Hitler versus Stalin - The Second World War on the Eastern Front in photographs

8/9/2019 Hitler versus Stalin - The Second World War on the Eastern Front in photographs

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fadjhjwe}jal bem }tjcc`t`m set jl 5:5=( [}ehjl la} alhz tph`m ap}

fadjhjwe}jal dp} eh{a sj}bb`hm ep}batjwe}jal }a jlktè{` plj} tèmjl`{{

h`{} }bj{ $~tavake}jal$ ~tavjm`m C`tfelz sj}b e ~t`}`r} }a {}tji`,

Bj{ alhz kalk`{{jal se{ }a ect`` }a $kav`t} fadjhjwe}jal$ dz kehhjlc p~

t`{`tvj{}{ jl }b` cpj{ ao {pff`t fela`pvt`{,

[avj`} mj~hafekz mta~~`m ~`t{j{}`l} bjl}{ }be} $e ot`{b kaf~tafj{`$

sj}b D`thjl se{ ~a{{jdh` elm `v`l jl }b` a oojlc, @kalafjk {p~~hj { }a

C`tfelz }tel{~at}`m ehalc }b` ]tel{&[jd`tjel Tejhsez otaf }b`

[avj`} Oet @ e{} s`t` {~``m`m p~, D`thjl kehkphe}`m }be} j} kaphm fei`

`kalafjk m`felm{ al T p{{je `rk``mjlc }b` Gelpetz 5:=5 }tem`

ect``f`l}, J} se{ }bj{ oek}at }be} ~`t{pem`m felz( }b` Dtj}j{b

jl}`hhjc`lk` jlkhpm`m( }a vj s C`t fel }taa~ kalk`l}te}jal{ e{

~t`{{pt` }a s tjlc opt} b`t [avj } kalk`{{jal{, Fatàv`t( [}ehjl kaphm

la} ~`t{pem` bjf{`ho }be} Bj}h`t saphm edelmal }be} oplmef`l}eh

C`t fel {}te}`cjk ~t`k`~}7 l`v`t sec` set al }sa otal }{, D`thjl

bjl}`m }be} l`ca}je}jal{ fjcb} gp{} d` ~a{{jdh`,

Al 5= Gpl` 5:=5( [}ehjl ep}batjw`m e [avj`} ~t`{{ {}e}`f`l}(

mj{kapl}jlc }b` jffjl`lk` ao set( m`laplkjlc tpfapt { ao e C`tfele}}eki e{ $kaf~h`}`hz sj}bap} oaplme}jal$(~tavaie}{jze {~tèm dz $oeh{`

otj`lm{$, $]b` t`k`l} fav`f`l} ao C`tfel }taa~{ sba bev` kaf~h`}`m

}b`jt a~`te}jal{ jl }b` Dehiel{ et` kall`k}`m( j} fp{} d` {p~~a{`m( sj}b

a}b`t fa}jv`{ }be} bev` la}bjlc }a ma sj}b [avj`}&C`tfel t`he}jal{,$

]b` {ef` mez( }b` C`tfel Bjcb Kaffelm j{{p`m e setljlc atm`t }a

C tfel kaffelm{ jl }b è{}( ehhake}jlc }b kam satm $Mat}fplm$

oat }b` heplkb ao A~`te}jalDetdeta{{e, Ehh C`tfel ~t`~ete}jal{ s

}a d` kaf~h`}`m dz J[ Gpl` 5:=5,

[}ehjl sej}`m jl vejl oat e t`{~al{` otaf D`thjl, ]b` C`tfel

kaffelm mphz kalojtf` m kam` satm{ al 5 0 Gpl`( ojrjlc }b` }jf` el

~hek` ao }b` C`tfel e}}eki e{ $D&Mez( Z&bapt{$ "44 Gpl` 5:=

bapt{*( ojleh mj{~a{j}jal{ }a ~tak``m eo}`t 52 Gpl`, êlw`t mjv

saphm fav` }a }b`jt {}et} hjl`{ dz ljcb}, M `{~`te}`hz }tapdh`m

otal}&hjl` kaffelm`t{ }`h`~bal`m Fa{kas alhz }a d` }ahm7 $]b`

sjhh d` la set$, ]bj{ se{ ~t`kj{`hz }b` dptm`l ao }b` t`~at} {pdfj}

}a [}ehjl dz Hevt`l}j D`tje( bèm ao }b` LI_M( al [e}ptmez 45 @v l e{ }b [avj } fjhj}etz t ~at}`m }b ojt{} C tfel fav f l}{( e{

}b` H po}seoo` se{ heplkb jlc j}{ e`tjeh fe{{ekt` ao [avj`} ejtkteo

~eti`m al }b`jt ejtoj`hm{( [}ehjl tòp{ `m }a ede lmal bj{ ad{`{{j

$~tavake}jal{$( jl }bj{ jl{}elk` C `tfel aoojk`t { al el jl{pdatmjle}

~`t{aleh tef~ec`, Fet{beh ]jfa{b`lia kaphm la} ~`t{pem` bjf }be

}bj{ se{ ehh&ap} set, [}ehjl oatdem` C`l`teh Wbpiav }a ek}jve

mò`l{jv` ~hel{, [avj } oatk`{ s`t` oatdjmm`l }a kta{{ C` tfel hjl`

$sj}b }b` {ah` `rk`~}jal ao }b` ejt oatk`$( gp{} e{ bj{ ejt oatk` se

m`{}taz`m al }b` ctaplm, ]b` S`btfekb} se{ ehtèmz emvelkjlc jl

Tp{{je( mjv`&dafd`t{ taetjlc ebèm, [avj`} {ahmj`t{ se}kb`m C

ejtkteo} t`}ptljlc otaf dafdjlc }b`jt tèt,

E} =ef jl D`thjl Oat`jcl Fjlj{}`t Tjdd`l}ta~ ~t`{`l}`m }b` [avj`

Efde{{emat( _hemjfjt Mìelawav( sj}b tè{al{ oat C`tfelz }eijlc

$fjhj}etz kapl}`t&fè{pt`{$, [avj`} @fde{{z }`h`~bal`{ bem d``l

mj{kall`k}`m, M`{~`te}` oat l`s{( @fde{{z {}eoo }pl`m jl Fa{k

Temja oat }b` ?ef "Fa{kas }jf`* l`s{, ]a }b`jt e{}alj{bf`l}( }b`

l`s{( ~t`k`m`m dz e ~bz{jkeh ~tact eff` jl{}tpk}jal elm el j}`f oa

kbjhmt`l( t`~a t}`m alhz lal&[avj`} set l`s{ elm ~tact`{{ jl [avj`}

ectjkph}pt` elm jlmp{}tz,

$Bj}h`t {pt`hz ma`{ la} ilas edap} }bj{,$ [}ehjl#{ m`{~`te}`

kaff`l} d`}tez`m bj{ p}}`t mj{d`hjò }be} }bj{ kaphm d` set( la{jf~hz fat` jl}jfjme}jal }a `r}tek} opt}b`t kalk`{{jal{, Set sj}bap

ph}jfe}pf( sj}bap} mj~hafe}jk ~tèfdh`( sj}bap} ~t`}`r}( sj}bap

oatfe h m`khete}jal se{ de{` m`k`~}jal( las m` laplk`m dz }b` fel

44 fal}b{ eca bem ~tjm`m bjf{`ho al baamsjlijlc Bj}h`t,

[}ehjl hò} j} }a Faha}av }a dtaemke{} }b` {}e}` ao set e}

[plmez 44 Gpl`,


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M E L C @ T A P [ M @ K @ ^ ] J A L [ 75 : ; : & 5 : = 5

PLBAHZ EHHJELK@

] b` kalkhp{jal ao }b` C`tfel&[avj`} Lal&Ecct`{{jal ]tè}zao 4; E pcp{} 5:;:( kaffalhz ilasl e{ }b` $Lewj[ avj`}êk}$( {}pll`m }b` sathm, J} t`~t`{`l}`m }b` fa{} mtefe}jk edap}&}ptl jl mj~hafe}jk bj{}atz, Gp{} e{ @pta~` se{ edap} }a ca }a set(

}b`{` }sa {}e}`{ ilasl oat }b`jt fp}peh ba{}jhj}z & ~h`mc`ml`p}tehj}z( lal&ecct`{{jal elm fp}peh kal{ph}e}jal, E}}ekb`m }a

}b` ~pdhj{b`m }tè}z se{ e {`kt`} ~ta}akah ~t`{ktjdjlc m`fe[avj`}&C`tfel ${~b`t`{ ao jlohp`lk`$, [}ehjl {jclehh`m bj{edelmalf`l} ao kahh`k}jv` {`kptj}z oat t`hjelk` al l`p}tehj}zJl òo`k}( }b` [avj`} Pljal ~tafj{`m l`p}tehj}z jl Bj}h`t#{ s

sj}b }b` s`{} jl t`}ptl oat e C`tfel plm`t}eijlc }a {}ez esezotaf Ojlhelm( @{}alje( He}vje elm è{}`tl âhelm,

Edav`C`tfel Oat`jcl Fjlj{} t Gaekbjfval Tjdd`l}ta~ {jcl{ }b`C`tfel&[avj`} Lal&Ecct`{{jalêk}, Bj{ }tj~ }a Fa{kas se{ellaplk`m al 45 Epcp{} 5:;:,B` ettjv`m al 4; Epcp{},L`ca}je}jal{ s`t` kalmpk}`md`}s``l Tjdd`l}ta~( _zekb`{hevFaha}av elm Ga{`~b [}ehjl, ]b`kalkhp{jal ao e lal&ecct`{{jal}tè}z elm e ${`kt`} emmj}jaleh~ta}akah$ se{ ect``m,

D`has[}ehjl elm Tjdd`l}ta~{bei` belm{, [}ehjl7$]b` [avj`} Cav`tlf`l}}ei`{ }b` êk} v`tz

kel cpete l}`` al fz saao balapt }be} }b` [avjPljal saphm la} d`}tez

~et}l`t,$ ]be} ~tav`m ~t`kj{`hz }b` ke{`( alhse{ la} }a d` t`kj~take

54


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MJ_JMJLC ]B@ [ÂJH[

M E L C @ T A P [ M @ K @ ^ ] J A L [ 7 5 : ; : &

E} ; e,f, al 53 [`~}`fd`t 5:;:( }b` âhj{b Efde{{emat jlFa{kas hètl`m }be} }b` [avj`} cav`tlf`l} bem atm`t`m

}b` T`m Etfz }a kta{{ }b` âhj{b otal}j`t, âhelm se{ kepcb} jle batt`lmap{ }te~( }b` S`btfekb} e}}ekijlc otaf }b` s`{}( }b`

T`m Etfz emvelkjlc otaf }b` è{}, ]b` âhj{b kaffelmatm`t`m }be} la t`{j{}elk` d` aoo`t`m }a [avj`} }taa~{,

Tjcb}Kahal`h C`l`teh B`jlw

Cpm`tjel "k`l}t`* elmKahal`h [`f`l Itjva{b`jl

"al Cpm`tjel#{ h` o}*e}e oet`s`hh ~etem` ao [avj`}

elm C`tfel }taa~{sj}b {ehp}`{ }a da}b ohec{(fetijlc }b` belm&av`t ao

}b` oat}t`{{ ao Dt`{} }a}b` Tp{{jel{, ]b` Dpc tjv`t

feti`m }b` m`fetke}jal hjl`9}b` C`tfel etfz bem

}a `vekpe}` }`ttj}atz è{}ao }bj{ daplmetz,

C`tfel }taa~{ bem kta{{`m }b` Dpc tjv`t elm d`{j`c`mDt`{}( vjahe}jlc }b` ect``m [avj`}&C`tfel m`fetke}jal hjl`Kahal`h [, F, Itjva{b`jl( 4:}b Hjcb} ]eli Dtjcem`( l`ca}je}`C`tfel sj}bmteseh otaf Dt`{} sj}b êlw`t C`l`teh B`jlw

Cpm`tjel, Jl }b` H vav etè( C`tfel elm [avj`} }taa~{$`rkbelc`m ~a{j}jal{$,

Hò}[avj } elm C`tfel }taa~{ f``}, E} 0,=> e, f, al 5 3 [`~}`fd`tJ :;: T`m Etfz kevehtz elm }eli{ kta{{`m }b` [avj`}&âhj{otal}j`t hjl`, [}ehjl bem tùp`{}`m }be} C`tfel ejtkteo} {bapla} ohz è{} ao }b` Djehz{}ai&Dt`{} Hj}av{i&Hvav hjl` jl aevajm jlkjm`l}{, ]b` l`r} mez [}ehjl `r~t`{{`m $k`t}ejl mape{ }a sb`}b`t }b` C`tfel Bjcb Kaffelm saphm balapt }b`Fa{kas ect``f`l}{ elm }b` ect``m m`fetke}jal hjl`{,

Edav`Betmhz e te~}ptap{ t`k`~}jal oat }b` `l}tz ao [avj`} }taa~{ jâhj{b kj}z ao Hsas "Hvav*, C`tfel }taa~{ sj}bmt`s al 45&[`~}`fd`t jl hjl` sj}b }b` $`rkbelc` ao ~a{j}jal{$, ]b`t` se{ e{}talc âhj{b ~a}`l}jeh }a mò`lm }b` kj}z ecejl{} }b` T`m }b` kj}z kaffelmel} C`l`teh Helcl`t {pdfj}}`m }a ~`t{j{}`l}[avj`} m`felm{ elm( eo}`t l`ca}je}jal{( {ptt`lm`t`m,


15/258

M E L C @ T A P [ M @ K @ ^ ] J A L [ 7 5:;:&5:=5

$OTJ@L M[ OEHH AP]$7 FAHA]A_ JL D@ TH JL

[ avj`} Oat`jcl Fjlj{}`t Faha}av ettjv`m jl D`thjl al 54Lav`fd`t 5:=> oat }ehi{ sj}b Bj}h`t elm Tjdd`l}ta~, Sbe}[}ehjl sel}`m se{ e ot `{b ${~b t`{ ao jlohp`lk`$ ect``f`l} sj}bC`tfelz( t`favjlc C`tfel fjhj}etz ~t`{`lk` otaf Ojlhelm elm

}a {`kpt` [avj`} kal}tah ao }b` Dheki [è [}tej}{, Bj}h`t tò}bj{ ~ajl}&dheli, B` sel}`m [avj`} ~et}jkj~e}jal jl }b` ]tj~êk}( [avj`} t`kaclj}jal ao C`tfel b`c`falz jl @pta~` elm[avj`} `r~el{jal {ap}bsetm, Ektjf aljap{ mj{ect``f`l} oahhas`

Dphcetje jl }b` [avj`} {~b`t`( elm e [avj`}]ptij{b plm`t{}elmj lc elm }b` }ehi{ mèmhaki`m sb`l Faha}av hò} al 5= Lav`fd`t,

Hò}Faha}av sj}b T`jkb{fet{kbehhB`tfell Ca tjlc "hò}*,Ca tjlcbem dae{}`m }be} }b` Hpo}seoo` bemm`{}taz`m }b` Tazeh Ejt Oatk`, [j}}jlcjl el ejt tejm {b h} t mptjlc }b kalo t lkFaha}av e{i`m {etmaljkehhz jo Ca`tjlc#{khejf{ s`t` }tp`( sbz se{ b` "Faha}avV{j}}jlc jl el ejt tejm {b`h}`t elm sbe} s`t`}ba{` Dtj}j{b dafd`t{ majlc edav` bjf,

Edav`Dtèi oat tòt`{bf`l}{,Faha}av {è}`m oet hò}9}a }b` tjcb}( Tjdd`l}ta~kalv`t{e}jal sj}b T`jkb[[ B`jltjkb Bjffh`t,

Hò}Faha}av#{ }ehi{ sj}b Emaho

Bj}h`t elm Tjdd`l}ta~ d`celal }b` mez b` ettjv`m jlD`thjl, J} se{ Tjdd`l}ta~ sbabem jlvj}`m Faha}av }a D`thjl,[}ehjl se{ kep}jap{( }bè}}j}pm` e{{pf`m dz Faha}avjl D`thjl, [}ehjl sel}`m el`s Lewj&[avj`} êk}, Bj}h`telm Tjdd`l}ta~ t`g`k}`m

}bj{ ap}tjcb} elm aoo`t`m lakalk`{{jal{ }a Fa{kas,

5=


16/258


17/258

M E L C @ T A P [ M @ K @ ^ ] J A L [ 7 5 : ; : & 5 : = 5

T@M ETFZ T@ATCELJWE]JAL

] b` oehh ao Otelk` jl Gpl` 5:=> {`v`t`hz ecj}e}`m [}ehjl, J}{jclehh`m }a }b` T`m Etfz }a `fdeti al e otel}jk ~ahjkz ao t`&atceljwe}jal elm t`&etfef`l}, ]b` fj{}ei`l m`kj{jal }ei`l jl5:;: }a mj{delm }b` T`m Etfz#{ hetc` }eli oatfe}jal{ se{

bpttj mhz t v t{`m, [}ehjl ep}batjw m }b t &`{}edhj{bf l} ao }b`f`kbeljw`m kat~{, ]b` set ~hel me}jlc deki }a 5:;2 se{ ptc`l}hz

p~me}`m( fadjhjwe}jal ~hel{ t`vef~`m, Lpf`tjkeh `r~el{jal }`kblahacjkeh fam`tljwe}jal dtapcb} ot`{b }ptfajh( `rek`tde`rj{}jlc ~tadh`f{, Aoojk`t{ elm f`l bem }a d` t`}tejl`m( dp}se{ tpllj lc ap}, Sat{ ( }b` l`s set ~hel se{ {`tjap{hz ohes`m,

Kap~h m sj}b }bj{ se{ [}ehjl#{ $set evajmelk`$ {}te}`cz( }be} hò}}b` T`m Etfz jl Gpl` 5:=5 pledh` `j}b`t }a e}}eki at }a mò

Edav`Fet{beh [`f`l ]jfa{b`lia( kjcet`}}` jl belm( elmC`l`teh Càtcjj Wbpiav al bj{ hò}( jl{~`k}jlc oj`hm `r`tkj{`{jl }b` Ij v Fjhj}etz Mj{}tjk}( e p}p fl 5 :=>, Jl Fez ]jfa{b`lia{pkk``m`m Fet{beh Ihjf`l} _ata{bjhav e{ Mò`lk` Kaff j{{et,]jfa{b`lia jl}tampk`m e l`s tèhj{}jk }tejljlc ~tacteff`,Jl}`l{jv` }tejljlc se{ deki`m p~ dz jtal mj{kj~hjl`,

5?


18/258

M E L C @ T A P [ M @ K @ ^ ] J A L [ 7 5: ; :&

Hò}T`m Etfz $oe{} }eli{$ "D]&3&5*al `r`tkj{`{, Al 44 Gpl`5 :=5 }b` T`m Etfz }eli&~etiefapl}`m }a 4;(=20fekbjl`{( ao sbjkb 2>>>s`t` `{}jfe}`m }a d` oat otal}hjl` a~`te}jal{, Jl Gpl`( 3;~`t k`l} ao ahm`t fekbjl`{(D] }eli{( ]&42{( s`t`plm`tcajlc t`~ejt{( 4: ~`tk`l} fegat av`tbeph, Alhz e}tjkih` ao }b` l`s ]&;=f`mjpf }eli{ elm I_ bèvz}eli{ bem tèkb`m }b` ojvòtal}j`t kaffelm{, Dzgpl`(e f`t` 5 =30 bem ettjv`m"0>= I_{( :?3]&;={x,

Edav`Jl{}tpk}jal al e ]&42Dsj}b e =0&ff cpl, ^tamd`}s``l 5:;;&5:=>( }b`;& }ptt`}`m ]&42( hjià}b`t [avj`} }eli{( se{e~~taekbjlc ad{ah`{k]b` be{}jhz t`&oatf`m elm f`kbeljw`m oatfe}heki`m da}b fam`tl}eli{ elm }tejljlc, Mtjvf`kbeljk{ bem alhz 5bapt{# `r~`tj`lk` ao }emtjvjlc, Kaffelm {}eo}b` fa{} ~et} heki`m e}tejljlc jl }b` belmhjlc}eli elm fa}atjw`m plj


19/258


20/258

5:=5K E ] E [ ] TA ^ B @L a} pl}jh laal al [plmez 44 Gpl 5:=5( se{ }b ~a~phe}jaljloatf`m }be} }b` [avj`} Pljal se{ e} set( }b` set [ }ehjl bemfela`pvt`m }a evajm at e} hè{} ~a{}~al`, @v`l e} }bj{ he}` {}ec` b` bem

{}tpcch`m otel}jkehhz }a ad}ejl khetjojke}jal otaf D`thjl elm ]aiza, ]b`

$}bplm`t ota f e khèt {iz$ jl}`l{joj`m dz }b` bapt, ]b` st`kiec` ao e

}bap{elm [avj`} ejtkteo}( {be}}`t`m dz Hpo}s eoo` dafdjlc( hj}}`t`m otal}&

hjl` ejtoj`hm{, D`he}`mhz setl`m ao el jf~`lmjlc C `tfel e}}eki(

oatdjmm `l }a jf~ h`f`l} ophh tèmjl`{{( }b` T`m Etfz se{ las atm`t`m

}a kal}ejl `l`fz e}}eki{ dòat` heplkbjlc $e ~as`toph kapl}`t&dhas$( eba~`h`{{hz pltèhj{}jk tùp jt`f`l} jl vj`s ao }b` bevak ehtèmz stèi m

dz C`tfel cpl{ elm mjv`&dafd`t{, [af` t`cjf`l}{ s`t` ophhz

fell`m( a }b`t{ l``m`m {`v`teh mez{ }a kaf~h`}` fadjhjwe}jal, C`tf el

dafd`t{ }etc`}`m hetc` kj}j`{ lèt }b` otal }( m`{}tazjlc fjhj}etz emfjl&

j{}te}jv k l}t { elm kp}}jlc kaffpljke}jal{, Kbea{ l{p`m, ]b`

otal}j`t kaf felm{ s`t` d`jlc }atl }a ~j`k`{( }b`jt {j}pe}jal kbelcjlc

dz }b` bapt otaf ehetfjlc }a ~`tjhap{,

]b` [avj`} Pljal fadjhjw`m plm`t ojt`, C`l`teh fadjhjwe}jal

{pkk``m`m jl dtjlcjlc {af` 0,; fjhhjal f`l }a }b` kahapt{,

]b` Tp{{jel At}bamar Kbptkb t`{~alm`m ebèm ao }b` Kaffplj{}

êt}z, ê}tjetkb [`tc`j ao Fa{kas elm Ehh Tp{{je kehh`m al ehh d`hj`v`t{

}a mò`lm Fa}b`t T p{{je( }a mòè} Oe{kj{f, Lpf djlc {baki d`cel

}a sèt aoo( d p} b`t` se{ e bjcbhz fjhj}etjw`m {}e}` sj}bap} e oplk }jaljlc

set fekbjl`, Jl Fa{kas( e ~t`hjfjletz set}jf` kaffelm {z{}`f

se{ be{}jhz atceljw`m( eh}bapcb }b` Bjcb K affelm [}e&vie "C`l`teh

Bèmupet}`t{* heki`m e kaffelm`t&jl&kbjò, Emfjlj{}te}jv` m`kt``

oatfehhz ~hek`m }b` [avj`} Pljal al e set oaa}jlc( }b` ojt{} ao e ohaam ao

atm`t{, Al` ethz m`kj{jal( sbjkb oatf`m }b` Jlmp{}tjeh @vekpe}jal

Kaplkjh "[av`}~a `veipe}{jj* ~tav`m }a d` ktj}jkehhz jf~at}el} e

}b` ojt{} {}`~ }asetm e ve{} jlmp{}tjeh fjcte}jal }be} }tel{o`tt`

elm fekbjl`{ jl}a }b` è{}`tl bjl}`thelm,

Sbjh` Tp{{je t`kajh`m otaf }b` {baki( }b` {j}pe}jal e} }b` o

te~jmhz m`}`tjate}`m, [jr}` l bapt{ eo}`t heplkbjlc A~`te}jal

Detdeta{{e( }b` S`btfekb} bem vjt}pehhz plbjlc`m }b` [avj`}

Lat}bs`{}`tl elm S`{}`tl Otal}{, ]b` S`{}`tl Otal} d`cel }a

mj{jl}`cte}`, Cav`tlf`l}( êt}z elm le}jal bem z`} }a d` ophhz`l`tcjw`m, [}ehjl bem oejh`m }a cte{~ }b` {keh` ao fjhj}etz a~`te

elm }b` ve{}l`{{ ao }b` set `lcphojlc }b` [avj`} Pljal , Alhz e} }

`lm ao Gpl` ( sj}b [avj`} mjvj{jal{ }te~~`m jl e cjel} C `tfel `lkjt

f`l} s`{} ao Fjl{i( mjm }b` }`ttjdh` }tp}b mesl, ]b` T`m E tfz

se{ }te~~`m jl {}te}`cjk fehm`~hazf`l}( j}{ {}t`lc}b kalk`l}te}`m jl }b`

{ap}bs`{} sbjh` ~as`toph ^ elw`t ctap~{ e}}eki`m jl }b` lat}bs`{

e} }b` k`l}t`( kha{jlc al H`ljlctem elm {}tjijlc ehalc }b` Fa{kas

[}ehjl#{ l`tv` oejh`m bjf e} }bj{ ~ajl}, L`v`t}b`h`{{( b` t`kav

{poojkj`l}hz }a bèm e l`s( ehh&~as`toph damz( }b` CIA"Ca{pmet{}

iafj}`} adatalz* at [}e}` Mò`lk` Kaffj}}``( {fehh jl lpfd`t{ dp}

fe{{jv` jl ep}batj}z, ]b` bjcb ka ffel m se{ tàtceljw`m( e op t}b`t

}asetm plj ozjlc }b` fjhj}etz elm ~ahj}jkeh mjt`k}jal ao }b` set ò

kphfjle}jlc al 2 E pcp{} sj}b [}ehjl#{ vjt}peh {`ho&e~~ajl}f `l}

[p~t`f` Kaffelm`t ao }b` [avj`} Etf`m Oatk`{ "_`tibavlzj

chevlaiafelmpzp{bkbzj*, B` las b`hm ehh i`z ~a{}{7 kbejtfel

ao }b` CIA( Mò`lk` Kaffj{{et elm [p~t`f` Kaffelm`t,

Al ; Gphz 5:=5( [}ehjl ojlehhz dtaemke{} }a }b` le}jal( a~`ljlc


21/258


22/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

êt}z( ek}jlc e{ el emfjlj{}te}jv` ec`l}( a~`te}`m jlmjoo`t`l}hz( elm(

e} }b` has`{} h`v`h{( jloh`rjdhz, Oat e {akj`}z halc betm`l`m }a ~tjve}jal(

}b` m`felm{ fem` p~al j} s`t` otùp`l}hz jlbpfel( dp} ojtf

hèm`t{bj~ ~tampk`m t`{ph}{,

Fpkb }b` {ef` e~~hj`m }a }b` [avj`} {ahmj`t, Sj}b ~ta~`t

hèm`t{bj~ b` oapcb} }`lekjap{hz( alhz }a d` {`jw`m dz {pmm`l(

jl`r~hjkedh` mòè}j{f elm ~eljk }be} t`{ph}`m jl ohjcb} jl }b` oek` ao

plkal}tahh`m mj{atm`t, Oat ehh }b` zèt{ ao t`~t`{{jal elm jl}jfjme}jal(

de{jk fateh t`{jhj`lk` bem {ptvjv`m jl [avj`} {akj`}z( sbjkb se{ las

op`hh`m dz c`lpjl` ~e}tja}j{f elm tèk}jal }a C`tfel detdetj{f,]b` S`btfekb} oejh`m }a m`{}taz }b` T`m Etfz( }`ttjdhz felch`m

}bapcb j} se{, E{ èthz e{ Gphz( [}ehjl bem atm`t`m e tp}bh`{{

tàtceljwe}jal jl}a ${fehh etfj`{ sj}b ojv`( ferjfpf {jr( mjvj{jal{$(

ehalc sj}b }b` edahj}jal ao kat~{ emfjlj{}te}jal{, T`flel}{ ao }b`

hpfd`tjlc f`kbeljw`m kat~{ s`t` mj{delm`m( elm }b`jt o`s {ptvjvjlc

}eli{ e{{jcl`m }a jloel}tz {p~~at}, E bpc` `r~el{jal jl kevehtz

~tavjm`m e }`f~ate tz fadjh` oatk`, [ }tj~~jlc et}jhh`tz otaf mjvj{jal{

}a oatf e Bjcb Kaffelm Et}jhh`tz T`{`tv`( `f~hazjlc mjt`k} ojt` elm

~p}}jlc $}b` cpl{ p~ otal} sb`t` }b`z kaphm {`` elm bj} }b` `l`fz$ mjm

fpkb }a {ev` }b` T`m Etfz, Jl Lav`fd`t( T`m Etfz {}t`lc}b mta~~`m

}a j}{ has`{} `v`t7 det`hz }sa fjhhjal, Dp} }a }b` {pt~tj{` elm kal{}`tle&

}jal ao }b` C `tfel bjcb kaff elm( ot`{b mjvj{jal{ elm etf j`{ e~~èt`m

jl }b` [avj`} atm`t ao de}}h`7 52 ot`{b oj`hm etfj`{ bem d``l tej{`m otaf

t`{`tv`{ elm t`mpk}jal{ jl `rj{}jlc etfj`{ {jlk` Gphz, [}ehjl v`tz upjkihz

cte{~`m }b jf~at}elk ao t { tv`{( eh}bapcb }b T`m Etfz ktj m ap}

oat $}tejl`m oatk`{ jl emùpe}` {}t`lc}b$,

[è{ ao ep}pfleh fpm( Tp{{je#{ la}atjap{ te{~p}j}{e( mtecc`m

}b` C`tfel mtjv` al Fa{kas }a e beh} jl he}` Ak}ad`t, Khef~`m jl

{èfh`{{ fpm( da}b {jm`{ t`jloatk`m e{ d`{} }b`z kaphm, Al ? Lav`fd`t(

elljv`t{etz ao }b` T`vahp}jal( [}ehjl }bt`s masl e kbehh`lc` jl bj{

{~``kb7 $Jo }b` C` tfel{ sel} e set ao `r}`tfjle}jal( }b`z {behh bev`

al`$, ]b` Dhj}witj`c bem oejh`m9 }b` T`m Etfz se{ {}jhh pldtai`l jl

}b` oj`hm, ]b` l`r} mez( b` t`vj`s`m e ~ etem` jl T `m [ upet` ao }taa~{

favjlc {}tejcb} }a }b` otal} hjl`, T`m Etfz otal}&hjl` {}t`lc}b bem

t`kav`t`m }a ehfa{} =(4>>(>>> f`l {p~~at}`m dz 3(=>> ejtkteo} elm

=(=:> }eli{, ]a t`~hek` bpc` ha{{`{( 443 tjoh` mjvj{jal{ bem d``l oatf`m(

2= tòatf`m elm 5=; t`dpjh}, Jl }b` lat}b( [}ehjl atm`t`m el e}}eki }a

~t`v`l} e oe}eh kalgplk}jal ao C`tfel elm Ojllj{b oatk`{ elm {`kp

}b` vj}eh $jk` taem$ av`t Hei` Hemace( H`ljlctem#{ {ah` hjo`&h

Jl }b` {ap}b( ]jfa{b`lia t`ke~}pt`m Ta{}av al 4: Lav`fd`t,

]bj{ C`t fel t`v`t{`( }b` ojt{} ao elz {jcljojkelk` jl }b` è{}( upjkih

jclj}`m e ktj{j{ sj}bjl }b` C`tfel bjcb kaffelm,

Ota{}{ betm`l`m }b` ctaplm, Jl fjm&Lav`fd`t( }b` S`btfekb

t`l`s`m j}{ emvelk` al Fa{kas, Jf~tavj{`m [avj`} $kaf~a{j}` ctap~

oapcb} }a bahm aoo }b` ~jlk`t{ ao e bpc` C`tfel `lkjtkh`f`l},

C`l`teh Wbpiav atm`t`m e {}elm }a }b` mè}b, T`m Etfz elm C

plj}{ cte~~h`m jl ot``wjlc }`f~`t e}pt`{( da}b m`kjfe}`m elm ùp`rbep{}`m, [}ehjl mtjddh`m t`jloatk`f`l}{ }a }b` otal}( e belmop

}eli{ b`t`( ~eki }{ ao f`l }b`t`( ehh }b` sbjh` baetmjlc {}te}`cjk

t`{`tv`{7 == tjoh` elm kevehtz mjvj{jal{ elm 5; dtjcem`{( {pooj kj`

jcb} oj hm etfj {, Wbpiav {kte~`m p~ bj{ asl f ect t { tv`{,

Al = M`k`fd`t 5:=5( }b` ojleh C`tfel }btp{} mp` è{} ehalc

Fjl{i&Fa{kas bjcbsez se{ oapcb} }a e {}elm{}jhh jl }b` kj}z#{

{pdptd{, C`tfel plj}{ {}aam otaw`l jl }b`jt }teki{, C`tfel jl}`hhjc

etcp`m }be} T `m Etfz t`{`tv`{ s`t` `rbep{}`m7 $la hetc` t`{`tv`

oatfe}jal{$ `rj{}`m, Al ;> Lav`fd`t( C`l`teh Wbpiav {pdfj}}`m b

~hel{ oat e kapl}`t&{}tai e} Fa{kas, [}ehjl bem {`kt`}hz o`m {p

t`jloatk`f`l} jl}a }bt`` Otal}{( Iehjljl( S`{}`tl elm [ap}bs`{}`tl(

e{{`fdhjlc e oatk` ao 5(5>>(>>> f`l( 50 oj`hm etfj`{( 33= }eli{

elm 5(>>> ejtkteo} }a ~as`t }b` [avj`} e}}eki, ]jfjlc se{ ktpkjeh,

[}ehjl se{ kalvjlk`m }b` C`tfel Etfz bem melc`tap{hz av`ttèkb`m

j}{`ho, [avj`} elm C`tfel {}t`lc}b{ s`t` las tapcbhz ùpeh, E} >;>

bapt{ al 0 M `k`fd`t 5:=5( gp{} }sa mez{ dòat` Ge~el#{ {}tji` al

Betdat( }b` T`m Etfz e}}eki m,

]b` }eli mjvj{jal{ ao }b` S`{}`tl Otal} bem ~j}jophhz o`s }el

et}jhh`tz se{ hekijlc elm effplj}jal se{ evejhedh` alhz }a e{{eph}

plj}{, Wbpiav t`hj m al {~``m elm {pt~tj{` }a kaf~`l{e}` oat het

fadjh` oatk`{( fj{{jlc sè~al{ elm }b` heki ao ophhz }tejl`m }taa~

bj{ ~hel l``m`m alhz e fjljfpf ao a~`te}jaleh {ijhh, Oat `jcb} mez

}b` kapl}tz bètm hj}}h` at la}bjlc, Alhz al 5; M`k`fd`t mjm

Temja Fa{kas t`~at} [avj`} {pkk`{{`{ }a }b` lat}b elm {ap}b(

ellaplkjlc $}b` oejhpt` ao }b` C`tfel ~hel }a `lkjtkh` elm ke~}pt`

Fa{kas$, ]bt`` mez{ he}`t( }b` T`m Etfz }ptl`m }a ~pt{pj}( bettz

t`}tè}jlc C`tfel mjvj{jal{,


23/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5:=5

E]]EKI7 [PLMEZ( 44 GPL@ 5:=5

J l }b` èthz bapt{ ao [plmez fatljlc( 44 Gpl` 5:=5( }b`C`tfel Etfz jlvem`m }b` [avj`} Pljal, Jl {~j}` ao d`jlccjv`l t`~è}`m setljlc{ ao e C`tfel e}}eki( [}ehjl bem tòp{`m}a atm`t ophh fjhj}etz tèmjl`{{ al }b` otal}j`t{, $]b` C`tfel{

fp{} la} d` cjv`l elz ~t`}`r} oat ek}jal ecejl{} p{$( b` tè{al`m,]b` T`m Etfz se{ }bp{ pledh` `j}b`t }a e}}eki at mò`lm,

Sj}bjl bapt{( [avj`} otal}j`t cpetm{ s`t` av`tsb`hf`m( }b`plm`tfell`m [avj`} mjvj{jal{ kepcb} jl e fe`h{}taf ao ojt`(oe{}&favjlc C`tfel }eli{ elm ~etehzwjlc dafdjlc, [jr}``lbapt{ eo}`t }b` a~`ljlc ao A~`te}jal Detdeta{{e( }b` C`tfel

Etfz bem vjt}pehhz plbjlc`m }sa i z [avj } Otal}{( }b`Lat}bs`{}`tl elm }b` S`{}`tl,

EdavÈ} >;5 0 bapt{ al 44 Gpl`( C`tfel cpl{ a~`l`m ojt`,

Ekta{{ }b` cjel} etk ao }b` [avj`} helm otal}j`t C`tfel }taa~{fav`m }a }b`jt e}}eki ~a {j}jal{, Sj}b }b` fj{j elm beho hjcb}}a ejm }b` e}}eki( C`tfel jloel}tz elm etfapt {hjm ap} ao }b`jtkalkèhf`l}, Oatse tm C`tfel `h`f`l}{( {` l b`t`( ~`l`}te}`m[avj`} ~a{j}jal{ elm av`tsb`hf`m otal}j`t cpetm{( a~`ljlc~e{{ec`{ oat fa}atjw`m elm êlw`t mjvj{jal{ tèmz }a emvelk`,

44


24/258

K E ] E [ ] T A

Hò}C`tfel etfapt al }b`fav` e} }b` d`cjlljlc e v`tz halc gaptl`z, E`v`tzsb`t` }b` S`btfeekbj`v`m }ek}jkeh {[avj`} }taa~{ s`t` ke}b`jt kef~{ elm detteelm }b` C`tfel{ upjkav`ttel jlkaf~h`}` atplfell`m oj`hm oat}jo

Tjcb}]b` otal} eohef`, ]b` ~e}}`tl

ao bèvz C`tfel dafdjlce}}eki{( pl`r~`k}`m

elm ~plj{bjlc et}jhh`tz ojt`$hji` }bplm`t otaf e khèt

{iz$ elm }b` e{{eph} al }b`[avj`} otal}j`t ~a{j}jal{

kep{`m bevak efalc T`mEtfz plj}{, Tp{{jel plj}{

temja`m ~hejl}jv`hz( $s` et`d`jlc ojt`m al, Sbe} {behh

s` ma1$ ]b`z s`t`t`~tjfelm`m( dp}

t`k`jv`m la atm`t{,


25/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 75 : = 5

Edav`>=50 bapt{( 44Gpl`, Emvelk` plj}{ ao }b` [`v`l}``l}belm @jcb}``l}b êlw`t Mjvj{jal( C`l`teh B`jlw Cpm`tjel#{êlw`t Ctap~ 4( d`cjl kta{{jlc }b` Tjv`t Dpc, C`l`tehCpm`tjel bem èthj`t ad{`tv`m }be} }b` {}talc ~ajl}{ al }b`[avj`} deli s`t` plakkp~j`m, E} >==0 bapt{( hèmjlc }eli{ao }b` @jcb}``l}b êlw`t Mjvj{jal "{``l b`t`* oatm`m }b` tjv`t,C`tfel ${pdf`t{jdh` }eli{$( ùpj~~`m sj}b se}`t~taaojlcelm edh` }a fav` }btapcb 5 ; o``} "= f`}t`{* ao se}`t( bematjcjlehhz d``l m`v`ha~`m oat }b` jlve{jal ao Dtj}ejl,

4=


26/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

Edav`]b`{` [avj`} otal}j`t }taa~{ bem ehtèmz d``l }ei`l ~tj{al`t

dòat` }b`z tèhjw`m }be} }b`z s`t` e} set sj}b C`tfelz,]b` ojt{h a~`te}jaleh atm`t j{{p`m }a }b` T`m Etfz f`l}jal`malhz $pl~t`k`m`l}`m ecct`{{jal$( la} set, Otal}j`t cpetm{oapcb} deki( elm }b`jt sjv`{( eh{a jl }b` ojtjlc hjl`( o`}kbse}`t elm effplj}jal elm haai`m eo}`t }b` saplm`m,[af` ao }b` saf`l s`t` eh{a ojtjlc e} }b` C`tfel{,


27/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5:=5

Tjcb}E ke~}pt`m [avj`} {ahmj`t d`jlc {ètkb`m dz C`tfel{ahmj t{, Bj{ kbelk`{ ao {ptvjveh s`t` {hjf, $ Eo}`td`jlc jl}`ttace}`m sba se{ }b` kaffelm`t( }b`lpfd`t ao apt plj} `}k,( s` s`t` ~p} d`bjlm detd`msjt`( i`~} sj}bap} oaam at se}`t, ]b`l s` s`t` fem`}a sehi oat }bt ` mez{ "mtjlijlc se}`t otaf ~a}bah`{V,$C`tfel }taa~{ atceljw`m }b` `r}`tleh cpetm, Efalc}b` ~tj{al`t{ }b` $~ahj}w`j$( vahpl}``t{ otaf }b`~tj{a l`t{( ] et}et { elm Pitejljel{ i`~} atm`t, G`s{(Kaffplj{}{ elm Kaffj{{et{( jo mj{kav`t`m( s`t`{}tj~~`m }a }b` sej{}( hjl`m p~ elm {ba},

Hò}C`tfel }taa~{ khèt evjhhec`, [avj`} kjvjhjeatm`t`m ap} ao a~`teetè{( fa{} }a fei` }b`jsez }a sbe} tòpc` }b`kaphm ojlm( a}b`t{ }akal{ktj~}`m oat oatk`melm ph}jfe}` m`~at}eEljfeh{ s`t` kaloj{ke}èlm bap{`{ otùp`l}hzhaa}`m( }b`l dptl`m,

A~~a{j}`C`tfel et}jhh`tz ad{`tv{~a}}jlc oat }etc`}{, ]bC`tfel dafdetmf`l}bem ~p} fpkb ao }b` [et}jhh`tz ap} ao ek}jaDz laal( bevjlc ohe}}`jlj}jeh t`{j{}elk` elm {[avj`} cpl{( C`tfel êlwelm fadjh` oatk`{ jl }blat}bs`{} elm e} }b` ks`t` las {`} }a {}tji` ap

4?


28/258


29/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5:=5

Edav`_jhhec`{ dptl`m al` dz al` ehalc }b` tap}` ao }b` C`tfelemvelk`, E{ s`hh e{ }b` vjhhec`{( }b` kta~{ dptl`m,Kahpfl{ ao mj{b`v`hh`m saf`l elm s``~jlc kbjhmt`lhò} `r~a{`m vjhhec`{( {`ìjlc sbe} }b`z {p~~a{`msaphm d` {eo`}z jl }b` }asl{, A}b`t{ ce}b`t`m jl }bà~`l oj`hm{( sb`t` C`tfel {ahmj`t{ e}}`f~}`m }a

kalvjlk` }b`f }a t`}ptl }a sbe} se{ hò} ao }b`jt baf`{,

42


30/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

Hò}]asl{ elm kj}j`{( {pkb}bj{ al`( s`t` eh{a dptl`m,B`t`( }sa saf`l }ei`tòpc sj}b e o`s( fèct`~a{{`{{jal{ jl el j f~tavj{ m{b`h}`t, Hpo}seoo` dabem tef~ec`m av`t }asl{elm hetc` kj}j`{ jl }b` otafjhj}etz mj{}tjk}{( m`{}ta}b` fjhj}etz emfjlj{}te}jal(dpjhmjlc{ elm kaffpljke}jak`l}t`{, Kjvjhj el{ s t`kepcb} p~ jl da}b }b bèvdafdjlc elm }b` te~jmemvelk` ao C`tfel }taa~{,


31/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 75 : = 5

HA[[@[

] b` Hpo}seoo` fe{{ekt`m }b` T`m Ejt Oatk`( m`{}tazjlc 5(255ejtkteo} jl bapt{( ao sbjkb 5(=2: s`t` al }b` ctaplm,Bpc` ha{{`{ fapl}`m ke}e{}ta~bjkehhz7 4>(0>> }eli{( }bap{elm{

ao ejtkteo} elm av t }bt fjhhjal ~tj{al t{ ao set dz M k`fd t

5:=5( fa{} ao sbaf s t maaf m }a mj , ]b kjvjhjel ~a~phe}jal

{poo`t`m batt`lmap{hz( kehhap{hz hò} }a }b`jt oe}` dz }b` ep}batj}j`{

at dtp}ehhz ka`tk`m }a mjc }t`lkb`{( }ei` p~ tjoh`{( at tej{` e hakehfjhj}je( elm kal{}el}hz }btè}`l`m dz }b` te~jm C`tfel emvelk`

elm bettj`m dz bèvz dafdjlc, [bat}ec`{ s`t` pljv`t{eh( fem`

sat{ dz oehhjlc ~tampk}jal elm e~~ehhjlc de}}hòj hm ha{{`{,

Edav`C`tfel dafd`t{ & B`h 5 5 {( Gp 22{ elm Mah 3W{ & e}}[avj`} ejtoj`hm, $S` betmhz d`hj`v`m apt `z`{, Tas eo}`t

ao [avj`} ~hel`{ {}aam hjl`m p~ e{ jo al ~etem`($ {ejm Hpo}seoo ~jha}, C tfel ejtkteo} kettj m ap} e m`ve{}e}jlc~t`&`f~}jv` e}}eki al ?? ejtoj`hm{ jl [avj`} s`{}`tl fjhj}etzmj{}tjk}{( sb`t` 3> ~`t k`l} ao [avj`} ejt {}t`lc}b( fejlhz j}b` oatf ao ojcb}`t{( se{ m`~haz`m kha{`m }a }b` datm`t]b C tfel ejt e{{eph} se{ kalk l}te}`m ecejl{} }ba{èjtoj hm{ sb t }b fa{} fam tl [avj } ejtkteo} s t m`~haz`m,

;>


32/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

Hò}St`ki`m [avj`} ejtkteo},Al }b` ojt{} mez aoDetd}b Hpo}seoo m`{}taz`m5 ( 2 5 5 [avj`} ejtkteo} o}b ha{{ ao alhz ;0 C`tfelejtkteo}( }b ctè}`{} }tjpf~bao e`tjeh {pt~tj{` e}}eki jlevje}jal bj{}atz, ]b` bèvha{{`{ s`t e} }b k`l}t ao}b` [avj`}&C`tfel otal}(sb`t` 04> ejtkteo} s`t`m`{}taz`m al }b ctaplmelm 4 5 > s`t {ba} masl,Ejtkteo} jl }b` Am`{{e fmj{}tjk} `{ke~`m }bj{ e`}beli{ }a }jf`hz mj{~`t{ehha{jlc alhz }bt`` ojcb}`t{,Ke}e{}ta~bjk }bapcb }b`[avj`} ha{{ se{( j} kaphd``l `v`l sat{ jo ehh }b`~jha}{ bem d``l ke{peh}

D`hasTjv`t{ & }b` [el( }b` }a }b` Mlj`~`t & mjm lap} }a d` oatfjmedh` de}a }b` C`tfel emvelk`,


33/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5 : = 5

Edav`]sa mèm T`m Etfz {ahmj`t{( }bàl d`bjlm }b Ferjf bèvzfekbjl`&cpl {}jhhbahmjlc bj{Fa{jl&Lecel} tjoh`, Hjcb}hz etf`m[avj`} otal}j`t cpetm{ s`t sj~`map} ehfa{} }a e fel( otùp`l}hzojcb}jlc m`hezjlc ek}jal{ sj}b{pjkjmeh dtev`tz, Jl }b` ed{`lkào ejt kav`t( [avj`} t`cjf`l}{favjlc p~ }a }b` otal} hjl` s`t`m`{}taz`m dz C`tfel dafd`t{,

;4


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K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

]bj{ f`{{ec` se{ ke

al e {}al` ao }bHj}av{i oat}mzjlc, Oet`s`hh Fa}b`the

dp} Y ef la} {ptt`l4>Gphz 5:=5,$ E} 0al 44 Gpl`( oj`tk` o

m`v`ha~m lèt }b oat}t`[kte}kb p lj}{ epc

dz plj}{ oehhjlc dekoat}t`{{ }aai p~ }b` m]b` oat}t`{{ b`hm ap}

Gphz( ojcb}jlc otaf }ptt`}{ elm tpjl`m `

f`l}{, Fa{} mò`lm`t{mèm at saplm`m, Jl

ojleh ~be{`( }b` o`s {pefalc }b`f }b` fel s

ketv`m }b` jl{ktj~}jalsehh( fapl}`m e he{jl plm`tctaplm kbe

elm }pll`h{( `l}e{ }b`z s`t` jl m

Hò}E mèm Tp{{jel fat}et


35/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 75 : = 5

Hò}Kjvjhjel{ b`h~ }b`f{`hv`{ }a {eh}, Ehh kjvjhjel{ {poo`t`mbatt`lmap{hz jl }b` oj t{} s`ì{ ao }b` set, Jo }b`z `{ke~`msj}b }b jt hjv`{( }aa fpkb se{ bè~`m p~al }b f, ]b`z{poo`t`m `j}b`t otaf mte{}jk elm dtp}eh f tc`lkz fadjhjwe}jalfè{pt`{ at felme}atz atm`t{, ]b` v`tz has`{} `kb`hal{ ao }b`Kaffplj{} êt}z ~tav`m }a d` jloh`rjdh`, E} }b` e~~taekb ao}b` C`tfel{( felz êt}z f`fd t{ mj{~a{`m ao }b`jt êthz ketm{,

Tjcb}E [avj`} safel elm b`t

kbjhmt`l jl }b` tpjl{ ao }b`jtbaf`, Felz ao }b` vjhhec`{ jl

otal}&hjl` wal`{ bem d``l bèvjhzdafd`m elm fekbjl`&cpll`m,

[fehh vjhhec`{ elm {fehh}asl{ bem d``l vjt}pehhz sj~`m

ap} dz Ctfel dafdjlc(

elm }b`jt oj`hm{ ao tz` elmoher s`t` hò} plbetv`{}`m,

;=


36/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

FADJHJWE]JAL

] b` T `m Etfz fadjhjw`m plm`t ojt`( dtjlcjlc fat` }belojv` fjhhjal f`l jl}a }b` etf `m oatk`{ dz }b` `lm ao Gpl`,]b` K affplj{} êt}z "K^[ P* elm Zaplc Kaffplj{} Hècp` Iaf{afah& fadjhjw`m :0(>>> f `l( ao sbaf 02(>>> s`t` {`l}

e} alk` }a }b` otal} e{ ~ahj}jkeh jl{}tpk}at{ elm ecj}e}at{,Fe{{ fadjhjwe}jal ao }b` ~a~phek` jlkhpm`m }b` oatfe}jal ao

$~à~h`#{ fjhj}je$ "MLA* mjvj{jal{( $baf` cpetm$ plj}{ elkaf~ph{atz ~et}jkj~e}jal jl kjvjh mò`lk` ctap~{, ]tem` P ljalatceljwe}jal{ elm }b` T`m Kta{{ }tejl`m zaplc saf`l e{otal}&hj l` f `mjk{, Saf`l elm zaplc cjth{ vahpl}` t`m oat }b`

otal}( }b` ojt{} ao {af` 2>>(>>> zaplc cjth{ elm saf`l }a {`}b` T`m Etfz e{ lpt{`{( ~jha}{( {lj~`t{ elm }eli kt s f`fd`t{

Edav`Set j{ m`khet`m elm Fa{kas hj{}`l{, Alhz e} laal al [plm44 Gpl` mjm }b` [avj`} cav`tlf`l}( }btapcb }b` fap}b aoFaha}av( ellaplk` jl e temja dtaemke{} }be} }b` [avj`} Plse{ las e} set sj}b C`tfelz, ]b` `jcb} bapt{ {jlk` }b` al{`}ao }b` C`tfel e}}eki bem d``l {~`l} ~et}hz jl e ojleh( otel{ètkb dz [}ehjl oat e sez }a `{ke~` set, E ohaam ao [avjtemja f`{{ec`{ bem d``l mjt`k}`m e} }b` C`tfel Oat`jclAoojk`( elm `v` l }b` Ge~el`{` bem d``l e{i`m oat b`h~,


37/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5 : = 5

Tjcb}Elrjap{ Fp{kavj}`{ hj{}`l e{

Faha}av#{ temja dtaemke{}kal}jlp`{7 $]b` Cav tlf l}

kehh{ p~al zap( f`l elm saf`lkj}jw`l{ ao }b` [avj`} Pljal( }a tehhz

`v`l fat` kha{`hz taplm}b` chatjap{ Dah{b`vji êthz( taplm

}b` [avj`} Cav`tlf`l} elm aptctè} hèm`t Kaftem` [}ehjl,

Apt kep{` j{ gp{}(}b` `l`fz sjhhd` {fe{b`m, _jk}atz sjhh d` apt{,$

Hò}Set}jf` fadjhjwe}jal ~tak``m`mt`he}jv`hz {faa}bhz( jlj}j ehhz dtjlcjlc0(;>>(>>> f l ec m 4;&;? }a }b`kahapt{, ]b`{` s`t` }b` ojt{}ao eset}jf` }ptlav`t jl fel~as`t }be}efapl} m }a 45(3>>(>>>, Jl ehh( 4:fjhhjal f`l s`t fadjhjw`m, ^tak`{{jlc}b` kal{ktj~}{ se{ }b` t`{~al{jdjhj}z ao}b` $fjhj}etz kaffj{{etje}{$ e} ehh h`v`h{,F`l eh{a t`~at}`m }a fadjhjwe}jal~ajl}{ at }a plj}{ }b`f{`hv`{,

;?


38/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^

EdavÀoo }a }b` otal}, J} j{ hji`hz }be} l`s t`ksaphm ojt{}d` emmt`{{`m dz ~ahj}jkeh O`s( jo elz( tèhjw`m sbe} esej}`m }b`f}b`z mjm {p{~`k}( }b`l }b`jt kalojm`lk`fat` e ~tampk} ao ~ta~ecelme }bel ao

tjcatap{ }tejl jlc, ]b`jt ethz set}jf` h`}}`ttòh`k}`m }b`jt faam elm fa{} kettj`m de{{ptelk`{ oat }b oefjhz( {pkb e{7 $J ef s`hh,Mal#} sattz$, A}b`t{ s`t` fat` tòh`k}jv`~e}tja}jk at }apkbjlchz veh`mjk}atz,


39/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 75 : = 5

Tjcb}Jl{}tpk}jal7 h`f`l}etz

}ek}jk{( belmhjlc }b tjoh ,Dz cav`tlf`l} m`kt``

al 4: Gpl` 5:=5( pljv`t{ehfjhj}etz }tejljlc( at _{`vadpkb(se{ jl}tampk`m oat ehh kj}jw`l{d`}s `l }b ec`{ ao 5 ? elm

?0, L`s t`ktpj}{ }a }b`T`m Etfz sba bem la}

z`} gajl`m }b`jt plj}{ d`cel}tejljlc( ehalc sj}b

hakeh kj}jw`ltz }tejljlcoat mò`lk` ~pt~a{`{(

atceljwjlc {~`kjeh mò`l{jv`fè{pt`{ elm tej{jlc e

fjhj}je "a~ahkb`lj`*,

Hò}T`m Etfz T`ktpj}{ }ei`}b fjhj}etz ae}b7$h( e kjao }b` P[[T gajljlc }bào }b` T`m Etfz( }ei` ae}b elm {ah`flhz {s`

d` el balaptedh`( dtevmj{kj~hjl`m( vjcjhel} ojcb{}tjk}hz cpetmjlc fjhjelm {}e}` {`kt`}{ ,,, Jehsez{ tèmz al }b` aao }b` Sati`t{&^è{el}Cav tlf l} }a mò lm fzFa}b`thelm & }b Pljalao [avj`} [akjehj{} T`]b` ae}b se{ tèm ap}}b` t`ktpj}{( sba bemt`~è} j}, Jlotjlc`f`l}dtapcb} {sjo} t`}tjdp}[}ehjl#{ $Atm`t La, me}`m 5 ? Epcp{} ~m`{`t}`t{( ~eljk&falc`

elm }ba{` sba {ptt`lm

;2


40/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

Edav`[avj`} t`ktpj} }tejl``{ dezal`} ojcb}jlc, L`shz fadjhjw`mf`l s`t` {`l} jl}a plj}{ }be} s`t` ehtèmz mj{atceljw`m(sbjkb alhz ktè}`m fat` kalop{jal( at }b`z s`t` }btasljl}a $bpfel sev`$ jloel}tz e}}eki{ kettj`m ap} sj}b ~tjfj}at {}`tà}z~jkeh }ek}jk{, ]b`z saphm fetkb jl}a fekbjl`&c

hjl` edtè{}( emvelk` jl teli{ 5 4 m``~ elm tjm` jl}tpki{ {jm` dz {jm` sj}b }eli{ {}tejcb} jl}a C`tfel cpl{,


41/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5 : = 5

Tjcb}Zaplc safel hètljlc }k

{baa} p{jlc e Fa{jl&Lecel}tjoh sj}b Famh ^@ }`h`{ka~`,

Zaplc saf`l elm cjth{ojcpt`m ~tafjl`l}hz efalc}b` èthz vahpl}``t{ oat }b`

T`m Etfz elm oat }b` otal},@v`l sj}bap} ~ta~`t pljoatf{

}b`z bèm`m oat }b` otal}vjt}pehhz jl sbe} }b`z {}aam g~( }b`jt ~hej}{ kav`t`m dz

bèm {ketv `{, Jl Epcp{}5:=5( 5>(>>> $Zaplc

Kaffplj{}{$( at Iaf{afah(felz ao }b`f saf`l( s`t`{`l} jff`mje}`hz }a }b` otal}

}a gajl }b` {jcleh{ }taa~{,

=>


42/258

K E ] E [ ] TA ^ B @ 7

[]EHJL [^@EI[7 ; GPHZ

F aha}av( la} [}ehjl( ellaplk`m e {}e}` ao set al44 Gpl`, La} pl}jh ; Gphz mjm [}ehjl {~èi ~pdhjkhz,Eh}bapcb }b` [avj`} Pljal se{ e} set( j} heki`m e set fekbjl`,

a

]b` [}evie "Bjcb Kaffelm Bèmupet}`t{* se{ bpttj`mhz

jf~tavj{`m, Al ;> Gpl`( }b` ehh&~as`toph [}e}` Mò`lk`Kaf fj}}`` "CI A* bèm`m dz [ }ehjl se{ `{}edhj{b`m,Dz Epcp{}( [}ehjl b`hm ehh }b` i`z set}jf` ~a{}{7 Kbejtfel

ao }b` CIA( M ò`lk` Kaf fj{{et elm [p~t`f` Kaff elm`t,[}ehjl#{ {~``kb a~`l`m {`l{e}jalehhz7 $Kaftem`{( kj}jw`l{dta}b`t{ elm {j{}`t{( ojcb}jlc f`l ao apt Etfz elm Levz,J ef {~èijlc }a zap( fz otj`lm{,$ La e~ahacz oat }b` Lewj&

êk} se{ oat}bka fjlc otaf [}ehjl( alhz `rbat}e}jal }ajl}`l{jv` òoat} jl }b` set, Hj}}h` se{ {ejm ao }b` êt}z, ]bjse{ $~e}tja}jk set$( sj}b b`h~ otaf }b` Dtj}j{b elm Ef`tjke

Edav`[avj`} jloel}tz {``l fetkbjlc ~e{} e {hacel }be} tèm{( $Apt kj{ gp{}( }b` `l`fz sjhh d` dè}`l( vjk}atz sjhh d` apt{$, ]b`{` o jt { }p}}`t`m dz Faha}av al 44 Gpl`( d`kef` e fe{{jv`hz`f~be{jw`m }b`f` jl }b` $ê}tja}jk Set$, E} he{}( eo}`t mez{pldtai`l ~pdhjk {jh`lk`( [}ehjl {~ai` al ; Gphz( el `r}teatmjlet~`toatfelk`( sbjkb a~`l`m {`l{e}jalehhz, [}ehjl bem l`v`t {~aiji` }bj{ dòat`, J} se{ }bj{ }be} `f~be{jw`m }b` ctevj}z ao }b

{j}pe}jal, ]b` {~``kb se{ al` ao $dhaam( {sè} elm }èt{$ dkaf~etj{al sj}b Sjl{}al Kbptkbjhh#{ ~a{}&Mplijti {~``kb,


43/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5 : = 5

Edav`T`ktpj}{}a }b` $^à~h`{#Fjhj}je$( at A~ahkb`lj`( d`jlcmtjhh`m( jlkhpmjlc e dètm`m v`}`tel mj{~hezjlc bj{ f`meh{,âathz }tejl`m elm demhz etf`m $fjhj}je mjvj{jal{$( t`ktpj}`motaf }b` {}t``}{ at otaf oek}a tz d`lkb`{( s`t` fetkb`m }alètdz otal} hjl`{( la}edhz( jl }b` ke{` ao Fa{kas( H`ljlctemelm Am`{{e, Ke{peh}j`{ s`t` `r}t`f`hz bèvz, ]b` f`l

sba {ptvjv`m {pd{ùp`l}hz oatf`m t`cphet T`m Etfz mjvj{jal{,

=4


44/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B

Edav`C`tfel el}j&G`sj{b ~ta~ecelme ~a{}`t7 $]b` G`s j{ eljlo`k}jal }a }b` ~à~h`$, ]bj{ se{ dp} al` ao kapl}h`{{

C`tfel ~ta~ecelme ~a{}`t{ m`{jcl`m }a dah{}`t }b`jt $ktp{emèce jl{} G`sj{b&Dah{b`vj{f$ elm }a mtjv` s`mc`{ d`}s``lctap~{ jl C`tfel&akkp~j`m }`ttj}atz, E{ }b` tèhj}z ao C`tfeltph` & }b` e}takj}j`{( }b` ijhhjlc{( }b` m`~at}e}jal{ & d`kef`fat` sjm`hz ilasl( }b` ~a{}`t{ d`kef` h`{{ elm h`{{ kt`mjdh`,


45/258


46/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

EdavÈ ~a{} t chatjozjlc ~et}j{el{7 $CHATZ ]A B@TA&ÊT]J[EL[(ST@KIJLC ]B@ OE[KJ[] T@E T$ , E cte~b jk t`~t`{`l}e}jalao [}ehjl#{ ; Gphz `rbat}e}jal( $jl }b` akkp~j`m }`ttj}atj`{~et}j{el plj}{ fp{} d` oatf`m,,,{~tèmjlc }b` ~et}j{elset `v`tzsb`t`( oat dhasjlc p~ elm m`{}tazjlc taem{elm dtjmc`{ elm }`h`~bal` elm }`h`cte~b sjt`{,$]b` $jl}ah`tedh` kalmj}jal{$ sbjkb [}ehjl m`felm`m }b`jlvem`t{ {baphm {poo`t }aai }jf` }a fe}`tjehjw`, La} pl}jh 5 :=4mjm }b` ~et}j{el fav`f`l} d`kaf` sjm`{~tèm elm òo`k}jv`,


47/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5 : = 5

Tjcb}[}ehjl#{ {algeiav Mgpce{bvjhj(

~tj{al`t ao set "k`l}t`*,Geiav( el `lcjl``t dz

~tao`{{jal( e {`ljat hj`p}`lel}elm de}}`tz kaffelm`t ao

}b` 5=}b Basj}w`t T`cjf`l}(e}}ekb`m }a }b` 5 =}b ]eli

Mjvj{jal( se{ ke~}pt`m al5? Gphz 5 :=5 lèt _j}`d{i,Al mj{kav`tjlc }be} }b`jt~tj{al`t se{ [}ehjl#{ {al(

}b` C`tfel{ e}}`f~}`m }a`r~haj} bjf oat ~ta~ecelme

~pt~a{`{( dp} mjm la}{pkk``m, Tòp{jlc ~tjvjh`c`{(

b` e{i`m }a t`fejl sj}b }b`teli&elm&ojh` {ahmj`t{, Jl ehh

}b` ~ ba}acte~b{ ao geiav( b`m`hjd`te}`hz tòp{`{ }a haai

mjt`k}hz e} }b` kef`te,

Hò}E C`tfel hèoh`} mjt`k}`m e}T`m Etfz {ahmj`t{( jlkj}jlc}b`f }a m`{`t}7 $Ma la} {b`mzapt dhaam oat [}ehjl% B` be{ehtèmz oh`m }a [efete% Bj{asl {al be{ {ptt`lm`t`m% Jo[}ehjl#{ {al j{ {evjlc bj{ asl{ijl( }b`l zap et` la} adhjc`m}a {ektjojk` zapt{`ho `j}b`t%$

Hò}Geiav Mgpce{bvjhj( al }b` h`k}tjoj`m sjt` ao[ekb`lbep{`l kalk`l}tekef~( 5= E~tjh 5:=;, Fpkal}tav`t{z {pttaplm{ ao [}ehjl#{ {al, [af` dj} se{ {pjkjm`( a}b`t{{pjkjm` {}atz se{ e kdz }b kef~ cpetm{ oat edplch`m e}}`f~} }a ~{p{~`k}`m `{ke~ ,]b` C`tfel {`l}tz Beto{ba} bjf, Eo}`t }b` de[}ehjlctem( Bj}h`t {p}btapcb }b` [s`mj{bT`m Kta{{ }be} Geiav`rkbelc`m oat Oj`hm Fet{êphp{, [}ehjl tòp{`m$E fet{beh saphm la}`rkbelc`m oat e hj`p}`lel}

=?


48/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

H@LJLCTEM DHAKIEM@M

A l 2 [`~}`fd`t 5:=5( }b` C`tfel Etfz j{ahe}`m H`ljlctemotaf }b` t`{} ao Tp{{je, Bj}h`t m`kjm`m la} }a {}atf }b` kj}zdp} }a t`mpk` j} dz dafdetmf`l} elm {}etve}jal( }b` ~t`hpm` }a:>> mez{ ao plfj}jce}`m betm{bj~( bplc`t elm battat, ]b`t` s`t`

4(0==(>>> kjvjhjel{ jl }b` kj}z( =>>(>>> ao }b`f kbjhmt`l elm

;=>(>>> jl }b` {pdptd{( }te~~`m jl }b` ctè}`{} elm halc`{`lmpt`m dz e fam`tl kj}z, ]b` kj}z b`hm alhz ~èk`}jf` oaam{}aki{, Dz Lav`fd`t( ~à~h` s`t` mzjlc ao bplc`t & }b`t` se{ oaam( la hjcb}( la bè} elm kal{}el} C`tfel {b`hhjlc, Fat` }

fjhhjal ojlehhz ~`tj{b`m otaf {}etve}jal( cplojt` elm mj{è{`

Edav`Jl }bj{ khe{{jk ~jk}pt` ao }b` mò`lk` ao H`ljlctem "las kehh`m ^`}`t{dptc( j}{ ~t`&[avj`} lef`*( el}j&ejtkteo} cpl{ et` d`jlc m`~hjl }b` l`jcbdaptbaam ao [}, J{eek#{ ke}b`mteh, Al 4> Epcp{}( _ata{bjhav elm Elmt`j Wbmelav( al` ao }b` i`z atceljw`t{ ao }b` mò`lk`( {`} p~ }b` Fjhj}etz [avj`} oat }b` Mò`lk` ao H`ljlctem,adg`k}`m d`kep{` }b` Mò`lk` [avj`} bem d``l {`} p~ sj}bap} bj{ep}batjwe}jal elm t`~hek`m _ata{bjhav sj}b C`l`teh Càtcjj Wbsba ettjv`m jl H`ljlctem al 5> [`~}`fd`t( ellaplkjlc7 $S` et` la}cjvjlc p~ H`ljlctem, S` et` cajlc }a mò`lm$,


49/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5:=5

Tjcb}$^à~h`#{ _ahpl}``t{$ favjlc

}a }b` otal}, F`l ao }b`^à~h`#{ Fjhj}je "MLA* bem

d``l atjcjlehhz ~tag`k}`m e{}b` H`ljlctem Fjhj}je Etfz

"HELA*, ]b` jmè ao oatfjlc5 0 Fjhj}je Mjvj{jal{ se{

jf~a{{jdh sj}bap} }eijlcsati`t{ otaf }b` oek}atj`{,

Al = Gphz( j} se{ m`kjm`m }at`ktpj} }bt`` Fjhj}je Mjvj{jal{

jl }bt`` mez{, _ata{bjhavm`kjm`m }a `h`ve}` sati`t

de}}ehjal{ sj}b }b` balatjojkm{jcle}jal $Cpetm{$,

Hò}]ei` e }tef&ket }a }b` otal}hjl`h ]tef&ket La, :bèmjlc oat }b` kj}z hjfj}{,]b t ( }b kalmpk}at {bap}m7$@v`tzdamz aoo, ]bj{ j{ }bòtal}, @lm ao }b` hjl`$,^à~h` s`l} }a }b` otal} hjl`~e{{jlc }btapcb {}t``}{

sb`t }b`z bem cal`}a {kbaah e{ kbjhmt`l,

=2


50/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

Hò}]bj{ oefap{ ~jk}pt` {bavjk}jf{ ao }b` C`tfeldafdetmf`l} ao H`ljlct}b` ojt{}ao ?0(>>> kj}}a mj` jl }b` {b`hh ojt`= [`~}`fd`t( C`tfel halc&telc` {j`c` cpl{ a~`l`mojt` al }b` kj}z( {b`hhjlmez eo}`t mez oat fat}bel }sa zèt{, [bat}hz(`rkbelc` ao ojt` m`v`hjl}a e ~tahalc`m et}jhhmp`h d`}s``l }b kapl}`t&de}}`tz ao H`ljlctemcpl{ ~j}}`m ecejl{}C`tfel {j`c` sè~al{,

Tjcb}]b` $Hemace jk` taem$,

Sj}b }b` sjl}`t kef` jkèlm metil`{{, ]b` jk` al

Hei` Hemace fem` e}bjl dp} {ahjm kall`k}jal

d`}v``l H`ljlctem elm e[avj`} {bat`&hjl`, Al

44 Lav`fd`t( {jr}z hattj`{plm`t Fegat êtkbplav

kta{{`m }b` $Hemace jk`taem$( oahhasjlc }b` }teki{

ao bat{`{ elm {h`mc`{, ]bj{taem d`kaf` $}b` taem ao

hjo`$( H`ljlctem#{ oè{jdh` dp}melc`tap{ hjo`&hjl`( {}evjlc aoomj{e{}`t oat e o`s fat` mez{,


51/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5 : = 5

AM@[[E( [@_E[]AÂH

A m`{{e j{ la} }a d` {ptt`lm`t`m,$ D`}s``l èthz Epcp{} elmfjm&Ak}ad`t( }b` T`m Etfz elm Levz {}pddatlhz mò`lm`m}b` [avj`} leveh de{`, ]a t`jloatk` }b` Ktjfè( [}ehjl ect``m }a }b``vekpe}jal ao Am`{{e( sbjkb se{ kettj`m ap} sj}b ctè} {ijhh, Al

5? Ak}ad`t( }b` he{} }tel{~at} {ejh`m oat [ `ve{}a~ah, Jl he}`

M`k`fd`t 5:=5( [}ehjl ~hell`m }a t`kav`t }b` Ktjfè( sb`t`Fel{}`jl#{ @h`v`l}b Etfz se{ e{{eph}jlc [`ve{}a~ah p{jlc ootaf fe{{jv` C`tfel cpl{, ]b` [avj`} ef~bjdjap{ helmjlcal }b` I`tkb ~`ljl{phe jl M`k`fd`t }`f~atetjhz t`hj`v`m }b`

~t`{{pt` al [`ve{}a~ah( sbjkb b`hm ap} pl}jh Gpl ` 5:=4,

Edav`[`tcèl} L,E, H`d`m`v#{ cpl kt`s jl ek}jal e} Am`{{e,Jl 5 :=5( }b` Dheki [è leveh de{`{( hji` a}b`t leveh de{`heki`m e {kb`f` ao helm elm ejt mò`lk`, ]b` Dheki [èOh``} elm kae{}eh mò`lk` {`kpt`m }b` de{` ecejl{} e}}otaf }b` {è, ]b` ~a{{jdjhj}z ao e}}eki otaf }b` helm at t`se{ det`hz kal{jm`t`m, ]b` oat}jojke}jal ao Am`{{e d`ceal 5 4 Gphz( sb`l }b` }btè} otaf }b` helm bem d`kaf` tè

0>


52/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

Hò}J} se{ la} Am`{{e dp} [`ve{}a~ah( sba{` tpjl{et` {basl b`t`( }be} d`kef` }b` $[avj`} ]adtpi$,]b` C`tfel{ bem av`ttpl }b` Ktjfè jlAk}ad t 5 :=5 dp} bem la} {pdmp`m[`ve{}a~ah, [avj`} ~hel{ `lvj{ec`m }b`fejl }btè} kafjlc otaf {èdatl` atejtdatl` e{{eph}, ]b` {j`c` ao }b` levehde{` d`cel al ;> Ak}ad`t, ]b` ojt{} e}}`f~}jl Lav`fd`t( dz C`l`teh @tjkb val Fel{}`jl#{@h`v`l}b Etfz }a }ei` j} aoo }b` fetkb oejh`m,

D`has]b` cpl{ ao }b` Dheki[è Oh``} ~hez`m e vj}jf~at}el} tah` jl dè}jlcdeki }bj{ ojt{} C`tfee{{ep h} al [`ve{}a~ah, de}}h`{bj~ etj{ Kaffplhe}`t t`lef`m [`ve{}aj{ {``l jl ek}jal ojt jlc b`tfejl etfe f`l}( 5 4&jlkb cp


53/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5 : = 5

EJM OAT TP[[JE

A l ; [`~}`fd`t( [}ehjl ptc`l}hz {apcb} Kbptkbjhh#{ b`h~(l``mjlc e ${`kalm otal} {af`sb`t` jl }b` Dehiel{ atOtelk`$ elm set {p~~hj`{( tes fe}`tjeh{ elm sè~al{, ]b` [ p~~hzKalo`t`lk` f`} jl Fa{kas e} }b` `lm ao [`~}`fd`t 5:=5( el

jf~at}el} {}`~ jl kal{ahjme}jlc Elcha&[avj`} set}jf` t`he}jal{,Kbejt`m dz Faha}av( }b` Dèv`tdtaai&Bettjfel fj{{jal ect``m

}a {p~~hz }a }b` [avj`} Pljal fal}bhz {}aki{ ao sè~al{( }ecpl{ elm ejtkteo} ehalc sj}b }b` tes fe}`tjeh{ ka~~`t( wjlk eehpfjljpf elm 5>(>>> }al{ ao etfapt ~he}`, ]b` ojt{} ao }bEtk}jk kalvaz{ kettzjlc set fe}`tjeh }a Tp{{je bem {ejh`m,

Dtj}j{b B pttjkel ` ojcb}`t{ s`t` eh{a a~`te}jlc otaf ejtoj`hm{jl lat}b`tl T p{{je,

Edav`Dtj}j{b elm Ef`tjkel t`~t`{`l}e&}jv`{7 Hatm Dèv`tdtaai jl }b`k`l}t`( Sjhhjef Ev`t`hh Bettjfelal Dèv`tdtaai#{ hò}( ettjv` jlFa{kas al 42 [`~}`fd`t oat }b`[p~~hz Kalo`t`lk`, Al }b`

`r}t`f` hò} Elmt`j _z{bjl{ijj(d`bjlm bjf Emfjteh LjiahejIpwl`}{av( Kaffelm`t ao }b`[avj`} Levz, D`bjlm Dèv`tdtaaij{ [jt [}eooatm Ktj~~{( Dtj }j{bEfde{{emat }a Fa{kas,

A~~a{j} ( da}}afHaemjlc }eli{ oat Tp{{je, ]b` ojt{} ao felz kalvaz{ haem`msj}b }eli{ elm ojcb}`t{ {`} {ejh oat Fptfel{i, E} }b` [p~~hKalo`t`lk` ( }b` [avj`} t`~t`{`l}e}jv`{ ~ta~a{`m }b`m`hjv`tz ao 5(5 >> }eli{ e fal}b, J} se{ m`kjm`m }be} }Dtj}j{b elm Ef`tjkel{ saphm {p~~hz 0>>( ehalc sj}b ;>hjcb} dafd`t{( 5 >> ao sbjkb saphm kaf` otaf }b` P[E,

Jl emmj}jal( 5(>>> }al{ ao Ef`tjkel etfap t ~he}` saphmm`hjv`t`me{ el jl{}ehf`l} al }b` [avj`} atm`t oat 5>(>>>

04


54/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

Tjcb}]b` kalkhp{jal ao }b`

Fa{kas [p~~hz Kalo`t`lk`kbejt`m dz Faha}av "otal}

tas ;tm otaf tjcb}*,]b` Dèv`tdtaai&Bettjfel

fj{{jal `vjm`l}hz tèkb`mect``f`l} al set {p~~hj`{

oat }b` [avj`} Pljal elmfal}bhz tùpjt`f`l}{ ao

ùpj~f`l}, Al` v`tzjl}`t`{}`m ~et}jkj~el} fp{}

bev` d``l Ele{}e{ Fjiazel"otal} tas( }bjtm otaf hò}*(e i`z ojcpt` jl }b` [avj`}set}jf` `kalafz( bèm

ao T`m Etfz {p~~hzelm he}}`thz jlvahv`m jl }b`

H`lm&hè{` ~tacteff`,


55/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 75 : = 5

Hò}Tazeh Ejt Oatk` Bpttjkelòjcb}`t{( 5 0 5 Sjlc(Lat}b`tl Tp{{je, ]b` Tdemhz l``m`m ojcb}`t{ }amò`lm Fptfel{i, ]b` oj t{}Dtj}j{b kalvaz }a Lat}jlkhpm`m }b` v`}`tel kettjBF[ Etcp{ kettzjlc 4=Bpttjkel`{, Ojo}``l fatejtkteo} s`t` kte}`m elmhaem`m al }a e f`tkbel}{bj~, Alk` jl telc`( }b`4= ejtkteo} al }b` Etcaoo }a }b` Tp{{jel fejhelmjlc e} _e`lce ejtoj`hm5 3 fjh`{ otaf Fptfel{i]b kte}`m ejtkteo}s`t plhaem`m e}Etkbelc`h elm e{{`fdh`m( gajljlc }b` Sjlc e} _e`lce,

Tjcb}E {`ljat [avj`} ejt

kaffelm`t }tj `{ ap} bj{l`shz ettjv`m Bpttjkel`

ojcb}`t ejtkteo}( sbjkb e~~èt{l`shz ~ejl}`m, ]b T`m {}et

al }b ~at} sjlc be{ d``l

bpttj`mhz av`t&~ejl}`m al }b`Tazeh Ejt Oatk` taplm`h(sbjkb j{ {}jhh gp{} vj{jdh`,

0=


56/258

FA[KAS ^T@ÊT@ [ ]A OJCB]

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

A l ? Ak}ad`t 5:=5( }b` C`tfel Etfz heplkb`m A~`te}jal]z~baal( sbjkb se{ m`{jcl`m }a {fe{b jl }b` Fa{kasmò`l{jv` kalk`l}te}jal, Al` s`ì he}`t( }b` Fa{kas mj{}tjk}{}eoo atm`t`m el `f`tc`lkz fadjhjwe}jal( sj}b Wbpiav

kaffelmjlc }b` S`{}`tl Otal}, ]b` [}e}` Mò`lk` Kaffj}}``"CIA* fadjhjw`m }b` kjvjhjel ~a~phe}jal, E upet}`t ao e fjhhjal

Fp{kavj}`{( 30 ~`t k`l} ao }b`f saf`l( s`t` mteo}`m }a mjc}t`lkb`{ elm el}j&}eli mj}kb`{, ]b` $Fa{kas mò`lk` wal`$se{ `{}edhj{b`m( mjvjmjlc Fa{kas jl}a }bt`` {`k}at{ }a }bòtal} elm }bt`` hjl`{ }a }b` tèt, Oek}atj`{ s`t` ~t`~et`m oat

m`fahj}jal elm dtjmc`{ s`t` fjl`m, Felz oh`m dp} e t`{ahp}`fjlatj}z t`fejl`m( [}ehjl jlkhpm`m,

Tjcb}Al 5 4 Ak}ad`t( ^tevme

setl`m }b` kj}jw`l{ aoFa{kas ao }b $}`ttjdh`melc`t$ }btè}`ljlc }b`

ke~j}eh, Ehh kj}jw`l{ s`t` }afadjhjw`( ~t`~et` oat }b`

kafjlc de}}h` elm atceljw`mò`lk`{ da}b al }b`

e~~taekb`{ }a }b` kj}z elmsj}bjl }b` kj}z, ]b`{` saf`let` mjccjlc el}j&}eli mj}kb`{

ehalc }b` bjcbsez{ jl}aFa{kas( ~et} ao }bt``

fe{{jv` mò`lk` wal`{,


57/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5 : = 5

H`o}Saf`l s`hm`t{ e} }b`Beff`t elm [jkih` oek}~tampkjlc el}j&}eli$b`mc`bac{$( sbjkbad{}tpk}`m }b` }eli{ #~tact`{{, ]b` sati`t{jl Fa{kas#{ kalkt`}` f`}ehhptcjkeh oek}atj

atm`t`m }a ~tampk` $b`mc`bac{$( detd`m sjtelm t`jloatk`m kalkt`}cpl ~a{j}jal{, Saf`lsati`t{ e} e h`falem`da}}hjlc oek}atz ~t`~$Faha}av kaki}ejh{$ }a dp{`m ecejl{} }eli{, Oefeijlc bap{`bahm caamlas ~tampk`m fjl`{,

Tjcb}[elmdec{ ~ta}`k}jlc

{ba~ sjlmas{ jl Fa{kasecejl{} ejt e}}eki, C`tfel

dafdjlc tejm{ kal}jlp`m(eh}bapcb la} al }b` {ef`

{keh` e{ jl Gphz, Dz ljcb}(Fa{kas t`v`td`te}`m sj} b

}b` {aplm ao el}j&ejtkteo}cpl{ m`~haz`m al taao

}a~{ elm jl a~`l {upet`{,

0?


58/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

EdavÈ oefap{ set}jf` ~jk}pt`7ktasm{ ce}b`t e} }b`plm`tctaplm {}e}jal alT`vahp}jal [upet` jlFa{kas( sb`t` e {ba}&maslGp&22 dafd`t be{ d``l~p} al mj{~hez sj}b {`v`tehao j}{ mòp{`m dafd{,

Hò}El el}j&ejtkteo} cpl mal e Fa{kas taao }a~( }bÌt`fhjl jl }b` dekictaplm]b` o`takj}z ao Fa{kasel}j&ejtkteo} mò`lk`{{pt~tj{`m }b` Hpo}seooA}b`t otal}{ s`t` {}etvoat ejt kav`t elm ejtmò`lk`( dp} jl Fa{kas(C`l`teh Fjibejh Ctafemjl(kaffelm`t Fa{kas EjtMò`lk` Wal`( bem J EEjtkteo} Kat~{ sj}b 3cpl{ elm _J Ejt Mò`lkOjcb}`t Kat~{ sj}b ?>ojcb}`t{( jlkhpmjlc }b`4lm Jlm`~`lm`l}Ljcb} Ojcb}`t [upemta


59/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5 :=5

Edav`]b` pdjupj}ap{ Fa{kas dettec` dehhaal j{ {``l b`t` m`~haz`mal ]v`t Daph`vetm lèt }b` Dah{baj ]bè}t`, Jl emmj}jal }a

ojcb}`t{( el}j&ejtkteo} cpl{ elm dettec` dehhaal{( }b` mò`lk` aoFa{kas jlvahv`m e bpc` ~tacteff` ao kefapohecjlc }b` kj}z,Faki oek}atj`{ s`t` dpjh}( }b` sehh{ ao }b` It`fhjl s`t` ~ejl}`mav`t }a t`{`fdh` bap{`&otal}{( H`ljl#{ Fep{ah`pf se{{elmdecc`m elm taem{ s`t` ~ejl}`m }a t`{`fdh` taao}a~{,

02


60/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

Tjcb}]b Fezeiav{ijj

plm`tctaplm {}e}jal,]b` Tp{{jel{ bem d``l

`r~`k}jlc }b dhj}w alFa{kas elm plm`tctaplm

{}e}jal{ s`t` p{`m oat`f`tc`lkz ekkaffame}jal(

fejlhz oat }b` `hm`thz elm

fa}b t{ sj}b zaplc kbjhmt`l ,Ehh {}e}jal{ ~tavjm`m ojt{}&ejm

~a{}{ elm tpmjf`l}etz`lkha{`m he}tjl`{ elm {af`

`v`l bem {fehh hjdtetj`{,Dpli{ at kef~ d`m{ s`t`

{p~~hj`m oat saf`l(kbjhmt`l elm }b` `hm`thz,[faijlc se{ oatdjmm`l%


61/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5 : = 5

Hò}Fp{kavj}`{ otaf }b` Ij`v mj{}tjk}ao }b` kj}z dpjhm fat` dettjkem`{(dp} felz oh`m otaf Fa{kas, ]b`$ctè} ~eljk$ akkptt`m al 5 ?Ak}ad`t & }b`t` se{ e tp{b oat}b` tejhsez {}e}jal{ elm }b` taem{è{} ao Fa{kas s`t` geff`msj}b hattj`{ elm ket{ favjlc è{},

Felz aoojk`{ elm oek}atj`{{}a~~`m satijlc ,

Tjcb}Ek}at{ otaf }b` Fa{kas ]bè}t`

male}jlc }b`jt vehpedh`{ oat }b`{}e}` mò`lk` oplm, Hji` felz

a}b`t Fp{kavj}`{( }b` ek}at{t`{~alm`m }a ~e}tja}jk e~~èh{

elm }b` {`l{` ao melc`t, Sati`t{elm ek}at{ otaf }b` Dah{baj]bè}t` bem ehtèmz e~~èt`m jl

}b` H`ljla Mj{}tjk} ao Fa{kasmjccjlc el}j&}eli mj}kb`{, Eo}`t }b`

$ctè} ~eljk$( Fa{kast`kav`t`m j}{ l`tv , Fa{kas

Temja ellaplk`m }be} [}ehjl se{jl }b` kj}z elm saphm t`fejl

}b`t`( sbjkb bem e ~a{j}jv` òo`k}al fateh`,

?>


62/258

JLMP[]TZ FA_@[ @E[]

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B

J l 5:=5( }b` [avj`} Pljal `fdeti`m la} alhz al }b` ctè}`{}jlmp{}tjeh fjcte}jal jl bj{}atz dp} eh{a al e {`kalm jlmp{}tjeht`vahp}jal, ]b` @vekpe}jal [avj`} d`cel sati jl èthz Gphz }a {bjo}fegat etfef`l}{ ~hel}{ }a }b` è{}, E} ojt{}( jf~tavj{`m

`vekpe}jal sati m demhz7 mj{fel}hjlc }aai ~hek plm t ejt e}}eki elm tejhsez hjl`{ s`t` dafd`m, Dp} d`}s``l Epcp{} elm Ak}ad`t(

e {}ecc`tjlc 2> ~`t k`l} ao [avj`} jlmp{}tz se{ $al sb``h{$, ]btejhsez{ ekkaf~hj{b`m e {}p~`lmap{ }e{i( p{jlc al`&elm&efjhhjal }tpki{ }a }tel{o`t 5(04; oek}atj`{ è{}setm, Favjlc }boek}atj`{ se{ al` ~tadh`f( {}et}jlc p~ ~tampk}jal se{ z`} ela

Fekbjl`tz d`cel a~`te}jlc `v`l e{ l`s oek}atz sehh{ s`t``t`k}`m etaplm j},

DDBFBDDDF

Edav`Jl bj{ dtaemke{} ao ; Gphz 5:=5 [}j{{p`m jff`mje}` ${katkb`m èt}b$jl{}tpk}jal{7 $]b` `l`fz fp{} la} d` he {jlch` `lcjl`,, ,la} e ~aplm ao dtàt e ~jl} ao ajh, Kahh`k}jv` oetf`t{ mtjv` esez ehh }b`jt hjv`{}aki( belmctejl t`{`tv`{ }a }b` {}e}` ep}batj}j``vekpe}jal }a }b` tèt,$ Jl {k`l`{ hji`}b`{`( kahh`k}jv` oetf`t{ sj}b }b`jt ~elm kas{ kettj`m ap} [}ehjl#{ jl{}tpehh }a }b` tèt,


63/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 75 : = 5

EdavÈ khe{{jk {k`l` ao jlmp{}tjeh `vekpe}jal }be} fp{} bev` d``l t`~hjke}`mfelz }bap{elm{ ao }jf`{, ^hel{ s`t` mtesl p~ jl Gphz }a `{}edhj{b e${`kalm hjl` ao jlmp{}tjeh mò`lk`$ jl }b` è{}`tl bjl}`thelm, Sbahòek}atj`{ s`t` }tel{~hel}`m( la} alhz otaf }ba{` jlmp{}tj`{ }btè}`l`m dz }b`C`tfel emvelk`, ]b` felpoek}pt` ao etfapt ~he}` se{ }tel{o`tt`mè{}setm{( }b` felpoek}pt` ao }eli `lcjl`{ se{ jff`mje}`hz }tel{o`tt`motaf Ibetiav }a Kb`hzedjl{i jl }b` Pteh{, @vekpe}jal eh{a oekjhj}e}`m }b`kalv`t{jal ao jlmp{}tj`{ }a set ~tampk}jal, Sj}b }b` fekbjl`{ elmùpj~f`l} s`l} }b` sati`t{ elm }b` }`kbljkeh {}eoo( ao}`l sbah` oefjhj`{,

?4


64/258

$ÊT]J[EL SET$

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

A l 52 Gphz 5:=5( }b` K`l}teh Kaffj}}`` j{{p`m jl{}tpk}jal{oat }b` kalmpk} ao $~et}j{el set$ elm }b` ^ et}z e~~ete}p{(}b` Iaf{afah( }b` LI_M elm }b` T`m Etfz s`t` ehh jlvahv`m jlatceljwjlc }b` fav`f`l}, ]b` jlj}jeh t`{ph}{ s`t` fèct` elm

{ke}}`t`m( dp} }b` halc etf ao [avj`} ep}batj}z se{ e} hè{}t`&`f`tcjlc, ]b` ~a~phe}jal se{ jlktè{jlchz {up``w`m d`}s``l

C`tfel elm [avj`}&~et}j{el ~t`{{pt`{( dp} el}j&C`tfel o``hse{ ctasjlc elm }b` jmè ao e $~e}tja}jk set$ se{ jl}`l{jozjlc,[`l{`h`{{( {`ho&mòè}jlc elm dtp}eh C `tfel akkp~e}jal ~ahfe{{&fptm`t tef~ec`{ elm vjkjap{ el}j&~et}j{el ek}jal{ {}`

ehj`le}`m }b` ~a~phe}jal, ]b` ojt{} ~pdhjk belcjlc ao e ~et}bem ehtèmz }ei`l ~hek`,

Hò}[avj`} ~et}j{e l{ jl 5 :=5 }eijlc }b` ae}b }a $sati e }`ttjdh`f`tkjh`{{ t`v`lc` p~al }b` `l`fz$, ]b` ~et}j{el elm bj{ oefjhz{sat }a mj te}b`t }bel {ptt`lm`t, [}ehjl av`tkef bj{ m``~{p{~jkjal ao jtt`cphet setoet`( elm bj{ {~``kb ao ; Gphz kehh`moat }b` atceljwe}jal ao ~et}j{el plj}{, êt}j{el{ hji` }b`{`(zaplc elm ahm( f`l elm saf`l( s`t` la} jl }b` d`cjlljlc e{`tjap{ ojcb}jlc oatk` d`kep{` }b`z heki`m etf{ elm {p~~hj`{,

D`hasêt}j{el{ hezjlc m`fahj}jal kbetc`{, Jl }b` èthz {}ec`{ ao~et}j{el setoet`( }b` fj{{jal ao ~et}j{el plj}{ jl }b` jff`mje}èlm m``~ C`tfel tèt se{ }a {has }b` C`tfel emvelk`(sb`t` ~a{{jdh` {eda}ecjlc }b` C`tfel kaffpljke}jall`}sati, [avj`} ~et}j{el{ eh{a e}}eki`m C`tfel {p~~hz mpf~{({eda}ec`m ùpj~f`l} elm bjm oetfjlc ùpj~f`l} jl }b` oat`{}{,

E fèj oat T`m Etfz {ahmj`t{ jl }b` `l`fz tèt, Felz T`m Etfz {ahmj`t{ elm êt}aoojkjeh{ bem d``l fetaal`m d`bjlm C`tfel hjl`{ elm {ahmj`t{ otaf t`}tè}

plj}{ `{ke~`m jl}a saam{, B`t`( e T`m Etfz plj} j{ t`k`jvjlc b`h~ otaf }b` h~a ~p he}jal , @ v` l}p ehhz ( L I_ M a oojk` t{ e l m ^ e t}

jlojh}te}`m }btapcb C`tfel hjl`{ }a atceljw` elm {p~~at} ~et}j{el


65/258

K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 75 : = 5

Edav`]b` belcjlc ao [avj`} ~et}j{el{ jl }b` Fa{kas t`cjal,]b` C`tfel ep}batj}j`{ tèk}`m {evec`hz otaf }b` ap}{`}}a ~et}j{el setoet`( at Delm`lit`jc, êt}j{el{ elm }b`jt{p~~at}`t{( at {p{~`k}`m {p~~at}`t{( s`t` hjedh` }a jl{}el}mè}b, ]b` fa{} dtp}eh t`~tj{eh{ s`t` ep}batjw`m e} }b`

bjcb {} h vh( v l dz Bj}h t bjf{ ho, ]b C tfel ba{}ecatm`t {}j~phe}`m}be}0>&5>> ba{}ec`{ {baphm d` {ba}oat `v`tz mèm C`tfel {ahmj`t, ]bj{ se{ }b` a~`ljlc{k`l` jl el `r~elmjlc set ao }`ttat elm fptm`t,

?=


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Tjcb}]b` ojt{} ~pdhjk `r`kp}jal

jl C`tfel&akkp~j`m Tp{{jese{ }b belcjlc ao Fe{be

Dtp{ijle al 4? Ak}ad`t5:=5 , Fe{be se{

}b` ~t`kpt{at ao }bap{elm{sba s`t taplm`m p~

elm ~pdhjkhz belc`m sj}b~heketm{ taplm }b`jt l`ki{(jl}`lm`m }a d el `ref~h`

}a }b` t`{} ao }b` ~a~phe}jal,

Hò}êt}j{el{ al }b` fav` jl }b` oat`{}{ elm {sef~{ }be}}z~jkehhz oatf`m ~et}j{el bjmàp}{, et}j{el{ oek`m ele~~ehhjlc `rj{}`lk`( hjvjlc jl kal{}el} oèt ao d`}tezeh }a}b C`tfel{( sba kaphm dpz jloatfel}{ oat e belmoph aofeti{, [~j`{ elm }tej}at{ s`t` `r`kp}`m dz ~et}j{el{ e{e fe}}`t ao kapt{`, Jl {af` etè{( ~et}j{el{ s t` cjv`loaam elm {b`h}`t( jl a}b`t{ }b`z s`t d`}tez`m at ijhh`m,]b ~a~phe}jal kef aoo sat{} sb l }te~~`m d`}s l

}sa {`}{ ao t`~tj{eh{( }b C`tfel elm [avj`} ep}batj}j`{,


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K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

A~~a{j}È {}elmetm `r`kp}jal,Sb`l ~et}j{el{ dh`s p~}b` Kal}jl`l}eh Ba}`h jlIj`v( Bèm upet}`t{ ao }b`C`tfel [jr}b Etfz( ehh G`s{s`t` atm`t`m }a t`~at} oat$t`{`}}h`f`l}$, ]b`z s`t`fetkb`m }a }b` ap}{ijt}{ ao}b` kj}z( }ei`l jl {fehhctap~{( hjl`m p~ ecejl{} }b`~j} {af` 5 2 o``} "0 f`}t`{Vhalc elm `jcb} o``} "4,0f`}t`{* m``~ elm {ba},

Tjcb}@r`kp}jal7 e {ba} jl }b` dekiao }b` bèm( kettj`m ap} s j}be k`t}ejl ctjf jl}`l{j}z( `v`lt`hj{b, Lewj jlmak}tjle}jalse{ sjm`hz b`hm ekkapl}edhòat }b` zaplc`t aoojk`t{#ad`zjlc ao ktjfjleh atm`t{(sbjh` }b`t` se{ e c`l`teho``hjlc }be} C`tfel {ahmj`t{s`t` kph}ptehhz {p~`tjat,C`tfel aoojk`t{ o`h} ekal}`f ~} oat }b` Pl}`tf`l{kb(}b` ${pd&bpfel$ [hev(kap~h`m sj}b e mj{~a{j}jal}asetm{ el}j&[`fj}j{f elmfjhj}el} el}j&Dah{b`vj{f,C`tfel aoojk`t{ elm f`ls`t` kal{}el}hz t`fjlm`m

}be} }bj{ se{ $e set aojmàhacjkeh `r}`tfjle}jal$,

Hò}]b` damj`{ ao kjvjhjel vjk}jf{(}ei`l ba{}ec` elm {ba} dz}b` C`tfel{( hò} hzjlc jl e{kbaahzetm eh Ta{}av&al&Mal,

Av thèo]b` fe{{ `r`kp}jal ao [av~tj{al`t{ ao set elm kjvdz e C`tfel ojtjlc {upeotaf el pljm`l}joj`m plj


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K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5 : = 5

Hò}[pkb se{ }b` {keh` aoC`tfel {hepcb}`t jl Tp}be} }b` C`tfel kaffese{ betm&~t`{{`m }a}b` fa{} òojkj`l} oatf`r}`tfjle}jal( ~et}jkphsj}b t`{~`k} }a }b` g[af` C`tfel kaffelm`t{

mj{hji`m }b` jlbpfeljao belcjlc, ]b` ~tò`ttf`}bam ao }b` @jl{e}b` [[ `r}`tfjle}jal {upse{ }a taplm p~ ehh elm {baa} }b`f ap} aB`t`( e ${}elmetm$`r`kp}jal j{ se}kb`mdz e zap}b "k`l}t`*(e f`fd`t ao }b Lewjzap}b hedapt atceljw

3>


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K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

Tjcb}^pdhjk belcjlc{ {pkb e{ }b`{` d`kef` fat` otùp`l}( `v`l

tap}jl`, Damj`{ s`t` hò} belcjlc jl ~pdhjk ~hek`{ e{ em`}`tt`l} }a f`fd`t{ ao }b` t`{j{}elk`( ~et}j{el{ elm }ba{`

mj{~hezjlc $el}j&C`tfel$ {`l}jf`l}{ at kaffj}}jlc $el}j&C`tfel$ ek}{, E fel se{ belc`m( {p{~`k}`m ao bevjlc

~plk}pt`m C`tfel }zt`{, B se{ belc`m ehalc sj}b ela}b`t(plilasl( fel, Da}b s`t` hò}belcjlc oat }bt`` mez{ jl ophh

vj`s, La al` se{ ehhas`m }a kp} }b damj`{ masl,

Hò}C`tfel {ahmj`t{ belc WazeIa{fam`fzel{ieze( e f`fd`t ao }bÌaf{afah( e vahpl}``t oat ek}jv`{`tvjk`( sba se{ {`l} d`bjlm C`tfelhjl`{ e{ ~et} ao e {eda}ec` plj}, [b`se{ }ei`l ~tj{al`t sbjh` e}}`f~}jlc }adhas p~ e C`tfel effplj}jal mpf~,[b` se{ {}tj~~`m elm }at}pt`m }a }b``r}`l} }be} `v`l {af C`tfel {ahmj`t{s`t {jki`l`m, Kav`t`m jl dhaam elmbeho mèm( {b se{ }ei`l }a }b cehhassj}b e ~heketm etaplm b`t l`kim`laplkjlc b`t e{ e ~et}j{el, Waze~a{}bpfap{hz d`kef e m`kate}`mB`ta ao }b [avj`} Pljal elm eljl{~jte}jal oat ~a`f{ elm ojhf{,


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K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5 : = 5

Hò}Waze Ia{fam`fzel{ieze(fp}jhe}`m, Al L`s Zèt#{@v`( mtpli`l C`tfel}taa~{ ~phj`m b`t damz a}b` cehhas{ elm {}edd`mbeki m j}, Mptjlc }b ljcbhakeh jlbedj}el}{ tel e }`tj{i dz }eijlc }b` fp}jhe}`m

kat~{` esez elm mjccjlce ctev` jl otaw`l èt}b,

Tjcb}E ctj`vjlc Tp{{jel fa}b`t,

E{ }b` `r}`l} elm tèhj}zao }b` C`tfel e}takj}j`{

d`kef` sjm`hz ilasl}btapcbap} Tp{{je( }b` sjhh

}a t`{j{} {}joo`l`m elm }b`$~e}tja}jk set$ d`kef` jl

tèhj}z e $~à~h`#{ set$(dp} }b` ka{} }a {ahmj`t elm

kjvjhjel ehji` se{ batt`lmap{(e{ }bj{ fa}b`t e}}`{}{,

34


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$E SET AO @R]@TFJL E] JAL$

K E ] E [ ] T A

Jo }b` C`tfel{ sel} e set ao r}`tfjle}jal( }b`z {behh bevàl`($ {ejm [}ehjl jl bj{ {~``kb ao ? Lav`fd`t 5:=5( sbjkb

se{ m`hjv`t`m sbjh` C`t fel etfj`{ s`t` h`{{ }bel 0> fjh`{"2> ijhaf`}t`{* otaf Fa{kas, ]b` l`r} mez( [}ehjl b`hm }b`

}temj}jaleh fjhj}etz ~etem` jl T`m [upet`, Tjoh`f`l( ahm ]&4?}eli{( elm e o`s l`s( oatfjmedh` ]&;= }eli{ kta{{`m T`m [upet`(

favjlc {}tejcb} aoo }a }b` lètdz ota l} hjl`, Eset` ao }b` t j{i[}ehjl bem {pffal`m C`l`teh Wbpiav }a mj{kp{{ }b` ~etem`lupjt` edap} C`tfel jl}`l}jal{, C`tfel }taa~{ s`t`t`ctap~jlc( [}ehjl se{ }ahm( elm la fegat e}}eki se{ jffjl`l},

Fa{kas#{ ejt mò`lk`{ s`t` {}t`lc}b`l`m ecejl{} e ~a{{jdh` eje}}eki dp} l`j}b`t ctaplm e{{eph} lat ejt&tejm fe}`tjehjw`m

Edav`]b` t`vj`sjlc {}elm e} }b` It`fhjl( 3 Lav`fd`t 5 :=5,Otaf hò} }a tjcb}7 Faha}av( Fet{beh Dpm`llz( [}ehjl( CFeh`liav( Fjiazel elm Ehì{elmt [bkb`tdeiav, Fet{behDpm`llz j{ advjap{hz ~taf~}jlc [}ehjl, ]b` ~t`vjap{ mez( bem m`hjv`t`m bj{ {~``kb al }b` elljv`t{etz ao }b` Ak}adT`vahp}jal( }b` $set ao `r}`tfjle}jal$ {~``kb, Al 3 Lav`f

[}ehjl {~ai` ap} `v`l fat` dtp}ehhz( mj{fj{{jlc oèt{ }be} $C`tfel{ kaphm la} d` dè}`l$( fakijlc j} e{ }b` ~eljk&}ehao e dplkb ao otjcb}`l`m jl}`hh`k}peh{( t`fjlmjlc bj{ hj{}`}be} jl 5 :5 2 }b` T`m Etfz bem d``l jl e sat{` ~a{j}jal,


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K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 75 : = 5

Tjcb}]b` T`m [upet` ~etem` al 3 Lav`fd`t se{ }temj}jaleh,

[}ehjl sel}`m }b` ~etem` dp} b` se{ la} ~t`~et`m }a }ei`tj{ i {elm up`{}jal`m Wbpiav edap} }b` hji`hjbaam ao eC`tfel

e}}eki, Wbpiav t`~hj`m }be} lafegat e}}eki se{ `r~`k}`m jl}b` l`r} o`s mez{( }bapcb ejt mò`lk`{ fp{} d` t`jloatk`m

elm ojcb}`t ejtkte o} fp{} d` fav m p~ }a oatf l`sOtal}{, [}ehjl#{ {~``kb fèl} }a {}èmz Tp{{je#{ l`tv`,]bj{ {afdt` Fa{kas ~etem` bem e mtefe}jk jf~ek}

elm se{ t`cetm`m e{ e dtev`( `v`l mòjel} ek},

D`hasT`m Etfz fa}atkzkh` plj}{(}b`jt {jm`&ket{ ùpj~~`m sj}bM^ hjcb} fekbjl`&cpl{( o atfp~ oat }b` 3 Lav`fd`t

~etem` jl T`m [upet`,]b` ~etem` se{ ao ctè}fjhj}etz jf~at}elk`( fa{} ao}b` plj}{ jlvahv`m favjlcmjt`k}hz }a otal}&hjl` ~a{j}jal{(dp} se{ eh{a e ~ahj}jkeh ek}ao ctè} {zfdahjk {jcljojkelk` ,

3=


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Tjcb}Saf`l elm f`l satijlc}a ojlj{b el}j&}eli mò`lk`{al Dah{beze Iehpwb{ieze

[}t``} jl Fa{kas, J} haai`me{ jo }b`{` mò`lk`{

s`t` cajlc }a d` l``m`m7al 50&5? Lav`fd`t(}b` C`tfel{ t`{pf`m

}b e}}eki al Fa{kas,

Hò}]b` oefap{ s`hm`m el}j$b`mc`bac{$ dhakijlc

Fa{kas }batapcboet`,Mptjlc 5:=5( }b` oekao Fa{kas kbelc`m,El}j&}eli ad{}ekh`{ s`{`} p~ jl fa{} {}t``}{( fat` el}j&ejtkteo} de}}s`t` m`~haz`m elm dettec`dehhaal{ s`t` kalk`l}teSb`l la} satijlc jl }bòek}atj`{( }``lec`t{ s`t`lcec`m jl ojt`&se}kbj


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Edav`Saf`l sati`t{ jl e Fa{kas oek}atz ~tampkjlc fat}et dafd{plm`t }b` {hacel7 $Apt `l`tcz( apt {}t`lc}b( apt hjo` & ehhoat }b m`o lk ao Fa{kas%$ Fa{kas oek}atj { plm ts l}te~jm kalv`t{jal }a fjhj}etz p{`, ]b` Iehjljl elm [EFoek}atj`{ ~tampk`m Ie}zp{be taki`} heplkb`t{ elmfekbjl`&cpl{( }b` Fa{kas ket oek}atz ~tampk`m[b~ecjl fekbjl`&cpl{( sbjh` }b` T`m ^tah`}etje}fekbjl`&}aah oek}atz }ptl`m ap} fjl`{( {b`hh{ elm op{`{,

3?


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Hò}Oapt}``l&zèt&ahm [e{be h`lm{ bj{fekbjl jl e Fa{kas etf{oek}atz, E ctè} mèh ao pl}tejl`mhedapt( jlkhpmjlc zaplc{}`t{ hji`[e{be( }b`jt lpfd`t{ {p~~h`f`l}`mdz felz sba bem d``l mtjv`l ap}ao }b` vjhhec`{ jl }b` etè aoFa{kas( bap{`sjv`{ elm ctelm&fa}b`t{ las sati`m jl oek}atj`{,

D`hasSaf`l sati`t{ }ei` }jf` aoo oatfekbjl`&cpl jl{}tpk}jal, ]bè}fa{~b`t jl Fa{kas se{ lasvj{jdhz fjhj}etz( ~t`~et`m oat elz`v`l}pehj}z( elm }b $Fa{kas ~eljk$ao Ak}ad`t bem halc {jlk` {pd{jm`m


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]B@ FA[KAS KAPL]@T&[]TAI@7 0 M@K@FD@T 5:=5

A l 50 Lav`fd t 5:=5( }b C tfel Etfz a~ l m j}{ $ojlehaoo`l{jv`$ ecejl{} Fa{kas, ]`l mez{ he}`t( C`tfel plj}{kha{`m al Fa{kas }a }b` lat}b( gp{} 4> fjh { ";4 ijhaf`}t`{* otaf

}b` It`fhjl, E{ }`f~`te}pt`{ ~hplc`m( m`kjfe}`m C`tfel elm

[avj } plj}{ cte~~h`m sj}b ekb a}b t jl }b v tz {pdptd{ ao Fa{kas,

]b` T`m Etfz {}tpki ojt{} al }b` oheli{( ]jibvjl jl }b` lat}b(

Ta{}av jl }b` {ap}b, Fèlsbjh`( [}ehjl ketòphhz bp{delm`m bt { tv`{, Al 0 M`k`fd t 5:=5( }b T`m Etfz heplkb`m j}{ Fa{kaskapl}`t&dhas, @jcb} mez{ he}`t( }b` [avj`} ~t`{{ dtai` j}{ {jh

ellaplk }b t ~ph{ ao }b C tfel{ e} }b ce}`{ ao Fa{kas,

Hò}Al }b` hò}( Fet{beh ]jfa{b`lia {è}`m e} e Bpcb`{}`h` ~tjl }`t fekbjl`, D`bjlm bjf( Ljij}e Ibtp{bkb`v( f`fd`tao }b` Fjhj}etz [avj`} ao }b` [ap}b`tl Otal}, Al : Lav`fd`]jfa{b`lia bem {pdfj}}`m e ~hel }a [}ehjl }a e}}eki }b` oelm tèt ao Ojt{} êlw`t Etfz jl }b` {ap}b, ]b`[}evie btph`m ap} elz t`jloatk`f`l}{( oatkjlc ]jfa{b`lia }a t`ctap~dòat` b` kaphm heplkb bj{ e}}eki,

Hò}]jfa{b`lia elm Ibtp{bkb{}pmzjlc }b` de}}h` fsj}b Hj`p}` lel} KahalJvel Dectefzel( Kbjòao A~`te}jal{, [avj`} C`tfel mjvj{jal{ e} Ta{

, fav`m {jfph}e làp{hz je}}eki elm kapl}`te}}5 3 Lav`fd`t, C`tfel }ebem ~`l`}te}`m }b` lat{pdptd{ ao Ta{}av, adg`k}jv` se{ las }b`

hjd`te}jal ao Ta{}av ee mtjv` al ]eceltac,Al 4: Lav`fd`t( [avj`}mjvj{jal{ khèt`m Ta{}}b` S`btfekb} {poo`t` mojt{} fegat t`v`t{`( sj}btèkbjlc kal{ùp`lk`{ o}b` C`tfel kaffelm,

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K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7

Edav`Otaf }b` {}t``}{ ao Fa{{}tejcb} }a }b` otal} hjsbjkb se{ melc`tap{hzl`et, Al }b` fatljlc ao42 Lav`fd`t( C`tfel pl

s`t kjtkhjlc Fa{kas }a}b lat}b elm s`t lafat` }bel 4> fjh`{ ";4ijhaf`}t`{V otaf }b` It`f


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K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5 : = 5

Edav`Fegat C`l`teh Ial{}el}jl Taia{{av{ijj( kaffelm`t ao }b`5?}b T`m Etfz e} J{}te {}elm{ {`kalm otaf tjcb}( sj}b Mjvj{jalehKaffj{{et E, E, Hadekb`v elm Kajal`h Eoele{jj D`hadatamav(kaffelm`t ao }b` [jd`tjel 32}b Tjoh` Mjvj{al, Eh{a ~t`{`l} se{}b` stj}`t _hemjfjt [}ev{ijj( sba se{ {pd{`up`l}hz ijhh`m jlek}jal ec`m =;, J{}te se{ e i`z ~ajl} jl }b` m`o`lk`{ ehalc }b`_ahaiahef{i Bjcbsez, D`hadatamav#{ [jd`tjel{ s`t` m`~haz`mehalc }b` J{}te tjv`t elm e} }b` bjcb mef ao }b` J{}te t`{`tvajt,

2>


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K E ] E [ ] TA ^ B @ 7

Edav`^helljlc }b` Fa{kas kapl}`t&{}tai` e} S`{}`tl Otal}BU,Otaf h`o} }a tjcb}7 Hj`p}`lel} C`l`teh Ljiahej Dphceljl(F`fd`t ao }b` Fjhj}etz [avj`}( al` ao [}ehjl#{ ${p~`t&kaffj {{et{$ 9 S`{}`tl Otal} kaffelm`t C`l teh Wbpiav9Kbj`o ao [}eoo Kahal`h C`l`teh _e{jhjj [aiahav{ijj9 elmC`l`teh Jvel Ibaibhav( "[p~~hz*( f`fd`t ao }b` Fjhj}etz[avj`}, Al ;> Lav`fd`t( Wbpiav bem ~t`{`l}`mbj{ ~hel{ }a [}ehjl elm }b` [}evie, ]b` adg`k}jv`se{ }b` m`{}tpk}jal ao }b` }sa C`tfel etfapt`ms`mc`{ }be} hez lat}b elm {ap}b ao Fa{kas,


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K E ] E [ ] T A ^ B @ 7 5:=5

Edav`M`{}taz`m C`tfel ùp j~f`l} e} Ihjl, ] b` T`m E tfz#{ kapl}`t&{}tai` a~`l`m al 0 M`k`fd`t 5 :=5, Jl }b` de}}h` oat Fa{kas(da}b }b` T`m Etfz elm }b` C`tfel etfz bem oapcb} ehfa{}masl }a }b`jt he{} de}}ehjal{( dp} [}ehjl bem {ijhophhz bp{delm`mt`{`tv`{, Jl }b` de}}h` ao }b` $Ihjl dphc`$( Wbpiav#{ }taa~{e}}`f~}`m }a m`{}taz êlw`t Ctap~{ ; elm =, Dz laal al3 M`k`fd`t( oatsetm [avj`} plj}{ s`t` av`t&tplljlc }b`Bèmupet}`t{ ao H_J êlw`t Kat~{ ap}{jm` Ihjl, Ihjl beme{{pf m latfap{ {jcljojkelk e{ }b hzlkb&~jl ao elw t

Ctap~ ; elm }b` bjlc` ao Etfz Ctap~ K`l}t`#{ hò} sjlc,

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