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7/27/2019 Hla Oo's Blog_ Bengali-Muslims Mujahid Insurgency (1948-1954)
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hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/2012/06/bengali-muslims-mujahid-insurgency-1948.html
The massive Bengali population
starving from frequently occurring
famines in India was one of the main
reasons for that relentless tide of
Bengali Muslims into the Arrakan.
In 1939 the British colonial
government established a
Commission of Inquiry to investigate
the rapid increase of Bengali-Muslims
in the Arrakan from 30,000 in 1825
to 217 ,800 in 1930. That Commission
reported back that there would beracial strife between the Yakhine-
Buddhists and Bengali-Muslims in a
very near futur e if the relent less
Muslim tide across the border wasnt
stopped or restricted at least.
And the rac ial tro uble s betwee n the
Buddhist natives and the Muslim
newcomers were simmering and finally blew up as the Second World War had reached
Burma and the Arrakan became a dangerous no-man land between the Imperial Japanese
army and massive British 14th army facing off on the I ndia-Burma borde r.
First Bengali-Muslim Riots (1942)
During sudden British withdrawal from Burma in 1942 there were many war weapons and
ammunitions left by the withdrawing British forces in the A rrakan. The arms from Burmeseand Karen troops of British army were left with the Buddhist Yakhines (Arr akanese) and the
Indian soldiers into the hands of Bengali-Muslim crowd in the Maungdaw-Butheetaung area.
That abundance of war weapons
eventually ignited the first Buddhist-
Muslim race r iots in the A rrakan in mid
1942. The disturbances started from the
cases of violent robbery committed by
the armed Buddhist Yakhines against
the Indian refugees fleeing from the
Japanese army in Burma through the
Taunggup Pass.
The armed Y akhine Buddhists were also
attacking and lootings the neighboring
Bengali-Muslim villages and thehostilities broke out into a full scale
riots as foreseen by the British
Commission of Inquiry as the armed
Bengali-Muslims retaliated by attacking
and looting the Buddhist Yakhine
v illage s.
Even the Yakhine District administrator
ICS (Indian Civil Servic e) U Kyaw Khine was killed by the Bengalis and countless number o f
Y akhine s had to flee into e ithe r the British-co ntro lled Chit ago ng ter rito ry or dee p down into
the Southern Arrakan as the genocidal Bengali Muslims there cleansed the Yakhines and
destroyed all the remaining Buddhist villages in their predominantly-Muslim are of
Maungdaw and Butheetaung.
By late 1942 the whole Maungdaw-Butheetauung territory was firmly in the hands of armed
Bengali-Muslims.
BIA Attempts to Reclaim Burma's Lost Territory
At the beg inning of Japanese
occupation of Burma Bo Yan Aung-
led BIA (Burmese Independence
Ar my ) units in Ar raka n tried
unsuccessfully to recapture the lost
territory from the Muslims.
Two senior BIA officers Bo Yan
Naung and Bo Myo Nyunt were
killed in Maungdaw by the Bengali-
Muslims and BIA attempts for
reconciliation between Yakhine-
Dead on the streets during 1 94 3 Bengal Famine.
A st ar v in g ch il d i n East -Pa ki st a n (Ba n g la de sh ).
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8/26/13 Hla Oo's Blog: Bengali-Muslims Mujahid Insurgency (1948-1954)
hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/2012/06/bengali-muslims-mujahid-insurgency-1948.html
Buddhists and Bengali-Muslims had
failed miserably .
From 1942 till the British recapture
of Burma in 1945 Bengali-Muslims
had completely controlled the
Maungdaw-Butheetaung region and
the illegal mass immigration
continued unabated.
Beginning of the
Mujahidin Insurgency
(1947)
During the British Military
Administ rat ion per iod after the British re-o cc upation o f Bur ma the Y akhine refugees from
both Chitago ng a rea and other parts of Ar rakan were res ett led bac k int o the ir old v illage s
with the he lp of Brit ish ar my .
But the Bengali-Muslims now oc cupying the old Y akhine villages had refused to accept the
original native Yakhins and by violent means created a hostile environment for the
returnees as they now believed in their make-believe dream of creating a strict Muslim
enclave r uled by the Sharia Law in the Maungdaw-Butheetaung region as a part o f the newly-
established East-Pakistan (Now Bangladesh).
An Islamic militant party Jami-a -tul Ulema -e Islam led by the Chairm an Omra Meah was
formed. And with the material support of Ulnar Mohammad Muzahid Khan and Molnar
Ibrahim from Pakistan the Mujahidin insurgency was initiated to invad e Arr akan and absorbthe land into the East-Pakistan.
The Mujahid armed insurgents began their subversive activities in the Maungdaw-North
area and later ex panded into the Maungdaw-South region. A long-term criminal and major
rice-smuggler named A bdul Kasim was the leader o f Mujahid in Maungdaw-South.
Bengali-Muslims Bloody Jihad on Burma
(Following is excerpt from Dr. Aye Chans Paper On the Mujahid Rebellion in Arrakan
read in the International Conference of Southeast Asian Studies at Pusan University of
Fore ign Studie s, Repu blic of Kore a on June 2 -3 , 20 11 .)
The Mujahids of Chittagonian Muslims
from North Arakan declared jihad on
Burma after the central government
refused to grant a separate Muslim statein the two townships, Buthidaung and
Maungdaw that lie along the East
Pakistani (present-day Bangladeshi)
borde r.
The Mujahid movement launched before
Burma gained independence and hassled
the resettlement program for the refugees
in the Buthidaung and Maungdaw
Townships. During the war, the A rakanese
inhabitants of Buthidaung and Maungdaw
were for ce d to leav e their h ome s.
The people of Buthidaung fled to
Kyauktaw and Minbya where the
Ar akane se wer e the majo rity. TheAr akane se from Maungda w were
evacuated to Dinajpur in East Bengal by
the British officials. Even though the
British administration was reestablished after the war, the Arakanese were unable to return
to their homes.
Following exce rpt is from the Report o f the Commissioners Office of Arakan, dated the 1 8th
April, 19 47 (The Nat ional Archiv es, Lo ndon, FO 643/ 7 4.
For want of funds only 27 7 out of about 2400 indigenous Arakanese, who were displaced
from Buthidaung and Maungdaw Tow nships after the British ev acuatio n in 19 42, co uld be
resettled on the sites of their original homes. There are also two thousand Arakanese
Buddhist refuge s brought fo r fear of Muslims thre ate ning and frighte ning the m by firing
machine guns near the villages at night. While o ur hands are full with internally displaced
refugees we cannot take the responsibility for repatriation of the Muslim refugees from the
Bo Yan Aun g (front-left) and BIA officers (19 42).
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Sabirnag ar camp w hic h the go ve rnment of India is pre ssing.
The Muslim refugees from the camp at Subirnagar were also unable to resettle in the interior
part of Akyab District at Alegyun, Apaukwa and Gobedaung. All 3,000 of them were first
sent to A kyab Island. Two Muslim Relief Committees were formed in A kyab and Buthidaung
in order to give assistance possible to refugees. The proposal to send about 1,500 refugees
in small batches to the Muslim villages in Buthidaung Township for the time being was
accepted. The District Welfare Officer was instructed to work o ut the ex pense for transport
and supporting b uilding materials.
In A ugust 1947 , the Sub-Divisional Officer of Maungdaw, U Tun Oo, was br utally murder ed
by the Muslims. The Commissio ner o f Ara kan re ports:
I have no doubt that this is a result of a long fostered communal feeling by
the Muslims. The assassins who committed the murder were suspected to be
employed by the Muslim Police Officers and have been organizing strong
Muslim feel ing s an d dom inating the whole areas. This is a direc t affro nt and
open challenge to the lawful authority of the Burma Government by the
Muslim Com mun ity of Buth idaung and Maungdaw Townships who se
economic invasion of this country was fostered during the British regime.
Unless this most dastardly flouting of the government is firmly and severely
dealt with, this alien community will try to annex this territory or instigate
Pakistan to an nex it.
The newly independent republic had to co pe with the insurgency of Karen ethnic group and
the communists in the country after gaining independence in 1948. Major cities were
captured by the Communists and Karen rebels. Two battalions of its regular army went
underground to join the communists. The Capital City, Rangoon, was surrounded by the
Karen rebels. The Union gover nment was scrawled in the international newspapers with theepithet of Rangoon Government. In such a situation only a few hundreds troops from the
Battalion (5) were sent to the western front to fight the Mujahids. About the objective and
strength of the Mujahids, the British Embassy in Rangoon reports to the Foreign Office in
London on February 12, 1949.
It is hard to say whether the ultimate object of the Muslims is that their separate state
should remain within the Union or not, but it seems likely that e ven an autonomo us state
within the Union would necessarily be drawn towards Pakistan. The Mujahids seem also
to have taken arms in about October last, although this does not exclude the possibility
that some have not gone underground and are still trying to obtain their objective by
agitation only. There are perhaps 500 Muslims under arms, although the to tal number of
supporters of the movement is greater.
Buthidaung and Maungdaw were
under the control of the government
forces but the countryside around
the town was out of control.
One report gives a detailed account
of the visit of Prime Minister U Nu
and the Supreme Commander of the
Burmese Army, Lieutenant General
Smith Dun to Akyab in October of
1948.
It says that the local o fficials in East
Pakistan provided information and
aid to the insurgents from across the
borde r. The Sub-Div isional Officer
and the Township Officer from Coxs
Bazaar were reported to have
supplied the Muslim guerrillas with
arms and ammunition. The wounded
rebels were apparently able to ob tain treatment from the hospital in Cox s Bazaar.
Ac co rding to the report of the Deputy Commissioner of Chittagong Hill Trac ts, both the
commissioner and the Burmese officials were informed that the two Mujahid leaders, Jaffar
Meah and Omra Meah, were hiding in Balukhali village in East Pakistan, near to the Burmese
borde r.
The British Embassy in Rangoon sent a confidential letter to the High Commissioner for the
United Kingdom in Pakistan on February 28, 1949; this letter dealt with the probability of
prov ocation and interference from loc al Pakistani officials on the other side of the bor der. It
reads:
In spite o f the correct attitude o f the Pakistan Central Government there have been fairly
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Hla Oo
,
Born in a Burmese
jun gle n ear Py in-m a-na rwh ile m y par ent s wer e
Communist guerrilla s. I basically gr ew
up in the Aung-San-Thuria-Hla-Thaung
Cadet School of Burm ese Army and I was
once a boy soldier in the ar my for alm ost
two years till I deserted in early 1974. I
gradua ted from Rangoon Institute of
Technology in 1 980 and I was a tutor for
one year in RIT Mechanical Engineering
Department and an engineer for 3 years
in Burm a Irrigation. I then worked in
Bangkok, Sydney , KL, Toky o, and New
York . I wa s a m ech an ic, produc tion
supervisor, and production manager t ill
19 95 wh en I started my own business of
importing prawn meat from Burma.
That business failed and for last 1 5 y ears
I had had my own little fund trading
stocks, equity futu res, and curr encies.
But now I am ju st a struggling semi-
retired writer/blogger/day-trader
wa iti ng to meet m y ma ker . Wr iti ng i s
my hobby and Burma naturally is my
main interest.
Vi ew m y compl ete pr ofile
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http://www.blogger.com/profile/06967339572753775591http://www.blogger.com/profile/06967339572753775591http://hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2010-01-01T00:00:00-05:00&updated-max=2011-01-01T00:00:00-05:00&max-results=26http://void%280%29/http://hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2011-01-01T00:00:00-05:00&updated-max=2012-01-01T00:00:00-05:00&max-results=50http://void%280%29/http://hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/2012_01_01_archive.htmlhttp://void%280%29/http://hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/2012_02_01_archive.htmlhttp://void%280%29/http://hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/2012_03_01_archive.htmlhttp://void%280%29/http://hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/2012_04_01_archive.htmlhttp://void%280%29/http://hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/2012_05_01_archive.htmlhttp://void%280%29/http://hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/2012/06/its-time-for-assk-to-get-serious-about.htmlhttp://hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/2012/06/assk-faces-westminster-hall-ban-in.htmlhttp://hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/2012/06/arrakan-boiling-with-anti-islamic-fever.htmlhttp://hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/2012/06/rioting-bengali-muslims-killing.htmlhttp://hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/2012/06/rioting-bengali-muslims-killing_09.htmlhttp://hlaoo1980.blogspot.com/2012/06/burma-declares-state-of-emergency-in.htmlhttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-556DGFosiDM/T95UJflkCTI/AAAAAAAAC2I/FTj6dZMVwpw/s1600/BangladeshBurmaMap.png7/27/2019 Hla Oo's Blog_ Bengali-Muslims Mujahid Insurgency (1948-1954)
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reliable reports that their local officials in, for instance, Coxs Bazaar have actively helped
Muslim guerrillas. Y ou y ourselv es are we ll aw are o f the pro-guerrilla att itude in t his affair
of the Pakistan district officers. The Pakistan Government must also be aware of it, and we
feel that if th ey d o not curb the se officials the y may ru n the risks of p rov oking A nti-Muslim
riots in Akyab district as bad as th ose w hich oc curred during the w ar.
The main financial source o f the Mujahid Party was the smuggling of rice from Arakan to East
Pakistan. Their actions were all part of an ov erall strategy to prev ent the gov ernment forces
from enforcing the prohibition rice export. It has been reported that even the Muslim
leaders, Sultan Ahmed and Omra Meah were involv ed in this illegal border tr ade.
To solve the prob lem of this rice shor tage in the Chittagong District of East Pakistan, regional
officials seem to have sought cooperation with the Mujahid leaders. For many years theMujahid Party leaders mono polized the smuggling of rice acro ss the border.
T he main objectiv e of the Mujahid rebellion was to absorb the western frontier
of Burma int o East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh).
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The newspaper, On May 18, 1949, The Hindustan Standard newspaper, repo rted about the
following about the Mujahids.
A dangerous aspect of this fighting is its international aspect: the Moslem
insurgents have been carrying the Pakistani flag, and many of them clamor
for th e inc orporation of th is en d of Arakan with Pakistan . It was suspec ted
that they drew arms from across the border; the Governme nt, however, is now
satisfied that their rifles and ammunition are old stocks, left behind by the
Japan ese and British . The great m ajorit y of Arakan Moslem s are said to be
really Pakistanis from Chittagong, even if they have been settled here for a
generation. Out o f the 13 0,000 here, 80,000 are still Pakistani citizens.
When India, Pakista n and Burma gaine d independenc e, the immig rant s from British India
were granted the cho ice of cit izenship in e ithe r India or Pakista n. They co uld also choo se
Burmese citizenship if they were so inclined. The Pakistani Gov ernment was very anxiousthat the Burmese Gov ernment would use brutal tactics to suppress the r ebellion.
Pakistan feared that the atro cities in the Burmese border r egions would lead to anti-Burma
demonstrations in Pakistan, which might in turn instigate Anti-Pakistan riots in Burma. Such
situation would be very dangerous for the Pakistani residing in Burma. It was reported that
6,000 to 7 ,000 refugees had arrived in East Pakistan. The authorities in Karachi were also
concer ned about the co mmunists infiltrating into Pakistan with the refugees.
In the Aky ab District of Arakan it was reported that only the town and island of Akyab were
firmly in the hands of the Burmese government. Conditions had deteriorated following the
withd rawa l o f the only Burmese Ar my battalion (Burm a Rifle 5). The CPB (Communist Party
of Burma) went underground in March 1948, and its followers in Arakan reached an
agreement with the Mujahid Party to fight the gov ernment forces jointly.
The government of Pakistan was informed that the Communist Party of East Bengal had
instructed its members to establish contacts with the Muslim communists in Arakan and
persuade them to infiltrate the Coxs Bazaar subdivision to organize Muslim cultivator s for a
revolt against the government of Burma had fallen to the communists, as evidenced by the
following rec ord (of communications be tween British Embassies in Rangoon and Karachi):
This is borne out by a conversation which the Commissioner of Chittagong
Division recen tly with one of th e Mujah id leade rs who said th at th e early
agreement with the communists was that when the Burmese Government was
overthrown, the Communists will leave Mujahid territory to become an
independent state.
On June 17 , 1949 the British Embassy in
Rangoon sent a telegram to the Foreign
Office in Londo n abou t the fall of two district
headquarters into communist hands.
Sandoway fell on June 9, and Kyaupyu on
June 10, as the result of a mutiny by the
Union Military Police and levy garrisons in
collusion with the local communists. The
situation in Akyab was uncertain, and all air
service s were suspended
A clim ate of mistr ust and fear betwee n the
Buddhist Arakanese and Muslim
Chittagonians was growing, despite a peace
mission sent by the Union government to
North Arakan. Muslim leaders, carrying a
credential from Premier Nu, were in contact
with the insur gent Muslims and per suad ed
them to lay down their arms and drop their
demand for autonomy.
Burma's Yakhine State (Arrakan).
Northern Arra kan by the Bangladeshi border.
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The mission was not successful because it was more of a communal violence than a
rebellion. The prestigious newspaper of India, The Hindustan Standard, on May 18, 1 949
reported:
These guerrilla operations are less a Muslim insurrection against the government than
communal action against the Arakanese a prolongation of the Muslim-Buddhist riots of
1942 .The Moslems, natives of Chittago ng in wha t is now part of Pakistan fear oppression
by the Arakanese. The Arakanese, the intensely clannish community less than a million
strong, hate their Buddhist Kith and kin, and are afraid of losing their identity in the
growing Chittagongese population. Neither trusts the either.
The cooperation between the two countries improved the situation at the border after theinstructions from Karachi were strictly enforced. In order to advance their joint operation
and communications an agreement was reached for the establishment of a Pakistani
Consulate in Akyab and a Burmese Consulate in Chittagong. Mohamed Ali, Pakistans High
Commissioner de signated to Canada, after relinquishing his post as ambassador to Burma,
sent a statement to the press. He said that the impact o f communist infiltration into Pakistan
was be ing weakened by the joint ope rat ion o f the two co untr ies.
At the same time the Pakista ni gov ernment w as p ers uading the refugee s fro m A rakan to lay
down their arms and to ar range for their repatriation when the co nditions in Burma became
more settled. Reuters reported that the governments of Burma and Pakistan were
cooperating to restore peace in Arakan. Their cooperation was further displayed with units
of East Pakistan Rifles being stationed along the border to cooperate with their Burmese
counterparts.
However, since the middle of 1949, the Burmese Armys offensive warfare was successful. As
a result all the towns and major cities under the control of the rebels were rec aptured. SadarAurengzeb Khan, Pakista ni amb assad or to Burma, who v isite d the East Bengal (East
Pakistan), expressed confidence that the position of the Burmese Government was
improving and that the power o f the insurgents was on the decline.
The rebellion lasted one more de cade until the Mujahid Party surre ndered in 1960.
Military Operations against Bengali-Muslims Mujahid
Once the Mujadi rebellion started
the armed Bengali-Muslims killed
most of the Yakhine Buddhists and
destroyed all the Yakhin villages in
the Maungdaw-North region.
Martial Law was declared in 1948
November as the rebellion greatlyintensified and the rebels even
surrounded the towns of
Butheetaung and Baw-li-bazar.
Only when the Fifth Battalion Burma
Rifles was sent into the region and
the Fifths devastating campaign
against the rebels the Mujahid
insurgency collapsed and the
Muslim insurgents fled to the jungles of northern Y akhine.
But the Burmese civil war had started in Proper-Burma and the Fifth Burma was brought
bac k to fight th e Karens digging in at I nsein in Rang oo n. Once the r egular Burme se ar my was
absent in the Ar rakan the Mujahids came back in and the insurgency flared up again as the
irregular Sitwundan armed-police battalions were unable to fight them.
The Second Chin Rifles was formed as an emergency measure to fight the Muslim Mujahid
and again the Mujahid had collapsed and disappeared back into the East Pakistan and the
northern jungles as the valiant Chins chased them all ove r Arr akan.
End of the Mujahid Insurgency
Burmese army had launched three major military operations against the Mujahid in
Northern Arrakan. First operation was in March 1950 , the second was the May-y u Operation
in October 1952, and the last one was Moat-thone Operation in October 1954.
Afte r the tot al co llapse th e Mujahids ended up on th e borderline as rice
smugglers and dacoits still terrorizing the Yakhine Buddhist population for
many years to come till they reinvented themselves as the Rohingyas and
started the internation-media and political and so-called human rights
Fifth Burm a Rifles Battal ion in Ar rakan .
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campaigns to re-establish their Bengali-Muslim enclave again in Bu rma.
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