∂v IÆp\o¿ s]m-

gn°p∂Xpt]mep≈ Nn{Xßƒ A®Sn®-Xn\p]n∂nse h¿Ko-

be£yßƒ hfsc {]ISambncp∂p.(49)

eLpteJIƒ°pw Nn{Xßƒ°pw ]pd-sa, Hmtcm {KmaØnse-

bpw lnμp ]uc{]apJcpsS ta¬-hnemkØnte°v ]ipkwc£-

Wm¿∞w apkvenw-Iƒs°Xn-sc PmKcqKcmbncnt°≠Xns‚

"Bh-iyIX' hnhcn°p∂ IØpIƒ (]mńb-Iƒ) Ab°m\pw

k`m{]h¿ØIcpw A\p`mhnIfpw {i≤n-®ncp∂p. h¿Kob-hnjw

A£cßƒ°pta¬ XnSwsh®p-\n∂ncp∂ CØcw IØpIƒ

kzoI¿Øm-°ƒ ct≠m At©m Gtgm ]{¥t≠m Ccp]Ønb-

t©m Hs° ]cnNb°mcmb lnμp°-ƒ°v ]I¿-s∏Sp-Øb-

°Ww F∂pw i‡ambn \n¿tZin°s∏ńcp∂p. _o v̂ hntcm[w

lnμph-¿Ko-b-Xsbbpw lnμp-h¿KobX _o^v hntcm[sØbpw

]ckv]cw DuńbsXßs\bmsW∂v a\ nem°m≥ "]mń-b'I-

fneqsS Hcmh¿-Øn IS∂pt]mbm¬ Xs∂ aXn. lnμpXz-Øns‚

hne°pIƒ AhKWn®v _o^v I-gn°p∂Xv C≥Uybn¬ aX-

\nct]-£X°pth≠nbp≈ t]mcmápƒs°m-≈p∂ cmjv{Sob-

{]h¿Ø\w IqSnbmsW-∂v Ah \sΩ t_m[ys∏SpØpw. CØ-

c-Ønep≈ c≠v IØpIƒ {]apJ Iogmf]£ Ncn{XImc\mb

Kym≥ ]mWvsU lnμnbn¬ \n∂v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp≤cn-

®n´p≠v. H∂nse hcnIƒ C{]ImcamWv: ""Cu IØp hcp∂Xv

]ip-hns‚ temIØp\n∂mWv. lnμp-ktlmZc≥amtcmSp≈ Hc-

`y¿-∞\bmWv CXv \nßfnte°v sIm≠phcp∂Xv. ]ip-hns‚

aXw \in∏n°s∏SpIbmWv. Ahn-izm-knIfm¬ (apkvenwIƒ)

sIm√-s∏Sm≥am{Xw F¥v ]mXIamWv Ahƒ (]ip) sNbvXn-

cn°p∂Xv? Hmtcm {KmaØn-sebpw Hmtcm hońsebpw ]iphns\

\nco£n°m≥ \ΩpsS lnμpktlmZcß-tfmSv \mw At]£n-

55


°p∂p. Ah¿ Aß-s\ sNøp∂ns√¶n¬, ]ip k¶StØmsS

A¥yizmkw hen°pIbpw {Kmaßfn¬ \n∂{]Xy£amhpI-

bpw sNøpw. Hcp apk¬ams\ Hcp ]iphpambn I≠m¬, AXns\

Abmfn¬ \n∂pw XńsbSp°¬ \nßfpsS [¿aamWv. CXpt]m-

ep≈ A©v IØpIƒ FgpXnbb°epw \nßfpsS [¿aamWv.

\nßfßs\ sNøp∂ns√¶n¬ \nßƒ°pt]mepw tKmlXybp-

sS ]m]ap≠v.''(50) c≠masØ IØn¬ Iqtd-°qSn Xo{hambmWv

Imcyßƒ ]dbp∂Xv. AXnßs\ hmbn°mw: ""lnμp°ƒ°v

ap∂n¬ as‰mcp hgnbpan√. ]iphdhpambn _‘s∏´v lnμp-

°ƒ°pw apkv-enw-I-ƒ-°p-anSbn¬ i{XpXbps≠∂v \nßƒ°dn-

bmw... (_ens]cp∂mfn\v Nne {Kmaßfn¬ \S°p∂ Adhv)

lnμp°ƒ°v henb A]am\amWv hcpØnbncn°p∂Xv; Pohn-

Xw Hcp im]ambnØocm≥ am{Xap≈ A]am\w! AXn\m¬,

\nßƒ apk¬-am≥amcpsS hoSpIƒ sIm≈bSn°Ww, apk¬-

am≥amsc sIm√Ww, {KmaØn¬ A©v IØpIƒ hnXcWw

sNøpIbpw thWw. \nßƒ IØv hnXcWw sNøpIbpw (apk-

¬am≥amsc) I°pIbpw sIm√pIbpw sNøp∂ns√¶n¬, \nßfp-

sS aItfmSpt]mbn icoc_‘w ]pe¿Øn-s°m≈pI. Xo¿®bm-

bpw, CXns\m∂pw (apkvenwIƒs°Xncmb AXn{Iaßƒ) apXn-

cm-Xncn°p∂Xnt\°mƒ \√Xv \nßfpsS AΩsb Hcp apk¬-

am\v hnhmlw sNbvXpsImSp°emWv.''(51)

XpS°Øn¬ ISpØ PmXobX, ]n∂oSv AXnte°p kawtN-

¿∂ D{Khn-jap≈ h¿KobX ̨ Ch c≠pamWv ̀ mcXo-b tKmamw-

khntcm[Øns‚ thcpIƒ F∂v Cu A]{KY\Øn¬ \n∂v

kpXcmw hy‡amWv. ]iphnd®n Xn∂p∂h¿ A[acpw PmXn/

h¿Kob {`m¥≥am¿ D∂X-cpsa∂mWv Xo¿s∏¶n¬, X¬-°mew

B "Hu∂Xyw' kwLv]-cn-hm¿ Xs∂ Ae¶mcambn kq£n°p-

∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw \√Xv! AsX, Cd-®n-th-hp∂ ]m{X-sØ-b√, AXn-

\-Sp-Øp≈ a\p-jy-sc-bmWv tKmamwk cmjv{Sobw D∂w sh°p-

∂-Xv. ZenX-s‚bpw apkven-an-s‚bpw D∑q-e\w e£y-am-°n-bp≈

bm{X-bnse Du∂p-h-Sn -am-{X-amWv kwLn\v _o^n-s\-Xn-cmb

tImem-l-e-ßƒ. AXn-\m¬ \ap°v Xncn-®-dn-bpI: ZenXv hntcm-

[-Øn-s‚bpw apkvenw- hn-tcm-[-Øn-s‚bpw sNºmWv Ct∏mƒ

56


tKmamXm k¶¬]-Øns‚ ta¬hn-em-k-Øn¬ Xnf-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-

°p-∂-Xv. B shdp-∏ns‚ Ie-amWv C≥Uy-°m¿ ASp-∏p-I-fn¬

\n∂v hmßn-sh-t°-≠Xv; A√msX \ncp-]-{Z-h-Im-cn-bmb _o^n-

s‚ Ie-a-√˛ F¶nte C≥Uy C≥Uy-bmbn \ne-\n¬°q.

Ipdn∏pIƒ:

1. iX]Y {_mlvaWw 111.1.2.21. See D.N Jha, The Myth of the Holy Cow(New Delhi: Navayana Publishing, 2009) Page 36.

2. Izp¿B≥ 5:1.

3. Izp¿B≥ 5:3.

4. Izp¿B≥ 22:37.

5. lcnP≥, 15 sk]v‰w_¿ 1940.

6. Young India, 6.X.1921.

7. Tadeusz Margul, "Pre sent Day Worship Of The Cow In India", Numen,Vol.15, Fasc 1 (Feb. 1968) PP 63-8.

8. Im© sFeø, Fcpa tZiobX: Bflob ^mjnkØns‚ hna¿iw

(hnh-¿-Ø\w : APnXvIpam¿ F.Fkv, tIm´bw: Un.kn _pIvk,v 2004),

]pdw 105.

9. M.K Gandhi, How to serve the Cow ? (Ahmadabad: Navajivan, 1954), pp.85-6.

10. Ernesto Noronha, "BJP : Cow as a political symbol", Economic and PoliticalWeekly, Vol. 29, No. 4 (June 11,1994), PP 1447-8.

11. Fw.hn tZhZmkv, "Hcp hf¿ØparKw cmjv{SobØn¬ CSs]Sp∂p,

tKmh[ \ntcm[\Øns‚ cmjv{Sob Ncn{Xw' (Mathrubhumi GK andCurrent Affairs, 2015 G{]n¬, ]pdw 6).

12. D. N. Dha, op. cit, pp. 19- 20.

13. almflm Km‘n, kkymlmc\njvTbpsS [m¿anImSnÿm\w (hnh:

APnXv shÆnbq¿, sIm®n: ]q¿tWmZb _pIv {SÃv, 1999), ]pdw 4.

14. Ibid, p. 22.15. Margue, op. cit.

16. F.S. Burnell, "The Holy Cow', Folklore, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Dec.,1947),

57


pp. 377--81.

17. W. Crooke, "The Veneration of the Cow in India, Folklore, Vol. 23, No.3(Sep., 1912), pp. 275-306.

18. Margue, op. cit.

19. Crooke, op. cit.

20. Margue, op. cit.

21. Tadeusz Margul, "Present Day Worship Of The Cow In India", Numen,Vol. 15, Fasc. 1 (Feb., 1968), pp. 63-80.

22. Ibid.

23. Frank J. Korom, Holy Cow! The Apotheosis of Zebu, or Why the Cow isSacred in Hinduism, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 59, No. 2 (2000), pp.181-203.

24. D. N. Jha, The Myth of the Holy Cow (New Delhi: Navayana Publishing,2009), pp. 28-9.

25. Ibid, pp. 29-30.26. Ibid, p. 31.

27. Ibid, p. 30.

28. Ibid, pp. 30.29. Ibid, p. 3.

30. Ibid, p. 31.

31. Ibid, p. 32.

32. Ibid, p. 33.33. Ibid, pp. 32-3.

34. Ibid, pp. 33-4.

35. Ibid, pp. 34-5.

36. Ibid, p. 35.37. Ibid, pp. 35-6.

38. D.N Jha, The Myth of the Holy Cow (New Delhi: Navayana Publishing,2009), pp. 38-9.

39. Ibid, pp 63-70.

40. Dr. Ambedkar, "The Untouchables: Who were they and why they becameUntouchables' (1948) In Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches(Government of Maharashtra, 1990), Chapters 10-14.

41. hnthIm\μ kmlnXyk¿hkzw (Xriq¿: {iocmaIrjvW aTw, 1997).

58


42. Frank J. Korom, "Holy Cow ! The Apotheosis of Zebu, or Why the Cow isSacred in Hinduism', Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 59, No. 2 (2000), pp.181-203.

43. Dha, op. cit, pp. 114-5.44. Ibid, P. 19.

45. Francis Noronha, "BJP: Cow as a Political Symbol', Economic and PoliticalWeekly, Vol. 29, No. 4 (June 11, 1994), pp. 1447-8.

46. Dha, op.cit, p. 19.

47. Gyan Pandey, "Rallying Round the Cow: Sectarian Strife in the Bhojpuriregion, c. 1888-1917', in Ranajit Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies II: Writingson South Asian History and Society (New Delhi: Oxford University Press,1983, Eighth Impression : 2010), pp. 60-129.

48. Ibid.

49. Ibid.

50. Ibid, p. 110.

51. Ibid, p. 110.

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hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhp Virothathinte...9 _o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw “In the big lie there is always a certain force of credibility; because the broad masses of a nation