History.pdf

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ANDHRA PRADESH OPEN SCHOOL SOCIETYGOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADEESH, HYDERABAD

First Published 2010-2011

All Rights Reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or

transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior permission, in writing

of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover.

This book is a Telugu translation of the original History (315) Englishversion of NIOS, NOIDA

D `Q ` =O ^=@PO ^ ^ \ F

The Subject TeamChairman (Module-3)Dr.B.B.Aggarwal

Head, Dept. of Education University of Delhi, Delhi

Chairman (Module - 4 & 5)Dr.G.D.Gulati

Lecturer, Satyawati College, Delhi.

Editors

Dr.B.B.AggarwalHead, Dept. of Education University of Delhi, Delhi

Dr.G.D.GulatiLecturer, Satyawati College, Delhi.

Mrs.Asha ChaubeyLecturer, Indraprastha College , Delhi

Ms.Anita PriyadarshiniTutor, History National Open School, New Delhi

Evaluation Experts

Dr.Qamar UddinReader, DMESDP, NCERT, New Delhi

Lesson Writers

Mrs.Rajana BhattacharyaMaitreyi CollegeNew Delhi

Mrs.Sangeeta L.SharmaLady Shri Ram College,New Delhi

Mr.Asha S.ChaubeyLecturer, Indraprastha CollegeDelhi

Mr.P.P.Girhotra (PGT)Govind Ram GurukulSr.Sec.School, Delhi

Mr.Anil ChauhanDelhi College of Arts and CommerceNew Delhi

Mr.M.K.DasDept.of Education University of DelhiDelhi

Mrs.Tripta VermaLecturer, Mata Sunderi CollgeNew Delhi

Dr.Surjit JollyLecturer, Vivekanand Mahila CollegeDelhi

Mrs. Anita DevrajDAV Public SchoolBahadurgarh (Haryana)

Mrs.Kamla KhannaPGT (Retd.)Bal Bharti Air Force School

Mr.C.P. Rai BhatnagarPGT (Retd)Teacher Training InstitueDarya Ganj, New Delhi

Translator Course Co-ordinator Graphic ArtistMr.C.P. Rai Bhatnagar

PGT (Retd)Teacher Training InstitueDarya Ganj, New Delhi

Mr.M.L.Zharotia National Open School,

New Delhi

Ms.Anita PriyadarshiniTutor,

History National Open School,New Delhi

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JO\ ~, WP~\_| ~ P WO@s_\Z_H+~~=, M.A.,(Litt.) M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil.

State CoordinatorAp State Open School, Hyderabad.

~ W. ^~}, M.A., M.Phil, Ph.D.,Head, Department of History & Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences,

Dr.B.R. Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad

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Ki ` 3(H~ =_)

Z..\ F

ANDHRA PRADESH OPEN SCHOOL SOCIETYGOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADEESH, HYDERABAD

First Published 2010-2011

All Rights Reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or

transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior permission, in writing

of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover.

This book is a Telugu translation of the original History (315) Englishversion of NIOS, NOIDA

D `Q ` =O ^=@PO ^ ^ \ F

The Subject TeamChairman (Module-3)Dr.B.B.Aggarwal

Head, Dept. of Education University of Delhi, Delhi

Chairman (Module - 4 & 5)Dr.G.D.Gulati

Lecturer, Satyawati College, Delhi.

Editors

Dr.B.B.AggarwalHead, Dept. of Education University of Delhi, Delhi

Dr.G.D.GulatiLecturer, Satyawati College, Delhi.

Mrs.Asha ChaubeyLecturer, Indraprastha College , Delhi

Ms.Anita PriyadarshiniTutor, History National Open School, New Delhi

Evaluation Experts

Dr.Qamar UddinReader, DMESDP, NCERT, New Delhi

Lesson Writers

Mrs.Rajana BhattacharyaMaitreyi CollegeNew Delhi

Mrs.Sangeeta L.SharmaLady Shri Ram College,New Delhi

Mr.Asha S.ChaubeyLecturer, Indraprastha CollegeDelhi

Mr.P.P.Girhotra (PGT)Govind Ram GurukulSr.Sec.School, Delhi

Mr.Anil ChauhanDelhi College of Arts and CommerceNew Delhi

Mr.M.K.DasDept.of Education University of DelhiDelhi

Mrs.Tripta VermaLecturer, Mata Sunderi CollgeNew Delhi

Dr.Surjit JollyLecturer, Vivekanand Mahila CollegeDelhi

Mrs. Anita DevrajDAV Public SchoolBahadurgarh (Haryana)

Mrs.Kamla KhannaPGT (Retd.)Bal Bharti Air Force School

Mr.C.P. Rai BhatnagarPGT (Retd)Teacher Training InstitueDarya Ganj, New Delhi

Translator Course Co-ordinator Graphic ArtistMr.C.P. Rai Bhatnagar

PGT (Retd)Teacher Training InstitueDarya Ganj, New Delhi

Mr.M.L.Zharotia National Open School,

New Delhi

Ms.Anita PriyadarshiniTutor,

History National Open School,New Delhi

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JO\ ~, WP~\_| ~ P WO@s_\Z_H+~~=, M.A.,(Litt.) M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil.

State CoordinatorAp State Open School, Hyderabad.

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3. L^~" ^O ~= ` #O KOK_xH JH~ K\# K~ UO\?

4. JH~ `# =[O L^~"^x ~= ` # "# ZO ^ Ja=$k K#


`~ ` =[O @ kOK_xH, ~[H H#


q+O, ^~# KOOz# q+O [ =~z"x H~Hx LO\_. nx Ki `H~_* ^


L= KeOK"~. JO ^= ll# HO `=OkH LkQ LQ_@O "~ B~OQ*H$ `[ `Q LO_"~. J ^ =O nx= J


J~ ` B~OQ* HO


49.a.1 1) ~H ^~


50.1 iKO

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HxOK q ^OQ q"# =~O_# xiOK_O _ `H` . Hx O ^~O D = ^ K@JO ^"# L^# = J


50.4 "Q " e.

_b # ` HOx " QiOz W\ =~ =#O K^ =


K~Q L^#=


c~ , ` ~ H

|O ^ ^~*, ` ~ H

W` ^ ^^ =k, PQ


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|OQ~O, q"# ~, ~u He# JOH~} J ^` OQ LO_k. WH [


Z. i


Hx J~ ^# O ^~ = `" P z `H~ ~ `eq.

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Jak


J~ ` O $ ` i ^ ^ O L# =O LxHx QiOK^ . WqH, i


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J#=kOK|_~ _.

= ^QO Of + Ja=$k [iyOk. H L ^= H~ H$+, ~A `O = On`xH Q Ln# aOzOk. L~ _b # ` HO O ^# +Q =iOk. JH~


`*=, _bx Z~H@ ^ x~}. B~OQ*|


50 a (1)

(Z) i


51.1 iKO :

~` ^ Ki `# Q=x, ~` =[O " ^\ #Oz JO `~f "~O =YOQ O`


9. POQ O|O ^ Q=xOz "i = ^ [iy# " ^\, ~O_= POQ ^#q+OKQO.

10.


P "~ ~OQO ~w"~ 100 O= `~ @ W `~ HOhxO\ PkH `=OK~. Hh S~ [iy# O@# `~ ^ "~ ~OQx q `O K~. HII 1580=O= `~O ~Q ~


HII 1691 O= `~xH 3 " ~ KeOK=# OHx ~^ K~OKHHyOk.JO `QH HII 1698 OQ, HH` =i QqO ^ ~ [qO^~# OiOKQeyOk. WH _qeO H@# a\+ "~ xiOK~. HH` K@ L# Q=s HH` Q =~KOkOk.

HII 1717 "Q KH=i ~H ~ ~


ZH# ` ~" ` Oz"~ "iH ^ #O, Hx ^# Wz "#H|_ L#k. D q=O =# a\+ "i Q `#O iyOk.


a\+ "i q[xH H~} "i =~"#


Oz HOh q+O K, Jk P Ô g ^ P ^~_ L#k. ^xx "i Ò J ^LOK Òk. D Oz Ô Z=i J_QO_ `# xx `# KH##. Oz ^= `=huH, q= ^# `# WOk. D Ô OKQO_` #O O_@=# i# ~` O^ . Oz"~, Oz HOh Q=Q L


"~ |~KK WOw+"~ g~~O` q[O kOK~. Hx D ^xH Ki` `H"# =YO L#k. Wk a\+ "iH XHH` =~O# K#. OQ K =#~ LO_@ =# HOh "~ =Oz q@s ^x=~HQey


g@x\x P@ g~MO JO`~` "~O# P#. nx=# OQx "~ZO\ #+O LO_^ . HOh "~ "= _ "~O KO\=x #"|# H~#. #"| ^xHZ ^~u~Q@=# HII 1763 J


^, ^~H=}HH " J ^#OQ xH H~ ^ux "\_. nx H~O a\+ "i~H} J=~=~# ^j O=O ^Q Ki# |"# O#O ^~ ^. HII 1801 J ^ O#O K~_"HH J ^O#O ^^ Q Q" xH Y~ HO a\+ "i Pn#O KOk.

~ _ HII 18481856


x~eOK_xH "~ O#O ^O H\OK#. D ^O (1798 " 4)# \C


"~Ox "Q L `~~` ^ O Z=i O ^H hO_ x~kOKQeQ_. H.. 1761=_ x@ ^O Jb Ku F_~. D F@q =~R u+# JkH~x O~OQx~eOzOk. JO `HH OQ, ^H} ~` ^ O WOw+"~ `= JkH~x, ~O KH=_xHLQ_#.

, = ^=~= HO `=~ ~ "=O# OkOz @Qey#\H H.. 1772 J `_PHHOQ =~}OK_. nx=# =~R ~[ @O QO ^~QO U~_Ok. W ^ =O=~R


JOwHiOK~. D q ^OQ O* =i O ^ ` qye# ~` LYO_O JO` H.. 1818


"i Ku F_~Ok. JO `QH J==#H~OQ ~ OkH H.. 1846 P"kOz O*#a\+ O~H} JyOz keOQ# (~Ol `OQ H_) O#O LOK~. 5 qe# _|#OKOQ Wz QOQ [= Hj~ =~* J_. g\H a\+ ` uxk "= _


H


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|~ ^O_ `# H=O a\+ "i =[" ^ e `". "~, ~[H JkH~


Px


~ 51.

1. # K|_# ~QO u ~Q O# JO `~` q+# a\+"i *HO KkqL


a\+"~ O ^ =i O* ^O_u


H~H= :

H x~x h= ` xiQ ` H"e. D H x~ O` h= ` eHQ =Y"# q+#`O\=. D H x~O W `~ `e~K@ J#OQ LO@Ok.

D HOk _b


\C =Oz =# HeyLO_@ =# Q ~ O ^#. W `_ G=, Ki `, H , = `O,`` O qQ# Kkq


52.1 iKO :

~` ^ O a\+ # Ki ` ^ PiH ^_Q K|_ `Ok. D WO_ HOh ^=, Jx _ ~f ~` # ^_ K_O ^~ OkOz#". D ~O^xH H~}. LyOz# q ^


D ` t q^#O "^@ [gO^~#, # = ^~# =O~O~[=#Q =~~. =~qÔQ KO> # = JkH~O`@ HOh "ix[=#Q _ QiOzOk. ~O_=k x~~Oz# t_ ÒQ LO@Ok. [gO^~~` #O_ = K# ^x 10/11 QO HOhH KeOz qye# 1/11 QO "i O`xHLOKH=K. XH" Z= qx ==QO K_O ^~ Qx, ^ ~` # _OzQx[gO^~ WOH Z= # = K#@~ `, ^xx HOh `#H==x H~^ . J~ ` `#HKQO = Ò HOh K Hi#OQ LO@Ok. D ~A OHO =~ t# KeOKx HO1794 ~OkOz# ~= K@O(Sunset laws) ^~ qx uiy "O" JkH "ÒKeOz#"iH WOk.

D q ^#O = `.

1. t ^~ ZO ` _| == Ò^ Yz ÒQ Òk.

2. D t ` û x~~OK_O = JkH~ Z=" Ò = K_xH JkH JOK


52.4 ~` i t q ^#O :

18= ` |O =~ ^H} ~` ^ Ox K O` HOh Pn#OH =K~. nO`i


~ 52.a

1. ~` i t x~ q ^#=O> Uq\?

2. ~` i ûx ZC_ ZO ^ "\~?

3. ~` s ûx ^# q?

52.5 =i t x~ q ^#O :

QOQ#k i"H O Ò. PQ q


g ` eO ^. ^ x= ~f =~H


D q ^


OY 29H QQ# OY 123H KiOk. H..1914=~ Ô 264 # i= LO_QJO ^ 182 O~ _h, KH~, QA i= Ja=$kKO^~.

J~` D P^xH i= U~@ ^~ ~`^x P^hHiOKx a\ + "~uOK~#H=_O ~Ok H ^. x*xH g\ J `kH i= a\+"~ [=#. ~f@|_^ ~ WO ^ #O OkOK~. Wk K H+"# q+O. J~ ` i=, `@OHO i Pk Ò a\+"iH L#\H, 191418 = ^ [iy# " ^\ OK Ô ~fLù^~ ~f q} "tOK_xH `y# "`=~}O HeOzOk. D


3. ~` ^ O q+O 'XH =~ K"~O J~x qnHiOKO_.

~OO :

O^ ~f PiH, =lH ==# a\+ == q ^#O


~ ["| :

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^~ ~` , [gO^~, [gO^~ HOhH #=H"# = ^` ^~Q =~~.

2. ` t H}.

1. =# # = ^~Q, [=#Q HOh QiOk.

2. t# 10/11 QO a\+ "iH KeOKq ^OQ qQ` 1/11 QO [gO^~ LOK


2. =i ^ux QOQ i"H O `O, PQ q


53.1 iKO

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^O ^ # ~O OQ " =[Ox XH (~RO). HO ^ `O ^ ~,k"


=. HOh ^`~ `"# JkH~x K~OK@O =# OQ # O@_Ok. D `~}OOQ H~= OqOz =~ =_= =O ` [


4. POQ ` qye# S~"# `= ~[O #O_ |+iOKe.

5. POQ J#=u x ^ W `~ ^j ~A` Z\ X_O|_HQx, ^ Qx K_^ .

6. D +~` e iQ J= ~K#@ KK@ XH POQ uxk ^j~A H= LO\_.D POQ uxkH JQ Y~ ^j ~A iOKe.

e`:Z) ^j~A Hey# #

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^j ~A # Jqhu, xO `$ `O` _Hx L# ^x, "xHO> POQ # "~QO ^x_ qO.

^j O


5. # H Ok O `HO K@ =O ^, " U ~O_ O


W@ ~` ~O_q ^ ^_H Qi ^i ^_Q =~_. Q O@ =z# =O qtKeOK\xH, ~} f~H=\xH `= O@ y@@ ^~ H~


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53.9 ~f O ^ `~e=@O

(Drain of Wealth)

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POQ ~[ #` O^ ~` PiH == z


a\+ iqH q ^#O a@


^~ a\+"~ PHqOK~ 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E' J


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3. 1. =# HH=@O, 2. JkH H, 3. Q Kx =, 4. POQ = ^` xz[gO^~ Pq~=O (gx U ~O_


54.1 iKO

a\+"~ p# ~f O $uH a#"# O $ux, q ^# fHK~x =# `.P ^xH q ^, OHuH i*#= S~"# ~f HO> q#Q fikkOk. HOh "~ `e~A


i=~O_ iK~ H Ki\ ~ (H..1718) =#Q#q.

q+#s, "i = ^` ^~, " ^= ` q^ q ^#= =kiQ ~` q^ q ^


H..1835 `O POQ +# ~[+Q H\OzOk. ` L `~ H~O `x ^ POQ q^ q ^ ` i*#O q#. ~f + J ^#O =# Z\ [#O ^ . POQ *#= K *#O HO> Z POQ i*#O J=~O.

H..1853 K~~ K@O # ij# =O a\+"~ POQ +# [O ^iH qiO*x OHeOK~. WO^ J#Q}OQ _ HO ~ K~ L_


K~ L_ Hq\ x"kH H..1854D Hq\ q^==# =OQ =~ K@ J


54.5 POQ q^"H ~f K# =

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~* ~""#~ (17721833)P ^xH G i*


` q^q ^#O P=H=x L^\Oz# "i ~*~""#~ XH~. P ^xH" "H ` q*# i*#O J=~=x qOK_. D~KO ^ q^Q~ Q O $ `O_` _


D HO *f q^q ^#O J


^ O`x J#iOK~. H..1854 L_ x"kH [O ^iH q ^ J Uq\?

2. 1854 =~ POQ q^ q ^#O Z\k?

3. P ^xH q^ "H ~*~""


q*#O HOEducation has shown progress after India gained independence. We give below certain tables

for your information on this subject.Number of Educational Institutions

Item 1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1984-85

Primary Schools ... 2,09,671 3,30,399 4,08,378 4,85,538 5,50,000

Middle schools .... 13,596 49,663 90,621 1,16,447 1,40,000

High/higher sec. schools 7,288 17,257 36,738 51,594 60,000

Art, science & commerce colleges 548 1,161 2,587 3,393 3,500

Professional colleges .... 147 381 1,017 1,382 1,500

Universities ... 28 44 93 123 135

Source: Seventh Five Year Plan, 1985-90

Number of Students by Stage of Institutions

('000 nos.)Item 1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1984-85

Primary Schools ... 19,155 34,994 57,045 72,888 85,377

Middle schools .... 3,120 6,705 13,315 19,846 26,729

High/hig.secondary/intermediate 1,481 3,483 7,167 11,281 16,800

University and above 174 557 1,956 2,752 3,442

Source: Seventh Five Year Plan, 1985-90


Elementary Education: Progress of Enrollment Sex-wise

(Million persons)Year Primary level (Class Middle level (class

I-V) (Age 6-11 years) VI-VIII) Age 11-14 years)

Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total

1950-51 ... 13.8 5.4 19.2 2.6 0.5 3.1

(60.6) (24.8) (42.6) (20.6) (4.6) (12.9)

1960-61 ... 23.6 11.4 35.0 5.1 1.6 6.7

(82.6) (41.4) (62.4) (33.2) (11.3) (22.5)

1970-71 ... 35.7 21.3 57.0 9.4 3.9 13.3

(92.6) (59.1) (76.4) (46.5) (20.8) (34.2)

1980-81 ... 44.6 28.1 72.7 13.3 6.6 19.9

(99.0) (66.2) (83.1) (52.1) (27.2) (40.0)

1984-85* ... 51.2 34.2 85.4 17.4 9.3 26.7

(117.5) (69.3) (91.8) (66.9) (38.2) (53.1)

Source: 1. Seventh Five Year Plan, 1985-90.

2. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 1983-14

Note: Figures in the brackets relate to percentage to the total population in the age group.

~ ["|

54. Z.1. H= q+#s, "@ =.

2. HOh ^O "~O ^~ Q_OK@. JO ^=# ~f O^ *HOKHx "i` O~} _@ "iH W+O ^ .

3. "~


a. q^=O `# ~f a\+"iH, x = ^ J#O ^#H~Q ==iOz `=== =~\OQ OKQ~x PtOK~.

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_. a\+, ~` " ^=, ^ ` L^~q^ q ^


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2. ~


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55.4 |=[O =i ~*~= "#~

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H..1867 O~ #Q~O OK|_Ok. N P~.l.O_~ ~ =i = ^" QqO ^ ~#_nx =Y . g~ (qq ^ =~) OH [#O, =~O `~ q"=, q `O ` #i"=,JOMH =, ^o ` =~ ~a=$kH JOH `=~.

= ^" QqO ^ ~#_ (18421901) =rq `=# ~


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q"H#O ^x =lH `` *#O ^# H}O. =~ [


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~` ^ =O `\ k=*# =[O Y ~OaOK|_#. P O uH 'k=*x (Theosophist)J `kHOQ J=_k.

D O ~` ^ O ^#OQ ^H} =lH = ` O~} H~O JOkOzOk. D OK# H~H= JkH QO JhcO\ =H` e Ò.

55. . ~O

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2. k=*# =[O ~`Ô ZC_ "@|_#k? ^x ^# #O ZC_, ZH_U~~K|_Ok?

3. JxcO\ ` # =rq`x ^ xH JOH `qzOk. P" kOz# #H~ XH^ xx ~#=?

4. k=*# =[OK #_|_# "~uH# ~#=?

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=O = ` O ~ ^ =OQ ~# ^y#"_. ~|~bH KOk# ^ J ^M


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^ J ^M


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2. ^#O ^ POQ "kH H

3. P~=[O ~` ^ O *f" ^ Ja=$kH H$+ K#\H `~ ` HO = ` q ^+"`=~}O $+Oz qq ^ =` KOk# "i = ^ = ` q ^ H~}"Ok.

4. =# [


56.1 iKO :

WO ` =O ^ ~O g~ 19= ` |O " ^# = ` O~} L ^=(religious reformmovements)# QiOz Kkq


56.2 H :

D ~x Kkq# `~ ` D HOk q+ `O\~.

1. ~` =[O 19= ` |O J=## ~O_ Ju ^ O ^~K~# J}z"` =i == Hi# `# QiOK@.

2. 'u =i $} `(female infanticide) |+~} H~, qq ^ OO~ =iO `# ~#QQ@

3. q ^, q `O ` #i" K\, q" =u~H L ^= q~} =h# D~KO ^q^Q~, *u, q+ O_\ =O\ "~ K# H$+x QiOKQQ@

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5. ~` ^ O =lH *Q$u #O ^ ''~O\ P WO_ \ `# sHOK@.

19= ` |O ~f =[O =i xH O|OkOz JOMH ~ ^~}=~. H=#, K ^# =i == ^# HQ L


=Q qOK|_k. D = i~xH 'eH t ` XH èH# i~OQ qOK~.

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() q `O ` #i" =i q ^ :

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HH` #Q~O OK|_# `


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WOHH ^# O ^~K~O `` O. Wk ~` =*x =H KOk. JQ=~,x= * ` = ^ K JO `~O LO_k. HO `=Ok x= "~, JO@~x "~Q iQ}OK|_"~.QOnr, _II JO^ ~ O\


(Z) ^H}, ~~O\, @( `=) =i * q


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~` ^ Ki ` H..1857 O= `~O XH qt+ \xH fHQ xezOk. ~` ^ O POQi# " ^\iQ XH O\` " (formidable challenge) Z ^~Ok. L `~ ~` ^ O =i= ^ ~` [ a\+ "i i# =u~HOQ XH = u~Q@# =n, ^^Q a\+"ix, ~` ^ O #O_ "Q@@ `O K~. D u~Q@ ~=_xH U XH H~}" ["|^sH^. D u~Q@, `~ WO_ =~H OO (DO_ HOh) "i ~i` =i~f# J}Q^ H


57.3 u~Q@ H~}

g~ Q~ `KH=# q+"q@O> a\+"~, ~` ^ O P ^i ` O^ PiH ==#


|= `# H # _` ~"#x _y, JH `Q, q=e ^~^ $+O "O\_`Ok. ~` [ g =u~HOQ L ^qOK~. g~ hKOQ xOkOz#


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4. 19= ` |O è QO a\+"i # =u~HOQ u~Q@ ZO ^ [iQ~?

5. HOh"~ H= q+#s# ÒK_x, ~f U q ÔQ qOK~?

57.4 u~Q@ Q=#O

_bH 36 " ^~O L# g~\ u~Q@ ~O"Ok. H ` `\# LyOK_xHx~HiOz# 3= ^j JtH^ xH KOk# 85 =Ok ~# L^Q= #O_ ` yOz, H..1857" 9# "iH ^ * tH qkOz, OH `yeOK~. D O@#, g~\ ~ u~Q@^~}# ~y KOk. P ` ~ ` ~A, ~ * g ^ ^ _ K, Mn# q_ ^ K, JkH~#

KO u~Q@ O|OkOz# *O_ ZQ~"~. P `~ ` "~ _bH | ^~~. P `~ ` ~AL ^xH "~ _bH K~iH, xH HO "i` He a\+ JkH~# KO #Q~x `=Jn#OH f


"~O ^i Q = ` =~O H ^. OQ


. 57.3 ~} H ~ . 57.4 `Ou`

~} H ~ ^~ ~H== KOk# H^ , P" ^Hx Hx_ ` ~|_# Hq `


H..1857 u~Q@ L `~, = ^ ~` O` "QOQ " KOkOk. x, =#[ a\+"i |"#


O\ "i P ^~O =O ^ #_K~. P `~ ` ~`, =# *hHO He~. a\+~"# H~, ~HH@ x,


4. D u~Q@ xH"#q, q_q_Q [iy#q.

5. ~f J#Q O ^= =i =O, `= `= =` [iy# ^_Q"\x qOK~.

57.a.1. Z. O ^= =i =O, | ^~# "i KH=iQ QiOK~. g~\ KOk#

O ^ x _bH "o, | ^~# `= KH=iQ JkHiHOQ H\OK~.

a. ~h ~} Jn#O P


58.1 L^` O :

=O ^ ~O, g~ 1857 u~Q@ H~} =i Jk [iy# f~QiOz Kk"~.D u~Q@ " `OQ XH ~ `# Ki `H ^# JO `O K, H ` ^ c[O


K#@ Wk XH `O` ^= ~@=? KH \ ==H$ `"# \ H Z@=O\ H~}O O_(spontoneous)) J\HC_ " ^# u~Q\? Wk ~` [O ^i =


^~ "OK~. D @x JO#, H~ =i


58.4 u~Q@ "O# H~} :

1857 u~Q@, ~` ^ O a\+ =*xH XH # " qiOk. D [email protected] =~ H#yOk Hx P `~ ` a\+"~ ^xx J}z" ~` ^ O uiy i~`= =*x


~*, #"|, \, #, lO ^(jind), Hj~,


1857 O|~ 20# a\+ ^, _bx PHqOK~. =~A t~K^ #O [iyOk.=i |^~ ^O #O_ "Q@|_Q ~OQ


^~ U~@ K# =^O `~ H| == =# \ H@s, ~` ^ xH O|OkOz# ==~=i x~ O|OkOz "O@


() #O #O ^ K|_# =~ :

1857 `~ ` #O #O ^ =~ K_O Jx"~"Ok. ' `~ WO_ HOh ^a\+ ~}(Crown) ^ ` He~. #O #~ =HiOK|_Ok. OQ S~"~ =i~f x+ux Oz# 1:2Q#, =^ =i O 2:5Q#, #O ~ K_"#k.u~Q@ # x# ^` ~(non-martial)Jx, u~Q@# J}z"_O a\+ "iH_ Q~, ~# =i # ^ x(martials) H\OK|_~. ~=#OQ"^\ a\+"iH, ~`^x [~OK_O _, P `~u u~Q@ # J=^,c~, = ^~` ^ O =i ^ H} ~` ^ xH KOk# x# ^ ~OQ LOK~. "~ L ^~HOQ=` =i J=`(balance and counterpoise) q ^#O` @ 'qlOz eOK(Divide andrule)^ O`# QiOz, ~f SH `# ^ ~O K@ ^ Ox a# O` KOk# =iqa# =` KOk#"ix XH xH ^O (regiment) LO_#@ K~. JO` ^


H=O `"# xH L# ` =~ P, P, # `, P` Yz` OQ QiOK|_ `OkJ


H\OK_"#k. Hx D ~O_ K\ U XH \ a\+"i Pn#O #_# `, H `@=iOK^ . Hi iu ^hOQ LO_~Ok.

(K) = `~"# J


K_|_ `


H~}


H~H= :

u~Q@ `~ ` ~` ^ #, HOh #O_ a\+ ~} K` H "oO ^x g `.g~, HOh, a\+ ~} i


3. "i "~# ^ ` ` fH


59.1 iKO :

1858 `^ #O `~O '#=~` O "Q=O ÒQ =$k KOkOk. *f~ [ ~[HK` #O OO ^#. ~f H=OQ Ô POQ q ^#O# `H#Qeyi. POQq ^#= e ÒQ [~QK# PiH ûx J~= KH#Qeyi. POQ q=Hq ^


3. ^O =kOK|_# "~uH [ OOkOz# ~[H K` #O

4. [# *Q$u ~K\ OO~ `

5. POQ J#iOz# q=H q^


59.4 P ^xH q ^# "@@ :

*f`= =$k P ^xH q ^ ^# ` +OzOk. H= q+#s, a\+ ` P ^xH"# ~f H$+ e `OQ POQq ^ " KOkOk.

POQ q ^ ~` ^ O a\+"i ~[H,


59.5 uH :

*aO# $+OK@, " K@, q `"#~@ 19= ` a z=i#O_ uHJ `O ` H=O `"# `# +Oz#q. Of + "=_ uH OY


^j =#


59.8 *u JOH~O, q=H q ^


~ ^x K~O K@, WOQO_ H[~WO ^ a~ ^# HiOz# O ^~O P_O|~OQ_b ^~~# U~@ K@ " ^Q e@


# `# ~` ^ O# Pq+iOK@ P ^xH ~"} "~ ^


60.1 iKO :

19= ` a kf QO ~f ~[H K` #O OO ^@ ^ ^_# qq ^JO# Q` ~O J ^#O K@ [iQ#. POQ # #O ê "= ==# J=Q#K# ~f `=O` O\` " O# U~@ KHx L ^qOK@ ^ "i.H..1857 èiQ POQ# ZkiOz ~_# ~f =@ H..185960 he=O ^`@ [=# =u~HOQ ~_ ` = `# Ki. H..1875 ~` JOu =~R#O êJ= ^#Q~,


60.2 H

D ~O# J ^#O K# =@ HOk JO _ i J=Q# U~_#.

1. HOQ # =O ^Q =lH, ~[H O

2. HOQ # q^=O `# ~f K# H$+

3. 18851905 = ^HO HOQ P

4. H~ ^#H~ *f" ^ J#iOz# q ^


D O q^=O `# ~f H ^# =~Q xez#q.

H..1866 ^^


~ 60.Z

1. HOk W=|_# = ^


60.5 ~` *f HOQ # :

[ tH} WK@, *a "kHQ fik ^@, *f" ^


H~x~}#, H~x~H Y#O_ "~ K@ *) LC ## `yOK@ H) = #O_H^~ # ~HOKK K@=# =~@.

H~ ^# HOQ ~*OQ| ^"# q ^


60.7 q `" ^ H$+ ij# :

HOQ `e 20 O= `~= *f ^=O Uq kOK#? `= gi HiH#ZO `= `O


4. HOQ J#iOK 'q[, iOK q ^


61.1 iKO :

*f ^= ~QuH `e `~xH KOk# QK"~ ~*OQ O~}# QiOz ` H#Q~.

D ~O =yO *f ^=O ZO ` f=~H K~H


6. q= L ^=

7. `O ` =~O ^j L ^= =O

61.3 f= *f" ^ q[$O} :Q` ~O Ju" ^ =# HOQ "tOK@# QiOz `


Ju"^ *f "# K~O K@


61.4 OQ q[# :

H..1899 # ^x H~


^j, |+~} L ^= : H..1905 PQ 7# q[# =u~H L ^=xH


OQ q[# *f ^= =Q` # ^ |f@ H OQ K|_#. q[## ~f f=OQ=u~HOzi. D L ^= HO ^j, |+~} H~H=# K\i.

~ 61.a

1. OQ q[## a\+ Uq ÔQ =iOKHxi.

2. OQ q[# "#H POQ ~[H H O Uq?

3. OQ q[# Uq ÔQ *f ^=O# O\` ~K@ LHiOK#?

4. ^j L ^=O Uq ÔQ ^j i= Ò# WK#?

61.5 =O bQ # (1906) :

19= ` a kf QO Ô ~[H K` #O QQ =$kKOk# f~# =#O J ^#OK=. D HO D K# Ò` @ = `KO ^"^ ` O OOk#q. a\+ "i Òè ÒQ Y ` Hey L# O ^=O =~ = ^ "+= iy#q. nxH POQ J#iOz#'qlOKeOK q ^#O ^#OQ H~}"#k.

1857 ==n JkHOY xi.


" ^Q H~H= O ^ =O = ^ ^ ~O# OK@ ^ ^Hi J~#q. t"rx B~OQ*|#ZkiOz# Q


61.6 qO\=~ O~} :

OQ q[# =u~H L ^= q[O, HOQ H~H POQ# PO^# QiK#q.JO ^=# POQ 'qlOK eOK P Ô# Ô yOzi. q `" ^# O `$~zJu" ^ *f" Ô# xOuOK@ uOzi. WO ^ QOQ H..1909 WO_


~ 61._

1. qO\=~ O~} q" `H =~# "@H~#qJx Z@ K=K#?

2. Q=~~[#~ H~=~ Q xqOK|_# è ~f_ Z=~?

3. H..1909 K@O#O ê U JOO Ô = `` ` O =$k KO ^@ LHiOK#?

4. QOn U D O~}# K_x O~}OQ Ja=iOK#?

61.7 q= H~H :

20= ` |O *f ^=O OqOz# =~H i}=O qH~H =$k. = `$ ^xHa\+ ##O_ ` H}" q=H HeyOK=#x J


186 =Ok q=H~# =kOK@ [iQ#. D q=H~ H H=OQ c~, Xi , L `~ ^qiOK#.

~f qH~ ` = K~# =# ^xH iq Ò K^ . W `~ ^ =~ ~fq= H~H ^_i. gi OlH$+=~, q._.=~~, ~^, JlÒQ,"_OzHlH= " ^Q "~ =Y.

q=H~ _ Ò J}z"` q ^#O# J=OaOK#. q=H~# Ò K@=\J}z"@ uOK#. uH POH qkOK#. =" x+ Ô \i. H..1908P ^ K@= K|_#k. ~f Hq# K@= =iOK|_#.

" ^\ OK ^ =O uiy q= H~H= ~O=#. H..1912


~ 61.W

1. q=H~ Oz# XH q= OO ~ `O_?

2. Q^ ~ s q ^


" ^Q"~ L ^=O Kii. H..1918 #. H..1916 c~,=^ ~` O` JxaO\ ^x `Ox+kOK#.uH# _b, O* O` J#=uOK^ . H..1917 =^ `= JxaO\#P" J#K~# *i J~O_, a.."_` x~OkOK#. nxx ^ "=Q [ x~Ozi.D HO


O ^= JOMQ Q OQ, O* O ^= [Q H@#` OuOz L ^=O #O_ x+qOzi. uH ukOz# # LO## J


~ 61.Z1. OK ^O *f


" ^\ OK ^H= POQ ^xH i## WK ^~Q H@#` "~ L ^=O |#_#. ` ^ #O `~O*f ^=xH QOn


3. =```"^O

4 (Z) q^=O`# ~f P^xH *f "# J^#O Ki. POQ #xJ


3. Ki `# Dq ^=Q "MxOK@ ~[H i}= = H~}=#. JO> Ki `H~JaO = ^QO =O HQ qye# "~O ^~ e ì.

4. 1905

61._.1. #=O_# q $ `~z## Ò JkH # ` = HO =OK q ÔQ KH#QeQ#.

#=O_ H=O =O_Q qye#. D K@O Uq ÔQ# i#^^_^.

2. Z..#

3. ==n `H x[H=~ U~@

4. `^#O`~O O=`~= W`~ =~ KOk# "~ `H i[~+


62.1 iKO :

19191947 =^HO# *f^=O z=i JOHOQ K=K#. OK Ki`


6. 1930 O~ ~* f~#O, POQ "O_"Yi

7. # LO# L ^=O

8. 1935 K@ =YO

9. 193539 O= `~O = ^HO


Z@=O\ JkH~O ^ . Hx Q=~~ [#~ #Y# xOuK JkH~O H ^. JO ^=# DK@O ^~ HO ^ # =z# =~ Z@=O\ ^# ` ^ x K=K#.

^O ^ # :

D K@ =YJOO U=#Q ~ "@|_# ^O ^ #. eQ =O\ *f =Y ` QJO HO ^ *a` H=. gx i[~_ *a` Jxi. g\x Q=~~ Pn#O LOzi. Of ^# ` Q JO# P~Q=, xH `, q^ " ^Q#q \


=O>Q K"~ O~} *f


^H}H L ^= =~H H}O U=#Q =[O#O ^e Jx = `, + SH ` kOK@. QOnL ^=O O ^, =O, H=, i, Q[~u, L# ` "~ =~, Hi JO ^~ xi. DQ" =[Ox JO ^i Ja=


Hi#OQ J}z"@ `O Jx K~ QH


Pb ^~(== ^ Pe, H` Pe)


O ^=O SH ` =O\ x~} `H H~H=# K>#. D q ^OQ HOQ =[" ^ #x~eOK@ `QO J


x~`_#. J~# g~O ^~ QOn x~x P"kOzi. QOn JaO x~H~},# LO# WOH ^O H=# "`=~}O


62.9 ~* i :

x~H~} L ^= x ^, QOn x~O ^O " ^Q JO *f ^=O =O#K#q. D =O ## |+iOK q^


62.10 f=" ^ L ^= #~ ^~} :

=


^O qugi# q= H~H# xOuOK@ `O J


^HO l


Ò# OaOK@ H OQ @Hxi D L ^=O ^~ POQ ## Ô P" Ô H ^x~f +O Ki.

QOn` ~O"# LC ` QO ^ "OQ [iQ#. `q


QOn Wi| ="O #@ JOwHiOK#. O `~@= K# "ix qx~Oz qye# "ix q_ ^ K@ `= JOwHiOK#. f~O `Q=x [ ` = J=~ H~ LC# ` ~KH| ="= x KiOK#. Hx DK~ q" QOn 1931 WO_ uiy =K#. 1932 xe"# # LOQ# L ^=xuiy ~OaOzi. Hx L ^=x `O J}z"#. QOnx "O@


62.16 1935 ~` ` K@O :

1919 ~*OQ K@= ~f# iQ x~`~z# q+O# =#O J ^#O K=.1930 ` ^ #O `~ HO *f L ^= f=~ [iy#q. JO ^=# ~f# O `$~K@"iH Hx ~~f W==# iu U~_#. 1932 =_= ~O_ >| ="O [iy# =@a\+ `O XH ` `O# q_ ^ K ^ x ukH 1935 ~` ` K@=# ~OkOK#.

1. Jd ~` =Y :

D K@O =Y ` ~ ` U~@ H$+K#. a\+ e `~x D =Y K~Q=. ^j O


~ H~x~H JkH~ Q=~~ W=|_#q. W`xH =O` _^~.D=O `# # "*i\ i#O_ Q=~~ ZOH KH##. D =O ` # Q=~~HiOK=K# ^ u~iOK=K#. `=x Jx Y W `xH J ^ H ^.

D K@O ~` ==~ H~ î ^q =~# `K#. ~` H~ î Hx ~^ J#. WH#O_ ~` H~ î, OQ xqOKHx# Hx~ O# fH##. gi OY6 qOKO_ 3 `= O_ LO_=#. gi H\sH `xiH ^. D q ÔQ ~` H~ î ^q =#\ H


1936 ^` #O `~O *f q ^j q ^#= "Q=O `"# =~ OqOK#. W@b ^ O` K~OxH =z#q. W@=O\ = ^H~ ^ ~} [~h [


*H= JkHOQ LO_#. |~_ =~A *f " ^ #u ` Q a\+ `O JO `~O`e#.

1920 ^|O [iy# d` , x~H~} L ^= O


=`


Kiy#q. Q` OQ, KO ^Y~ J* ^, ~[Q~, Y ^", ~


H$` :

1. 1930 [#=i 26# è Ò ` k#=Q [~Hxi. D Ò ` u[ `# K^ =O_.

2. x~H~}, # LO# L ^= xx "ix h=, h @O|` He "i=HQ` J#"# `H#=#k.

3. q=H~# Q` OQ, KO ^Y~ J* ^ " ^Q "i "# J ^#O KO_.

~ = ^


63.1 iKO :

H `O ~O "


6. `O ` =~# =Ou ` ~~O, =O\ @


63.5 H ~~O, =i 1942 :

1941 ~O_= OK ^O ~O_ =Y O@# [iQ~. XH\ q\ x


HOQ# K@q~ ^"# OQ H\Oz, ^=#HO_ _Ok.

HOQ


63.7 KO ^ ~` *f #O :

H\ WO_ L ^=#O `~O *f ^=O HO ` |` U~_Ok. =Y *f


1945 a\


JkH~ |kb H~H=x iK\xH ~ =O\ @


2. OH= ~[ ^# =i PiH J=# ` `yOK =" ^ ^


`O HO ` q[O kOz


~ ["|:

63.Z.1. HOQ `H}" `O `O W"x a\


64.1 iKO :

u~O *f ^= ~Q=ux Qi, 1947 PQ 15# ~ ~[O Ok# suxQiOz Kk"O.

D ~O *f ^=x gHOK^ KO. JO ^ D ~x ~O_ QQ qlOK_O[iyOk. " ^\ QO *f ^= ^


He


1. JO@~x `# x~# :

JO@~x `#O ~f =*x x=


`@, == |} L=#O, qt ` yO, Hi "~Q# H~ HeOK_O, ~H}, HH i= ` Pn#O#O_@, =#Q f~


64.8 =


64.9 JxaO\ (18471933) :

*f ^=O x ~f#, ~` ^ x qOz# q ^j=x ` JxaO\. S~O_\ , k= *# =[ ~Q H..1893 ~` =z, ~`


q `" ^ J#iOz# ~#, q*#, x~# =#Q "x P# #=HO^ . =@^~QH K` ^~


Hx P `O q[=O `O H^ . Q` OQ


1927 | [iy# J}Qi# *f ="xH [~_. =


64.16 [u~ (18651928) :

[u~ x+OH ^_.


1908 PH ~_# P" HO `e `O K_. WO ^ P# J


iq `"# K` #=O `O K "ix *f ^=O ##@ K_.

QOnr " ~f Ou,JO =~= ^~


Q Q}#HH_.

H..1931 H~p [iy# *f HOQ ="O J ^__. 193540 O= `~= ^ HOQ Jk# =~O# J ^_Q ==iOz *f HOQ H= tH}# OOkOK_.1941 =H `QO#, 1942 H\ WO_ L^=O#


O ^~OQ QOnr,


^xH uiy~Q


Z\ ^#, xH O K~ ^x xK_. ``eH *f `x `H}"


P" ^


g~ "~ ~ *f ^=xH, O O~}, =*xH K# = =~~xq.

~OO :

*f^=O |=Y =~O. H=O ~[^#H QH D L^=O q=H HO,JO@~x `# x~#HO, O ^ =O "H ` HO ` O ~@O KOk.

QOnr


65.1 iKO :

WO `=O ^ g~ ~` ^ O, Ò Ò H~ K# J ^` ~\x Qi K^ =@O =yOK~.^^ 200O= `~ @ [iy# ^_ ` =# =# Ô Jx ~OQ J}Q^H |_Ja=$k kOK_O "#H|_Ok. H|\ Ò Ò kOz# g ^@, Ò ` ~@ =OHQ# |"# ~[H


7. *f "H ` =Y `# =kO K@.

8. ~` ^ O ``#O `~O }oH# `~K_O kOz# Qux QiOK@

9. OKO Ou # ~` ^ O, Jb


iH (


=Y == (Federal Structure)

~` ~*OQO J


~~ > 1947 E ~R=Ou =~O K~Q


#O_ O ^ O`x "~K_O [iyOk. ~` ^ O #O_ |~ q_~ a\+ =[O QOQXH `H ^OQ U~_Ok.

1947 a\+ ~"O\, ~` `O ` K\x K#C_ JqH ~` ^ O 11 ~#Hey LOk. Jq : 1) JO 2) OQ 3) c~ 4) Xi 5) O 6) =^ 7) ..(_q


H #~ =H~} H@|_ L#k H|\ D H# HO `HO =~ "~^ "x KOk.D Ja @ H~@H =i PO ^ KOk# HO ^~


~ =i ~` Q O`

qQO 'Z qQO 'a qQO ' qQO '_

JO ^~^ Jr~ JO_=


`O ky=z, ^x Ok.

~ #~ =H~} Hg+


1. PO ^ ^ 2. JO

3. c~ 4. O~

5. [= Hj~ 6. H~

7. = ^ ^ 8. =^

9. "~ 10. Xi

11. O*| 12. ~[


~


3. ^~ ^ ~RO Zx QQ qlO|_Ok?

4. 1960 O~x ~O_ O`Q qlOz#_ U~_# ~q?

5. O* #O_ "~ K|_# On =\_|_ ~RO Uk?

65.5 =lH i}=O : ~f J#=O

~` ^ O qa# * `, =` KOk#"~, qa# + =\_"~ x=


=i =lH


[=# H [gO^~Q# =~_"#k. "~ ` = ~i ` [


= q"K# (Emancipation of Women)

=# =[O J=# `O =i =lH J}z"` Q~# =~H KCH ^Q =~O .=Qa_ J


è^ O_ Ys ^# ^ , P~}, =O@ `, =OK, |, s " ^# =y W=_xHK ^ " Ò _| Y~ Ke LO@Ok. K q", q"xH =O ^ =~H\xHO|OkOz ~~ x~O [iy HO `" Ò W=|_ Òk. J~ ` = ^= è^ O_ D "`xiOKH ` z=i H}O


K = ^H~ su ~QÒk. =#Ja=$k [~Q `# ` Wk J=~ ÔQ =~_"HO_, r=, Ôx [O` "i "i=`, + "~ J# =# HeyLO_@O. i "q Ô` xO_# =# Ô,[O ^~ `= =O ^ ~fO Jx P `~ `


+ =i Of `` O (Language & Regionalism) :

*f PK H~H= `HHO ^ O JO ^*|_ Òk. Z=i ~RO "iH, Z=i O Ò "iH `H Ja=#O LO_@O`C^ Hx D =# *f P Qx H W `~ ~ P Qx J_OH H~ ^. W `~

~Qx H " Ò ÔQx ^x ~KQ\ Of `` O = Ò XH K_ PK# JxK=K.

Oz ` ^~}, Of `` O, `` O, W `~ ^~} XH XH =# = ^#O *f"H ` H|\ =#=O ^~O =#~R, =#l, =#Q= Qux `QO K#=~O x \+"#~` ^ O H~ xKe.


65.2 ~ :

1. =lH i}=O J~x XH "HO `O_.

2. '=lH J=#`xH H~}"# ~` ^ Ox O^ == Uk?

3. '~^ K@O ZO ^ K|_Ok?

65.6 PiH Ja=$k =i PiH }oH q ^#O :

(Economic Development & Economic Planning)

a\+ "i iqH q ^


Wq PiH ~Q ^ (Ja=$k), =O|#, =lH


O~ Lk (Full Employment) :

~` ^ O JkH [


"@" ^\ OK=~ }oH 1951 ~O_= OK ^O =i ^q[# =# U~_#J=`=# i+iOK@ ~OkOK|_Ok. JO ^@ L# Ju ` = =#~` D }oHZ=Q ==O, h\ ~ ^ =~H iq `=~Ok. * =~O, O ^, "i r=# =}~xOK@ J


J `kH "\ iqH ~OQxH H\~OK|_Ok.

6= OK=~ }oH #O ^ J#iOz# =O ==O, iqH ~OQ UHHO"QOQ Ja=$k KO ^@ q ^ `, ~"} H~# HeOK_O =O\ JO L


7. "#H|_# O` O ^ "QOQ [iy# Ja=$k

8. "#H|_# =~ J#u

9. OH OH=O

=Q }oH q ^#O PiH Ja=$kH K\# H~H= HH OQ` =~ O $uHJa=$k H~H= _ LO\~. i=, == ~OQ Ja=$k kOK_xH Q$=u,q ^, @O|O O\ == "~Q ^ J=~O. q= PiH == `~OQO Jx =|_ `~OQ O, "@ ~OQO Jx =|_ "\ ~OQ O` _ LO@Ok. u }oH#O ^' ` ~OQO H~H# q $ `su K@@ J `kH x ^ H\~OK|_~. `~OQOHx s, Ju=Y i= Ja=$k KO ^@ KHO(high gestation) _ Òk.J@=O\ i=\Q "@ "~O PiH == `= Pk`x xO_ Ò, `~OQ i=JkH @|_ \e=zOk. PiH~OQO ` i `Qu# OqOz# Ja=$k =# JkH~ = ^#$+ (capital formation) H~ K ` xz#@~Ok. JkH Lk J=H HeOK ì `Qu# [iQPiH Ja=$k H~ "y~=~#, =` Ja=$k(growth) `xi Jx K=K. = `HO` _#Ja=$k ^# PiH~OQOx Jx qQ "\H `Q ^# ` HeOK|_Ok. }oH `Ja=$k H =O, OH OH=" "#H|_# O`# `~Q Ja=$k ~K_O ^~ =i"#H|_# `~Q` J#u [i#C_ = `" Jk kOK|_ Òk.

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/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages

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