History Study Guide for Modern European Europe

HistoryUnitTestStudyGuideChapters23and24

Empire,Industry,andEverydayLife(18701890) WesternTakeoverinAfricaPoliticalPoweroverEconomicPower IncreaseinIndustryExpansionandColonization=Increaseinmigrationandtraveling

DisruptedSocialandFamilyLife DisruptedthePopulation DisruptedtheTraditionalEuropeanCulturebyNewForeigners

VIOLENCEWITHINCOUNTRY IncreaseinIndustrialization...

IncreaseinImperialism IncreaseinManufacturing IncreaseinUrbanization

LeadstoanIncreaseinNationalism

TheNewImperialism Bigdemandformaterialsandlotsofcompetitionforterritory

(gourdon(alsoreligiousandmoralmotives,(3cschristianity,commerce,civilization)andwhitemansburdenbyKipling))

1876Britishgovernmentdeclaresitselfanempire Largeandsuccessfulmeansofexpansionandindustrialization

IncreasedsubjugationviolenceTamingtheMediterranean EuropewantstopoliticallycaptureEgypt

Alreadyfundedmostoftheirurbanizationdemandedinterest 1879BritainandFrancetakeoverEgyptianTreasury 1882BritainandFranceinvadeEgypttoattempttotakeovergovernmentandeconomy UpperClassandColonistbenefittedfromchangewhilelowerclassceasedtoexist

Europeansinforcenewpaymentsystembasedonethnicityandreligion(socialdarwinism)

1881FrancecapturesTunisia

TheScrambleforAfrica EuropewantsAfricasrawgoods:palmoil,cotton,metals,diamonds,cocoaandrubber TheBritish,French,Belgians,Portuguese,Italians,andGermansjockeyedtodominate

peoples,land,andresources(p.762)

PurpleImportantPeople BlueImportantDates RedImportantFacts GreenImportantIdeologies/Terms

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KingLeopoldII(Belgium)aspiredtoclaimalloftheCongo,alreadyhadCameroon Triedtoexpandempirethroughtyrannicinvasion(cutoffhands) FriedavonBlowandCarlPeters(Germany)settleinEastAfricacauseproblems

anddisruptsocietycompletely BritishtrytotakeoverallofAfricawhileFrenchtrytoholdontoWesternAfrica 18841885KingLeopoldII(Germany(Belgium?))asksOttoVonBismarck(Germany)

tocallTheBerlinConferencetocontrolthesettlementsalongtheAfricancoasttoguaranteetherightstointernalterritory Lineardissectionofthecontinent:boundariesbetweenAfricancultureandethniclife Bannedthesaleofalcoholandcontrolledtheflowofarmstoindigenouspeoples Acceleratedconquestofthecontinent

Heroicnewspaperarticlesandmusiccompositionspromotenationalism SmallruralbattlesbetweennativeandforeignfarmersinSouthAfrica CecilRhodes(Britain)investedinalargepartoftheSouthAfricandiamondindustryand

promotedracismandelitismsocialdarwinism AfricancommunitybroughttogetherthroughtheuniversaltyrannythattheEuropeans

inflictedonthem BritainindustrializedmostofEastAfrica(1874BritainseizesMalaypeninsula1885Britain

seizesBurma)foruseoftradeandmaterials,possiblefailureduetotheirunstablegovernments 1885IndianEliteClassfoundtheIndianNationalCongress

AcquiringTerritoryinAsia TheBritishtriedtomaketheAsiansandIndiansBritish.Newimperialism.Wantedraw

materialslikerubber,oil,andrice.JapansImperialAgenda JapanwasnotconqueredbyEuropeans,buttheydidgetalittleWesternFlavor.wanteda

modernindustry,foreigntrade.lateronwoulddestroyRussianships,totalunderdog.TheParadoxesofImperialism

TheCostsandProfitsoftheEmpire Greatriches

TheIndustryofEmpire Economicandtechnologicalpowerdevelopments.Consumereconomytransformeddaily

lives.

IndustrialInnovation TheSpreadofFactoriesandInnovationsinAgricultureandMedicinelessdeathsand

illnesses ThebirthoftheDepartmentStore 2ndindustrialRevolutionbasedonironandsteel.

IncreaseinElectricity IncreaseinIndustrialization IncreaseinInfrastructure

Outwork:19thcenturyprocessofhavingindustrialworkdoneinindividualhomesTheSpreadofFactoriesandInnovationsinAgriculture

BritainwasthefirstEuropeancountrytoindustrialize Despitenewmachines,outworkwasstillneeded MechanizingAgricultureandPerishableProductionchemicalfertilizersboostedcrop

revenue.Commercialcanning,tin,barbedwire,fridges.TheToolsofEmpire

SteampoweredgunboatsfromEurope(usedtowinOpiumWar). Quinine:medicineusedtofightoffmalaria NowEuropeanscouldgotothetropicsdieing. DroughtanddiseaseplaguednativesofAfricaandAsia,makingithardertofightoff

Westerners.ChallengestoBritishDominance

GermanyandtheU.S.startedtosurpasstheBritishtechnologically,research,andinnovation.Germanyspentasmuch$oneducationasthemilitary.TheU.S.beganusingtheirnaturalresources(coal,oil,gold,etc).Britaintoofocusedonexpansion

AreasofSlowerIndustrialization Lotsofcountrieshadvaryingratesofindustrializationwithintheirterritory

Italy:industrializedinNorth,agriculturalinSouth AustriaHungary:industrializedinmajorcities,everywhereelsewasagricultural

andtraditional Scandinavia:usedalotofelectricityleadersinhydroelectricpower Russia:lowindustrializationbecauseofsmallurbanlaborforce

Serfsboundtothemir(landedcommunity)ratherthanfactories 18971916TheconstructionofRussiasTransSiberianRailroad

Increaseinindustrialandmilitarypower Peasantsmustpayforthecountrysindustrializationdebt(highertaxes)


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UnevenbenefitsofindustrializationpeasantsandworkingclasscannotaffordRussianlife

FacingEconomicCrisis 1873EconomicdepressionbyunevenprosperitythroughoutEurope

Increaseinunemploymentandbankruptcyamongstallclasses Ultimatelycausedbythesuddenboomofindustryandfinance(veryexpensiveto

industrializesteelandironfactories) Industrialgrowthmovedtoofastforthedistributionandconsumptionofgoods

Newindustryproducedgoodstooexpensiveforworkingandlowerclasses(majorityofthepopulation)topurchase

CapitalIntensiveIndustriesFactorieswhichneedlargeamountsofmoneytosufficientlyandprofitablyrun

LimitedLiabilityCorporationpromotedinvestingbypromisingtoprotectinvestorsfromliability

Thegrowthofstockmarketsduetomoreconfidenceininvesting Gavebusinessesthefundstoinnovatethroughincreaseinprivatecapital

LondonStockExchangebiggestcenterforinvestingandinternationaleconomy 1873ThebeginningofCartelsandTrusts

CartelsAcollaborationofindustriestocontrolpricesandrestraincompetition Ex.1880Germancoalcarteldominatedmorethan95%ofcoalproductionin

Germanyeventuallyownedsomanyindustriescollectivelythattheycouldessentiallyrestrictoutputandsetpricesoftheentirecoalindustry

TrustsAcollaborationofindustriestocontrolpricesthroughstock Ex.1882JohnD.Rockefeller(America)createdtheStandardOilTrust:

boughtoutstockfromalargegroupofoilcompaniesandsharedthecontrolofstockamongstagroupoftrusteeseventuallyownedsomuchstockthattheycouldessentiallycontroltheentireoilindustry

Thosewhosetupcartelsandtrustswereactuallyrestrictingthefreemarket. Govthereforeimposedimporttaxestoprotectdomesticindustries

18701880Importsexceededexportslessjobopportunitiesandincreaseofsocialunrest Farmerssufferedfromindustrializationmakingforeigngoodsmoreaccessibleandthus

diminishingtheneedfortheirproducts Governmentsapprovedtariffstomakeforeigngoodsmoreexpensive

RevolutioninBusinessPractices Thebeginningofmanagersmorejobsinallsortsofbusinesses,especiallyforwomen

TheWhiteCollarSector Bureauspromotedmorejobsinvolvingorganizationandcommunicationforyoung,

unmarriedwomen


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Increaseinthebeliefofdomesticityhusbandsunwillingtolettheirwiveswork Familylifebecomesmoreexpensivewomenmustworknowinorderto

supporttheirfamilies Womenpaidmuchlesseventhoughtheymaybedoingtheexactsametasksas

amanTheDepartmentStore

NewjobsforsalesgirlsThenewdomainofwomen Boostedconsumption

Introductionofcatalogues Leisurelyplaceformiddleclasswomentospendtheirhusbandsmoneyonsilksand

tapestries (womenbecamemarketconsumerstomanagetime(shopping)) EuropeancitiesadaptingMiddleEasternstyles

EspeciallypopularinFrance: AristideandMargueriteBoucicaut(France)ofBonMarch JohnWanamaker(America)ofWanamakers

NolimitationsConsumptionofcolonialgoods. Thenewpopularityaroundsoap(createdbypalmoilfromAfrica)allowed

consumerstofeelmorehygienicandmorecivilizedthanothercountries Consumerismallowedtravellerstofindexocticgoodsandnewinnovativemedicines

andtechnologies(seeFriedaVonBlowandCarlPeters)

ImperialSocietyandCulture Completeupdatetothesocialhierarchy Manymoremillionairesexpansionofaprofessionalmiddleclass

Morepeoplewereaffluentenoughtoownproperty,travel,andgivetheirchildrenabettereducation

Peoplewerehealthierduetoimproveddietsandgovernmentsponsoredprogramsadvocatingtheideaimageofapersonwithimperialpowers(thus,fitness)

MillionsofpoorEuropeanswhocouldnotrisetoimperialismmigratedinhopesoffindingbetterlifeandopportunitieselsewhereintheworld

TheBestCirclesandtheExpandingMiddleClass BestCircleupperclass Aristocratsdidnotlikenewmoneybecausetheydidnothavetitles,large/oldfamilyestates. Upperclassexcludedthepoorerbybeingcontrolling,proper,andprosperous. TheheightofSocialDarwinismProsperityresultedfromtheirnaturalsuperiorityoverthepoor PoorAristocratslikedmarryingofftheirsonsanddaughterstonewmoneytohelpthemselves

outandviseversa.


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Newpasstimebecamebiggamehuntingmenwouldgoonexpeditionsandshootanimals. Presentingfindingsestablishedfinancialstatusvisually

Russiatriedtoattractprosperousforeignerstohelpbuilditsprofessionalandbusinessclass Upperclassattemptedtoexcludeinferiorsbycontrollingfromwhichclassthepersonwhotheir

childsleptwithwas,especiallythegirls

WorkingPeoplesStrategiesWorkingPeopleLeaveEurope

Reasonsforleavingnativeland:notenoughprosperousland,famine,higherrent,antisemitism(JewishfledfromRussia).

Easiertoimmigratebecauseofrailroadsandsteamshipsanditalsobecameaffordable. Youngmenwouldgotoanotherplaceandworkforhalftheyearsotheycouldhelpthefamily.

magicdollars MovingtoEuropeancitiesalsobecamepopularurbanizationincreased.

AdaptationtoIndustrialChange Bettertechnologylessjobshigherproductivitylonghours

NationalFitness:Reform,Sports,andLeisure SocialDarwinistconcernsaboutnationalfitness.MiddleclassandUpperclassreformers

foundedorganizationsforsocialimprovement.ReformfortheWorkingClasses

Clinics,healthcenters,etcwerefounded. thegovernmentintervenedinthelivesofworkingclassfamilies,thegov.wasworried

thatthepoorwerenotabletoeverprosper. Thepoorreceivedfreelunchesatschool,howeverthegovernmentdidhavingsurprise

inspections.SportsandLeisure

Soccer,Rugby,cricket.LowerandUpperclassescametogethertosupporttheirnationsteam.

Gymnasticsforgirls,soccerforboys.Keepingthemselvesfitandathletic.ArtisticResponsestoEmpireandIndustry Artistsbegantouseandexploretheprocessofglobalexpansionandeconomicinnovation.

Darwinisticstrongcivilizationsiftheydidntadapttochangewouldfail Impressionism:A19thcenturyartisticstylethatcapturedlightinimages,itderivedfrom

japaneseinfluences.Itwastheoppositeoftherealismofphotos.TheBirthofMassPoliticsWorkers,Politics,andProtest

Workeractivism,strikes,rebellers.Workersbandedtogethertofightagainstthebosses UnionsandStrikes


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PoliticalParties SecondInternational

workersunite,regardlessofnationality,MARXIST(antiviolenceantianarchist)

advocateforuniversalsuffrage tooextremethough,tooradical,rightthingsbutnoonewanttocauseits

inconvenient,workersunionizetogainright FoundedbyKarlMarx(Germany) (Gourdon)Blockofnationalistrepresentatives

gottogetherandmadeblockofvotes MARXIST

overthrowbourgeois controlgovernmentwithoutadministration (neverhappens)Transitiongovernmenttopeopletocreateclasslesssociety

(wontworkbecausepeopledontliketogiveuppower) LabourParty,SocialistPartyandSocialDemocraticPartySocialistPartiesofthe

WorkingClass Believedthatcapitalismcausedinjusticetowomensocialistsocietywould

endgenderinequality NewUnionismReplacedlocalcraftbasedunionswiththosethatextended

membershipwithalltypesofworkers Womenwantequality Hadmanagerwhohelpedplananorganizedstrike/protest

ExpandingPoliticalParticipationinWesternEuropePublicationsinEurope

Thespreadofpoliticsthroughpublications Extremelynosey,harshandruthless AllowedthepoliticalinputoftheMiddleClass

BritishPoliticalReforms Whigs(liberal) Tories(conservative) LaborParty(moreliberalthanwhigs) CharlesStewartParnell(Ireland)AdvocatedHomeRuleintheBritishParliament HomeRuleTherighttoanindependentIrishParliamentfromtheBritishparliament=

denied


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PROGRESSIVEREFORMACTSOF:1832,1867,1884 1832AmeasurepassedbytheBritishParliamenttoincreasethenumberofmalevotersby

about50percentandgiverepresentationstonewcitiesinthenorth,itsetaprecedentforwideningsuffrage

1867VotingrightsdoubledfortheamountofmeneligibletovoteinEnglandandWales 1884Doubleelectoraltoaround4.5millionmen

Grantedtherighttovotetoamassmalecitizens Doubledthesizeofthemaleelectorate(lottapeoplecanvote)

FrancesThirdRepublic FrenchGovernmentwhichsucceededNapoleonIIIssecondempireafteritsdefeatin

theFrancoPrussianwarof18701871 Problems:Depression,corruptionandantisemitism

1875TheEstablishmentofaFrenchpresidencyandChamberofDeputies Shakyrepublicthatlastedforawhile Nostrongleader Boulanger,goodleaderbutdidnttakethrone

PoliticalLiberalismRejected Italysnationalismdecreasesbecauseofthelackofmalesuffrage(14%)

PowerPoliticsinCentralandEasternEurope LowindustrializationinRussia,Hungary,Germany,andAustria

BismarcksGermany(bloodandiron) Realpolitik=powerpolitics BismarkCONSERVATIVEthough


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useseducationtoindoctrinatethechildren AuthoritarianAustriaHungary WorriedaboutRussia

bufferstatesform SlavicpeoplefeelcomfortablewithrussiafromforaustrialedtoWWIstrong

nationalismbutsickmanofeurope)UnrestinRussia

AlexIIIrepressivecrackdown,backlash splintergroupsliberals

wishrussiawasmodernized mostpeoplepeasantnotmanythough

crazyshitabouttogodown,lottachangebouttohappenConclusion

ModernityandtheRoadtoWar(18901914)PublicDebateoverPrivateLifePopulationPressure

SoaringPopulationAlarmovertheFallingBirthrate

ReformingMarriageNewWomen,NewMen,andthePoliticsofSexualIdentitySciencesoftheModernSelf

NewApproachestoMentalAilmentsFreudandPsychoanalysis

SigmundFreudAustrian,Jewish,UpperClass,ViennesePsychoanalyst Studiessexdrives(radicalattime) Thoughtthatwomenhavesexdrivesaswellasmen Manydaughtersingroupoffriendssenttohim. PsychoanalysisHealingbytalkingandfromthetalkinglookingforpatterns

PSYCHOLOGYHASREPLACEDRELIGION

ModernityandtheRevoltinIdeasTheOppositiontoPositivismTheRevolutioninScience AntoineBecquerel(France)discoveredradioactivityin1896 MarieCurieandPierreCurie(France)discoverednewelementsfortheperiodictable

MarieCuriewasnotrecognizedforherworkbecauseshewasawoman MarieCurieeventuallywasthefirstrecipienttoeverreceivetwoNobelPeacePrizes

MaxPlanck(Germany)DiscoveredtheQuantumTheoryPurpleImportantPeople BlueImportantDates RedImportantFacts GreenImportantIdeologies/Terms

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AlbertEinstein(Germany)DiscoveredtheSpecialandGeneralTheoriesofRelativity MostScientistswerenotacceptedbecausetheirideasweretooradicalandoftenchallenged

ideassuggestedthroughreligionModernArt

AVarietyofStylesArtasPoliticalCriticismArtNouveau

Artisticstyleingraphics,fashion,andhouseholddesign Featuredlowing,sinuouslines Borrowedinlargepartfromasianart

TheRevoltinMusicandDance HenriMatisse(France)LeadingfigureofFauvismandhopedtorelaxthemindandappealto

allsexes PaulCzanne(France)Createdgeometricartthroughpaintdabs,accentuatingstructureand

everydaylife PabloPicasso(Spain)Startedcubismtocreatebizarreandunrecognizableforms,ex.Les

DemoisellesdAvignon ShowedtheprofoundinfluencesofAfrican,AsianandSouthAmericanArts Lessdecorativeandmorebrutalthanmostartistsofthetime Suggestedwesterncivilizationwasnotasitappearedtobe

EdvardMunch(Norway) Kandinsky Stravinsky Debussy(revoltagainstideaofstrikingforperfection)

GrowingTensionsinMassPoliticsleadingtoWWIreformersdemandsansweredwithrepression

TheExpandingPowerofLabor callforjusticeinplayssuchasjuliusceasar germansocialdemocraticparty

helpelectworkersintoParliament

RightsforWomenandtheBattleforSuffrage righttovoteandownwagesifmarried EmmelinePankhurst

Organizedmilitantbranchofbritishwomensuffrage RevisingLiberalisminBritain Notenoughirishinparliament


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UnrestinItaly TransformismoWaytoappeasepeoplespoliticalpatronage

voteformeigiveyouwhatyouwant corruptandstillhappening

AntiSemitism,NationalismandZionisminMassPolitics Noonelikedthejewsandthattime Greatlyrepressedbymanydifferenteuropeans

LedtomassexodusAuthoritarianisminRussia

NicholasII(Russia)=TsarofRussiaafterAlexanderII resistedreform Promotedantisemitism

TheDreyfusAffairinFrance Jewishcaptainwhowenttoexile Falselychargedwithspyingforgermany Jaccusewritten

RiotsbeginbecausetheyreFrenchNationalistandAntiSemiticPoliticsinGermany

Usedantisemitismtowinsupport WilliamIIaristocracywentagainsteverythingBismarkworkedon blamedjewsforfoodshortages

EthnicPoliticsinAustriaHungary MagyarizationTheassimilationoracculturationprocessbywhichnonHungarian

nationalscametoadopttheHungariancultureandlanguageduetosocialpressure Toomanyethnicgroups Jewishresponsemoveoutandmarrychristians

didntworksotherewasamassexodusTheJewishResponsetoAntiLiberalPolitics

LeonPinsker(Ukraine)Physician Askedforajewishstate PublishedapamphletcalledAutoEmancipation

AnalyzedthesituationoftheJewsinEurope ConvincedpeoplethatJewscouldneverbeassimilatedintoEuropean

culturenomatterhowmanydroppedtheirreligioninfavorofChristianways

LedsomejewstomigratetoPalestine Zionismby1914

85,000jewswereinpalestine


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History Study Guide for Modern European Europe