HIV/AIDS: Population StudyHIV/AIDS: Population StudyHIV/AIDS: Population StudyHIV/AIDS: Population StudyBy: Kalen Burwell and Saswata SenguptaBy: Kalen Burwell and Saswata Sengupta

HIV/AIDS In Various LocalesHIV/AIDS In Various Locales

Experiment Questions: Does money and GDP weigh into the prevalence of AIDS/HIV ? Which nation is most severely afflicted by an AIDS epidemic ? Does the populations hit by HIV follow a logistic curve (In other words, does it level out or lead to a carrying capacity)?

Hypothesis: Our hypothesis is that money does affect AIDS/HIV population greatly, with more monetary assets the disease can be contained successfully.

HIV/AIDS PandemicHIV/AIDS PandemicPopulation Population

Dynamics:Dynamics:Case Studies-of Case Studies-of

VariousVariousGlobal CommunitiesGlobal Communities *Human Immunodeficiency Virus *Human Immunodeficiency Virus

may induce Acquired may induce Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), an utter collapse of the immune an utter collapse of the immune system causing individuals to system causing individuals to succumb to opportunistic infections. -succumb to opportunistic infections. -Included perils are staphylococcus Included perils are staphylococcus infections in addition to severe bouts infections in addition to severe bouts of pneumonia.of pneumonia.

SEM image of HIV-1 proliferating SEM image of HIV-1 proliferating themselves from cultured lymphocyte. themselves from cultured lymphocyte. The bumps are where the virus is The bumps are where the virus is replicating. Note rapid rate of growth. replicating. Note rapid rate of growth. By disabling these white blood cells, By disabling these white blood cells, the virus stifles the functions of the the virus stifles the functions of the immune system. immune system.

Classification, Structure and Classification, Structure and GenomeGenome

HIVHIV Family: Family: Retroviridae (Retrovirus)Retroviridae (Retrovirus) Genus: Genus: LentivirusLentivirus

-HIV is a retro virus which may lead to a failure of the immune system by progressing into -HIV is a retro virus which may lead to a failure of the immune system by progressing into AIDS. AIDS.

-It possesses the RNA genome and replicates using reverse transcription.-It possesses the RNA genome and replicates using reverse transcription.-Lack of proofreading as in typical DNA replication, the viral rate of growth is rapid. -Lack of proofreading as in typical DNA replication, the viral rate of growth is rapid. -Mutations are readily observable, they counter vaccines or develop resistance to -Mutations are readily observable, they counter vaccines or develop resistance to

medication used to temper the growth of HIV.medication used to temper the growth of HIV.Problems caused by HIV internally (Methods of disabling immune system):Problems caused by HIV internally (Methods of disabling immune system):. –Virii . –Virii

specialize and seek a particular variant or strain of cell to serve as a host for further specialize and seek a particular variant or strain of cell to serve as a host for further virion. virion.

-Virii are intracellular obligate parasites, meaning that they require a living organism to -Virii are intracellular obligate parasites, meaning that they require a living organism to sustain themselves (reproduce genes). Bacteriophages inject components of their sustain themselves (reproduce genes). Bacteriophages inject components of their respective genomes into host cells. respective genomes into host cells.

-The HIV virus targets T-cells of the immune system, however it may lay siege to the -The HIV virus targets T-cells of the immune system, however it may lay siege to the lymphatic and nervous systems as well. T-cells or Helper-T cells are white blood cells lymphatic and nervous systems as well. T-cells or Helper-T cells are white blood cells that serve as sentries warning other white blood cells of pathogens. -By attacking a T-that serve as sentries warning other white blood cells of pathogens. -By attacking a T-cell, the HIV converts it into a virus factory ready to explode. -When it does burst a cell, the HIV converts it into a virus factory ready to explode. -When it does burst a legion of virii are released into the bloodstream. -In this fashion, virtually all T-cells legion of virii are released into the bloodstream. -In this fashion, virtually all T-cells may be destroyed. Once an individual’s T-cell count is below 200, or 14%, the person may be destroyed. Once an individual’s T-cell count is below 200, or 14%, the person is diagnosed as having AIDS.is diagnosed as having AIDS.

Fluids that can transmit the Fluids that can transmit the Virus:Virus:

Blood Blood Semen Semen Ingestion of Large Ingestion of Large

Quantities of Breast Quantities of Breast MilkMilk

Secretions during Secretions during sexual intercourse sexual intercourse (fluids).(fluids).

Routes Of Routes Of Transmission:Transmission:

Unprotected Unprotected intercourseintercourse

Blood transfusionBlood transfusion By BirthBy Birth Needles/Substance Needles/Substance

AbuseAbuse

Fluids/Means Of Transfer That Fluids/Means Of Transfer That Do not serve as a carrier to the Do not serve as a carrier to the

virus:virus: Saliva Saliva TearsTears Insects that subsist on Insects that subsist on

bloodblood Fecal Matter Fecal Matter

(Stool)/Urine(Stool)/Urine Waste Waste ProductsProducts

**Note:Note: Each of these Each of these substances contain trace substances contain trace amounts of HIV, however, amounts of HIV, however, not enough to cause an not enough to cause an actual threat.actual threat.

Prevalence Of AIDS In Prevalence Of AIDS In AfricaAfrica

The HIV/AIDS rates are concentrated in The HIV/AIDS rates are concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa, around 2/3 of patients Sub-Saharan Africa, around 2/3 of patients diagnosed worldwide with the ailment diagnosed worldwide with the ailment reside in this area. reside in this area.

HIV Rates in Sub-Saharan HIV Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa Compared to the rest of Africa Compared to the rest of

the World:the World:

166%

234%

1 2

Africa

Rest of the World

AIDS in America AIDS in America

AIDS is also a problem in America. AIDS is also a problem in America. While cases are less extreme as Africa, While cases are less extreme as Africa, it still claims the lives of thousands. it still claims the lives of thousands.

Spread of AIDS In America

3100.40.2

2900.20.1

0 0.80 1.60 2.40 3.20 4Time (Month)

Healthy : AmericaHIV : AmericaAIDS : America

Spread of AIDS In America

3100.40.2

2900.20.1

0 0.80 1.60 2.40 3.20 4Time (Month)

Healthy : AmericaHIV : AmericaAIDS : America

Africa

8004020

40000

0 20 40 60 80 100Time (Month)

Healthy : Africa HIV : Africa AIDS : Africa

Netlogo Netlogo

Conclusion Conclusion

We have found that money does affect We have found that money does affect AIDS population, but only to an extent. AIDS population, but only to an extent. There are many other factors that influence There are many other factors that influence AIDS population, such as:AIDS population, such as:

Moral Principle/EthicsMoral Principle/Ethics AIDS Awareness classesAIDS Awareness classes Widespread AIDS testingWidespread AIDS testing Social Disparity Social Disparity

Citations:Citations:

www.aidsinafrica.netwww.aidsinafrica.net (affiliation: Digital Media Design: (affiliation: Digital Media Design: Neil, Halloran.Neil, Halloran.) ) University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania

The HIV Pandemic- Local and Global Implications: The HIV Pandemic- Local and Global Implications: Eduard J. Beck, Nicholas Eduard J. Beck, Nicholas Mays, Alan W. Whiteside, Joseph M. Zuniga. (RA 643.8, 2006)Mays, Alan W. Whiteside, Joseph M. Zuniga. (RA 643.8, 2006)

www.state.gov/issuesandpresswww.state.gov/issuesandpress AIDS In Africa: How the Poor are DyingAIDS In Africa: How the Poor are Dying Nana K. Poku Nana K. Poku www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htmwww.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htm --> Directories: ( --> Directories: (www.avert.orgwww.avert.org) )

JSTOR Articles: From HIV infection to AIDS: Christel Kamp and Stefan BornholdtJSTOR Articles: From HIV infection to AIDS: Christel Kamp and Stefan Bornholdt Advances In HIV Education and Prevention: Advances In HIV Education and Prevention: Jeffrey A. KellyJeffrey A. Kelly HIV/AIDS and Urbanization: HIV/AIDS and Urbanization: Tim DysonTim Dyson Can Principles Of Evolution and Ecology Be Applied To The Problem Of HIV Can Principles Of Evolution and Ecology Be Applied To The Problem Of HIV

Infection and AIDS ?: Infection and AIDS ?: Paul D. PowellPaul D. Powell Mathematical Modeling Of The Transmission Dynamics Of HIV Infection and Mathematical Modeling Of The Transmission Dynamics Of HIV Infection and

AIDS: A Review, AIDS: A Review, Valerie IshamValerie Isham