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© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1
HMCL312
Session 3
Clinical Studies 2
Naturopathy Department
www.endeavour.edu.au
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 2
Review Session 2
• Scope of iris analysis as a health assessment
tool
• Iris analysis & Naturopathic principles,
Therapeutic Order & Process of Disease &
Health
• Iris analysis – the evidence
• Anatomy of the eye & iris zones
o Radial zones
o Concentric zones
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 3
Iris Analysis: Introduction
Session 3 Overview
• Iris fibre grading: Silk, cotton, linen, hessian,
net
• Fibre signs: radial, transverse, thin, thick
• Colour & pigment
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 4
Structural Signs in the Iris• Structural signs in the iris are a result of the separation
or aberration of the radial fibres/trabeculae.
• 3-4 layers of these fibres exist in the anterior border
region of the iris.
• Separation/aberration of fibres occurs as a result of
reflex signals from parts of the body conveyed via its
neuro- and biochemistry.
• Signals delivered to the iris can be genetically
determined (genotype) or acquired as a result of life
events & environment (phenotype)(e.g. nutrition,
trauma, climate, social life).
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 6
Acute health problem = dysfunction (hyperfunction
hypofunction – nerve function, circulation, nutrition)
Chronic health problem (functional + structural weakening –
nerve function, circulation, nutrition + cellular/tissue/organ
degeneration)
Sub-acute health problem (hypofunction – nerve function,
circulation, nutrition + structural weakening)
Degenerative health problem (further functional + structural
weakening/breakdown – nerve function, circulation, nutrition
+ cellular/tissues/organ/systems degeneration)
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 7
Structural Signs in the Iris
White/light coloured, often thickened trabeculae –
fibres are raised above the level of the others –
indicate inflammation/irritation in the tissues they
reflex to.
These fibres can be associated with acute conditions
(e.g. sprains, fractures, pain, fevers) but can also be
related to long-standing (sub-acute/chronic)
conditions.
It is usually an indication of increased physiological
activity in the reflexing area (increased nervous,
circulatory activity)
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 8
Structural Signs in the Iris
Raised white/light fibres in the iris
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 9
Structural Signs in the IrisLight grey lacunae – superficial fibres are
separated revealing the underlying layer &
appear light grey in colour.
Where iris fibres/trabeculae are separated
revealing lower layers of stromal fibres the
term “lacuna” is applied (plural “lacunae”).
A lacuna is a separation of the iris fibres
which indicates a weakness or potential
weakness in the organ/tissue that reflexes
to it.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 10
Structural Signs in the Iris
Light grey/”sub-acute” lacunae
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 11
Structural Signs in the IrisDark grey lacunae –fibres of the first two
layers are separated revealing the
underlying deeper layer & appear dark
grey in colour.
Lacunae of this depth indicate a chronic
(long standing, unresolved) condition
associated with the reflex organ/tissues or
an inherently weak organ/tissues.
If a chronic condition associated with the
reflex organ/tissues currently exists both
function and structure are likely to be
effected.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 12
Structural Signs in the IrisDark grey lacunae contd
Where there is no current health problem associated with
the organ that reflexes to the dark grey lacuna, there is likely
to be an inherited weakness and a potential risk of future
health problems
Questioning of the patient should try to determine whether
there is a current or potential problem associated with the
organ that corresponds to the lacuna – is it an inherited or
acquired weakness?
Where a potential health risk is identified a preventive
approach may be taken to minimise the risk.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 13
Structural Signs in the IrisBlack lacunae –fibres of the first three or
four layers are separated revealing the
underlying deep layer & appear black in
colour.
Lacunae of this depth indicate a
degenerative (long standing, unresolved)
condition associated with the reflex
organ/tissues or an inherently weak
organ/tissues.
If a chronic condition associated with the
reflex organ/tissues currently exists both
function and structure will be effected.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 14
Structural Signs in the IrisBlack lacunae contd
As with the dark grey lacunae if there is no current health
problem associated with the organ that reflexes to the black
lacuna, there is likely to be an inherited weakness and a
potential risk of future health problems
Questioning of the patient should try to determine whether
there is a current or potential problem associated with the
organ that corresponds to the lacuna – is it an inherited or
acquired weakness?
Where a potential health risk is identified preventive
measures may be taken to minimise the risk.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 16
Structural Integrity of the IrisDensity/texture of iris fibres indicates the structural integrity
of an individuals’ body (systems, organs, tissues) and the
corresponding function of those tissues.
Iris fibre density/texture is determined largely by how close
together the fibres are
High density generally indicates an individual with a strong
constitution (a strong resilience to disease/illness; ability to
recover quickly when sick)
Low density/open texture (many lacunae) generally indicates
a poor constitution (poor resilience to disease/illness; slow to
recover)
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 17
Taken from Bernard Jensen’s teaching
slides (circa 1979)
High Fibre Density = Strong Constitution
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 19
Iris Fibre Density & Texture The quality of fibre structure/density and texture is directly
related to:
• The general constitution of the individual.
• Nerve, blood, lymph & nutrition supply to the associated
tissues.
• Integrity & metabolic efficiency of the associated tissues;
• The body tissues’ capacity to resist and recuperate from
disease.
Fibre structure density does not change significantly in one’s
lifetime (e.g. regardless of how much effort is invested through
a healthy diet/lifestyle modification one’s iris structure will
largely remain the same) – genetically determined
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 20
Various factors can influence iris fibre density/texture:
•Genetics;
•Diet & nutrition;
•Exercise;
•Lifestyle;
•Environment;
•Stressors.
Iris Fibre Density & Texture
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 21
Iris Fibre Density & Texture
Optimal iris fibre structure should be:
–Straight
–Densely-packed
–Clearly visible
–Not too thick
–Not too light/bright
For standardisation of iris fibre structure, and related
constitutional strengths the iris is divided into five (5) iris
fibre ‘gradings’:
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 22
Miller, T 2008. The integrated iridology textbook. Inter Health
Australia
Iris Structure & Resilience
Most Resilient
Least Resilient
Resilient
Less Resilient
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 23
SILK COTTON
LINEN
HESSION
NET
Jensen,The Science and Practice of Iridology Vol.I & Vol.II, Jensen Publishers, USA
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 24
Silk
o Considered the strongest constitution by Jensen and
others.
o Straight and dense iris fibre structure (like fine combed
hair).
o Strong resistance to disease and excellent recovery from
illness.
o Commonly described as ‘having the constitution of an
ox’, it takes a lot to bring them down.
o Excellent work ethic and stamina, still going after others
have collapsed from exhaustion, take on gargantuan
tasks single-handedly.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 26
Silk
o Not too many pure silk irises exist today in the under
50’s. This reflects lifestyle and environmental changes
o Constitutional strong and have a great ability to recover
o Emotionally they have difficulty comprehending others
lack of stamina and strength to match their own.
o They may lack emotional empathy, tactfulness,
diplomacy, understanding and sensitivity
o Can be hard on themselves and hard on others, strong
work ethic; straight line of fibres indicate straight line
thinking, can be very competitive
o Often consider illness a sign of weakness
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 27
Cotton(Silk/Linen)
o A relatively strong constitution (often referred to as
Silk/Linen)
o Dense iris fibre structure that is ‘wavy’ – possible
indication of nervous over-stimulation and irritation of
underlying body tissue
o Will have some separation of iris fibres and openings
(lacunae) in the iris fibre structure
o May have some clouding, colours and other signs
o Illness usually caused by emotional disturbance,
accidental damage/trauma or functional disorders
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 30
Cotton (Silk/Linen)
o Often children of a Silk parent. Dorothy Hall describes
them as “top of average” (Hall 1980)
o Need movement and activity to maintain wellness.
o Essential that they drink lots of water to avoid build up of
acids within their system
o Emotionally similar to silk, don’t deal with others
emotionally well, “soldier on” attitude, can be competitive
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 31
Linen
o Average constitution (the average individual)
o Fibres more wavy than Cotton with more separation of
iris fibres and/or openings (lacunae) in the iris structure
o Nervous system deficiencies
o Not too strong and not too weak.
o They get tired, cross, moan a little. They have more
awareness of their own physical limitations than Silk or
Cotton.
o Don’t take on huge tasks alone; prefer to work in groups
and to their strengths.
o Experience ill-health more frequently than first two
structural types; take longer to fully recover
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 33
Hessian
• Inherently weaker structure
• Much separation of iris fibre structure with numerous
small and/or large lacunae (A ‘torn-up’ appearance)
• Higher level of emotional response rather than action-
orientated response (‘must get round to it some day’)
• Tend to have glandular and hormonal issues, mood
swings, reduced stamina, give up half way through
• Will have other signs throughout the iris (lymphatic
clouding / rosary etc)
• Nervous & circulatory system deficiencies
• Nutritional demand will be greater than other structural
types
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 35
Net
• Extremely poor iris fibre texture
• Significant separation of iris fibres with lots of small
and/or large lacunae (More ‘torn-up’ than the Hessian
grading)
• May have numerous other signs (crypts/lymphatic
clouding/rosary)
• Glandular/(Endocrine/Hormonal) disturbances or
connective tissue weakness
• Nutritional demand is much greater – tissues use up
more nutrients to function effectively
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 37
Iris Fibre Aberrations
Normal trabeculae: straight, radial appearance, not too
thick or light in colour
Transversals: trabeculae/fibres that cross over radial
fibres; can indicate tendency to irritation, inflammation,
pain (especially if also light/white & thickened)
Vascularised transversals: pink/red transversals;
connective tissue sheath has degenerated; can indicate
pain, congestion, significant irritation in the reflex area
Rarefaction: where fibres in an area of the iris have
decreased in density (further apart but don’t form a
lacuna); same indications as a light grey lacuna
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 38
Transversal – note the
proximity of several thick white
fibres in the area highlighted.
This suggests irritation,
inflammation of tissues in this
area – most likely the spine or
associated muscles/nerves
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 39
mestadelsbilder.wordpress.com/2012/01/15closeupofiris
Vascularised Transversal
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 40
Rarefaction
Can you identify other areas of rarefaction in this iris?
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 41
Colour and Pigments in the Eye
General iris colour is largely determined genetically & is
due to pigment in the iris.
• Brown irises – heavily pigmented
• Hazel – moderately pigmented
• Green – greater pigment than blue irises
• Blue – slightly pigmented
Deposition of pigments in the iris can change within a
lifetime but these usually occur as discrete “spots” or
“psora” – pigment diffuses up through the stroma as a
result of a reflex stimulus.
These deposits may result from unhealthy life choices
over time.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 43
Colour and Pigments in the Eye
Primary Iris colours & potential health risks:
Blue • ENT & allergies in children
• Overactive lymphatic system, swollen
glands
• Respiratory weaknesses (asthma,
bronchitis, hayfever/sinusitis)
• Hyperacidity & inflammatory conditions
• Arteriosclerotic tendencies in later life
Miller, T 2008.The integrated iridology textbook.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 44
Colour and Pigments in the Eye
Primary Iris colours & potential health risks:
Brown• Digestive issues
• Hepatic/biliary issues
• Hormonal conditions
• Blood sugar regulatory problems
• Poor circulation
• Thrombosis/haemorrhoid tendencies
Miller, T 2008.The integrated iridology textbook
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 45
Colour and Pigments in the Eye
Primary Iris colours & potential health risks:
Mixed• Gallbladder & liver conditions
• Gastrointestinal issues
• Hormonal conditions
• Blood sugar regulatory problems
Miller, T 2008.The integrated iridology textbook
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 46
Colour and Pigments in the Eye
Specific pigment deposits (“psoric spots”) in the iris
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 47
Colour and Pigments in the Eye
Pigment deposits & their indications
• Brown: liver-related issues
• Orange: pancreatic issues (usually blood sugar
regulation)
• Straw Yellow: kidney-related issues
Other discolourations in the eye
• Brown pigment in the sclera: liver-related issues
• Off-white/cream areas: chronic
congestion/inflammation; accumulation of metabolic
wastes
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 48
Colour and Pigments in the Eye
The colour brown is suggestive of liver dysfunction.
Practitioners could also consider dysfunctions within fat,
and protein metabolism.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 49
The colour yellow is suggestive of kidney dysfunction.
Practitioners could also consider dysfunctions of protein
metabolism.
Colour and Pigments in the Eye
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 50
The colour orange is suggestive of pancreatic dysfunction, in
particular dysfunctions of glucose metabolism and blood-sugar
imbalances.
Colour and Pigments in the Eye
©Bernard Jensen
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 51
Areas of white/off-white/cream
can indicate elevated metabolic
acidity levels. The sign may also
suggest kidney dysfunction with
an inability to eliminate uric acid
(lowered protein metabolism),
lactic acid (muscular activity)
and other acidic compounds
produced from metabolic
processes
Acid Wash
©Bernard Jensen
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 59
References
Jensen B 1952. Iridology; the science and practice in the healing arts vol 1.
Bernard Jensen Publisher, Escondido
Jensen B 1982. Iridology; the science and practice in the healing arts vol 2.
Bernard Jensen Publisher, Escondido
Miller, T 2008.The integrated iridology textbook. Inter Health Australia, Lake
Munmorah, Australia
Sarris, J & Wardle, J 2010. Clinical Naturopathy, An evidence-based guide to
practice. Elsevier, Sydney
Sharan, F 1989. Iridology: a complete guide to diagnosing through the iris and
to related forms of treatment. Thorsons, Wellingborough, UK
Tart-Jensen, E 2013. Techniques in iris analysis: a textbook in iridology. Infinite
Iris Publishers, USA
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 60
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behalf of the Australian College of Natural Medicine Pty Ltd (ACNM)
trading as Endeavour College of Natural Health, FIAFitnation, College
of Natural Beauty, Wellnation - Pursuant Part VB of the Copyright Act
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The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under
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Do not remove this notice.
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 62
With reference to the iris photo:
• Which iris is this? (Left or Right?)
• Which iris structure/texture is it
(Silk/Cotton/etc)?
• Identify lacunae present in terms of their
depth & possible indications in terms of
health (stipulate their locations with reference
to concentric and radial zones)
• What does the colour of the iris suggest in
terms of potential health issues?
© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 64
With reference to the iris photos:
• Which iris structure/texture is it
(Silk/Cotton/etc)?
• Identify lacunae present in terms of their
depth & possible indications in terms of
health (stipulate their locations with reference
to concentric and radial zones)
• What does the colour of the irises suggest in
terms of potential health issues?
• What do the pigment deposits suggest?