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http://foothillsri.ca/sites/default/files/null/HLP_2009_12_Prsnttn_InfoSession_DecayDynamicsofCoarsewoodHabitatinOldGrowthSpruceandPineStands.pdf
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Decay dynamics of coarsewood habitat in old-growth spruce and pine stands
Eileen L. Jones and Lori D. DanielsDepartment of Geography,
University of British Columbia
Coarsewood Pathways
Terrestrial Coarsewood Functions
substrate for plants and fungus
wildlife habitat
habitat for invertebrates and microorganisms
nutrient and carbon cycles
geomorphology
Research Questions
1. (a) How abundant are spruce and pine snags and logs on the landscape?
(b) What is their distribution of decay classes and wildlife habitat functions?
2. (a) When did the snags and logs die?
(b) How does time since death vary among decay classes?
Conservation and management implications?
MethodsSA
Hinton
SB
SC, SD, SE
PA, PB
PE
PC, PD
Methods
Coarsewood Census
SNAGS
Spruce: 508 ± 188 per ha
Pine: 298 ± 259 per ha
LOGS
Spruce: 468 ± 113 per ha
Pine: 545 ± 73 per ha
Coarsewood Census
Perc
ent
020406080 (b) Site SB (n=91)
(f) Site PA (n=38)
(g) Site PB (n=53)
(h) Site PC (n=9)
(i) Site PD (n=14)
Decay Class3 4 5 6
(j) Site PE (n=5)
Decay Class3 4 5 6
Perc
ent
020406080 (e) Site SE (n=23)
Perc
ent
020406080 (d) Site SD (n=15)
Per
cent
020406080 (c) Site SC (n=40)
Perc
ent
020406080 (a) Site SA (n=34)
SNAGS
Coarsewood Census
(f) Site PA (n=43)
(g) Site PB (n=50)
(h) Site PC (n=49)
(i) Site PD (n=39)
Decay Class1 2 3 4 5
(j) Site PE (n=37)
Decay Class1 2 3 4 5
Perc
ent
020406080 (e) Site SE (n=32)
Perc
ent
020406080 (d) Site SD (n=53)
Perc
ent
020406080 (c) Site SC (n=34)
Perc
ent
020406080 (b) Site SB (n=31)
Perc
ent
020406080 (a) Site SA (n=37)
LOGS
potential c
avities
existin
g cavit
iescra
cks/l
oose bark
nest su
pports
feedinghuntin
g perches
conce
aled space
s
Freq
uenc
y
0
10
20
30
40
50D ecay C lass 3D ecay C lass 4 D ecay C lass 5
Snag Census: Wildlife Use
SPRUCE
potential c
avities
existin
g cavit
iescra
cks/l
oose bark
nest su
pports
feedinghuntin
g perches
conce
aled space
s
Freq
uenc
y
0
10
20
30
40
50D ecay C lass 3D ecay C lass 4 D ecay C lass 5
Snag Census: Wildlife Use
decay-softened inner wood for cavity excavation
http://fishandgame.idaho.govSPRUCE
potential c
avities
existin
g cavit
iescra
cks/l
oose bark
nest su
pports
feedinghuntin
g perches
conce
aled space
s
Freq
uenc
y
0
10
20
30
40
50D ecay C lass 3D ecay C lass 4 D ecay C lass 5
Snag Census: Wildlife Use
cracks or loose bark for reproduction and resting
http://fireflyforest.net
SPRUCE
potential c
avities
existin
g cavit
iescra
cks/l
oose bark
nest su
pports
feedinghuntin
g perches
conce
aled space
s
Freq
uenc
y
0
10
20
30
40
50D ecay C lass 3D ecay C lass 4 D ecay C lass 5
Snag Census: Wildlife Use
large branches or broken tops to support large nests
http://ecotravel.ctaudubon.orgSPRUCE
Snag Census: Wildlife Use
SPRUCE
PINE
poten
tial c
avitie
sex
isting
cavit
iescra
cks/l
oose
bark
nest
supp
orts
feedin
ghu
nting
perch
esco
ncea
led sp
aces
Freq
uenc
y
0
10
20
30
40
50Decay Class 3Decay Class 4 Decay Class 5
poten
tial c
avitie
sex
isting
cavit
iescra
cks/l
oose
bark
nest
supp
orts
feedin
ghu
nting
perch
esco
ncea
led sp
aces
Freq
uenc
y
0
10
20
30
40
50Decay Class 3Decay Class 4 Decay Class 5
large
spac
es
small
spac
es
long s
pace
s
trave
l lane
s
feedin
g
Freq
uenc
y
0
50
100
150
200Decay Class 1Decay Class 2 Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4
Log Census: Wildlife Use
SPRUCE
large
spac
es
small
spac
es
long s
pace
s
trave
l lane
s
feedin
g
Freq
uenc
y
0
50
100
150
200Decay Class 1Decay Class 2 Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4
Log Census: Wildlife Use
small concealed spaces for reproduction and resting
SPRUCE http://www.premiumpestmanagement.com
large
spac
es
small
spac
es
long s
pace
s
trave
l lane
s
feedin
g
Freq
uenc
y
0
50
100
150
200Decay Class 1Decay Class 2 Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4
Log Census: Wildlife Use
exposed, raised travel lanes
SPRUCE http://www.crcd.org
large
spac
es
small
spac
es
long s
pace
s
trave
l lane
s
feedin
g
Freq
uenc
y
0
50
100
150
200Decay Class 1Decay Class 2 Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4
Log Census: Wildlife Use
invertebrates in wood
SPRUCE http://fishandgame.idaho.gov
large
spac
es
small
spac
es
long s
pace
s
trave
l lane
s
feedin
g
Freq
uenc
y
0
50
100
150
200Decay Class 1Decay Class 2 Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4
Log Census: Wildlife Use
SPRUCE
PINE
large
spac
es
small
spac
es
long s
pace
s
trave
l lane
s
feedin
g
Freq
uenc
y
0
50
100
150
200Decay Class 1Decay Class 2 Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4
Year of Death (YOD) = calendar year of outer ring
Time Since Death = 2008 – YOD = snag or log age
“old” = snag or log that has been dead for a long time
Time Since Death (years since 2008)
0 40 80 120 160 200
pine snags (n=40)
Time Since Death (years since 2008)
0 40 80 120 160 200
Freq
uenc
y
0
2
4
6
8
10spruce snags (n=37)
Time Since Death (years since 2008)
0 40 80 120 160 200
pine logs (n=46)
Time Since Death (years since 2008)
0 40 80 120 160 200
Freq
uenc
y
0
2
4
6
8
10spruce logs (n=44)
Time Since Death
Time Since Death: Variability Across Decay Classes
Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4 Decay Class 5
Tim
e Si
nce
Dea
th (y
ears
prio
r to
2008
)
0
50
100
150
200snags
An=17
Bn=39
Cn=21
Decay Class 1 Decay Class 2 Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4Ti
me
Sinc
e D
eath
(yea
rs p
rior t
o 20
08)
0
50
100
150
200logs
Cn=27
Cn=40
Bn=17
An=6
SNAGS LOGS
poten
tial c
avitie
sex
isting
cavit
iescra
cks/l
oose
bark
nest
supp
orts
feedin
ghu
nting
perch
esco
ncea
led sp
aces
Freq
uenc
y
0
10
20
30
40
50Decay Class 3Decay Class 4 Decay Class 5
poten
tial c
avitie
sex
isting
cavit
iescra
cks/l
oose
bark
nest
supp
orts
feedin
ghu
nting
perch
esco
ncea
led sp
aces
Freq
uenc
y
0
10
20
30
40
50Decay Class 3Decay Class 4 Decay Class 5
REMINDERCoarsewood Census: Wildlife Use
SNAGS LOGS
SPRUCE
PINE
large
spac
es
small
spac
es
long s
pace
s
trave
l lane
s
feedin
g
Freq
uenc
y
0
50
100
150
200Decay Class 1Decay Class 2 Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4
large
spac
es
small
spac
es
long s
pace
s
trave
l lane
s
feedin
g
Freq
uenc
y
0
50
100
150
200Decay Class 1Decay Class 2 Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4
Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4 Decay Class 5
Tim
e Si
nce
Dea
th (y
ears
prio
r to
2008
)
0
50
100
150
200
An=17
Bn=39
Cn=21
Snag Decay Class 2
Time Since Death: 3-19 years
11% of habitat function:
• cavities for reproduction and
resting
• nest supports
Time Since Death: 7-34 years
1% of habitat function:
• hunting perches
Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4 Decay Class 5
Tim
e Si
nce
Dea
th (y
ears
prio
r to
2008
)
0
50
100
150
200
An=17
Bn=39
Cn=21
Snag Decay Class 4
Time Since Death: 54-180 years
8% of habitat function:
• cavities for reproduction and
resting
• feeding substrates
Time Since Death: 40-142 years
51% of habitat function:
• cavities for reproduction and
resting
• nest supports
• feeding substrates
• hunting perches
Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4 Decay Class 5
Tim
e Si
nce
Dea
th (y
ears
prio
r to
2008
)
0
50
100
150
200
An=17
Bn=39
Cn=21
Snag Decay Class 3
Time Since Death: 2-168 years
73% of habitat function:
• cavities for reproduction and
resting
• nest supports
• feeding substrates
• hunting perches
• concealed spaces
Time Since Death: 6-64 years
48% of habitat function:
• cavities for reproduction and
resting
• nest supports
• feeding substrates
• hunting perches
• concealed spaces
Decay Class 1 Decay Class 2 Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4
Tim
e Si
nce
Dea
th (y
ears
prio
r to
2008
)
0
50
100
150
200logs
Cn=27
Cn=40
Bn=17
An=6
Log Decay Class 2
Time Since Death: 0-24 years
7% of habitat function:
• large concealed spaces
Time Since Death: 6-76 years
8% of habitat function:
• large concealed spaces
Log Decay Class 4
Time Since Death: 20-125 years
26% of habitat function:
• small concealed spaces
• long concealed spaces
• feeding substrates
Time Since Death: 23-133 years
28% of habitat function:
• small concealed spaces
• feeding substrates
Decay Class 1 Decay Class 2 Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4
Tim
e Si
nce
Dea
th (y
ears
prio
r to
2008
)
0
50
100
150
200logs
Cn=27
Cn=40
Bn=17
An=6
Log Decay Class 3
Time Since Death: 15-175 years
65% of habitat function:
• small concealed spaces
• large concealed spaces
• travel lanes
• feeding substrate
Time Since Death: 12-95 years
64% of habitat function:
• small concealed spaces
• large concealed spaces
• travel lanes
• feeding substrate
Decay Class 1 Decay Class 2 Decay Class 3 Decay Class 4
Tim
e Si
nce
Dea
th (y
ears
prio
r to
2008
)
0
50
100
150
200logs
Cn=27
Cn=40
Bn=17
An=6
Habitat Conservation
intermediate decay classes = most function
94% logs, 33% snags at least one function
....only 11% snags have more than one function
.... 91% logs have more than one function
Habitat Conservation
• abundance and diversity
• rare functions
Management Implications
• long-term planning
• decision-support tool
• old forests
Acknowledgements
Evan Henderson, Amy Nicoll, Julia Maddison, Kylie McLeod, Abha Parajulee, Raphael Chavardes
Lori Daniels, Valerie LeMay, R. Dan Moore