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HM 40. Guidelines for the crude oil washing of ships’ tanks and the heating of crude oil being transported by sea, 3rd Edition Addendum 31 May 2018 Page 28: Annex B – Crude oil data The information provided in Table B.2 was made available by the committee at the time of publication. Please refer to the Energy Institute website: https://publishing.energyinst.org/topics/hydrocarbon-management/hm-40.-guidelines-for-the-crude-oil-washing-of-ships-tanks-and-the-heating-of-crude-oil-being-transported-by-sea for any additions or updates which may have been made subsequently. Page 27: A.2.3 – Simplified procedure Replace Equation 7 with:
Cloud Point(ºC) = (20,2 x 10(0,00708y - 0,1157714))+8 (Equation 7) where: y is the crude oil pour point (ºC).
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
Hydrocarbon management
HM 40
Guidelines for the crude oil washing of ships’ tanks and the heating of crude oil being transported by sea
3rd edition
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40 GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL
BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
Third edition
October 2016
Published byENERGY INSTITUTE, LONDON
The Energy Institute is a professional membership body incorporated by Royal Charter 2003
Registered charity number 1097899
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
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Copyright © 2016 by the Energy Institute, London.The Energy Institute is a professional membership body incorporated by Royal Charter 2003.Registered charity number 1097899, EnglandAll rights reserved
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ISBN 978 0 85293 932 1
Published by the Energy Institute
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This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
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CONTENTSPage
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 Ship type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2 Segregated ballast tankers (SBTs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 Critical crude oil properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1 High viscosity crude oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2 Waxy paraffinic crude oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.3 Volatile crude oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 Cargo heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.2 Heating equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6 Crude oil washing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.1 Pre-chartering stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.2 Charterer’s representative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.3 Pre-discharge planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.3.1 Previous cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.3.2 Trim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.3.3 Draining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.3.4 Stripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.3.5 Slop tanks/COW feed tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.4 Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.4.1 Receiver's permissions to permit COW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.4.2 Terminal's permissions to permit COW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.4.3 Vessel meets pre-COW conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.5 Non-hydrocarbon components of crude oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.6 COW medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.6.1 Crude oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.6.2 Cutter stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7 Venting of vapours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7.1 In transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7.2 During crude oil washing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
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Contents continuedPage
8 Toxicity hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 8.2 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 8.3 Mercaptans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 8.4 Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9 Key to crude oil data sheets (Annex B). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 9.1 Crude oil type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 9.2 Assay date. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 9.3 API gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 9.4 Reid vapour pressure (RVP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 9.5 Gas to C4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 9.6 Total wax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 9.7 Pour point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 9.8 Cloud point (CALC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 9.9 Kinematic viscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 9.10 Recommended load, carriage and discharge temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 9.11 Recommended COW codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 9.12 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 9.13 Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 9.14 Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Annexes
Annex A Calculation procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Annex B Crude oil data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Annex C Glossary of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Annex D References and bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
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FOREWORD
The Energy Institute (EI) Hydrocarbon Management Committee is responsible for the production and maintenance of standards and guidelines covering various aspects of static and dynamic measurement of petroleum. The Hydrocarbon Management subcommittee 4 (HMC-4 Oil Transportation Measurement Committee) deals primarily with the measurement of crude oil and hydrocarbon products, focusing in particular on transport in the marine environment.
HMC-4 is made up of experts from the oil industry, cargo inspectors, ship owners and representatives from marine terminals. It is an international panel with representatives from most Western European countries, the Middle East, Far East and North and South America. Equipment manufacturers and experts with specific knowledge of measurement techniques are regularly invited to present papers to the committee.
The EI liaises with parallel working groups of the American Petroleum Institute’s Committee on Petroleum Measurement, and with organisations concerned with quantitative measurement in other countries and in other industries.
The EI Hydrocarbon Management guidelines (formerly Petroleum Measurement Manual and Petroleum Measurement Papers) are widely used by the petroleum industry and have received recognition in many countries by consumers and the authorities. In order to promote international good practice the EI works via the British Standards Institute to develop standards through the International Standards Organization’s technical committee TC-28 Petroleum Products and related products of synthetic or biological origin and its subcommittee TC28/SC2 Measurement of petroleum and related products.
A full list of Hydrocarbon Management guidelines is available from the EI.
The EI Hydrocarbon Management guidelines are recommended for general adoption but should be read and interpreted in conjunction with safety, environmental, weights and measures, customs and excise and other regulations in force in each country in which they are to be applied. National regulatory requirements have precedence over corresponding clauses in the EI document except where the requirements of the latter are more rigorous, when its use is recommended. Users should also consider contractual constraints imposed by charterers, cargo owners, ship owners and other interested parties.
Although it is believed that adoption of the recommendations of this guideline will assist the user, the EI cannot accept any responsibility, of whatsoever kind, for damage or alleged damage arising or otherwise occurring on vessels or in or about premises where this document has been applied, as final responsibility for adequate preparation of the vessel to receive a cargo lies with the parties controlling this task.
Users of these guidelines are invited to send comments, suggestions, or details of relevant experience to:
Technical DepartmentHydrocarbon ManagementEnergy Institute61 New Cavendish StreetLondonW1G 7ARUnited Kingdomhttp://www.energyinst.org
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Members of the EI Hydrocarbon Management subcommittee 4 (HMC-4) have been associated with the production of these guidelines. Membership at the time of publication is as follows:
Bazan Group (Oil Refineries Limited)BG GroupBP Oil International LtdCEPSAChevron Products CompanyChina International United Petroleum & Chemicals Co. Ltd (Unipec)Chinese Petroleum CorporationCITGO Petroleum CorporationConocoPhillips LimitedENI Trading and ShippingExxonMobil Refining and Supply CompanyKoch Supply and TradingMarathon Petroleum CompanyMercuriaPetrobrasPetrogalPetroineosPhillips 66 LimitedPMI PemexRasGasRepsolSaras SpA Saudi AramcoShellStatoilSumedTotalValero Marketing and Supply Company
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
7
1 SCOPE
This document provides guidelines for the carriage, heating and crude oil washing (COW) of many crude oils that may be transported by sea.
As well as enhancing the current regulations regarding reducing marine pollution, the document provides guidance on the grades of crude oil that may give rise to an increase in volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions if used excessively for COW.
The document also highlights a number of crude oils that are known to be potentially harmful due to concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and/or benzene.
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
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2 INTRODUCTION
MARPOL regulations regarding COW were introduced into the shipping industry in the late 1970s. The purpose of these regulations was to reduce the chances of marine pollution by reducing the need for water washing ships’ tanks after discharge of cargo. Notwithstanding anything written hereunder, the current MARPOL regulations should be adhered to.
One of the older IMO resolutions regarding the specifications for design, operation and control of crude oil washing systems 'recognizes that further improvement may be required in the specifications, taking into account the development of technology in this field and in the light of experience gained'.
This publication has been compiled with the aim of sharing the experiences of the oil companies represented on committee HMC-4 with other branches of the oil industry, and to provide guidance with regard to the carriage, heating and COW of different crude oils. Some of the companies on the committee also operate tanker fleets thus enabling the data to be reviewed by the marine industry at large.
A table of crude oil properties can be found in Annex B. The data should not be used without consulting the other sections of this publication.
The crude oils have been listed in alphabetical order. Against each crude is a set of characteristics obtained from a number of different assays. Many of the characteristics are given as a range, which reflects the differences found in the base data. No single value in this guide should be considered as absolute. The carriage and discharge temperatures were generally obtained from current oil company guidelines or from voyage data reported to the HMC-4A data base committee.
Safe handling of crude oil is paramount in the industry. The committee has obtained some information on hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and benzene content of some crude grades and this is reproduced in Annex B. Further explanation can be found in section 9, with toxicity issues discussed in section 8.
Performing a full COW on all occasions is not necessarily environmentally sound and can increase rather than reduce cargo losses. However, COW methodology should be dependent on the crude oil characteristics, type of vessel, available equipment and previous experience. This guideline collates information and experience from a large number of users and should enable selection of a COW regime which is appropriate to the cargo being carried and which will minimise losses and emissions.
This 3rd edition replaces edition 2 which was published in 2004. In addition to revised and updated crude oil data and guidance in Annex B, revisions have been made to the document layout to improve clarity and detailed references and separate wash codes for non-segregated ballast tankers (COW tankers) have been removed, recognising that this type of ship has now been almost completely replaced by segregated ballast tankers (SBTs).
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
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3 SHIP TYPE
3.1 GENERAL
A few crude oil carriers still in operation either do not have segregated ballast tanks, or they do not have sufficient segregated ballast capacity. Therefore ballast water must be loaded into cargo tanks to meet trim and stress requirements for departure from the discharge port. MARPOL 73/78, Annex 1, requires that ballast water is only put into cargo tanks which have been crude oil washed. For this type of tanker the extent that COW can be reduced is limited and these few remaining vessels without segregated ballast are not considered in the washing recommendations given in Annex B.
MARPOL Regulation 33 requires that all crude oil tankers over 20 000 mt deadweight (DWT) (this includes product/crude carriers) are fitted with a cargo tank cleaning system using COW. It is also a requirement that every tanker operating with COW systems shall be provided with a COW Operations and Equipment Manual describing the system, the equipment and specifying operational procedures. Regulation 35 discusses COW operations, including the requirement for a COW manual and the requirement to COW any cargo tank that will be loaded with ballast.
3.2 SEGREGATED BALLAST TANKERS (SBTs)
The large majority of crude oil tankers and crude/product tankers trading at the present time have segregated ballast. Any crude oil carrier over 20 000 mt DWT (this includes crude /product carriers) delivered after 1 June 1982 has to have segregated ballast tanks, with enough capacity to operate safely on ballast voyages without having to use cargo tanks for ballast water, except for some circumstances described in paragraph 3 or 4 of MARPOL Regulation 18.
Most vessels are double hull vessels. All vessels delivered after 6 July 1996 are required to be double hull. COW washing on these vessels is done mainly to control sludge accumulation (except for the occasion when it may be necessary to put ballast water into a cargo tank as described in 3.1). The degree of control that can be exercised over COW on these vessels is much greater, but is still dependent upon whether the vessel is fitted with programmable COW machines.
On double hull vessels, it is important to assess the effect that ballast water temperatures may have on the cargo when planning the ballasting and COW of the vessel during discharge. Should the ballast water temperature be close to or lower than the wax point of the crude oil cargo then a 'staggered' ballasting programme should be adopted so as to minimise the cooling effect upon the crude in the tanks being discharged and crude oil washed. However, vessel stress and DWT requirements must continue to be met.
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
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4 CRITICAL CRUDE OIL PROPERTIES
There are two situations where a full COW may be counter-productive: when handling crude oils unsuitable for COW due to their viscous or waxy nature leading to high remaining on board (ROB), and with crude oils which are particularly volatile, where COW could result in excessive gas evolution.
4.1 HIGH VISCOSITY CRUDE OILS
For these crude oils the problem is high viscosity and not necessarily sludge deposition, therefore these crudes may have a lower carriage temperature than discharge temperature. They usually have a high aromatic content and may be known as 'aromatic crude oils'. A further complication arises with aromatic crude oils in that if they are used to wash paraffinic crude oil or vice versa, chemical incompatibility can cause the precipitation of asphaltenes which increases sludge deposition. Guidance on viscosity is given in 9.9.
4.2 WAXY PARAFFINIC CRUDE OILS
It is important for these crude oils to maintain, or increase, the load temperature to the recommended level from the commencement of loading to prevent sludge deposition. Generally, there will be no difference between carriage and discharge temperature. Guidance on wax content is given in 9.6.
4.3 VOLATILE CRUDE OILS
These crude oils are not officially classed or listed in the MARPOL regulations, but have a potentially serious impact on vessel safety and the environment if used as a COW medium. Guidance on volatility is given in 9.5.
For SBTs, the only tanks requiring COW would be those that may be required for heavy weather ballast.
With volatile crude oils transported on tankers which do not have full segregated ballast facilities the COW operation can justifiably be reduced to a 'bottom wash only' or even 'zero' in appropriate cargo tanks, certainly in cargo tanks which will be used only for departure ballast.
Cargo tanks which will be used for clean ballast, required on arrival at the next port of loading, need to be carefully considered since these must meet the current MARPOL requirements. These requirements only give details for washing full cycles, the implication being that 'bottom washing only' is not acceptable.
Where the port for the next loading is known and the procedure is to pump all ballast ashore, a 'bottom wash only' should be acceptable. Where clean arrival ballast for the next load port must be discharged overboard, a more cautious approach must be adopted to reduce the risk of a marine pollution incident.
In all events the priority criteria are to ensure that the ship’s cargo tanks are washed to the standard required to minimise all pollution risks.
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5 CARGO HEATING
5.1 GENERAL
The optimum temperature to which the cargo should be heated is largely dependent upon the pour point, cloud point, total wax content and the viscosity of the cargo. The ambient weather and sea conditions also influence the heating requirements. Furthermore, it may be necessary to heat the cargo required for COW to a higher temperature than the bulk cargo.
Optimal heating can result in reduced fuel costs and potential reductions in vapour emissions without increasing ROB or the risk of wax deposition.
The data supplied in Annex B give guidelines on the minimum carriage and transfer temperatures. It is emphasised that the temperatures (and procedures) recommended in Annex B are guidelines and that actual conditions experienced either during the voyage or during discharge may call for different temperatures or procedures.
Ambient sea temperature has less effect on cargo temperature since double hull tankers were introduced but can be an issue when introducing new ballast. Information on global sea temperatures can be found via various websites including:
http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/ocean/sst/contour/
5.2 HEATING EQUIPMENT
Where cargo temperature is maintained using heating coils, the heat energy is imparted on a continuous basis for the majority of the discharge.
Where deep-well pumps are used to circulate cargo via 'on-deck' heat exchangers, it is probable that heating cannot be continued during discharge. Vessels with this type of system may be unsuitable for carrying some heated crude oils.
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6 CRUDE OIL WASHING
6.1 PRE-CHARTERING STAGE
Before a ship is chartered the following issues should be considered in relation to the cargo to be carried:
− COW and inert gas (IG) systems should be fully operational according to the international/national regulations. These regulations also apply to the continuous monitoring and recording of IG pressure and oxygen content for the duration of the transfer operation. Failure of the monitors and recording instrumentation will preclude the carrying out of COW operations.
− Ship type, which will dictate the level of COW required.
− COW machines, whether programmable or non-programmable.
− Number of COW machines per tank.
− Type of heating system, either continuous (heating coils), or not (heat exchangers with deep-well pumps).
Note: With respect to volatile cargoes i.e. those with high gas to C4 content, refer to 9.5. Performing a full COW with non-programmable machines may generate unacceptable levels of hydrocarbon gas evolution which may cause a higher than normal loss on outturn and may give rise to increased VOC emissions.
These guidelines do not preclude charterers from specifying their own COW and heating requirements in a charter party.
6.2 CHARTERER’S REPRESENTATIVE
A charterer’s or cargo receiver’s representative may be appointed to monitor the cargo discharge. If appointed, his/her duties are to liaise with both the ship and shore personnel with regard to the general discharge operation and COW. Charterers’ representatives are fully conversant with the crude oil properties and will be able to advise the ship’s staff on the effectiveness of their discharge and COW plan. They should be sufficiently knowledgeable about discharging operations to be able to suggest changes to the plan that may be required during discharge, to maximise the outturn whilst minimising environmental pollution.
6.3 PRE-DISCHARGE PLANNING
To help maximise outturns, it is recommended that the charterer or cargo owner’s representative should liaise with the ship’s master/chief officer to determine, discuss and agree if COW needs to be performed and if so assess its effectiveness, even if the data suggest that COW is not required.
For example, North Sea crude oils (e.g. Brent) generally have a moderate wax content and on short voyages in summer, where the cargo retains its loaded temperature, COW need not be performed. However, if the voyage is long, wax may settle out of the cargo and a bottom wash will be required. In most cases tank dips will need to be obtained at a number
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of points in each cargo tank to assess the amount and location of wax/sediments remaining after initial draining and to determine if COW is necessary. The IMO publication on crude oil washing systems advises in 4.4.4 that 'suitable arrangements for hand dipping must be provided at the aftermost portion of a cargo tank and in three other suitable locations unless other approved means are fitted for efficiently ascertaining that the bottom of every cargo tank is dry'. The main disadvantage of COW is the generation of hydrocarbon gas. This gas constitutes a loss and should be considered in the formulation of any COW policy.
Issues to be considered are as follow:
6.3.1 Previous cargo
The cargo representative must ascertain the type of cargo carried and the washing performed for the previous voyage. This information will help determine the COW to be carried out on the present voyage. If the previous cargo gave rise to substantial quantities of ROB/on board quantity (OBQ) then, even for a current cargo of a quality noted in Annex A as requiring no COW, a bottom, or possibly a full COW, may be required to clean the ship to an acceptable standard. However, closed conditions should be maintained.
6.3.2 Trim
To achieve effective stripping of the cargo tanks it is recommended that a good stern trim is maintained during COW and stripping of the tanks. Current COW operation manual requirements advise that '…the trim conditions for crude oil washing given in the Operations and equipment manual shall be adhered to. In general, trim by the stern is only important during the final stages of tank discharge and shall be the maximum possible compatible with operational constraints…' If the tank suctions are offset from the centre line of the tank then the ship may also be listed so that the oil flows towards the tank suctions. Reference should be made to the vessel’s COW operations manual and/or the vessel’s stability guidelines.
Note: The requirement for trim during COW should not be mistaken for the MARPOL requirements of a vessel in ballast condition which limits the vessel’s trim to 0,015 of the vessel’s length. However, certain ports require this as the maximum trim to be attained to enable the vessel to be safely manoeuvred in an emergency.
6.3.3 Draining
During COW a slight build-up of washing oil on the tank bottom is normal. To some extent this is desirable since it carries the wax and sediments to the tank suctions. However, the degree of build-up should be controlled. If the depth of oil at the aft end of the tank exceeds 0,30 metres then COW should be suspended and the tank drained.
6.3.4 Stripping
− Low viscosity crude oils: Tanks should be left for as long as possible for 'run-down' to occur after COW and/or stripping for the first time. On completion of run-down the tanks should be restripped. Even if time is short it is suggested that the tanks should be stripped at least twice.
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− High viscosity/high wax crude oils: Tanks should be stripped immediately after COW and/or when first emptied. Restripping should take place shortly afterwards, whilst the tank is still warm. High viscosity low pour point oils flow slowly and take time to reach the tank suction. In these cases it is better to wait for as long as possible before stripping the tanks for the final time. Attention should be paid to the ambient conditions including sea and ballast temperatures which, if cool, may increase clingage during COW. To limit this effect it may be necessary to reduce the planned COW programme.
In order to monitor the stripping process the vessel should record interim dips during stripping, and, where possible, from multiple gauging points.
6.3.5 Slop tanks/COW feed tanks
Because of electrostatic hazards, COW must not be performed with oil from slop tanks which have been used for Load-on-Top purposes or with wet crude oil. Ship’s officers should be instructed to discharge the slop tanks first and refill with dry oil from other cargo tanks.
Experience has shown that for the COW of high pour/waxy cargoes the slop tank/COW feed tank should be heated to at least 10 ºC above the average cargo temperature. Crude oils requiring this extra heating are noted in Annex B.
6.4 PERMISSIONS
Prior to COW operations three levels of agreement must be satisfied:
− Receiver's permissions to permit COW.
− Terminal's permissions to permit COW.
− Vessel meets pre-COW conditions.
6.4.1 Receiver's permissions to permit COW
Time for COW is normally allocated in the vessel's charter party. The time allocation is dependent on vessel type and the charter party.
The COW time is normally pro-rated against demurrage dependent on the number of tanks to be cleaned against a full COW (100 %). It is then for the receiver to decide whether they accept the vessel's proposals for COW considering, amongst other things, the potential increase or decrease of outturn for the specific crude concerned.
6.4.2 Terminal's permissions to permit COW
As outlined in the IMO pre-arrival checks at discharge port, the terminal will be asked (either as part of the receiver's communications or directly) whether the vessel will be permitted to conduct COW at the terminal. Various considerations will be made by the terminal as to whether COW will be conducted, with the receiver being advised as to their decision or involved in the local decision making process.
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6.4.3 Vessel meets pre-COW conditions
Permission to COW could be rescinded if a vessel:
− fails to satisfy the pre-discharge meeting agreed pre-conditions for COW;
− fails to meet pre-COW checklist conditions, and
− fails to comply with industry accepted COW good practice to the satisfaction of the terminal or their representative.
6.5 NON-HYDROCARBON COMPONENTS OF CRUDE OIL
COW is a vigorous washing method which ensures that the ship will discharge more of the non-hydrocarbon components such as sand and shale etc. than would be the case if COW is not carried out. These contaminants form part of the cargo and it is the responsibility of the terminal to receive these and treat/dispose accordingly. However, they are abrasive and may have a detrimental effect on the internals of pipes, valves and fittings, accelerating wear and leading to increased maintenance costs around refineries and terminals. The performance of in-line samplers may also be affected. Sludge build-up in shore tanks is increased which in turn increases cleaning and disposal costs. The accumulation of sludge affects shore tank measurement and water draining. Inadequate water draining of crude feed tanks can adversely affect refinery operations.
6.6 COW MEDIUM
6.6.1 Crude oil
Many COW operations manuals suggest that when performing COW, cargo tanks should be washed with 'fresh' crude oil and not with 'recycled' crude oil from the slop tanks. The term 'fresh' means crude oil that is essentially dry and has not previously been used for COW, 'recycled' being crude oil that has been previously used to wash the ship’s tanks. This is particularly important when performing COW with waxy crude oils as continued washing with the same crude oil can lead to wax saturation and complete loss of solvency. COW using the 'closed-cycle' recirculation method is not suited to routine COW as it causes delay, and increases the risk of passing sediment through the machines and of using oil which has lost much of its solvency. In order to maintain a consistent quality of oil discharged, tank washings should be commingled and discharged with the main cargo. The exceptions are waxy paraffinic cargoes where the slop tank contents are heated to a higher temperature than the rest of the cargo to assist in the removal of waxes. The crude oils that require this special treatment are noted in the data 'Remarks' column of Annex B.
For high wax crudes it is found that greater control of the washing programme can make a significant difference. The class approved COW manual should be followed but, typically, instead of a full cycle, and to ensure increased coverage in the tank in order to remove potential 'clingage' without once more painting the tank sides with crude once the downward arc has been performed, a COW programme of 40 degrees to zero followed by the machines being reprogrammed manually for COW from 40 degrees to zero once more, may improve the outturn and prevent further build-up on tank sides. This allows for COW in a downwards movement only and prevents reapplication of 'clingage'.
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6.6.2 Cutter stock
On occasions where large amounts of ROB are detected, it may be financially advantageous to backload a suitable 'cutter stock', if available, to be used for COW. If the cutter stock, which is usually a middle distillate oil, is heated, further improvements in the reduction of ROB may be obtained. Alternatively, a suitable crude oil having similar properties to cutter stock could also be used. Only a few crude oils, as noted in Annex B, require washing with cutter stock.
The residues from a high pour point crude oil with a high wax content can be successfully removed with heated cutter stock.
A typical procedure is to discharge all cargo tanks to a depth of one metre and leave with the heating on. Each tank is then successively stripped, washed with cutter stock, and finally stripped again. To clear the draining holes of wax the COW machines may be programmed to bottom wash first and then follow with a full-cycle wash.
Before backloading cutter stock, careful consideration must be given to the following points:
− If the cutter stock is an on-specification product the cost of reprocessing may be high in relation to the quantity and quality of the cargo residues recovered from the ship’s tanks.
− The quality of ROB. There would be no point in performing this operation just to clean the cargo tanks of non-hydrocarbons.
− Discharge time available. This may be considerably increased if backloading of the cutter stock cannot take place until the majority of the cargo has been discharged.
− The availability of suitable cutter stock.
It is recommended that this operation is not performed unless the economics of the situation have been carefully assessed.
Cargoes of waxy paraffinic or high viscosity crude oil which cannot be suitably conditioned to enable COW, or where cutter stock or a suitable crude oil is not available for washing, should be treated in the same way as fuel oil.
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7 VENTING OF VAPOURS
7.1 IN TRANSIT
During the voyage the vapour/IG pressure above the cargo may rise to a level considered as unsafe by ship’s staff. Normal operations would involve releasing this pressure to the atmosphere by manual opening of the mast riser valves. The vapour/IG is released until the pressure falls to some arbitrary low level. However, if this low pressure is below the total vapour pressure (TVP) of the cargo at the observed temperature the vapour/liquid equilibrium will be upset and more vapour will be evolved from the cargo. The eventual release of this vapour will increase environmental pollution and cargo loss.
Controlled venting at sea can reduce overall emissions and potential cargo loss. Traditionally, regular venting to a low pressure (200 – 300 mm water gauge) was thought to be the most effective method of tank pressure control. Studies have indicated that reducing to such low pressures can simply result in rapid evolution of more vapour and an accelerated pressure increase. Controlled venting to a higher pressure in the region of 800 to 1 000 mm water gauge could significantly reduce total emissions.
7.2 DURING CRUDE OIL WASHING
Any gas generated by COW should remain within the ullage spaces and will be mixed with the inert gas. Gas which is vented, especially during COW, results in loss of light ends to the atmosphere, increasing environmental pollution. It is recommended that charterers instruct, and masters of ships ensure, that the IG system is operated such that excessive pressures are not generated and no vapour is vented to atmosphere during discharge. Except in an emergency, the mast riser and/or other vents should be kept closed. For dipping of tanks during COW operations, only gauging positions fitted with vapour control valves should be used.
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8 TOXICITY HAZARDS
8.1 GENERAL
In addition to risks associated with flammability, all persons involved in the handling of petroleum cargoes should be aware of the information on toxicity hazards contained in the International Safety Guide for Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT).
The risk of exposure to toxic vapours on deck is not to be disregarded. Reliable testing of gas concentrations on deck is difficult and the dilution of high concentrations of cargo vapour into the atmosphere depends on turbulence and diffusion. For this reason care is needed during loading, ballasting and gas freeing tanks, and when measuring or sampling the cargo. Precautions on measuring and sampling are given in ISGOTT and should be complied with.
In addition any person involved in the measurement and sampling of petroleum cargoes should always ask the terminals and masters if cargoes have any abnormal concentrations of toxic components and/or whether special precautions should be applied.
8.2 HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)
H2S is present in many crude oils and natural gasolines. Where high concentrations may be present, particularly in sour crude oils, the H2S is generally removed by sweetening before shipment. All personnel handling cargoes containing H2S should be fully aware of the hazards outlined in HM 69 Procedures for determining H2S concentrations in cargo head spaces and ISGOTT and of the precautions detailed in ISGOTT. It is strongly recommended that ships’ staff (deck), cargo inspectors and jetty/offsite operators should wear H2S monitors during all crude oil gauging and sampling operations.
8.3 MERCAPTANS
Mercaptans are organic sulfur compounds present in some crude oils, natural gasolines and feedstocks. Concentrations of over 500 ppm mass can occur in pentanes and up to 150 ppm in naphthas.
It should be noted that the threshold limit value (TLV) for mercaptan is 0,5 ppm so the toxicity hazards, and the precautions necessary, are very similar to those which apply to H2S.
8.4 BENZENE
Pure benzene is no longer carried in conventional tankers but in dedicated chemical tankers. However, it is a component of many crude oils and products. The short-term effects of exposure to the vapours of cargoes containing aromatics such as benzene, toluene, xylene and cumene, are similar to those of other hydrocarbon vapours although somewhat more severe. However, in addition, exposure to benzene vapours can present a chronic long-term health hazard. Again, full guidance on the toxicity and the precautions necessary when handling cargoes containing benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons is outlined in ISGOTT.
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9 KEY TO CRUDE OIL DATA SHEETS (ANNEX B)
9.1 CRUDE OIL TYPE
The crude oils have been arranged in alphabetical order.
Note: The absence of a value for a particular parameter indicates that no data are available; it does not indicate a nil result.
9.2 ASSAY DATE
The assay date is the date of the most recent assay which has been consulted. However, an assay may not contain all of the data for the crude oil under consideration, presented in Annex B. Therefore some data may not be as recent as the assay date implies.
The data are generally displayed as a range except in the case of viscosity. One of the shortcomings of this collection method is that possible trends in crude quality cannot be tracked.
9.3 API GRAVITY
Crude oils are traded mainly in barrels and API gravities and the data in Annex B follow this system.
9.4 REID VAPOUR PRESSURE (RVP)
RVP is the most common vapour pressure data available. However, the sampling conditions are generally not known and as a result the values have a large uncertainty. Also, it is likely that RVP is not directly related to vapour release from crude oil being carried in a ship’s tank. However a high RVP value does indicate a potential for vapour loss during COW.
9.5 GAS TO C4
As for RVP, the results given in this column are highly dependent upon the conditions under which the samples were drawn. Figures are taken from the assay of each crude oil, considering the boiling fractions from methane to butane.
If the gas to C4 is a high value, generally in excess of about 2,5 % m/m, high gas losses may be experienced during transportation and particularly during COW operations.
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9.6 TOTAL WAX
The total wax, expressed as a percentage weight, is the sum of the wax found in various boiling fractions of the crude oil assay.
Total wax gives an indication of likely deposition as follows:
Wax content (% m/m) Sludge deposition
< 3 Minimal
3 – 6 Some deposition under cooler climatic conditions
> 6 Some cargo conditioning may be required i.e. heating
9.7 POUR POINT
In the past, pour point has been considered as the primary indicator as to whether or not a crude oil should be heated. It was considered adequate to heat cargoes to a temperature of 10 ºC above the pour point. However, more recent research has indicated that this may not be such a useful criterion as once thought. Even at a suitable temperature above the pour point significant sludge deposition can still occur. It is now felt that cloud point is a more suitable temperature indicator. However, pour point is included in Annex B and a correlation between pour point and cloud point is given in Annex A.
9.8 CLOUD POINT (CALC)
Cloud point is the temperature at which phase separation occurs. One of the considerations in this section has been terminology. Other publications use the terms wax appearance point, wax appearance temperature, or cloud point. All of these involve some form of experimental determination.
The temperatures quoted in Annex B are based on the two calculation methods shown in Annex A.2. The first correlation is based on a weighted wax content of individual boiling fractions. The second correlation is based on a blending indices method. In order to differentiate between the experimental and calculation methods the term 'cloud point (calc)' will indicate that it has been calculated.
As the determination of the temperature at which the first wax crystal precipitates out of solution is not so important in the marine industry, the equations used in this publication are of sufficient accuracy. However, cloud points calculated in this publication may not be sufficiently accurate for pipeline operations. Experimental techniques such as microscopy should be used.
9.9 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
Where possible, two kinematic viscosities, at two temperatures, are given. In all cases both viscosities have been obtained from the same assay data. Using the formulae in Annex A.1 it is possible to calculate the kinematic viscosity at any temperature.
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The viscosity at ambient temperature is important because it affects the efficiency of both the cargo and stripping pumps. To maintain optimum efficiency for centrifugal cargo pumps the cargo viscosity should not typically exceed 250 mm2/s. During stripping operations the viscosity of the cargo should not typically exceed 600 mm2/s.
Note: the unit mm2/s was formerly entitled cSt (centistokes).
9.10 RECOMMENDED LOAD, CARRIAGE AND DISCHARGE TEMPERATURES
This information was collated from data supplied by the companies represented on committee HMC-4. Where data are unavailable, carriage and discharge temperatures have been included, where possible, which are based on the carriage and discharge conditions of other crude oils having similar properties. Generally, for paraffinic crude oils there will be no differentiation between carriage and discharge temperature. However, for aromatic crude oils the discharge temperature may need to be increased above the carriage temperature to reduce the viscosity during pumping operations. In the future sufficient information may become available to enable more specific instructions for heating the crude oil used for COW.
An additional temperature has been included in the data and labelled 'load' since some companies have indicated temperatures under which they would not commence loading a particular crude oil.
The data indicate the minimum temperature in all cases and have been arrived at by experience. However, ambient conditions throughout the voyage should also be given due consideration as minimum temperatures may need to be increased.
9.11 RECOMMENDED COW CODES
Wash codes are given for summer and winter. As a general guide, the following summer/winter dates apply:
− Northern Hemisphere (north of the Tropic of Cancer). Summer: 1 April to 30 September. Winter: 1 October to 31 March.
− Southern Hemisphere (south of the Tropic of Capricorn). Summer: 1 October to 31 March. Winter: 1 April to 30 September.
− The summer code should normally be used for the Tropics. However, winter codes may be used if the crude or the conditions are of particular concern.
Ambient conditions, for example cold sea water, can greatly affect the crude oil temperature, especially layers close to the hull or adjacent to the ballast tanks. Localised cooling to temperatures below the cloud point leads to precipitation of wax, which in turn aggravates clingage and ROB on discharge. On the other hand, high oil temperatures caused by high air and sea temperatures may lead to the evolution of hydrocarbon gas. Global air and sea temperature data can be found through various on-line sources. At the time of publication sea temperatures were available from:
http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/ocean/sst/contour/
with air temperatures at:
http://www.eldoradocountyweather.com/forecast/world-forecasts/world-temperatures.html
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References are frequently made under 'Remarks' to heating the contents of the slop tanks supplying the COW system to a temperature of at least 10 ºC above the average cargo temperature. The value of 10 ºC is arbitrary but is based upon experience. A temperature difference of less than 10 ºC does not give rise to an appreciable change in crude oil quality (usually viscosity) which will improve COW. Temperature differences greater than 10ºC may be required with some crude oils.
9.12 HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)
Concentrations of H2S (ppm mass) in the oil phase of various crude oils are also supplied. There is no correlation between the concentration of H2S in the oil phase (ppm mass) with the concentration of H2S in the vapour phase (ppm volume), (refer to HM 69 Procedures for determining H2S concentrations in cargo head spaces and ISGOTT). However, for guidance purposes, crudes where high levels have been found in the vapour phase are noted. The blank spaces in the table do not indicate a value of zero but indicate that no information is available. At all times crude oil should be treated with caution as advised in HM 69 and ISGOTT, as referenced in 8.2 of this document.
9.13 BENZENE
Benzene contents of various crude oils are given on a percent mass/mass basis. Again, the precautionary advice in ISGOTT, as referenced in 8.4 of this document, should be consulted.
9.14 REMARKS
In the tables of Annex B the committee has tried to pull together as much added information as possible.
One of the main items covered is the possible presence of H2S gas, especially in the vapour phase. A note regarding safety precautions when handling petroleum cargoes can be found in section 8. The list of cargoes containing H2S should not be considered as exhaustive as H2S levels change with both field age and blend.
Some crude oils listed as 'subject to wax laydown in cold conditions' are those having a relatively high wax content that could result in larger than usual sludge deposition under certain conditions. A good example of this is Brent Blend which is transported unheated all the year round on short voyages across the North Sea, but requires some heating when being transported across the Labrador Current to the East Coast of the USA in winter.
Another note that has been used is 'COW with this crude may result in high tank pressures'. This is a reflection of the relatively high gas to C4 content of the crude oil. Due to their solvent properties these crude oils are generally considered good as a COW medium for removing the residues from past cargo. However, they generate high vapour volumes which increase cargo loss, cause tank pressures to rise, and may lead to air pollution as pressure is relieved to the atmosphere. With some of these types of crude oil the need to COW is questionable. An example of this is Saharan Blend which has a high gas to C4 content, low wax content and low cloud point temperature.
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
23
Past versions of COW manuals listed a number of crude oils which were considered to be unsuitable for COW due to their high pour point or viscosity. However, nearly all of these crude oils have been successfully used for COW by suitable conditioning beforehand. Conditioning generally means heating the oil but the addition of a detergent may be a possibility. It is for these reasons that most of the unsuitable crude oils listed in the COW manual have been given COW codes in Annex B.
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
24
ANNEX ACALCULATION PROCEDURES
A.1 VISCOSITY
The viscosities given in Annex B are taken directly from assay data. Where it is considered necessary to calculate a viscosity at a particular temperature, other than those quoted, a Refutas type equation can be used:
( ) ( )+ = +
+
10 10 10 10 10 2
210
log log 0, 8 log log log 0, 8
log
x
x
V V
TB
T
(Equation 1)
where:Vx is the unknown viscosity at temperature Tx
V2 is the known viscosity at temperature T2
B is the temperature/viscosity slope and is a constant for each crude type
Note: The unit of kinematic viscosity is mm2/s, formerly called the centistokes (cSt). The unit of temperature is the Kelvin (K).
where: K = ºC + 273 (Equation 2)
Although Equation 1 is using Log10Log10 (logs to the base 10) throughout, natural logs (lnln) could also be used. It is essential to use a constant log base.
The B factor for a particular crude oil may be determined by substituting the two viscosity/ temperature pairs into Equation 1. This factor can then be used with one of the two known viscosity/temperature pairs to determine the viscosity at a third temperature, Tx. Where available the tabulated data include viscosities at two temperatures.
If only one viscosity/temperature pair is known from assay data an average B factor of 3,50 can be used.
A.1.1 Example 1 – Calculation of a viscosity B factor
Using the data for Maya crude oil given in Annex B, the following viscosity/temperature pairs are obtained:
T1 = 40,0 ºC; V1 = 84,30 mm2/sT2 = 60,0 ºC; V2 = 40,35 mm2/s
The two temperatures must first be converted from Celsius to Kelvin:
T1 = 40 + 273 = 313 KT2 = 60 + 273 = 333 K
Using Equation 1 let Tx = T1 = 313 K, let Vx = V1
= 84,30 mm2/s, let T2 = 333 K, and let V2
= 40,35 mm2/s.
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
25
( ) ( )10 10 10 10
10
log log 84, 3 0, 8 log log 40, 35 0, 8
333log
313B
+ = +
+
0,2855 = 0,2080 + (B x 0,0269)B = (0,2855 - 0,2080)/0,0269B = 2,88
A.1.2 Example 2 – Calculation of viscosity of a typical crude oil at an arrival temperature of 35 ºC
In this example the B factor is 2,88 as calculated in example 1.
Tx = 35 + 273 = 308 K
From the two viscosity/temperature pairs given in Annex B choose the pair whose temperature is closest to Tx. That is 84,3 mm2/s at 40 ºC.
Using Equation 1 the viscosity Vx is calculated as follows:
( ) ( )10 10 10 10
10
log log 0, 8 log log 84, 3 0, 8
3132, 88 log
308
xV + = +
+
( )10 10log log 0, 8 0, 2855 0, 0201xV + = +
( )1 110 10(log log (0, 2855 0, 0201) 0, 8xV − −= + −
Vx = 104,19 mm2/s
Viscosity at 35 ºC is 104,19 mm2/s.
A.2 CLOUD POINT (CALC)
Two methods were used to calculate the cloud points in Annex B. These methods assume different wax concentration curves and neither method has been proven to be more reliable than the other. The cloud points for both methods are given as a temperature range.
A.2.1 Method 1
This method is based on an early equation developed by Dr T.J. Gunner:
Cloud Point ( C) 104,26 (loglog 1,55)F° = − (Equation 3)
where: 2
FT
a b γ+ +=
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
26
and a = 4(W550 x M550 x C550) b = 2(W509 x M509 x C509) γ = (W369 x M369 x C369) T = EC149,C232,C342,C509,C550
and Wx is the wax content (% weight) of the relevant Cx 'cut'. Mx is the melting point (ºC) of the wax content Wx. C is the % weight of the given distillation 'cut'.
Note: The subscript numbers have been used to indicate the distillation fraction (boiling range) on a crude oil assay such that:
149 means the cut between C5 and 149 ºC232 means the cut between 149 ºC and 232 ºC342 means the cut between 232 ºC and 342 ºC369 means the cut between 342 ºC and 369 ºC509 means the cut between 369 ºC and 509 ºC550 means the cut between 509 ºC and 550 ºC
Generally the assay cut points are company dependent and will not conform to those given in this section. However, there are software distillation packages available that will transform any series of ‘cut’ points to conform to those shown here.
Many crude oil assays do not report the melting points of the wax contents of the various fractions. A survey of the data available from 150 crude oils revealed the mean values and standard deviation from the mean of the three relevant fractions to be:
Crude 'cut' (ºC) Mean melting point (ºC) Standard deviation (ºC)550 65 4
509 53 3
369 39 1
It is recommended that if wax melting points are not available then these values are used.
A.2.2 Method 2
This utilises the blending indices of the various distillation 'cuts'. The blending index is calculated using the following equation:
10log 0, 02916 (Cloud Point ( C) 73,33)I = ° + (Equation 4)
where I is the blending index of the fraction under consideration. However, it is usual to add a subscript to indicate the particular fraction.
For fractions distilling below 149 ºC the index is assumed to be zero. For the fraction boiling between 149 ºC and 232 ºC, denoted by I149, the index is 4,8. For the middle distillate fractions in the higher boiling ranges the blending index has to be calculated from cloud points given in the crude oil assay. To do this, the cloud point for each fraction is substituted into Equation 4. For residues where only the pour point is reported, the cloud point is assumed to be 2 ºC above the pour point and the index calculated.
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
27
The blending indices for each cut are now combined on a weight basis, according to the percentage weight of each fraction in the crude oil, to derive what may be termed the cloud point index of the blend, CPIB. That is, the cloud point index for the crude oil in question:
149 232 232 342 342 369 369B
( 4, 8) ( ) ( ) ( )100
W W I W I W ICPI
× + × + × + × =
(Equation 5)
where: W149 is the percent weight of the fraction boiling between 149 ºC and 232 ºC.W232 is the percent weight of the fraction boiling between 232 ºC and 342 ºC.W342 is the percent weight of the fraction boiling between 342 ºC and 369 ºC.W369 is the percent weight of the fraction boiling greater than 369 ºC
I232, I342 and I369 are the cloud point indices calculated for these fractions.
Once the CPIB has been derived it can be entered into Equation 6 to calculate the required cloud point of the crude oil:
Log10CPIB = 0,02916(Cloud Point(ºC) + 73,33) (Equation 6)
Where the assay data do not include boiling data at the temperatures prescribed here, other boiling points can be used along with their corresponding cloud points.
A.2.3 Simplified procedure
Another equation is available to readers having no assay data. This is especially true for marine staff who may only have a load port Certificate of Quality. It is based upon the crude oil pour point and may be subject to very high uncertainty.
Cloud Point(ºC) = (20,2 x 10(0,00708y - 0,157714))+8 (Equation 7)
where: y is the crude oil pour point (ºC).
A.2.4 Example 3 – Calculation of Cloud Point using Equation 7
Consider a cargo of Brent Blend crude oil where the Certificate of Quality advises that the pour point is 3 ºC.
First calculate the exponential term in Equation 7:
Exponential term = (0,00708 x pour point) – 0,1157714
Exponential term = (0,00708 x 3) – 0,1157714
Exponential term = –0,1370114
Cloud Point = (20,2 x 100,1370114) + 8
Cloud Point = 23 ºC
The cloud points calculated from methods 1 and 2, and given in Annex B, give the range 20 ºC to 26 ºC. For this crude oil the simplified method appears reasonable.
Further information can be found in the IMO Crude oil washing systems publication.
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
28
ANNEX BCRUDE OIL DATA
Explanations for the assay categories can be found in section 9. The following codes should be referred to in conjunction with the data sheets that follow.
The committee has made every attempt to ensure that the data are correct. However, differences may be experienced from that described in this section since the quality of crude oil can change rapidly in a short time, especially if it is blended from a number of small fields.
B.1 COW CODES
Code Washing requirement
1 No COW. Maximum possible safe trim for stripping tanks and lines. Strip all tanks at least twice, three times if time permits.
2 Bottom wash only required.
3 Full cycle wash of all cargo tanks.
4 Full cycle wash for cargo wing tanks and a bottom wash for cargo centre tanks.
5 No COW, except with a suitable crude oil or cutter stock such as heated gas oil. Otherwise treat as heavy fuel oil with maximum possible safe trim for stripping.
6 Cargoes are small, normally carried in heavy fuel oil tankers, and treated in the same way as heavy fuel oil.
7 Bottom wash all cargo tanks, using the contents of the slop tanks. Oil in the slop tanks should be heated to at least 10 ºC above the average cargo temperature.
8 Full cycle wash of all cargo tanks, using the contents of the slop tanks for COW. The COW medium should be heated to at least 10 ºC above the average cargo temperature.
Note 1: Codes apply to segregated ballast tankers. Very few COW tankers remain in service and are no longer covered by these recommendations.
Note 2: Heavy weather ballast tanks are subject to MARPOL COW requirements.
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
29
Cru
de t
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Upd
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API
(typ
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P(p
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21
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May
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32
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This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
30
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
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)
Clo
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int(
calc
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)
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)
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DA
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TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
31
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
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int(
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)(d
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)
Vis
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Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Ara
bian
M
ediu
mFe
b-02
293,
05,
61,
06,
9-2
4-
1422
2021
,140
10,9
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21
0,7
– 18
0,08
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s
Ara
bian
Su
per
Ligh
tA
pr-9
851
6,0
9,8
12,4
5,2
-39
-29
920
1,8
501,
3N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
atN
one
2,0
–C
OW
with
th
is c
rude
m
ay
resu
lt in
hig
h ta
nk
pres
sure
s
Ard
juna
Apr
-09
366,
77,
02,
014
,527
2736
3740
3,4
602,
035
77
<2
Aru
n
Con
dens
ate
Jun-
9758
5,2
1,0
0,3
-54
-47
-920
0,8
400,
7N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
atC
OW
with
th
is c
rude
m
ay
resu
lt in
hig
h ta
nk
pres
sure
s
Asa
ram
ator
uJu
n-12
399,
41,
418
,527
3320
5,2
403,
235
77
Ase
ngD
ec-1
329
2,9
0,4
17,5
3640
4620
18,5
406,
055
5555
77
<5
If lo
aded
<
55 °
C, h
eat
to 5
5 °C
and
m
aint
ain.
D
ifficu
lt ye
s bu
t an
opt
ion
and
good
re
sults
fou
nd
by h
eatin
g sl
ops
by a
n ex
tra
5 °C
Asg
aard
Bl
end
Jun-
1049
5,4
5,8
5,0
-36
-312
2030
1,4
402,
4N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
2<
1Th
is c
rude
oi
l may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
co
nditi
ons.
Ash
tart
Dec
-10
301,
52,
21,
310
,55
929
2920
16,2
506,
630
3030
87
<5
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
32
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Ast
rakh
an
Con
dens
ate
May
-00
455,
22,
04,
0-4
510
201,
640
1,0
No
heat
320
Was
hing
is
unne
cess
ary.
M
ay r
esul
t in
hig
h ta
nk
pres
sure
s
Ath
ena
Aug
-12
254,
21,
37,
0-1
2520
43,1
4013
,530
77
<5
Atla
nta
Mar
-13
140,
00,
02,
01
6089
4,5
605
5<
5Tr
eat
as f
uel
oil.
Att
aka
Sep-
9744
6,1
7,0
3,9
5,5
00
1415
201,
940
1,4
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Bott
om
was
hing
may
be
req
uire
d.
Aze
ri Li
ght
Mar
-12
362,
02,
09,
5-7
2820
10,4
406,
5N
o he
atN
o he
at25
2 or
72
or 7
<5
Goo
d re
sults
w
ith s
lops
at
10 °
C a
bove
ca
rgo
tank
s
Azu
rite
Dec
-10
262,
60,
57,
0-1
525
2011
3,0
3062
,9N
o he
at38
22
<5
Bach
Ho
Oct
-12
384,
71,
522
,034
4248
506,
960
4,0
5550
503
80,
2
Bach
aque
ro
(BC
F-17
)N
ov-9
817
1,4
3,5
0,4
1,1
-29
-15
429
201
561,
040
351,
057
571
0,1
Trea
t as
fue
l oi
l.
Bada
kFe
b-09
393,
71,
411
,03
2427
202,
240
1,4
No
heat
22
Badi
nJu
n-95
456,
11,
118
,020
2735
203,
240
2,1
308
7
Bakk
enJa
n-12
419,
82,
92,
0-5
7-3
203,
340
1,8
No
heat
11
<5
CO
W w
ith
this
cru
de
may
re
sult
in h
igh
tank
pr
essu
res
Bald
erO
ct-0
023
3,1
0,4
4,0
-24
-124
2420
83,3
4027
,2N
o he
at2
11
Mor
e in
form
atio
n re
quire
d.
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
33
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Banf
fA
ug-0
238
6,6
1,2
6,6
-621
207,
540
4,2
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
2<
2Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
M
inim
um
tem
pera
ture
of
20
°C
in w
inte
r co
nditi
ons.
Banf
f K
yle
Blen
dFe
b-10
407,
93,
08,
5-6
2720
5,0
2,74
No
heat
22
<2
Baob
abO
ct-0
523
4,7
0,5
1,6
-57
220
87,0
4020
,4N
o he
at29
21
Bare
nts
Sea
Dec
-09
461,
70,
24,
0-2
414
1420
2,8
302,
1N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
1<
5
Barr
ow
Isla
ndSe
p-06
372,
21,
50,
5<
-60
-12
202,
940
2,1
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
<5
Bash
kiri
HC
OD
ec-0
327
2,7
2,2
8,0
-27
2020
30,8
No
heat
22
5
Bash
kiri
MC
OJu
n-03
312,
15,
0-3
620
2030
,8N
o he
at2
1<
2
Bask
erM
ay-0
841
4,3
0,8
35,5
3044
205,
140
2,8
505
5<
1
Basr
a Li
ght
Jun-
1231
5,8
2,4
5,0
-55
1316
3011
,350
6,8
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
<2
Bay
M
arch
and
Oct
-00
353,
90,
63,
0-2
7-6
45
209,
440
4,9
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
1
Bayu
Und
an
Con
dens
ate
Nov
-07
5611
,86,
82,
0-1
3-4
201,
0N
o he
at30
BCF
12Ju
n-06
121,
30,
02,
06
2960
796,
060
55
BCF
17Fe
b-11
173,
20,
81,
5-2
923
5015
6,0
455
5<
5
BCF2
2M
ar-9
922
12,6
1,8
4,0
-35
1940
129,
040
55
Beat
rice
Dec
-12
385,
61,
317
,523
3538
407,
135
4545
87
<5
Beja
ia
Con
dens
ate
Jul-0
869
2,3
0,0
-57
-56
200,
6N
o he
at<
5
Bela
nak
Jan-
1253
6,6
2,5
15,5
2439
401,
740
397
7<
5
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
34
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Bela
yim
D
ec-1
521
5,9
1,6
7,5
-35
4043
3021
2,1
3033
,6N
o he
at30
307
7<
5Lo
ads
arou
nd
35 °
C s
o co
nsid
erat
ions
to
be
mad
e if
tem
pera
ture
dr
ops
belo
w
30 °
C. C
argo
te
mpe
ratu
re
may
be
redu
ced
to
20 °
C in
the
su
mm
er. S
lop
tank
s to
be
at
leas
t 25
°C
in
all c
ases
.
Belo
russ
Li
ght
Aug
-05
4410
,74,
510
,56
3140
2,6
357
7<
5
Benc
ham
asSe
p-02
424,
21,
231
,033
4143
602,
810
01,
745
5050
55
<2
Very
hig
h w
ax c
onte
nt.
Boliv
ian
Blen
dD
ec-0
055
8,7
3,0
3,6
-42
24
201,
440
1,1
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
1
Bong
aFe
b-14
305,
01,
02,
8-3
020
10,9
404,
3N
o he
at30
11
<1
Bonn
y Li
ght
Feb-
1036
6,7
1,9
5,0
-30
820
2620
4,9
503,
1N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
2<
50,
2
Bont
ang
Jun-
9551
7,5
2,0
6,0
-24
1718
201,
140
0,9
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
Bore
alis
May
-13
235,
52,
31,
0-4
942
2012
4,9
4037
,3N
o he
at1
1<
5
Bosc
anD
ec-1
211
4,1
0,1
5,0
756
601
737,
0>
60
55
<5
Bour
iM
ay-1
227
2,8
0,8
10,0
315
2839
2036
,530
No
heat
No
heat
33
Mai
ntai
n lo
ad
tem
pera
ture
or
hea
t to
25
°C
in
win
ter.
Bow
Riv
er
Nor
thJu
l-12
232,
43,
72,
5-5
618
2020
97,7
4022
,7N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
1
Bras
s Ri
ver
Jul-1
241
6,6
2,6
7,0
-24
1523
2520
2,6
401,
9N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
21
– 7
Breg
aSe
p-05
426,
22,
58,
5-6
325
3030
3,5
403,
3N
o he
atN
o he
at25
21
5
Breg
a
Con
dens
ate
Jul-1
261
11,0
6,1
3,5
-16
-120
1,0
No
heat
5
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
35
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Bren
t Bl
end
Sep-
0338
6,2
10,1
3,8
6,5
-322
2430
4,5
403,
5N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
11,
4
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
20 °
C a
nd
bott
om
was
hing
may
be
req
uire
d.
Brun
ei L
ight
(S
eria
)Se
p-08
395,
81,
95,
46
1720
2,8
401,
6N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
1C
OW
with
th
is c
rude
m
ay r
esul
t in
hig
h ta
nk
pres
sure
s
Bu A
ttife
lJu
l-10
442,
10,
737
,039
4545
405,
560
4,9
5055
555
5<
5
Buff
alo
Oct
-00
533,
60,
65,
5-6
06
1020
1,4
401,
1N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
11
This
cru
de
oil m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
Bung
a K
ekw
aJu
l-12
427,
01,
624
,829
3844
204,
640
2,5
6055
557
7Tr
eat
as
heav
y fu
el o
il.
Was
hing
may
be
pos
sibl
e at
hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re.
Mor
e in
form
atio
n re
quire
d.
Bung
a O
rkid
Jul-1
239
0,6
23,0
2936
502,
960
77
<5
Buza
chin
-sk
aja
Feb-
0524
2,1
0,4
5,5
-24
1817
2130
94,1
3047
,6N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
2<
5
C5
C
onde
nsat
e (G
ulf
Stre
am)
Mar
-11
743,
20,
0-4
4-4
420
0,8
No
heat
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
36
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Cab
inda
Nov
-13
334,
85,
51,
510
,66
2727
3120
29,0
4013
,630
3030
7 or
210
G
ood
resu
lts
have
bee
n ob
tain
ed
usin
g cr
ude
in s
lop
tank
s at
10
°C
abov
e ca
rgo
with
was
h m
achi
ne c
ycle
to
pas
s up
to
dow
n.
Cab
inda
Ex
port
Mar
-95
335,
92,
012
,518
2930
18,1
305
510
Cap
tain
Mar
-12
190,
00,
01,
5-3
6-8
3029
5,0
2063
8,0
30N
o he
at30
11
<5
15
Chi
m S
aoSe
p-12
414,
11,
431
,038
4420
11,4
406,
355
55
<1
Chi
nare
vs-
kaya
Dec
-12
577,
32,
93,
5-3
910
201,
240
1,0
No
heat
11
<5
Chi
ngue
tti
Dec
-14
277,
81,
05,
4-3
323
2076
,640
30,0
358
7<
5
Cla
irD
ec-1
024
5,1
0,7
5,5
-46
1530
58,2
No
heat
21
<5
Clif
f H
ead
Jul-0
633
0,9
0,2
22,0
3345
2038
,350
11,7
505
5<
5
Cob
anFe
b-02
174,
20,
87,
1-1
820
4430
279,
050
94,7
22
790,
00
Coc
oA
ug-1
130
3,0
0,8
15,0
2527
2059
,840
15,9
353
3
Col
d La
keM
ar-0
622
6,7
1,1
1,0
-51
-18
3720
128,
040
61,6
30N
o he
atN
o he
at2
2M
ay r
equi
re
heat
ing
to
redu
ce
visc
osity
. M
ore
info
rmat
ion
requ
ired.
Con
go
Com
posi
te
(CoC
o)
Jun-
0032
0,8
9,9
2738
3022
,340
15,8
4040
40,
0
Coo
per
Basi
nJu
n-12
445,
30,
216
,011
925
2920
4,1
401,
930
No
heat
No
heat
22
<5
Cos
sack
Jul-1
349
9,7
3,7
6,3
-12
1720
1,7
401,
3N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
1<
1
Cos
taya
coM
ay-1
230
4,8
1,4
8,5
-931
2016
,440
6,7
402
2
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
37
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
CPC
Ble
ndM
ar-1
347
7,5
4,0
5,0
-18
2120
2,2
401,
435
No
heat
No
heat
77
14Ba
llast
m
anag
emen
t re
quire
d.
Avo
id
balla
stin
g ad
jace
nt
tank
s.
Cup
iagu
aJu
l-99
438,
23,
013
,515
3333
302,
435
3030
77
1,1
Gas
may
be
evo
lved
du
ring
tran
spor
tatio
n an
d C
OW
du
e to
the
ne
ed t
o he
at.
Was
h w
ith
crud
e fr
om
slop
tan
k he
ated
to
10 °
C a
bove
av
erag
e ca
rgo
tem
pera
ture
.
Cur
lew
Aug
-01
499,
34,
86,
0-2
719
1920
1,6
401,
2N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
11
CO
W s
houl
d be
min
imis
ed
to r
educ
e ga
s ev
olut
ion
but
be a
war
e th
at
unde
r co
ld
cond
ition
s th
ere
may
be
som
e w
ax
layd
own.
Cus
iana
Apr
-06
438,
34,
711
,06
2926
302,
250
1,7
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
<5
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
25 °
C a
nd
bott
om
was
hing
may
be
req
uire
d.
Dai
Hun
gD
ec-1
135
6,0
1,2
16,3
2132
3344
207,
040
4,1
5045
457
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
38
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Dal
ia
Aug
-11
231,
70,
22,
5-5
4-3
2013
4,0
4032
,0N
o he
at1
10
Dar
Ble
ndN
ov-0
625
0,6
0,0
23,0
3949
4053
0,1
5028
6,7
555
5
Dar
ius
May
-95
345,
71,
97,
2-1
813
386,
0N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
Dau
ntle
ssSe
p-97
339,
92,
08,
5-9
1423
2016
,340
8,0
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
De
Ruyt
erO
ct-1
344
5,2
1,8
5,3
-916
203,
240
2,2
No
heat
141
1
Deb
noO
ct-0
443
6,1
2,7
10,0
-12
2320
4,4
402,
325
22
Dra
ugen
Oct
-06
404,
24,
36,
0-1
818
1720
3,7
502,
1N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
1<
5
Dub
ai E
xpor
tJu
n-13
311,
06,
02,
15,
5-2
4-9
1818
2011
,040
7,5
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
<5
0,
2
Duc
Ble
nd
(Gor
m B
lend
)Ja
n-07
349,
43,
13,
6<
-54
220
8,5
404,
0N
o he
at1
1<
5
Dud
ika
C
onde
nsat
eA
pr-0
654
5,6
2,0
0,5
-57
-57
200,
940
0,6
No
heat
<5
Dul
ang
Jun-
0938
0,8
0,2
30,0
3039
4350
3,8
603,
145
5059
55
<2
Dum
bart
onFe
b-07
396,
93,
46,
5-3
025
204,
440
2,4
No
heat
352
1<
5
Dun
gaJa
n-07
401,
715
,027
3930
7,3
455
5
Dur
iO
ct-0
420
0,3
1,3
20,0
1535
2534
5019
9,5
6098
,860
4045
77
<5
Dur
war
dSe
p-97
3611
,02,
58,
0-1
523
208,
940
4,6
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
EAM
ar-1
432
2,6
0,6
3,5
-613
206,
540
3,9
No
Hea
t2
1<
1
Ea B
lend
Jul-0
335
0,9
3,5
09
2120
4,5
402,
925
No
heat
No
heat
21
<1
0,13
Ebok
Jul-1
420
2,1
0,4
1,2
-25
2220
145,
240
45,2
No
heat
11
Ebom
eM
ar-0
533
1,9
0,8
3,5
-63
1519
205,
840
3,3
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
<5
Ekofi
skM
ay-1
440
2,2
7,3
2,4
7,0
-93
2724
206,
350
3,6
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21
1 –
20,
35
El S
hara
raJu
l-10
426,
72,
92,
5-5
7-1
0-2
203,
140
2,1
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
<5
El W
afa
Oct
-05
528,
04,
04,
6-4
517
201,
940
1,2
No
heat
251
1<
5
Elan
gO
ct-0
157
10,3
6,4
6,0
-63
814
201,
140
0,9
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
<1
Emer
ald
Blen
dM
ay-1
324
1,2
1,0
5,5
-27
2730
58,9
4032
,4N
o he
at1
1<
5
Enfie
ldFe
b-14
220,
60,
11,
9-5
710
2048
,440
18,5
No
heat
321
1<
5
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
39
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Eoce
neFe
b-12
191,
40,
50,
5-1
214
1430
232,
240
102,
030
4040
11
1
Hea
ting
is
requ
ired
to r
educ
e vi
scos
ity.
Erha
Sep-
1035
6,6
2,0
4,0
-12
1820
5,8
No
heat
281
1<
2
Es S
ider
Oct
-10
375,
66,
12,
59,
012
929
2920
8,1
406,
030
No
heat
No
heat
22
4 –
82
0,1
Esca
lant
eO
ct-0
724
2,0
0,3
13,0
-67
2924
4019
2,0
6010
1,0
6050
502
21
Escr
avos
Oct
-08
331,
64,
31,
68,
5-3
726
2830
6,0
503,
1N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at3
2<
5
Espo
Feb-
1136
8,4
2,7
4,5
-24
820
8,3
No
heat
11
<5
Espo
irD
ec-1
132
2,2
0,5
5,0
-15
2222
2014
,040
6,1
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21
<2
Etam
eO
ct-1
135
4,9
1,2
24,0
2950
4027
,050
22
<2
Etam
e M
arin
Apr
-03
356,
30,
924
,027
4840
20,3
502
<2
Ettr
ick
Dec
-10
388,
73,
44,
58
3130
5,5
No
heat
22
Ezza
ouia
Nov
-08
482,
63,
517
,521
3341
502,
060
3,7
4057
576
623
,9
Fost
erto
nJu
n-12
214,
91,
34,
5-2
423
2720
179,
040
40,2
3030
501
1<
5
Frad
eA
ug-1
120
2,1
0,6
2,5
-45
820
290,
040
52,6
3029
11
<5
Gal
eota
Mix
Jul-1
241
1,5
3,0
-57
1330
2,0
402,
7N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
1<
5
Hea
ting
may
be
req
uire
d w
ith c
old
ambi
ent
cond
ition
s to
pr
even
t w
ax
layd
own.
Gei
sum
Apr
-09
273,
42,
19,
516
2145
4540
26,4
4033
7,0
50N
o he
atN
o he
at7
7
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
40
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Ger
agai
Sep-
0743
3,4
16,0
031
202,
740
1,3
40N
o he
atN
o he
at8
7<
2H
eatin
g m
ay
be r
equi
red
with
col
d am
bien
t co
nditi
ons
to
prev
ent
wax
la
ydow
n. A
fu
ll bo
ttom
w
ash
may
be
requ
ired
but
be a
war
e of
va
pour
loss
an
d hi
gh
tank
pr
essu
res.
Ger
man
In
land
Apr
-09
270,
822
,94
1930
148,
030
55
<5
Ger
man
Lo
cal
Jul-0
227
0,5
16,1
920
2760
38,6
100
13,2
2525
254
or 2
This
cru
de
oil m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d
cond
ition
s.
Gim
boa
Dec
-11
240,
24,
5-3
012
2078
,5N
o he
at1
1<
5
Gip
psla
nd
Blen
dA
ug-0
653
3,4
2,4
11,0
-21
1734
201,
440
1,3
2520
207
7<
5
Gira
ssol
Aug
-10
302,
71,
15,
0-9
1619
3016
,540
9,8
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
<2
Glit
neN
ov-0
132
1,7
7,0
325
2530
12,8
507,
4N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
2<
1H
eatin
g m
ay
be r
equi
red
with
col
d am
bien
t co
nditi
ons
to
prev
ent
wax
la
ydow
n.
Gor
m B
lend
Dec
-97
362,
42,
3-4
2-3
70
1520
6,5
404,
0N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
<0,
2
Gra
nd Is
leO
ct-9
734
0,5
2,8
-21
-69
1920
12,7
406,
7N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
Gra
neJa
n-09
190,
50,
52,
5-2
124
3015
5,0
4096
,430
3030
11
<5
Grif
finSe
p-01
543,
72,
5-3
0-1
-220
1,3
401,
0N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
1<
1
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
41
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Gris
ik m
ixM
ay-1
256
4,9
<5
-18
1720
1,2
No
heat
11
Gry
phon
Apr
-03
230,
00,
01,
0-5
4-3
9-1
2-8
3058
,140
53,4
No
heat
2525
11
<2
Gul
f of
Sue
z M
ixO
ct-0
831
2,7
5,5
1,8
9,0
-910
2230
11,6
508,
235
No
heat
No
heat
88
<5
0,
29Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
Lo
aded
te
mpe
ratu
re
shou
ld b
e m
aint
aine
d.
Gul
lfaks
'A'
Jul-0
137
2,0
5,1
-21
1618
207,
040
4,2
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
1<
1
Gul
lfaks
'C'
Dec
-01
374,
47,
11,
85,
8-1
517
2130
5,0
503,
3N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
–
Gul
lfaks
Bl
end
Oct
-07
382,
86,
0-1
823
205,
5N
o he
at1
1<
5
Ham
aca
SCO
– H
eavy
ra
nge
Aug
-11
200,
93,
5-2
925
4091
,330
11
<5
Ham
aca
SCO
– L
ight
ra
nge
Aug
-11
220,
84,
0-2
622
3087
,030
11
<5
Hig
h Is
land
Jun-
9838
1,0
3,7
-12
810
206,
340
3,6
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
2
HLS
(Hea
vy
Loui
sian
a Sw
eet)
Nov
-12
342,
33,
5-5
17
209,
7N
o he
at1
1
Hun
goJu
n-08
292,
25,
0-4
88
3018
,3N
o he
at26
11
<5
Hun
tingt
onFe
b-12
413,
15,
0-1
521
206,
0N
o he
at2
1
Hus
ky
Synt
hetic
Jun-
1232
3,3
1,5
-57
-120
9,7
No
heat
11
<5
Ima
Apr
-01
453,
514
,515
2740
1,7
601,
435
3030
87
<1
Irani
an H
eavy
Dec
-96
296,
02,
16,
0-2
1-1
820
2130
14,3
408,
5N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at3
21
– 58
0,
2
Irani
an L
ight
May
-02
346,
07,
02,
36,
5-1
8-9
2121
2011
,340
5,7
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
0,1
Isis
Sep-
0537
1,3
10,0
-324
2820
8,6
603,
530
3030
77
<5
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
42
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Isth
mus
Mar
-02
334,
46,
91,
85,
0-3
97
2012
,840
6,8
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
150
Jabi
ruJu
n-98
424,
04,
51,
712
,015
2126
203,
740
2,3
2525
253
3 or
2Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
30
°C
may
be
requ
ired.
Jack
son
Jan-
9744
1,2
8,3
0,9
22,7
1524
2439
203,
940
2,6
3535
4
Jarn
Yap
hour
May
-95
523,
03,
4-5
41
730
1,1
500,
9N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
30 °
C m
ay b
e re
quire
d.
Jinge
mia
Aug
-06
371,
117
,924
3640
6,0
457
7<
5
Jotu
nN
ov-0
641
3,9
4,7
8,5
326
204,
940
4,6
No
heat
22
<1
Juba
rte
Jan-
1217
0,4
1,0
-24
2150
229,
450
11
<5
Jubi
lee
Feb-
1136
2,4
7,0
531
207,
930
77
<1
Kaj
i Sem
oga
Jun-
0138
1,8
16,1
1834
403,
360
2,4
3535
357
<1
Kal
inin
grad
May
-08
403,
56,
6-1
714
205,
840
3,9
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21
9Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
20
°C
and
bo
ttom
w
ashi
ng m
ay
be r
equi
red.
Kar
acha
ga-
nak
Con
d.Ju
l-09
514,
52,
93,
5-3
014
201,
610
No
heat
No
heat
121
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
43
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Kar
akud
uk-
mun
aiN
ov-0
740
0,8
32,5
2744
505,
650
55
<5
Kirk
ukD
ec-1
434
5,5
5,9
1,6
4,0
-57
620
8,5
403,
8N
o he
atN
o he
at2
213
200
– 2
000
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
20 °
C a
nd
bott
om
was
hing
may
be
req
uire
d.
Balla
st
man
agem
ent
is r
equi
red.
Kiti
naJu
n-00
371,
20
2120
5,1
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
Mor
e in
form
atio
n re
quire
d.
Kitt
iwak
eJu
n-03
405,
26,
82,
17,
0-1
824
205,
740
3,4
11
<2
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
25 °
C a
nd
bott
om
was
hing
may
be
req
uire
d.
Kitt
iwak
e Bl
end
Sep-
0636
2,6
7,5
-12
2430
5,4
No
heat
11
5
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
44
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Kol
e M
arin
e Bl
end
Apr
-03
324,
55,
81,
46,
0-2
1-9
2629
2013
,440
7,2
No
heat
No
heat
242
21
0,3
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
25 °
C a
nd
bott
om
was
hing
may
be
req
uire
d.
Kra
ken
Nov
-12
140,
02,
5-1
524
6012
6,2
605
5<
5
Kui
toD
ec-0
822
4,9
1,3
4,0
-39
1819
3084
,040
95,3
No
heat
3030
21
<1
Kum
kol
Sep-
0440
6,0
1,9
18,5
1830
3340
5,2
503,
340
3030
77
<5
Kup
e (K
S-7
ST1)
Con
-de
nsat
e
Mar
-13
558,
65,
37,
0-1
98
201,
0N
o he
at23
11
<5
Kut
ubu
Jun-
0344
7,1
2,8
9,1
-16
1827
202,
040
1,5
No
heat
2020
2Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
25
°C
and
bo
ttom
w
ashi
ng m
ay
be r
equi
red.
H
owev
er, b
e aw
are
of t
he
rela
tivel
y hi
gh
gas
cont
ent.
Kuw
ait
Expo
rtA
ug-1
130
6,4
7,4
2,3
5,0
-57
-15
517
2019
,940
10,0
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21
11
Kyl
eA
ug-0
137
7,3
2,1
7,0
-625
2440
4,3
602,
9N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
2<
1Th
is c
rude
oi
l may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
45
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Kyz
yl O
rda
Jan-
0138
4,7
1,6
15,0
2129
3330
6,8
602,
940
3030
87
9
Labu
anJu
n-11
292,
20,
55,
50
2423
2320
6,0
402,
935
3030
87
<5
Lago
trec
oA
ug-0
028
3,7
4,3
1,1
4,4
-33
-21
2515
4016
,730
12,4
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21
<1
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
20 °
C a
nd
bott
om
was
hing
may
be
req
uire
d.
Lam
inar
iaJu
n-06
6210
,89,
12,
4-3
9-5
200,
8N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
Lang
saN
ov-0
742
0,8
5,5
-18
1440
2,4
No
heat
11
<5
Lava
n Bl
end
Feb-
0535
7,2
2,8
6,5
-12
-24
2018
305,
940
5,6
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21
<5
Lead
onA
ug-0
218
0,0
1,0
-30
55
4017
0,0
6055
,440
4050
11
<2
Hea
ting
requ
ired
to r
educ
e vi
scos
ity.
Lege
ndre
Jun-
0143
6,5
1,8
9,3
1218
2420
2,5
401,
825
2525
2<
1
Leon
aJa
n-06
223,
03,
51,
04,
0-4
5-3
622
2140
48,0
6018
,3N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
1<
5Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
20
°C
may
be
requ
ired.
Liep
aja
Aug
-07
293,
21,
09,
03
3020
24,5
307
7<
5
Ligh
t
Loui
sian
a Sw
eet
Jul-9
836
5,2
1,0
3,3
-24
-15
816
205,
640
3,5
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
1
Lore
toA
ug-0
518
0,4
3,9
-30
6230
439,
060
6060
55
<5
Hig
h cl
oud
poin
t
LSC
May
-10
583,
90,
5-5
0-2
220
1,0
No
heat
<5
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
46
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Lubi
atow
Sep-
1245
2,8
7,0
-57
1520
3,3
No
heat
11
<5
Luci
naJu
n-05
351,
514
,012
3340
7,7
407
7<
5
Lufe
ngD
ec-9
833
0,0
0,0
38,0
4242
6248
5016
,560
12,0
6055
555
5<
1
Lula
May
-11
311,
66,
5-2
720
2024
,5N
o he
at2
1<
5
M10
0 A
t Re
sSe
p-99
150,
00,
08,
924
3333
4098
0,0
6024
5,0
Trea
t as
fue
l oi
l.
Maa
riFe
b-10
360,
718
,525
3350
2,7
5055
55
<5
Mad
ura
Oct
-10
435,
112
,017
3120
2,8
407
7<
1
Mag
dale
na
Blen
dJu
n-12
180,
42,
5-3
246
5012
7,0
5028
55
<5
Mak
atO
ct-0
034
0,7
5,0
-21
416
3012
,250
6,5
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
2
Mal
ampa
ya
Con
dens
ate
Jul-0
152
4,0
0,5
-50
-40
400,
7N
o he
at<
1
Man
dji
Mar
-09
306,
21,
58,
53
1232
2930
29,0
5011
,735
2525
87
<1
0,5
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
25 °
C m
ay b
e re
quire
d.
Mar
alag
oJu
n-98
214,
00,
57,
0-1
8 19
2830
189,
540
61,6
4040
7H
eatin
g re
quire
d to
red
uce
visc
osity
.
Mar
alag
o 22
(hea
vier
ra
nge)
May
-05
214,
21,
34,
5-4
128
3016
3,6
4057
,830
301
1H
eatin
g re
quire
d to
red
uce
visc
osity
.
Mar
alag
o 22
(lig
hter
ra
nge)
Jun-
0723
4,8
1,0
4,2
-33
2020
184,
040
38,2
2025
11
Hea
ting
requ
ired
to r
educ
e vi
scos
ity.
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
47
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Mar
gham
C
onde
nsat
eA
pr-0
563
11,4
8,9
0,0
-60
-15
-51
820
0,6
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
<5
CO
W w
ith
this
cru
de
may
res
ult
in h
igh
tank
pr
essu
res.
Mar
ib L
ight
Dec
-07
438,
44,
06,
0-3
3-4
1633
202,
740
1,4
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
Mar
limJu
l-04
200,
72,
5-4
228
3019
0,0
3030
321
1<
5
Mar
sJu
l-05
292,
62,
5-3
613
2022
,840
9,5
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
5
Mas
aJu
n-11
431,
78,
05
2419
203,
940
2,4
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
3,1
Mas
ilaSe
p-11
351,
912
,01,
96,
0-3
926
2430
7,0
506,
4N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
1<
5
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
25 °
C m
ay b
e re
quire
d.
Mau
iM
ar-9
743
1,8
21,0
2131
303,
840
77
Mau
i C
onde
nsat
eSe
p-99
532,
41,
8<
-60
-42
-50
-24
201,
040
0,8
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
CO
W w
ith
this
cru
de
may
res
ult
in h
igh
tank
pr
essu
res.
May
aM
ar-1
021
6,2
6,7
1,1
4,0
-33
3640
3020
6,7
5054
,8N
o he
at30
305
510
8
1,7
Was
hing
w
ith M
aya
is p
ossi
ble.
Sl
op t
ank
may
req
uire
he
atin
g.
Mer
eyD
ec-0
816
0,2
1,7
0,3
3,5
-30
-18
2839
5019
2,4
3088
1,0
5057
571
126
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
48
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Mes
a 30
Oct
-12
315,
65,
81,
25,
5-4
20
1723
2014
,350
5,5
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21
<5
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
25 °
C m
ay b
e re
quire
d.
Mes
sla
Aug
-04
382,
815
,514
3340
5,6
357
7<
5
Min
asM
ar-9
935
2,3
2,6
0,2
32,0
3638
4245
4022
,560
8,1
4550
505
5W
ashi
ng
with
Min
as
is p
ossi
ble.
Sl
op t
ank
will
req
uire
he
atin
g.
Miri
Lig
htM
ay-1
031
3,3
1,0
3,5
-66
1924
206,
130
3,9
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21
<5
Mis
kar
Con
dens
ate
Oct
-02
543,
42,
2-2
1-5
8-2
420
1,0
400,
8N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at<
1
Was
hing
with
th
is g
rade
m
ay c
ause
un
acce
ptab
ly
high
tan
k pr
essu
res.
Mis
siss
ippi
So
urM
ay-0
239
1,7
3,8
-63
820
4,7
403,
1N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
Mitt
lepl
ate
Oct
-05
230,
86,
0-9
2620
250,
025
22
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
25 °
C m
ay b
e re
quire
d.
Mon
doM
ay-0
830
2,6
3,5
-54
1120
20,7
No
heat
11
<5
Mon
ogas
18
SCO
Jun-
0818
0,4
2,0
-48
2130
99,1
No
heat
11
<5
Mou
diM
ay-0
137
2,9
4,7
2,5
1,5
-63
11
205,
240
3,3
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
<1
Mud
iJa
n-09
390,
923
,027
3543
204,
060
3,7
4045
455
5<
0,5
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
49
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Mur
ban
Dec
-95
391,
64,
41,
98,
0-6
-12
2323
205,
540
3,2
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
1 –
20
0
Mut
inee
rA
pr-1
243
0,1
9,0
216
202,
5N
o he
at2
1<
1
N’K
ossa
May
-05
417,
12,
211
,06
1229
2120
5,4
401,
740
No
heat
No
heat
87
1
Nam
Con
So
n C
onde
nsat
e
Aug
-10
617,
30,
0<
-55
<-5
520
0,7
No
heat
322,
3
Nan
hai
Jun-
9639
0,9
25,5
3333
4242
406,
460
4,1
5545
457
7
Nap
oFe
b-12
190,
65,
0-2
946
5014
7,0
452
2<
1
Nem
ba b
lend
May
-08
293,
02,
67,
0-2
49
2627
205,
340
3,3
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
<5
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
30 °
C m
ay
be r
equi
red.
U
sed
as w
ash
med
ium
if
load
ed w
ith
Cab
inda
.
Nile
Ble
ndSe
p-99
350,
130
,536
4949
5016
,160
12,5
6050
507
7
Njo
rdA
pr-1
047
6,4
3,9
5,0
-21
-18
1720
202,
340
2,3
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21
<5
This
cru
de
oil m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
Nor
neM
ar-1
330
1,1
8,0
1721
2932
408,
250
4,6
4530
308
7<
5Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
35
°C
may
be
requ
ired.
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
50
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Nor
thw
est
shel
f
cond
ensa
te
Feb-
1263
5,3
0,5
-60
-41
300,
6N
o he
at1
1<
5
Nov
atec
C
onde
nsat
eSe
p-05
614,
00,
0-5
7-4
020
0,7
No
heat
5
Nov
oser
gi-
yevs
kaya
Oct
-03
423,
96,
0-2
112
204,
0N
o he
at1
1<
5
NW
She
lf C
onde
nsat
eM
ar-9
760
6,1
5,0
0,3
-60
-36
-49
-15
200,
830
0,7
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
CO
W w
ith
this
cru
de
may
res
ult
in h
igh
tank
pr
essu
res.
Ob
Bay
(San
dibi
ns-
kaya
)
Aug
-06
332,
04,
5-1
818
207,
6N
o he
at2
2<
5
Ob
Bay
(Sre
dnek
hm-
skay
a)
Feb-
0541
3,4
5,5
-18
1920
3,2
No
heat
11
<5
Ole
nde
18Ju
n-10
181,
13,
0-3
026
4023
9,0
405
52,
1
Olm
eca
Apr
-07
382,
42,
35,
6-4
1-3
221
1520
5,0
502,
5N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
2
Olo
wi
Jul-1
032
0,3
19,0
2440
4024
,750
77
<5
Om
an E
xpor
tD
ec-1
231
3,7
4,2
2,1
4,5
-45
-23
49
2034
,150
7,6
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
1 –
7
Ona
koJu
l-01
472,
67,
4-1
520
2330
2,1
501,
6N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
or 1
<1
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
25 °
C a
nd
bott
om
was
hing
may
be
req
uire
d.
Ona
ko L
ight
Oct
-01
473,
67,
5-1
524
302,
1N
o he
at2
1<
1
Ona
ko
Med
ium
Dec
-98
392,
37,
5-2
421
2020
5,8
403,
4N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
230
Ore
nbur
gO
ct-0
739
3,9
6,2
-18
2220
4,5
No
heat
21
<5
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
51
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Orie
nte
Aug
-05
234,
55,
50,
75,
5-2
7-1
3127
3084
,640
15,1
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
<5
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
25
°C
may
be
requ
ired.
Orm
en
Lang
e C
on-
dens
ate
Apr
-11
605,
61,
0-5
1-3
720
0,9
No
heat
241
1<
5
Ose
berg
Oct
-12
384,
85,
53,
14,
5-2
4-9
1720
204,
950
2,9
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
<5
0,32
Oso
C
onde
nsat
eM
ar-0
548
10,9
11,3
6,2
10,5
618
2526
301,
550
1,3
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
<5
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s so
bot
tom
w
ashi
ng m
ay
be r
equi
red.
H
owev
er, t
he
gas
cont
ent
is v
ery
high
w
hich
may
le
ad t
o va
pour
loss
es
and
high
ca
rgo
tank
pr
essu
res.
Ost
raJu
n-10
230,
22,
5-3
718
2063
,530
11
<5
Ost
rica
Oct
-00
343,
71,
52,
5-3
6-2
14
420
8,5
404,
9N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
11
Oyo
Oct
-12
330,
81,
5-5
73
204,
6N
o he
at26
11
<5
Oyo
ngO
ct-0
739
1,6
26,0
3339
403,
950
387
7<
5
Page
rung
anA
ug-9
561
5,7
0,4
<-5
4<
-60
200,
840
0,7
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
CO
W w
ith
this
cru
de
may
res
ult
in h
igh
tank
pr
essu
res.
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
52
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Pala
nca
Dec
-06
375,
32,
28,
66
927
2720
8,2
503,
430
2525
77
1 –
2
May
be
was
hed
with
he
ated
cru
de
from
slo
p ta
nks
(1
0 °C
abo
ve
carr
iage
te
mpe
ratu
re)
or w
ith g
as
oil d
iluen
t.
Succ
ess
of
disc
harg
e va
ries
with
no
app
aren
t pa
tter
n.
Pang
kah
Apr
-13
383,
410
,0-6
3120
3,6
407
7<
5
Pang
kah
Con
dens
ate
Jan-
0865
0,3
0,4
<-3
0<
020
0,7
No
heat
311
13
Pato
s M
arin
zaN
ov-0
99
0,1
2,5
-12
4060
635,
560
635
52
Pazfl
orA
pr-1
226
1,0
4,0
-36
920
54,5
No
heat
21
<5
Pena
raN
ov-1
037
0,8
29,0
3448
409,
155
528
8
Penn
ingt
onJa
n-05
352,
25,
5-3
1820
4,4
No
heat
22
<5
Penn
ingt
on
Ligh
tA
pr-9
736
0,8
5,5
-47
1520
205,
340
3,3
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21,
30Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
25
°C
may
be
requ
ired.
Pere
grin
oD
ec-1
113
0,2
5,0
381
601
215,
060
625
5<
5
Plut
onio
Feb-
1033
1,5
9,0
930
2013
,930
293
2<
2
Poho
kura
C
onde
nsat
eM
ar-0
147
3,6
?21
2730
1,5
251
1
Polv
oFe
b-09
201,
34,
0-4
222
4012
8,8
4025
11
<5
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
53
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Pose
idon
Sep-
0630
2,4
4,0
-30
54
3015
,740
8,4
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
<5
Prem
ium
A
lbia
n Sy
nJu
n-12
310,
00,
5-3
3-1
120
7,7
No
heat
11
<5
Prin
os B
lend
Dec
-97
292,
55,
5-4
8-9
733
307,
3N
o he
at30
301
1<
5
Prin
os N
orth
Mar
-97
210,
58,
5-2
1-1
229
3920
49,4
4019
,030
3535
32
Puffi
nJu
l-08
441,
88,
5-3
2320
3,1
No
heat
22
<5
Puro
vsky
C
onde
nsat
eJu
n-12
646,
70,
5-6
3-4
820
0,7
No
heat
9<
5
Purp
e C
onde
nsat
eM
ay-0
566
12,6
0,5
-54
-45
200,
7N
o he
at<
5
Pyre
nees
Mar
-12
190,
01,
0-3
914
3082
,130
361
1<
5
Qar
unJu
n-13
361,
515
,59
3540
9,6
3035
357
7<
5H
eat
slop
ta
nks
to a
t le
ast
10 °
C
abov
e ca
rgo
tem
pera
ture
.
Qat
ar
Con
dens
ate
(Nor
th F
ield
)
Jun-
9958
9,8
2,7
0,5
-54
-34
-13
201,
140
0,8
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
CO
W w
ith
this
cru
de
may
res
ult
in h
igh
tank
pr
essu
res.
Qat
ar L
and
Feb-
0741
8,0
10,2
4,5
5,5
-30
-913
1320
3,7
502,
2N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
1>
200
Qat
ar M
arin
eM
ar-9
932
3,0
6,5
1,6
6,5
-24
-12
720
2011
,740
6,5
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
>20
0
Qin
Hua
ng
Dao
Nov
-01
170,
05,
7-1
24
2040
836,
060
211,
760
6060
5H
eatin
g re
quire
d to
red
uce
visc
osity
.
Qua
Iboe
Mar
-09
351,
47,
41,
98,
512
1329
2730
4,2
403,
6N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at3
2<
50,
18Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
25
°C
may
be
requ
ired.
Rabi
Ble
ndA
pr-0
932
2,5
0,8
15,0
3042
3038
,350
44
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
54
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Rabi
Lig
htD
ec-0
735
2,5
1,6
13,5
2529
3240
12,2
4014
,650
4545
88
<5
Rain
bow
sw
eet
Sep-
1036
3,7
5,0
-21
1620
7,5
No
heat
22
<5
Rang
Don
gSe
p-08
401,
922
,527
4142
404,
960
3,6
5545
458
8<
1
Ras
Budr
anA
pr-0
624
5,4
6,1
0,7
8,0
30
3031
2010
8,0
25 3
57
7<
5Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
30
°C
may
be
requ
ired.
Ras
Gha
ribO
ct-0
720
0,5
4,2
0,6
6,5
310
3734
3014
3,2
5037
,140
3030
33
<2
Ras
Laff
anO
ct-9
956
3,6
1,2
-30
-89
-16
201,
140
0,9
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
Was
hing
with
th
is g
rade
m
ay c
ause
un
acce
ptab
ly
high
tan
k pr
essu
res.
RasG
as
Con
dens
ate
Jun-
0055
7,3
3,7
-31
201,
240
0,9
––
–
Rata
wi
Dec
-11
311,
66,
5-6
2130
13,6
No
heat
22
2
Prev
ious
ly
Waf
ra
Rata
wi.
Mor
e in
form
atio
n re
quire
d.
Rhem
oura
Jan-
1033
1,3
10,0
03
2727
2014
,740
9,0
No
heat
3030
22
<5
Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
20
°C
and
bo
ttom
w
ashi
ng m
ay
be r
equi
red.
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
55
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Rijn
Oct
-02
586,
40,
5-6
3-3
720
0,8
No
heat
<2
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
30 °
C m
ay b
e re
quire
d.
Rom
ashk
ino
Jun-
9531
1,9
4,5
-15
1920
16,2
No
heat
11
San
Seba
stia
nM
ar-0
069
5,6
0,0
-60
-72
-60
200,
740
0,6
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
<1
CO
W w
ith
this
cru
de
may
res
ult
in h
igh
tank
pr
essu
res.
Sant
a Ba
rbar
aA
ug-0
540
2,7
6,5
-18
2324
203,
650
3,6
No
heat
2525
32
<5
Sant
a M
arta
Apr
-12
270,
46,
04
2530
26,1
252
2<
5
Sapi
nhoa
Apr
-13
302,
16,
5-6
2120
43,5
No
heat
11
<5
Sara
tov
Oct
-03
423,
111
,0-3
2520
4,9
No
heat
No
heat
184
2<
5
Sarir
Dec
-14
375,
02,
419
,024
2740
506,
610
02,
945
4545
77
<2
0,
08H
eat
slop
ta
nks
to a
t le
ast
10 °
C
abov
e ca
rgo
tem
pera
ture
.
Satu
rno
Blen
dO
ct-1
327
1,8
3,0
-34
1120
35,8
No
heat
301
1<
5
Saxi
Dec
-10
342,
35,
0-3
620
2010
,7N
o he
at2
1
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
56
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Schi
ehal
lion
Oct
-10
250,
27,
06
1221
2630
38,4
4017
,325
25
2525
77
<2
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
co
nditi
ons
or
on lo
ng
voya
ges.
H
eatin
g to
30
°C
may
be
req
uire
d.
CO
W m
ay
need
to
be
incr
ease
d.
Sem
bila
ngM
ar-9
536
0,1
35,5
4244
4750
13,5
608,
255
5757
55
Seni
pah
Con
dens
ate
Jul-0
854
5,2
0,5
-57
-28
-38
200,
940
0,7
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
<5
Was
hing
with
th
is g
rade
m
ay c
ause
un
acce
ptab
ly
high
tan
k pr
essu
res.
Seria
Lig
htSe
p-08
394,
31,
95,
56
124
1920
2,8
401,
820
2525
22
<5
Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
25
°C
may
be
requ
ired.
Shah
Den
iz
Con
dens
ate
Feb-
1247
3,1
7,0
-619
202,
4N
o he
at2
2<
5
Shar
jah
Con
dens
ate
Aug
-06
654,
70,
0-5
7-5
720
0,6
501,
8N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at<
5C
OW
with
th
is c
rude
m
ay r
esul
t in
hig
h ta
nk
pres
sure
s.
Shel
l Del
taJu
n-00
371,
44,
0-2
41
820
6,7
403,
9N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
Shel
l Sy
nthe
tic
blen
d
Jun-
0933
0,4
1,5
-98
208,
240
3,9
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
<5
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
57
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Shirv
an
Sep-
0526
0,3
7,7
327
3044
,5N
o he
at2
2<
5
Sibe
rian
Ligh
tFe
b-10
356,
02,
36,
0-2
40
1625
209,
540
5,0
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
<5
Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
25
°C
may
be
requ
ired.
Siri
Jun-
0438
4,4
3,6
7,0
36
2534
304,
050
3,5
25N
o he
atN
o he
at7
7<
5Th
is c
rude
oi
l may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Sirr
iO
ct-0
740
3,4
7,5
-921
1920
5,1
405,
9N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
21
– 33
Skar
vO
ct-1
338
2,0
7,5
325
204,
525
22
Um
m S
haif
Mar
-13
384,
87,
02,
25,
5-2
1-9
2119
205,
140
3,5
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21
<5
Ura
ls (B
altic
)N
ov-0
532
2,0
6,0
-18
2215
2014
,640
6,6
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
2
0,06
May
be
calle
d Ru
ssia
n Ex
port
Ble
nd.
Ure
ngoi
C
onde
nsat
eM
ay-0
653
6,4
4,5
-12
720
1,2
No
heat
<5
Usa
nFe
b-12
332,
51,
5-4
718
207,
4N
o he
at1
1
Usi
nsk
May
-05
321,
411
,512
3140
9,8
304
2<
5
Val d
’Agr
iFe
b-05
395,
25,
0-3
614
203,
8N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
112
Van
Gog
hM
ay-1
017
0,0
1,5
-30
1740
143,
040
435
5<
5
Vara
ndey
Oct
-12
351,
79,
517
307
2011
,040
13,0
45N
o he
atN
o he
at7
7<
5
Vara
nus
(Har
riet)
Aug
-06
519,
94,
94,
0-3
98
201,
3N
o he
at1
1<
2C
OW
with
th
is c
rude
m
ay r
esul
t in
hig
h ta
nk
pres
sure
s.
Varg
Feb-
1037
2,6
2,5
10,5
1532
2630
4,7
503,
520
2525
32
<5
Vasc
onia
Jan-
0325
0,5
7,0
-630
3038
,9N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
<2
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
58
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Vasc
onia
(li
ght
qual
ity)
Nov
-12
261,
36,
5-2
526
3027
,8N
o he
at2
2<
2
Vega
Jun-
9518
0,1
-9
-670
208
371,
057
575
Vic
Bilh
Jan-
1323
0,5
6,0
-24
3230
54,1
302
125
Vill
a Fo
rtun
aM
ar-9
643
2,7
5,9
-36
116
303,
350
2,3
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
2 or
1Th
is c
rude
oi
l may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Vin
cent
Oct
-08
170,
0<
1,0
-33
540
133,
540
11
<5
Vity
az
(Sak
halin
sk)
Jul-0
435
1,1
1,5
-54
-12
203,
5N
o he
at1
1
Volv
eA
ug-0
828
1,2
6,5
529
2035
,020
252
2
Wab
asca
Mar
-06
212,
71,
0-5
434
3010
8,0
302
2<
5
Wab
asca
H
eavy
Jan-
1319
2,2
0,5
-48
2225
3013
1,6
5046
,230
No
heat
No
heat
11
<5
Wal
ioM
ar-9
936
2,5
3,0
0,6
10,0
-97
2928
207,
440
3,6
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
22
<1
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to
wax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to
25 °
C m
ay
be r
equi
red.
Wan
doo
Dec
-97
190,
01,
5-4
2-3
3-7
-720
171,
040
48,6
25N
o he
at25
11
The
wax
co
nten
t is
so
low
, w
ashi
ng is
un
nece
ssar
y.
Wes
t Bu
kha
May
-10
433,
06,
0-2
724
202,
5N
o he
at2
110
6
Wes
t D
eser
tA
ug-0
341
2,6
13,5
-333
204,
725
2525
4 or
3<
5
Wes
t Se
noSe
p-05
402,
05,
50
2720
3,1
No
heat
292
1<
5
Wes
t Te
xas
Inte
rmed
iate
Jan-
0240
7,8
1,0
4,7
-36
-18
1419
204,
940
3,08
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
15,
3
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
59
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Wes
tern
D
eser
t m
ixJu
n-10
433,
211
,5-2
429
302,
5N
o he
at3
2<
5Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
w
ax la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
25
°C
may
be
req
uire
d.
Wes
tern
H
eavy
Ble
ndM
ay-1
221
1,6
3,5
-30
2330
101,
0N
o he
at1
12
Whi
te R
ose
Dec
-11
321,
28,
09
3030
10,7
3523
87
<5
Woo
llybu
ttA
ug-0
850
2,3
0,8
3,5
-42
-420
1,6
401,
3N
o he
at1
14,
1
WTI
Cus
hing
Dec
-05
412,
53,
7-2
421
203,
7N
o he
at2
119
WTS
Cus
hing
Jun-
0532
1,6
5,9
-24
2220
8,7
No
heat
21
19
Wyt
ch F
arm
Mar
-10
424,
69,
25,
65,
5-6
2324
304,
650
3,1
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21
<1
Xi X
iang
Mar
-98
320,
029
,036
4345
4022
,560
9,5
5050
505
5Tr
eat
as F
uel
Oil.
Was
hing
m
ay b
e po
ssib
le a
t hi
gh
tem
pera
ture
. M
ore
info
rmat
ion
requ
ired.
Xik
omba
Jul-0
534
3,2
8,0
-12
2740
6,3
No
heat
252
2<
5
Yello
w W
axJu
n-12
390,
531
,542
6750
9,5
605
5<
5
YK
Ble
ndA
pr-1
034
0,4
6,5
019
208,
2N
o he
at22
22
<5
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
60
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Ym
eM
ay-9
738
2,3
7,2
924
2720
6,3
403,
7N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at2
or 1
This
cru
de
may
be
subj
ect
to w
ax
layd
own
in c
old
cond
ition
s.
Hea
ting
to 3
0 °C
m
ay b
e re
quire
d.
Yoho
Aug
-09
402,
210
,018
2540
2,1
252
2<
1
Yom
boJa
n-00
181,
80,
47,
5-9
2828
5046
0,0
6022
4,0
6060
605
5
Zaaf
aran
aA
pr-0
622
5,5
1,1
9,0
0-9
2934
4061
,260
19,8
3530
308
7<
2
Zafir
oJu
l-12
300,
93,
0-3
616
2011
,7N
o he
at1
1<
2
Zago
rsko
yeM
ay-0
340
9,5
3,6
6,0
-18
1920
4,4
No
heat
No
heat
21
<5
CO
W
with
thi
s cr
ude
may
re
sult
in
high
tan
k pr
essu
res.
Zaire
Exp
ort
Sep-
9531
0,8
15,0
2127
3022
,335
33
See
Con
go
Com
posi
te
Zaki
nska
yaA
ug-1
144
7,9
3,2
6,5
-15
2520
3,2
401,
8N
o he
at2
1<
5
Zaku
m
Low
erJu
n-12
404,
86,
92,
66,
5-1
2-9
2319
204,
340
2,8
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
21
2
Zaku
m
Upp
erA
ug-1
134
6,2
7,9
3,8
6,0
-42
-24
1220
209,
740
6,3
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
3 –
5
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
61
Cru
de t
ype
Upd
ated
API
(typ
ical
)RV
P(p
sig)
(ran
ge)
Gas
<C
4
(%w
t)To
tal
wax
(%w
t)
Pour
poin
t(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Clo
udpo
int(
calc
)(d
eg.C
)(r
ange
)
Vis
cosi
tym
m2 /
sM
inim
um t
empe
ratu
rere
com
men
ded
(deg
. C)
CO
W c
odes
reco
mm
ende
dH
2S oil
phas
e(p
pm)
(typ
ical
)
H2S
Vapo
ur
phas
eco
nfirm
ed
Benz
ene
(% w
t)Re
mar
ks
T 1V
1T 2
V2
Load
Car
riage
Dis
char
geW
inte
rSu
mm
er
Zarz
aitin
eM
ay-1
244
6,7
8,4
4,0
4,5
-30
013
2220
3,6
303,
7N
o he
atN
o he
atN
o he
at1
11
– 8
Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
wax
la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
25
°C
and
bo
ttom
w
ashi
ng
may
be
requ
ired.
H
owev
er,
ther
e w
ill
be a
n as
soci
ated
lo
ss o
f lig
ht
ends
fro
m
the
carg
o.
Zhan
azol
Jan-
0638
2,3
4,0
-48
420
5,9
No
heat
21
10
Zuat
a M
ediu
mN
ov-1
122
0,4
1,5
-27
2520
59,4
No
heat
No
heat
No
heat
11
<2
Zuat
a Sw
eet
Oct
-08
310,
91,
5-2
815
209,
7N
o he
at1
1<
5
Zuet
ina
Dec
-11
404,
85,
01,
19,
53
632
3220
6,3
306,
035
No
heat
No
heat
77
<5
0,
12Th
is c
rude
m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
wax
la
ydow
n in
col
d co
nditi
ons.
H
eatin
g to
30
°C
and
fu
ll cy
cle
was
hing
m
ay b
e re
quire
d.
B.2
C
RU
DE
OIL
DA
TA S
HEE
TS (
con
tin
ued
)
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
62
ANNEX CGLOSSARY OF TERMS
The general definitions (HM 0) regarding Cargo Inspection Procedures are available free of charge as a downloadable PDF document from the EI website https://www.publishing.energyinst.org
asphaltenes Wax free material, insoluble in heptane but soluble in hot benzene.
ballast Specific ballast terms are as follows:
Water taken on board when a vessel is empty or partially loaded/discharged to increase draught so that the propeller is fully immersed, stability and trim are maintained, and stresses minimised.
clean ballast Ballast contained in cargo tanks that have been COW’d and thoroughly water washed. It may be discharged to sea and meets MARPOL requirements.
departure ballast Ballast taken on board prior to departure. If loaded into tanks that have previously contained cargo it may contain traces of oil and be termed dirty ballast.
heavy weather ballast Additional ballast loaded into cargo tanks to enable the vessel to maintain a safe seagoing condition under extreme weather conditions.
segregated ballast Ballast that is contained in dedicated ballast tanks serviced by dedicated ballast pumps and lines with no permanent connection to the cargo system.
bottom wash Crude oil washing operations restricted to the lower parts of the tank bulkheads, internal structures and bottom of tanks. This can only be carried out by vessels equipped with programmable tank-washing machines.
clingage Material which adheres to the surfaces of tank walls and structures, both horizontal and vertical, within empty and part empty tanks, other than bottom surfaces.
cloud point For the purposes of this document, a calculated temperature (ºC) as defined in 9.8.
crude oil For the purposes of these guidelines crude oil types have been sub-divided as follows (see ballast).
aromatic crude oil See high viscosity crude oil.
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
63
high viscosity crude oil A crude oil which due to its viscosity alone requires heating during transportation, COW or discharge. These types of crude oil generally have a high aromatic content and may have the designation aromatic crude oil.
volatile crude oil Crude oil, having a high concentration of components boiling below ambient temperature (gas to C4), which results in excessive gas evolution if used as a COW medium.
waxy paraffinic crude oil A crude oil which, by function of its total wax content , requires heating to prevent sludge deposition during transportation and discharge.
crude oil washing (COW) The use of a high-pressure stream of crude oil cargo to dislodge or dissolve clingage and sediments from the bulkheads, bottom and internal tank structures of a vessel during the discharge operation.
cutter stock Diluent material used for tank washing, acting as a solvent or viscosity reducer to enable better recovery of ROB. It may be heated.
full cycle washing Crude oil washing operation in which the complete cargo tank is washed.
gas to C4 An abbreviation for the percent mass of hydrocarbon gases at normal temperature and pressure from C1 to C4 inclusive, present in crude oil.
inert gas (IG) A gas or gas mixture used to render the vapour space above the cargo non-flammable.
IMO International Maritime Organization
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ISGOTT International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals
MARPOL The Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, amended 1992.
on board quantity (OBQ) Sum of measured liquid volume, including free water and measured non-liquid volume but excluding any vapours, in cargo tanks prior to loading.
pour point The lowest temperature (ºC) at which an oil will continue to flow when it is cooled under specified standard conditions.
remaining on board (ROB) Sum of measured liquid volume, including free water, and measured non-liquid volume but excluding vapours, in cargo tanks on completion of discharge.
This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100
HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
64
reid vapour pressure (RVP) Absolute pressure exerted by the gas produced by evaporation from the liquid, as measured by Reid apparatus under the specific conditions of test temperature, vapour/liquid ratio and air saturation.
segregated ballast tankers (SBTs)
Vessels having sufficient dedicated ballast tanks to enable safe seagoing operations under normal weather conditions. See also heavy weather ballast.
slop tank(s) For the purposes of these guidelines tank(s) utilised as a reservoir for COW medium and receipt of tank washings.
stripping The removal of the final contents of a cargo tank using equipment additional to the main cargo pumps.
threshold limit value (TLV) The time-weighted average concentration of a substance to which workers may be repeatedly exposed, for a normal eight-hour workday or 40-hour workweek, day after day without adverse effect.
trim The difference between the fore and aft draught of the vessel. When the aft draught is greater than the forward draught, the vessel is said to be trimmed 'by the stern'. When the aft draught is less than the forward draught, the vessel is said to be trimmed 'by the head'.
true vapour pressure (TVP) The absolute pressure exerted by the gas produced by evaporation from a liquid, when the gas and liquid are in equilibrium at the prevailing temperature.
viscosity A measurement of a fluid’s resistance to flow at a prescribed temperature. In this document the unit of mm2/s has been used which is equivalent to centistoke (cSt) .
volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
A large family of carbon-containing compounds which are emitted or evaporate into the atmosphere and can take part in photochemical reactions in the air.
wax A mixture of long chain hydrocarbons that crystallise at different temperatures as the overall fluid temperature falls.
wax/sediment = sludge That element of the material in a ship’s cargo tank which is essentially not free flowing. It consists of hydrocarbon waxes and may contain water/oil emulsions and sediments.
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HM 40: GUIDELINES FOR THE CRUDE OIL WASHING OF SHIPS’ TANKS AND THE HEATING OF CRUDE OIL BEING TRANSPORTED BY SEA
65
ANNEX DREFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following standards and papers have been used in the preparation of this document. The latest editions should be referred to in all cases.
ASTM (https://www.astm.org/)
ASTM Annual book of standards, Section: 5, Petroleum products, lubricants, and fossil fuels
EI (https://www.energyinst.org)
The IP Standard methods for analysis and testing of petroleum and related products, and British Standard 2000 Parts
EI HM 69 Procedures for determining H2S concentrations in cargo head spaces
IMO (http://www.imo.org/EN/Pages/Default.aspx)
Articles, protocol, annexes and unified intepretations of the international convention for the preventions of pollutons from ships, 1973 as modified by the 1978 and 1997 Protocols. (MARPOL)
Crude oil washing systems
International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments
Revised specifications for the design, operation and control of crude oil washing systems, IMO resolution A.446 (XI) as amended A.496 (XII)
Intertanko (https://www.intertanko.com/)
Cloud point and crude oil washing, T.J. Gunner, October 1995, published by INTERTANKO.
Witherby Seamanship International (http://www.witherbyseamanship.com/)
International safety guide for oil tankers and terminals
Other
API/ASTM/IP Petroleum Measurement Tables
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This publication has been produced as a result of work carried out within the Technical Team of the Energy Institute (EI), funded by the EI’s Technical Partners and other stakeholders. The EI’s Technical Work Programme provides industry with cost effective, value adding knowledge on key current and future issues affecting those operating in the energy sector, both in the UK and beyond.
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This document is issued with a single user licence to the EI registered subscriber: [email protected]: This document is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. It may only be used in accordance with the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored, or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e:[email protected] t:+44 (0)207 467 7100