History to 1600 Full Course Notes

7/29/2019 History to 1600 Full Course Notes

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History to 1600

EXAM REVIEW

EARLY HUMANS

Early hominids Australopithecus, Homo erectuso Australopithecus

Walked on earth 4 mil. Years ago, hairy apes that lived on treeso Home Erectus

Replaced austral. 1.7 mil. Years ago, Most changes in the skull: smaller face; large brain Little changes in the limbs, but arms were shorter, upright walking

o Homo Sapiens Replaced homo erectus 400 000 years ago Much larger brain

o Homo Sapien Sapiens Modern human, oldest found in Africa

7 Characteristics of a Civilizationo 1. Centralized Government

Bodies that pass laws and regulations Early govt was elders others: monarchy (divine right), kingship, democracies Warfare became an organized response to external threats

o 2. Agricultural Intensification Planned and coordinated planting and irrigation projects Development of calendar More secure year around food supply -> lead to more leisure time

o 3. Specialization in Occupations Ex: tax collectors, record keepers, judges, carpenters, blacksmith, and bakers

o 4. Class Structure Revolution results in loss of equality Private ownership of land

Hire other ppl to work on your land Enslavement

Nobles vs. commoners No real middleclass

o 5. Merchants and Trade Trading evolves to trading of finished goods, no longer trading of raw materials Merchant class develops

Made an economy by facilitating exchange Shops and markets open


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Introduction of currency Long distance trade

o 6. Development of Science and Writing Advancement in metallurgy Invention of the wheel, bricks, simple machines, specialized tools Writing helps keep track of things: trade, farming, taxes, laws, religious text

o 7. State Religion Strong line b/w authority and religion

Legitimized the ruling elite Urban revolution (when, what, results etc.)

MESOPOTAMIA

Between Tigris and Euphrates river-little rainfall, hot and dry climate, windstorm leaves muddyriver valleys in winter

oFlooding provided water

o No stone or time resources Religion worshipped gods in ziggurats/polytheistic religion/deified kings/god lived in mountain

tops/ each city had own god/kings and priests acted as interpreters of god

Government early form of democracy/ frequent wars lead to emergence of soldiers asleaders/ eventual rise of monarchy/followed leadership of god

Sumerianso Irrigated fields produced barley, dates, and sesame seedso Built canals, dikes, dams, and drainage systemso Develop cuneiform writingo Invented the wheelo Abundance of food lead to steady increase of population (farms, towns, cities)o Developed trade system with bartering, mainly barley but also wool and cloth for

stone, metals, timber, cooper.

o Could only rent land from the priests (god owns the land), made temples verywealthy

Akkadianso North Meso (2340-2180BCE)o Leader: Sargon the Greato Sargon unified Meso after conquering the Sumerianso Spread Meso cultureo Conquered by barbarians in 2200 BCE

Babylonianso Babyl reunited Meso n 1830 BCEo King Hammarubi conquered Assyriao Build new walls to protect city and new canals and dikes to improve cropso Individuals could own land


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o Artisans and merchants were most wealthyo Grain used as a medium for exchangeo Mina was eventually represented by metalso Hammarabi made a legacy for rules, an eye for an eye

Hammurabi and Hammurabis codeo King of Babyloniao Collected all laws in a code that could apply everywhereo 282 laws inscribed in stone pillar placed in the public hallo Defiedo Eye for a eyeo Consequence for crimes depended on rank in society (only fines for nobility)

Uruko Wall made by King Gilgamesh in mesoo One of the first citieso lots of writing

Gilgamesho Ancient story writer more than 4000 years agoo Mentions great floods (parallel to old testament)o Tells story of creation

Inventions wheeled vehicle etc.o Legacies codified laws, ziggurats, cuneiform writing, irrigation, metal working,

trade, transportation, wheel, writing, math, large scale agriculture, calendar

EGPYT

King Meneso Egypt before menes was a collection of unorganized stateso Menes unified the two states, with the double crown, the red crown and white

crown

Imhotepo First architect and advisor underneath the rule of Djosero Made the step pyramido Was very well respected was pointed as a god, and physician and healero Was first non-ruler to be written abouto Considered to be a genius, and had a huge effect on Egyptian society

Tutankhameno Was pharaoh at ten (youngest) 1333 BCEo Had cleft palate, and club food, so we walked with a caneo Was murdered after nine year ruleo His father forced one god, a-mon-rah

Hatshepsut (girl)o 1473 BCE


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o Very peaceful ruler, Egypt was very prosperouso Encourages creation of Egypts finest sculptures, temples, and jewelleryo Launched artistic renaissanceo Wore fake beard and called herself king

Hieroglyphicso Hieroglyphs found in pyramids and tombs often symbolized more that one constanto Combination of sound-signs, pictographs, and ideogramso New kingdom -> 700 hieroglyphso Eventually scribes adapted hieroglyphic symbols

Pyramidso Many Mastabaso Step pyramid of djoser built by Imotep, for Pharaoh Djoser 2650 BCEo Many pyramids in Giza, most popular King Khufus (cheops) Great Pyramid

Mummies ba, ka,etc.o Egyptians had a strong belief in afterlife

Was the most enjoyable timeo 2 requirements

Body most be preserved lifelike (ba) They need the same things: food, clothing and furniture, must be provided Ka the spiritual double was to like in the ba

o 4 canopic jars: lungs, intestines, stomach, liver Egyptian gods and creation mythIsis, Maat, Nut

o Maat judges , concept of truth, and balance Weighed souls to send to afterlife or underworld

o Isis Goddess of motherhood and fertitlty

o Aton Creator and sun god

Splendid you rise in heavens light land, O living Aton, creator of life! When you havedawned in eastern light land, you fill every land with your beauty.

o Prayer to sun, (Re)o Supposedly said by deities

Art, architecture etc.o Frontilismo

Education to everyoneo Pyramid and Sphinx

GREECE

Earliest civs.o Minoans

Lived on crete


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Island of abundant wealth 200km long Divided by tall mountains Grew grain, raised livestock, fished Developed form of writing/metal skills, sea navigation skills Largest city:Knossos Polytheistic, king was godlike deity Greek language: linear A END: 1400 bce myth of minotaur, athen took over, volcano eruption, mycenaans

taking over

o Mycenaean Early Greeks Bronze very common, more effective natural resource use, more contact of

trade

Came from south Russia Rich off olive oil Warriors at heart, went to war with Trojans (ILLAID) by homer (1200) Greek language, linear B Theocracy ; agamemenon END: civil wars, conquered by dorians, entered dark age

o Dorians Came from north, iron weapons No written lang. So dark age End of dark 800bce

Homer and the Iliado ILLAID by HOMERTrojans lost to Mycenaeans & Agamemnon, with the Trojan

horse

Gods of Mount Olympuso 12 Olympians

Zeus god of sky, and thunderFather of god and men(Jupiter) Hera (f.)wife and sister of Zeus goddess of woman and marriage (Juno) Poseidon god of sea, and earthquakes (Neptune) Demeter (f.) god of harvest, sacred law, cycle of life and death Athena (f.) goddess of wisdom, courage, inspiration, civilization, law, and

justice

Apollo sun of Zeus, god of light, truth, healing, plague, music poetry Socrates, and Greek Philosophers

o Socrates 469 399 BCE Philosopher from Athens Made discovery of soul Constantly asked question to clearly define meanings


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Plato his student wrote about him Charged w/ corrupting youth, sentenced to death + preaching against gods Plato taught Aristotle , who taught Alexander the Great

o Archimedes Mathematician and inventor Archimedean screw

o Pericles Politician + architect Made citizens Made long walls

Protected Athens when attacked Trade route to Piraeus Caused plague

Created direct democracy Sparta and Athens

o ATHENS Democracyeducated ppl Music and in to the arts No freedom for woman Boys given military training when 18

o SPARTA Sent to military school early Education was for good for girls but only for the purpose of military uses Had mix of oligarchy, monarch, democracy

Ostracismo Procedure used by Athens with broken potteryo A person could be banished from Athens for 10 years after shunning

Hopliteso City-state soldiers, had long spears

Persian Warso Persia wants Greeceo Co-opearate to fight against Persia (Athens/Sparta)o 3 major battleso Marathon 490 bce

Darius vs militades Spartans dont show up waiting till after full moon Greeks won

o Thermoplaye -480 bce Xerxes VS Leonidas Defended narrow pass Got betrayed Persians got around Greeks lost


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o Salamis and plateau -479 bce Athens strong navy beat Persians for final blow Freed Ionian Greeks Persians destroyed

Go tell Sparta, thou that passest by, that here obedient to her word, we lieo Lieondas

Delian Leagueo Defensive alliance again Persiao Sparta was not part of ito Common navyo Paid for, to Athenso Could not withdraw league unless all agreedo Problem in league caused PELOPOONESIAN WAR

Athenian coins replaced others City states had to seek permission form Athens Werent scared of Persia anymore

Peloponnesian Waro Atens vs Peloponnesian legue (led by Sparta)o 3 battles, 3 phaseso Documented b thucydideso Wall were besiged, plague strikeso Athens surrender to Spartao Sparta is unsuccessful with control

Poverty and atrocities spread Power shifted to Macedonia

Philip of Macedon took over Greeceo Son took over must of the rest of the world till his early death

(Alexander the great)

Alexander the Greato Was Philips 20 year old sono Studied under Aristotleo Combined knowledge and ambition of his father with his knack for finding enemy

weaknesses

o Wanted to conquer the world but died of illness when he was 32ROME

Romulus and Remuso Romulus and Remus,

I came, I saw, I conqueredo According to Plutarch, the words by which Julius Caesar succinctly described one of

his victories. In Latin the words are veni, vidi, vici.


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Julius Caesaro After the republic was coming down because of social gapso Roman generals of standing army gain more power (ie Julius Caesar)o Three roman generals form triumvirate

Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus Crassus was killed in battle, and Pompey killed by Caesar Rome torn to civil war Senate appointed Caesar dictator for ten years, he extended it for life 44 BCE at the Ides of March, Caesar was killed by self-proclaimed defenders of

liberty

Augustus (aka Octavan)o After Caesars assaniation 2nd triumvate starts: Octavan(augustus) (Caesars

nephew), Marc Anthony, and Lepidus in 43 BCE and (sealed it with a marriage

between Octavans sister and Marc Anthony)

Lepidus eventually pushed out of power Marc Anthony met and married Cleopatro; angered Octavan Octavan attacked Anthonys army and won, both Cleopatra, and Anthony

committed suicide

Octavan claimed hed give power back to the senate: but actually gave themsmall states to control with small armies

o Given semi-divine name of Augustus, as a son of the goddess Venus (deity)o Expanded power by becoming tribune to the people to bridge the gap between the

rich and the poor

o Rome flourished under his ruleo Made praetorian guard to protect Rome as policeo Was romes first emperor

Constantineo Romes last emperoro In struggle for control had to defeat Maxentiuso Adopted Christianity

Edict of Milan was established to let Christians to practice religion with beingpersecuted

o Divided Rome Germans, Visigoths, barbarians took over Rome

o Moved to Constainople renamed Byzantium, which was given same status as Rome Became the holy land, where the crusades took place Holy land for Christians and Muslims

Aqueductso served drinking water and supplied the numerous baths and fountains in the cityo basically transported water

Coliseum


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o Flavian Amphitheatreo used for gladiatorial contents, plays (re-enactments of famous battles)o allows thousands of people to watch the showo built in 80 BCE by Emperor Titus

Punic Warso 3 Punic wars (Rome vs. Carthage)

1st punic war (264 BCE 241 BCE) rome vs. sicily, Syracuse and carthage rome wins and adds sicily and Syracuse to its empire and destroys

carthage

2nd punic war (218 BCE 202 BCE) hannibal takes a jouney from spain (with 36000 troops and 37

elephants) over alps; conquers most of Italian peninsula

4 great battles with heavy roman losses (ex. At cannae, over 50 000 outof 86 000 roman

soldiers were annihilated in one days) 14 years later: final Battle at Zama (202 BCE), Roman general Scipio

pushes Hannibal out of Italy and carthigans are forced to pay

reparations for Rome, dismantle navy and forfeit

commercial empire 3rd punic war (149 BCE 146 BCE)

50 years after hannibals death, carthage was ready for more andinsulted a roman delegation

rome invades carthage and burns it to the ground, steals its manywealthy and luxurious items

Benedictine Code Circus Maximus

o Horse racing, accompanied with gladiator fightsAncient Islam

Muhammado Merchant from Mecca, western Arabiao After 610 CE started to receive divine revelations and thus became Gods last propheto His message was Islam (submission to God) and his followers were called Muslimso Complied revelation into a holy book, Quran, literal word of god

Considers Bible or Toran are just different interpretationso Developed many enemies so moved from Mecca to medina medina soon became a

large city-state

o Left no clear successor Crusades

o Christians, Jews, and Muslims share a holy land; Jerusalem


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o Owned by Turkso Then Christianso Years of tolerance took placeo Battle of Hattin: where Christians attacked Muslims, they lost, Muslims took over

Jerusalem

o Until Saladin and the muslims took overo Christians wanted to take over again for religion, forgiveness and wealtho (man who dies in a crusade goes to heaven)o Philip of France, and Richard the Lionheart attempted to retake the Holy Lando Unsuccessful due to lack of food and watero Saladin called peace, allowed Christians to entero Mostly: in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, a military expedition by European

Christians to retake areas in the Holy Land captured by Muslim forces

Saladino With Richard the Lionheart he was a prime figure in Crusadeso He was a great military leadero Full name: Salah al-Din Yusufo United and lead the Muslim world in 1187o Defeated the King of Jerusalem in Battle of Hattino Was forgiving: strict Muslim helped Richard, gave him food and snowo Made peace with Christians after the crusades were over, left them do pilgrimages

Mathematicso Developed algebra by combining Indian and Babylonian material with Greek geometryo Took the irrational numbers developed by the Greeks to the next levelo Made induction of arithmetic sequences

Ramadano 30 day fast at the month of Ramadano Do so they can feel closer to godo Feel piety- see how poor people liveo Patience and perseveranceo Ended with Eid celebration

What does Islam mean?o a monotheistic religion based on the word of God as revealed to Muhammad during the

7th century

opersonal religion faith in god through prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage

o socialQuran established laws of living in a community (i.e. Medina)

Documents

History to 1600 Full Course Notes