History, Problems and Perspectives

filosofia, sociologia, mediis Teoria

PhilosoPhy, sociology, Media Theory8

giorgi TavaZe

filosofiuri geografia

istoria, problemebi, perspeqtivebi

GiorGi Tavadze

PhilosoPhical GeoGraPhyhisTory, Problems, and PersPecTives

Tbilisi 2016 Tbilisi

grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetifilosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa kvleviTi instituti

GRIGOL ROBAKIDZE UNIVERSITYINSTITUTE OF PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

_ samecniero seria / Scientific Series _filosofia, sociologia, mediis TeoriaPHILOSOPHY, SOCIOLOGY, MEDIA THEORY

seriis damfuZnebeli da mTavari redaqtori: Tengiz iremaZe (saqarTvelo)

THE FOUNDER OF THE SERIES AND EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Tengiz Iremadze (Georgia)

redaqtorebi / EDITORS:ioaxim fon vedeli (poloneTi) • Joachim von Wedel (Poland)

lali zaqaraZe (saqarTvelo) • Lali Zakaradze (Georgia)giorgi TavaZe (saqarTvelo) • Giorgi Tavadze (Georgia)

giorgi xuroSvili (saqarTvelo) • Giorgi Khuroshvili (Georgia)

sakonsultacio sabWo / EDITORIAL BOARD:giunter arnoldi (germania) • Günter Arnold (Germany)

giorgi baramiZe (saqarTvelo) • Giorgi Baramidze (Georgia)mixeil gogatiSvili (saqarTvelo) • Mikheil Gogatishvili (Georgia)

bernhard valdenfelsi (germania) • Bernhard Waldenfels (Germany)marta vaculinova (CexeTi) • Marta Vaculínová (The Czech Republic)

guram TevzaZe (saqarTvelo) • Guram Tevzadze (Georgia)qristof iame (germania) • Christoph Jamme (Germany)

udo rainhold ieki (germania) • Udo Reinhold Jeck (Germany)giorgi kaprievi (bulgareTi) • Georgi Kapriev (Bulgaria)

zdenek kuCera (CexeTi) • Zdeněk Kučera (The Czech Republic)dodo labuCiZe (saqarTvelo) • Dodo Labuchidze (Georgia)

† burkhard moiziSi (germania) • † Burkhard Mojsisch (Germany)iStvan perceli (ungreTi) • Istvan Perczel (Ungarn)

ian r. feenstra (holandia) • Jan R. Veenstra (Netherlands)ferdinand felmani (germania) • Ferdinand Fellmann (Germany)

helmut Snaideri (germania) • Helmut Schneider (Germany)

norvegieli xalxis saamayo Svilis,

saxelovani mogzaurisa da mamaci adamianis

rual amundsenis (1872-1928) xsovnas

vuZRvni am wigns

PHILOSOPHY, SOCIOLOGY, MEDIA THEORYEdited by Tengiz Iremadze

Volume 8:Giorgi Tavadze

Philosophical GeographyHistory, Problems, and Perspectives

winamdebare naSromSi ganxorcielebulia filosofiuri geo-grafiis, rogorc interkulturuli da interdisciplinuri filosofiuri dargis, axal sawyisebze dafuZnebis mcdeloba. filosofiuri geografia gagebulia, rogorc erTgvari `xidi~ filosofiasa da socialur mecnierebebs Soris. gansxvavebul moazrovneTa Sexedulebebis analizis safuZvelze avtori aCvenebs geografiuli konceptebis mniSvnelobas filosofi-uri azrovnebisaTvis.

In this book the author proposes a new interpretation of philosophical ge-ography. Situated in an intercultural and interdisciplinary dimension philo-sophical geography should serve as a “bridge” between philosophy and social sciences. By analyzing works of prominent philosophers and geographers the author shows the importance of geographical concepts for philosophical thinking.

© giorgi TavaZe, 2016© Giorgi Tavadze, 2016

Printed in GeorgiaAll rights reserved

gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2016Publishing House “Nekeri”, 2016

ISSN 1987-9652ISBN 978-9941-457-45-6

UDC (uak) 1+316+070 f - 562 P - 57

sarCevi

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Tavi I. filosofiuri geografiis konceptualuri CarCo . . . . . . . 9

1.1 Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.2 filosofiuri geografiis lokaluri done . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.3 filosofiuri geografiis regionaluri done . . . . . . . 13

1.4 filosofiuri geografiis globaluri done . . . . . . . . 15

1.5 adgilisa da identobis cnebebi, rogorc filosofiuri geografiis samive donis konceptualuri sayrdenebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.6 daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Tavi II. filosofiuri geografiis saTaveebTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.1 Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.2 Sarl lui monteskie: klimatis zemoqmedeba adamianze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.3 iohan gotfrid herderi: adamianisa da garemos urTierTzemoqmedeba . . . . . . . . . . 32

2.4 imanuel kanti: geografiuli codnis sistematizatori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.5 aleqsandre fon humboldti: holisturi midgoma empiriuli realobisadmi . . . . . . . . 50

2.6 karl riteri: teleologizmi da istoricizmi geografiaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

2.7 georg vilhelm fridrix hegeli: `msoflio istoriis geografiuli safuZveli~ . . . . . . . . 70

2.8 ernst kapis filosofiuri geografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

2.9 daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Tavi III. `sasicocxlo sivrcidan~ sivrcis poetikamde. filosofiuri geografiis globaluri, regionaluri da lokaluri paradigmebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

3.1 Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

3.2 fridrix ratceli: brZola sasicocxlo sivrcisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

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3.3 karl Smiti: adamiani da msoflio elementebis dapirispireba . . . . 116

3.4 martin haidegeri: adgili, rogorc sivrcis Semomkrebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

3.5 vacuji tecuros klimatis filosofia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

3.6 karl avgust vitfogeli hidravlikuri civilizaciebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

3.7 gaston baSliaris sivrcis poetika: saxli, rogorc Taursamyaro da eqsistencialuri mniSvnelobis centri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

3.8 daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Tavi IV. adgilisa da identobis cnebebi, rogorc filosofiuri geografiis sakvanZo momentebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

4.1 Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

4.2 miSel fuko: sxva sivrceebi _ utopiebi da heterotopiebi . . . . . . . 190

4.3 i-fu tuani: humanisturi geografia _ adgili _ topofilia . . . . . 196

4.4 eduard relfi: adgili da uadgiloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

4.5 devid simoni droiT-sivrciTi rutinisa da sxeulisa da adgilis qoreografiebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . 223

4.6 eduard keisi: ukan, adgilisaken! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

4.7 jef malpasi: adgili, rogorc empiriuli gamocdilebis winapiroba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

4.8 daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Tavi V. filosofiuri geografia: naSromis Sejameba da kvlevis samomavlo perspeqtivebi . . . 253

Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

gamoyenebuli literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

pirTa saZiebeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

cnebaTa saZiebeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

geografiul saxelTa saZiebeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

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Sesavali

XX saukunis II naxevridan filosofiur literaturaSi aqtiurad ganixileba filosofiisa da geografiis sazRvriTi problemebi.1 Tavis mxriv, geografebi dainteresebulebi arian filosofiuri problematikiT.2 filosofiisa da sazogadoe-brivi geografiis mijnaze arsebuli problemebis analizis konteqstSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi cnebebi, ro-gorebicaa ̀ geofilosofia~ (J. deliozi da f. gatari, m. kaCari, S. giunceli), `filosofiuri topografia~ (j. malpasi), `fi-losofiis atlasi~ (e. holenStaini), ùadgiloba~ (e. relfi), `topofilia~ (g. baSliari) da sxv. aseTi mravalferovani kvle-viTi perspeqtivebis miuxedavad, ar SemuSavebula erTiani kon-ceptualuri CarCo, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda filosofiisa da geografiis TanakveTis sibrtyeSi moqceuli sakiTxebisa da problemebis meToduri kvleva. Sesabamisad, ar ganxorcielebula iseTi empiriuli kvlevebic, romlebic mo-cemul Teoriul safuZvels daemyareboda. amgvari mcdelobis ganxorcieleba principulad aucilebelia, radgan Tanamedro-

1 G. Deleuze, F. Guattari, Qu’est-ce que la philosophie? Paris: Les éditions de Minuit, 1991; E. S. Casey, Getting Back into Place: Toward a renewed Understanding of the Place-World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993; id., The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History. Berkeley: University of Califronia Press, 1997; M. Cacciari, Geofilosofia dell’Europa. Milan: Adelphi, 1994; J. E. Malpas, Place and Experience. A Philosophical Topography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999; S. Günzel, Geophilosophie. Nietzsches philosophische Geographie. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2001; E. Holenstein, Philosophie-Atlas: Orte und Wege des Denkens. Zürich: Ammann Verlag, 2004; H. Schneider, „Philosophische Geografie: Die Bedeutung des Wassers für die Geschichte – Europa und Asien“. In: Interkulturelle Philosophie. Hrsg. von H. Paetzold und W. Schmied-Kowarzik, Weimar: Bauhaus-Universität, 2007, gv. 206-231; A. Schlitte, T. Hünefeldt, D. Romić, J. van Loon (Hrsg.), Philosophie des Ortes. Reflexionen zum Spatial Turn in den Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2014.

2 E. Relph, Place and Placelessness. London: Pion Press, 1976; Y.-F. Tuan, Topophilia. A Study of Environmental Perceptions, Attitudes, and Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1974; id., Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1977; D. Seamon, A Geography of the Lifeworld. Movement, Rest and Encounter. London: Croom Helm, 1979. D. Gregory, Geographical Imaginations. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994; S. Elden, E. Mendieta (eds), Reading Kant’s Geography. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2011.

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ve samyaroSi interdisciplinuroba filosofiis erT-erT um-Tavres maxasiaTeblad iqca. aseT mcdelobad, aseT interdisci-plinur `xidad~ filosofiasa da geografias Soris winamdeba-re naSromSi miCneulia filosofiuri geografia.

filosofiuri geografiis Cemeuli xedva emyareba fi-losofiuri geografiis konceptualur CarCos.3 aRniSnuli konceptualuri CarCos Camoyalibebisaken im moazrovneebis Semoqmedebam da ideebma mibiZga, romlebic mocemul kvlevaSia ganxiluli.4

winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens 2013 wels grigol ro-baqiZis saxelobis universitetSi filosofiis doqtoris aka-demiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili kvlevis gada-muSavebul versias. didi madloba minda gadavuxado Cems xe-lmZRvanelebs: prof. Tengiz iremaZes da prof. helmut Snaiders gaweuli daxmarebisa da rekomendaciebisaTvis; aseve madlobas vuxdi Cemi sadisertacio naSromis oficialur Semfaseblebs: prof. lali zaqaraZes da asoc. prof. giorgi xeoSvils. madlie-rebiT minda movixsenio prof. manana sanaia da akad. guram Tevza-Ze, romlebmac didad Semiwyves xeli Cemi samecniero karieris dasawyisSi. Cems megobarTan da kolegasTan, asoc. prof. gior-gi xuroSvilTan filosofiis amocanebis Sesaxeb saintereso saubrebi mniSvnelovnad damexmara filosofiuri geografiis bunebisa da daniSnulebis ga(da)azrebaSi, risTvisac misi mad-lieri var. madlobas vuxdi Cems gamomcemels, giorgi bagra-tions, romelic misTvis Cveuli profesionalizmiT damexmara naSromis gamocemis procesSi. aseve, gansakuTrebuli madlo-ba minda gadavuxado Cems meuRles, nino WinWarauls, romlis mxardaWerasac yovelTvis vgrZnobdi disertaciaze muSaobis periodSi. dabolos, madlobas vuxdi yvela im adamians, romel-Ta meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda am naSromis gamocema.

3 ix. g. TavaZe, `Satili filosofiuri geografiis perspeqtividan~, Tbilisi: `nekeri~, 2013 w., gv. 1-13.

4 winamdebare naSromSi mocemuli filosofiuri geografiis kon-ceptualuri CarCo arse biTad ar gansxvavdeba im xedvisagan, romelic 2013 wels mqonda gadmocemuli (ix. g. TavaZe, `Satili filosofiuri geografiis perspeqtividan~).

giorgi TavaZe

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Tavi I. filosofiuri geografiis konceptualuri CarCo

1.1. Sesavali

geografia Seiswavlis sazogadoebasa da fizikur garemos Soris arsebul mimarTebebs. adamianebi gardaqmnian bunebas. Tavis mxriv, buneba, geografiuli elementebis saxiT, gavlenas axdens adamianTa cxovrebaze.5 zogierTi geografiuli elemen-tis (magaliTad, adgili, sivrce) gavlena adamianTa idento-baze, maT cnobierebasa da moqmedebaze metad mniSvnelovania. filosofiurma geografiam unda gamoikvlios is mimarTebebi, romlebic arsebobs, erTi mxriv, aRniSnul geografiul el-ementebsa da, meore mxriv, adamianTa identobebsa da moq-medebebs Soris. kvlevisas filosofiurma geografiam, Tavisi interdisciplinuri bunebidan gamomdinare, Tanabrad unda isargeblos rogorc humanitaruli, aseve, socialuri mec-nierebebis meTodologiebiT.

imisaTvis, raTa ufro naTlad gamoikveTos, Tu ras Seiswavlis filosofiuri geografia, saWiroa filosofiuri geografiis konceptualuri CarCos Camoyalibeba. aRniSnuli CarCo gansazRvravs filosofiuri geografiis kvlevis do-neebs, Sesaswavl sagans mocemul doneze da Sesatyvis kvle-viT meTodologiebs TiToeuli donisTvis. filosofiuri geo-grafiis konceptualur CarCoSi gamoiyofa kvlevis sami done: lokaluri, regionaluri da globaluri. qvemoT Tanmimdevro-biT ganxilulia TiToeuli maTgani.

5 ix. R. Peet, Modern Geographical Thought. Mal den, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006, gv. 1-2; R. Johnston, Philosophy and Human Geography. An Intro duction to Contemporary Approaches. Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1986, gv. 3; C. Gibson, ‘Human Geography’. In: R. Kitchin and N. Thrift (eds.), International En-cyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, vol. 5, gv. 218.

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giorgi TavaZe

1.2. filosofiuri geografiis lokaluri done

lokalur doneze filosofiurma geografiam unda Seiswav-los is mimarTebebi, romlebic arsebobs, erTi mxriv, adgilebs/sivrceebs da meore mxriv, individualur da koleqtiur iden-tobebs Soris. adgilebis/sivrceebis da adamianebis urTierTq-medeba filosofiuri geografiis lokaluri donis Seswavlis umTavresi obieqtia.

winamdebare naSromSi adgili gaigeba ara rogorc stati-kuri wertili sivrceSi, aramed, rogorc mniSvnelobis cen-tri, romelsac xdomilebis xasiaTi aqvs. adgili aris procesi,6 romlis ganmavlobaSic is kargavs Zvel identobas, reinterp-retirdeba, axal mniSvnelobas iZens, urTierTqmedebs adami-anebTan da sxva adgilebTan da a. S. filosofiuri geografia adgilis dinamikur gagebas unda daemyaros.

adgilebi qmnian sivrceebs.7 adgilebisa da adamianebis urT-ierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnili sivrceebi gansxvavebu-li bunebisaa. filosofiuri geografiis lokalur doneze me gamovyof sami saxis sivrces: sakralurs, istoriuls da yovel-dRiuri moZraobisa da moqmedebis sivrces (SemoklebiT: yovel-dRiur sivrces). TiToeul am sivrceSi SesaZlebelia im kom-ponentebis (adgilebis) gamoyofa, romelTa urTierTqmedebac (adamianebTan da erTmaneTTan) mocemul sivrces warmoqmnis. aRniSnul sivrceebs Soris arsebobs dinamikuri damokidebule-ba: socialuri cxovrebis procesSi isini erTmaneTs ganmsWvala-ven da gansazRvraven. sakraluri, istoriuli da yoveldRiuri sivrceebi erTiandebian socialuri sivrcis wiaRSi, romelic saerTod adamianuri moqmedebis sivrces warmoadgens. Tavis

6 adgilis, rogorc procesis, Sesaxeb ix. E. S. Casey, ‘How to Get from Space to Place in a Fairly Short Stretch of Time: Phenomenological Prolegomena’. In: S. Feld and K. H. Basso (eds.), Senses of Place. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1997, gv. 26 da Smd.; M. Heidegger, ‘Bauen _ Wohnen _ Denken’. In: M. Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe, Bd. 7: Vorträge und Aufsätze. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 2000, gv. 145-164; A. Pred, ‘Place as Historically Contingent Process: Struc turation and the Time-Geography of Becoming Places’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 74 (1984), gv. 279-297.

7 Sdr. M. Heidegger, Bauen _ Wohnen _ Denken, gv. 156; E. S. Casey, How to Get from Space to Place in a Fairly Short Stretch of Time, gv. 16 da Smd.

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mxriv, socialuri sivrce warmoiSoba adamianTa mier geografi-uli sivrcis gardaqmniT, anu adgilebisa da sivrceebis SeqmniT.

adamianebis, adgilebisa da sivrceebis urTierTmimarTeba yovelTvis rodia harmoniuli. amas isic aCvenebs, rom SesaZle-belia urTierTgamomricxavi da urTierTuarmyofeli adgile-bis arseboba. urTierTqmedebis dros, SesaZloa, garkveulma daZabulobebma iCinos Tavi. lokalur doneze filosofiurma geografiam es daZabulobebi da konfliqtebic unda Seiswav-los da gaaanalizos.

amrigad, filosofiuri geografiis lokalur doneze sakvan-Zo cnebebia: adgilebi _ sivrceebi _ identobebi _ urTierTqmede-bebi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi mravlobiT ricxvs gangeb viyeneb, raTa am cnebebis dinamikur bunebas gavusva xazi. zemoTqmu-lis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia, kidev ufro davazustoT lokalur doneze filosofiuri geografiis Seswavlis sagani: lokalur doneze filosofiuri geografia Seiswavlis im mimarTebebs, romlebic arsebobs adgilebsa (da am adgilebis urTierTqmedebiT warmoqmnil sivrceebs) da individualur da koleqtiur identobebs Soris. ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, mocemuli adgilis Semadgeneli sivrceebis8 komponen-tebis gamovleniT filosofiuri geografia aanalizebs: 1. ra gavlenas axdens individTa qmedebebi adgilze da adgilis, ro-gorc mTelis, Semadgenel sivrceebze; 2. ra zegavlenas axdens adgilis/sivrcis Semadgeneli elementebi individTa idento-bebsa da qmedebebze; 3. ra saxis daZabulobebi/konfliqtebi warmoiSoba individebis, adgilebisa da sivrceebis urTierTq-medebis procesSi.

kvlevis lokalur doneze filosofiurma geografiam unda isargeblos interdisciplinuri meTodologiiT: adgilis Teo-riuli kvlevisas, SesaZloa, warmatebiT iqnes gamoyenebuli fenomenologiuri meTodi, xolo empiriuli kvlevebis dros _ CarTuli dakvirveba, gadmocemebisa da Tqmulebebis analizi, siRrmiseuli interviuebi da a. S.9 aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoy-

8 rogorc aRvniSneT, adgilebi qmnian sivrceebs. magram adgilSi, rogorc mTlianSi, SeiZleba gamoyos am adgilis Semadgeneli sivrceebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, konkretuli adgilebisganaa warmoqmnili. magaliTad, qalaqSi, roogrc adgilSi, SesaZloa, gamoiyos sivrceebi (raionebi), romlebsac konkretuli adgilebi warmoqmnian. ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 33-34.

9 adgilebis kvlevisas fenomenologiuri meTodis gamoyenebis Se-


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giorgi TavaZe

enebisas sasurvelia maqsimalurad moqnili kvleviTi strate-giis SemuSaveba da triangulaciis aqtiuri gamoyeneba, radgan es saSualebas mogvcems, ukeT vwvdeT adgilebis, sivrceebisa da identobebis dinamikuri urTierTkavSiris bunebas.

saxeb, ix. qveTavi 4.4, 4.5 da 4.6. CarTuli dakvirvebisa da siRrm-iseuli interviuebis Sesaxeb ix. g. TavaZe, `Satili filo sofiuri geografiis perspeqtividan~.

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1.3. filosofiuri geografiis regionaluri done

filosofiuri geografiis regionalur doneze Seswavlis obieqti regionalur sivrcobriv erTeulebsa da identobebs So-ris arsebuli mimarTebebia. kvlevis am doneze filosofiurma geografiam pasuxi unda gasces Semdeg SekiTxvebs: ra momentebi SeiZleba gamovyoT regionis, rogorc cnebis, konstruirebis procesSi? ra gavlenas axdens dedamiwis zedapiris regionebad dayofa am regionTa macxovreblebis identobebze? xom ar iwvevs aseTi dayofa gansxvavebas saazrovno tradiciebs So-ris? am SekiTxvebis bunebidan gamomdinare naTelia, rom fi-losofiuri geografiis regionaluri done interkulturuli filosofiis WrilSi unda gaviazroT.

imisaTvis, raTa ufro naTeli gaxdes, Tu ra unda Seiswav-los filosofiurma geografiam regionalur doneze, moviyvan konkretul magaliTs. es magaliTi exeba saqarTvelosa da ev-ropis mimarTebas. am konteqstSi CvenTvis saintereso SekiTx-vebi aseT saxes miiRebs: rogor xdeb(od)a saqarTveloSi evro-pis cnebis konstruirebis procesi? ras moiazrebdnen adre qarTvelebi evropaSi? ra sazRvrebSi moiazreboda evropa? ra saxis Rirebulebebi/politikuri alternativebi ukavSirdebo-da evropis cnebas sxvadasxva epoqaSi? Tavis mxriv, rogor gai-azrebdnen evropelebi saqarTvelos? ras moiazrebdnen isini am regionalur sivrceSi? ra gavlenas axdenda (da axdens) ev-ropeloba/araevropelobis dixotomia qarTvelTa identobaze? ra viTarebaa am mxriv dRes? xom ar uigivdeboda evropis cneba centris cnebas da amiT xom ar eqceoda saqarTvelo cnebo-briv periferiaze? ra gavlena hqonda amas qarTul saazrovno tradiciaze?10 ra konteqstSi SeiZleba visaubroT kavkasiis re-

10 uaxlesi gamokvleva am mimarTulebiT (interkulturuli filoso-fiis WrilSi) ekuTvnis Tengiz iremaZes, romelic Tavis naSromSi `filosofia epoqaTa da kulturaTa gzagasayarze~ ikvlevs qarTu-li da evropuli saazrovno tradiciebis mimarTebis sakiTxebs im konteqstSi, romelic scdeba sakiTxisadmi tradiciuli midgomis (periferiis daqvemdebareba centrisadmi) sazRvrebs. avtori xaz-gasmiT aRniSnavs interkulturuli filosofiisa da filosofi-uri geografiis kavSirs da miuTiTebs Semdgomi kvlevebis aucile-blobaze am mimarTulebiT. ix. T. iremaZe, `filosofia epoqaTa da kulturaTa gzagasayarze. interkulturuli da interdisciplin-uri kvlevebi~. Tbilisi: ̀ nekeri~, 2013 w., gv. 117; misive, ̀ azrovneba

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gionze saqarTvelo-evropis mimarTebis WrilSi? ai, es aris im kiTxvebis arasruli CamonaTvali, romlebic saqarTvelosa da evropis mimarTebis konteqstSi filosofiuri geografiisaT-vis interess warmoadgens. ra Tqma unda, am SekiTxvebs pasuxebi erTbaSad ver gaecema. amisaTvis saWiroa sistematuri muSaoba, romlis drosac mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos iseTi gansxvave-buli meTodologiebi, rogorebicaa istoriuli wyaroebis Se-darebiTi analizi, diskursuli praqtikebis analizi, anketuri gamokiTxvebi da a.S. mxolod aseTi interdisciplinuri midgo-mis farglebSia SesaZlebeli im kompleqsuri problemebis kvl-eva, romlebic filosofiuri geografiis regionalur doneze iCens Tavs.

gzagasayarze: ierusalimi da aTeni~. ix. l. Strausi, ìerusalimi da aTeni~, inglisuridan Targmna g. xuroSvilma. Tbilisi: `saun-je~, 2013 w., gv. 5-8. ix., aseve, G. Khuroshvili, ‘Jerusalem and Athens in Medieval Georgian Thought’, in: T. Iremadze, U. R. Jeck, and H. Schneider (eds.), Philosophie und Sozialtheorie, vol. 1, Leben verstehen. Berlin: Logos Verlag, 2014, gv. 97-101; g. TavaZe, „rukebis Zala. gelaTi da ‘kavkasiuri fi-losofiis’ cneba interkulturuli filosofiis WrilSi“, ix. „axa-li drois qarTuli filosofia da misi mTavari warmomadgenlebi. XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan XIX saukunis meore naxevramde“, red.: T. iremaZe, Tbilisi: „favoriti stili“, 2014 w., gv. 136-156; g. TavaZe, `gelaTi rogorc kavkasiuri filosofiis sakvanZo toposi da misi mniSvneloba qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebisaTvis~, ix. „filosofia da Teologia Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi“, red.: T. iremaZe, Tbilisi: „favoriti stili“, 2016 w., gv. 179-193.

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1.4. filosofiuri geografiis globaluri done

globalur doneze filosofiurma geografiam unda gaaanalizos is globaluri problemebi da sakiTxebi, romle-bic geografiuli elementebisa da adamianTa urTierTqmedebis Sedegadaa warmoqmnili. globaluri daTboba da adamianTa sivrcobrivi cnobierebis horizontebis mkveTri gafarToeba ori aseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. pirveli maTgani seriozul gamowvevas uqmnis dedamiwis mosaxleobas,11 xolo meorem radi-kalurad Secvala adamianTa cxovrebis wesi.12 kvlevis am safex-urze sakvanZo koncepts warmoadgens dedamiwis iseTi cneba, romelic mas adamianTa sacxovrebel saxlad, anu adgilad gai-azrebs.13 filosofiuri geografiis globalur doneze dedami-wa moiazreba rogorc iseTi adgili da mniSvnelobis centri, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs da amdenad, SesaZlebels xdis yvela saxis adgilisa da sivrcis arsebobas. adgilsa da re-gions Soris arsebuli dialeqtikuri mimarTeba sinTezirdeba dedamiwis, rogorc adgilis cnebaSi, romelic yvela adgilsa da regions moicavs da erTgvar ̀ adgilTa adgilad~ gvevlineba. amrigad, filosofiuri geografiis globalur doneze dedami-wis, rogorc sacxovrebeli saxlis cneba saSualebas gvaZlevs, dinamikur urTierTqmedebaSi gaviazroT adgilis, regionisa da dedamiwis cnebebi. sivrcobrivi horizontebis gafarToe-bam adamianebs saSualeba misca, gansxvavebuli adgilebi daeka-vSirebinaT erTmaneTTan da regionaluri konceptebi SeeqmnaT. mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis ganviTarebam dro da sivrce `SekumSa~ da dedamiwa `globalur soflad~ aqcia.14 Tavis mxriv, globalizacia iwvevs globaluri cnobierebis ganviTa-

11 ix. A. Giddens, The Politics of Climate Change. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009. ix., aseve, B. R. Singh (ed.), Climate Change. Realities, Impacts Over Ice Cap, Sea Level and Risks. Rijeka: InTech, 2013; M. Voss (Hrsg.), Der Klimawandel. Sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2010.

12 ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva. msoflio-istoriuli ganazreba~. germanulidan Targm na g. TavaZem. Tbilisi: `nekeri~, 2010 w.

13 ix. qveTavi 2.3, 2.6 da 4.3.

14 ix. D. Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity. An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1992, gv. 284 da Smd.; M. McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy. The Making of Typographic Man. To ronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962, gv. 31.

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giorgi TavaZe

rebas da glokalizaciis Tanamdev procesebs.15 es procesebi gavlenas axdens adamianTa identobebze da maT mier global-uri sivrceebis aRqmaze. aRniSnuli sakiTxebi filosofiurma geografiam interdisciplinur meTodologiaze dayrdnobiT unda ikvlios.

15 ix. R. Robertson, ‘Glocalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity’. In: M. Featherstone, S. Lash, R. Robertson (eds.), Global Modernities. London: Sage, 1995, gv. 25 da Smd.

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1.5. adgilisa da identobis cnebebi, rogorc filosofiuri geografiis samive donis

konceptualuri sayrdenebi

rogorc vnaxeT, adgilisa da identobis cnebebi filosofi-uri geografiis samive (lokalur, regionalur da globalur) doneze sakvanZo mniSvnelobisaa. amitom, umarTebulo ar iqneba imis mtkiceba, rom adgilisa da identobis cnebebi filosofi-uri geografiis konceptualur birTvs warmoqmnis. lokalur doneze adgilebisa da identobebis mimarTebebi individTa mier geografiul sivrceSi socialuri sivrcis (romelic sakral-uri, istoriuli da yoveldRiuri sivrceebisgan Sedgeba) Se-qmnas ukavSirdeba; regionalur doneze xdeba gansxvavebuli adgilebis gaerTianeba garkveul regionalur konceptebSi, romlebic mZlavr zegavlenas axdenen identobebze; dabolos, globalur doneze adgilisa da identobis cnebebi ukavSirdeba globaluri sivrcis (dedamiwa, rogorc adamianTa sacxovrebe-li saxli) cnebas. zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia, movaxdinoT filosofiuri geografiis iseTi gansazRvreba, romelic misi konceptualuri birTvis Semadgenel elemente-bze iqneba fokusirebuli: filosofiuri geografia Seiswavlis adgilebisa da identobebis urTierTqmedebas lokalur, region-alur da globalur doneebze interkulturul da interdisci-plinur WrilSi.


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giorgi TavaZe

1.6. daskvna

mocemul TavSi Camoyalibebulia filosofiuri geografi-is konceptualuri CarCo, romelic safuZvlad udevs winamde-bare kvlevas. qvemoT moyvanili ganazrebebi swored mocemul konceptualur CarCosTan mimarTebaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli. es CarCo gamoyofs filosofiuri geografiis Seswavlis sam dones: lokalurs, regionalurs da globalurs da adgens filosofiuri geografiis interkulturul da interdisci-plinur bunebas. filosofiuri geografiis safuZvelmdebare cnebebad, mis konceptualur birTvad, miCneulia adgilisa da identobis cnebebi. filosofiuri geografiis interkulturu-li da interdisciplinuri buneba gansazRvrulia lokalur, regionalur da globalur doneebze adgilebisa da idento-bebis dinamikuri urTierTqmedebebiT.

Semdgomi Tavi eTmoba im moazrovneebis Semoqmedebis anal-izs, romlebic filosofiuri geografiis sawyisebTan dganan. ra Tqma unda, am moazrovneebidan (aseve, Semdgom TavebSi ganxi-luli moazrovneebidanac) zogierTi, albaT, SeewinaaRmdege-boda kidec maTi naazrevis lokalizebas filosofiuri geo-grafiis konteqstSi, Tumca es ar unda warmoadgendes raime seriozul meTodologiur dabrkolebas. Cemi mizania vaCveno, rom aRniSnuli moazrovneebis Semoqmedeba, SesaZloa, nayofi-eri aRmoCndes filosofiuri geografiis im perspeqtivisaT-vis, romelic winamdebare naSromSia mocemuli. filosofiuri geografiis ganvlili traeqtoriebis moxazviT SesaZlebelia, ukeT gavigoT misi Tanamedrove amocanebi.

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Tavi II. filosofiuri geografiis saTaveebTan

2.1. Sesavali

XVII saukunis dasasruli da XVIII saukune sabunebismetyve-lo mecnierebebis mZlavri ganviTarebis periodia. am epoqaSi moRvaweobdnen isaak niutoni, edmund halei, karl line, JorJ-lui leklerk bufoni, bernardin de sen-pieri, peter simon pa-lasi, ser jozef benqsi da sxva gamoCenili mecnierebi. fizika-Si, maTematikaSi, astronomiasa da qimiaSi gakeTebulma aRmoCe-nebma mniSvnelovnad daaCqara samecniero-teqnikuri progresi. amave dros, mogzaurebs dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxidan ganu-wyvetliv CamohqondaT axal-axali informaciebi Cveni plane-tis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mcxovrebi xalxebis Sesaxeb. am xalx-Ta cxovrebis wesi da zne-Cveulebebi, rogorc wesi, Zireulad gansxvavdeboda evropelTa yofa-cxovrebisagan. moazrovneebi cdilobdnen, mecnierulad aexsnaT es gansxvavebebi. informa-ciis wyaroebad es moazrovneebi klasikur memkvidreobasa da sxvadasxva mogzaurTa mier gamoqveynebul istoriebs iyenebd-nen, sadac es ukanasknelni TavianTi TvaliT danaxulsa da gan-cdils gadmoscemdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT istoriebSi xSirad gamonagoni da simarTle erTmaneTSi iyo areuli, uax-les wyaroebze dayrdnoba mainc win gadadgmul nabijs war-moadgenda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom zogierTi mkvlevari XVIII saukuneSi Soreuli qveynebis dasaxasiaTeblad mxolod herodotes, an kidev romaul wyaroebs eyrdnoboda!

XVIII saukunis II naxevridan mniSvnelovan samecniero eqspe-diciebs (jeimz kukis, lui antuan de bugenvilis, Jan fransua laperuzis, jorj vankuveris da sxva sazRvao eqspediciebi) Tan axldnen mecnier-bunebismetyvelebi, romlebic uSualod akvir-debodnen ucxo samyaros da informacias im epoqis Sesatyvisi mecnieruli meTodebis gamoyenebiT agrovebdnen. cxadia, rom maT mier mowodebul informacias sandoobis gacilebiT ufro maRali xarisxi eqneboda. aseTi eqspediciebidan, romlebmac mniSvnelovani kvali datoves XVIII saukuneSi, unda gamoiyos in-gliseli jeimz kukis (1728-1779 ww.) eqspediciebi. kukis meore eqspediciaSi (1772-1775 ww.) monawileobas iRebdnen gamoCeni-

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giorgi TavaZe

li germaneli mecnieri iohan rainhold forsteri (1729-1798 ww.) da misi vaJi, georg forsteri (1754-1794 ww.). eqspediciis msvlelobisas mama-Svili forsterebi sabunebismetyvelo dak-virvebebs awarmoebdnen. georg forsteris wignma `mogzauroba msoflios garSemo~ (1777 w.) gadatrialeba moaxdina samecnie-ro wreebSi. forsterebis mier wynar okeaneSi mogzaurobisas mopovebulma informaciam didi gavlena moaxdina geografiis Semdgom ganviTarebaze.16 aleqsandre fon humboldti piradad icnobda georg forsters. forsteris Sexedulebebma da mog-zaurobisaken swrafvam gavlena iqonies axalgazrda humbold-tze.17 rac Seexeba iohan rainhold forsters, man SeimuSava Teoria wynari okeanis kunZulebis TandaTanobiTi (`talRuri~) dasaxlebis Sesaxeb. Tavis naSromSi `msoflios irgvliv mog-zaurobis dros gakeTebuli dakvirvebebi fizikuri geografi-is, bunebismetyvelebisa da eTikuri filosofiis Sesaxeb~ (1778 w.) forsterma, tradiciuli samogzauro literaturisagan gansxvavebiT, ara qronologiuri, aramed, gadmocemis sistema-turi meTodi gamoiyena da wynari okeanis areali landSafturi elementebis mizezobrivi kavSirebis fonze ganixila. ganxilvis aseTi meTodiT, man, faqtobrivad, safuZveli Cauyara Taname-drove geografiis ganviTarebas.18

XVIII saukuneSi gansakuTrebuli aqtualobiT sargeblobda klimatis sakiTxi. iseTi moazrovneebi, rogorebic iyvnen ber-nar fonteneli (1657-1757 ww.), Jan Sardeni (1643-1713 ww.), Jan-batist diu bua (1670-1742 ww.) da jon arbetnoti (1667-1735 ww.) ganixilavdnen klimatis zemoqmedebas adamianebze. fonteneli Tvlida, rom adamianTa mentalur Taviseburebebs is klimati

16 ix. M. Church, ‘Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography’. In: S. Elden, E. Mendieta (eds), Reading Kant’s Geography. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2011, gv. 24.

17 ix. S. T. Jackson, ‘George Forster’. In: A. von Humboldt, A. Bonpland, Essay on the Geography of Plants. Edited with an introduction by S. T. Jackson. Translated by S. Romanowski. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2009, gv. 235.

18 ix. E. Plewe, Carl Ritter. Neuere Forschungen von Ernst Plewe. Mannheimer Geographische Arbeiten. Hrsg. von I. Dörrer, W. Gaebe, G. Höhl, C. Jentsch und R. Loose. Mannheim: Geographisches Institut der Universität Mannheim, 1982, gv. 21; H. Beck, ‘Johann Reinhold Forster – ein grosser Anreger der Geographie’. In: J. R. Forster, Beobachtungen während der Cookschen Weltumseglung 1772-1775. Stuttgart: Brockhaus Antiquarium, 1981, gv. x-xi.

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gansazRvravs, sadac es adamianebi cxovroben. Sardeni spar-seTis `CamorCenilobas~ klimatiT xsnida, xolo diu bua ga-nixilavda xelovnebisa da klimatis urTierTmimarTebas. misi azriT, xelovnebis warmosaqmnelad garkveuli klimaturi pi-robebia saWiro.19 jon arbetnoti, gamoCenili ingliseli eqi-mi, hipokrates gavleniT, ikvlevda damokidebulebas haersa da avadmyofobebs Soris. Sotlandieli filosofosi devid iumi (1711-1776 ww.) Tavis naSromSi èrovnuli xasiaTebis Sesaxeb~ (1748 w.) amtkicebda, rom klimatis gavlena xalxebze arc iseTi didia, rogorc amas sxvebi miiCnevdnen;20 xolo frangi bune-bismetyveli JorJ-lui bufoni (1707-1788 ww.) Tavis SromebSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebda im zegavlenaze, ro-melsac adamiani axdens bunebaze.

XVIII saukuneSi adamianebze klimatis zemoqmedebis yvelaze gavleniani analizi Sarl lui monteskies (1689-1755 ww.) ekuTv-nis (`kanonTa suli~, 1748 w.). miuxedavad amisa, monteskies Sex-edulebebs mravali moazrovne akritikebda. maTgan aRsaniSna-via volteri (1694-1778 ww.) da iohan gotfrid herderi (1744-1803 ww.). volteris azriT, klimatur faqtorze yuradRebis gamaxvileba adgils ar tovebda cudi mmarTvelobis efeqturi kritikisaTvis;21 xolo herderi Tvlida, rom saWiro iyo `kli-matis~ cnebis ufro farTo gaazreba.

XVIII saukunis II naxevridan geografia TandaTanobiT iRebs Tanamedrove konturebs. amaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT geogra-febs filip buaSes (1700-1773 ww.), iohan miqael francs (1700-1761 ww.), iohan qristof gaterers (1727-1799 ww.) da anton fridrix biuSings (1724-1793 ww.). biuSingma 1754-1792 wlebSi gamoaqveyna àxali geografia~22 TerTmet tomad. biuSingis mixedviT, geografia iyo mecniereba dedamiwis zedapiris bu-nebrivi da civilizebuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb. biuSingis geo-grafiulma Sexedulebebma gavlena iqonies kantis geografiis

19 ix. C. J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore. Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967, gv. 552-556.

20 iqve, gv. 562-563; 585-586.

21 iqve, gv. 582.

22 sizustisaTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom biuSingi geografiis aRsaniS-navad iyenebda termins Erdbeschreibung (`dedamiwis aRwera~).

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giorgi TavaZe

leqciebze.23 geografia aRmavlobas ganicdis XVIII saukunis saqarTvelo-

Sic. am periodis qarTuli geografiuli azrovnebis umniSv-nelovanesi Zeglia vaxuSti batoniSvilis (bagrationi) àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~ (1745 w.). vaxuSti geografias àdgi-lis aRweras~ uwodebs da mas istoriis nawilad miiCnevs.24 mi-uxedavad amisa, `saqarTvelos aRweraSi~ vaxuSti batoniSvili sistemurad gadmoscems masalas: igi Tanmimdevrulad ganixi-lavs saqarTvelos regionebs da dawvrilebiT aRwers maT ha-vas, reliefs, hidrografias, mcenareul safars, cxovelTa sa-myaros da a.S. vaxuStis naSromis umTavres Rirsebad qarTveli mecnierebi miiCneven im garemoebas, rom man naTlad gadmosca saganTa da movlenaTa absolutur simaRleze damokidebulebis principi klimaturi pirobebis, bunebrivi da kulturuli mce-nareulobis, cxovelTa samyaros mimarT. `vaxuSti erTi im mec-nierTagania, vinc al. humboldtis mier vertikaluri zonalu-robis kanonis Camoyalibebamde gacilebiT ufro adre SeniSna da aRwera es movlena. ̀ saqarTvelos geografiaSi~ zustad aris miniSnebuli sazRvrebi barisa da mTis damaxasiaTebeli veluri da sameurneo mcenareebis, TevzTa saxeobebis gavrcelebis are-

23 ix. C. Withers, ‘Kant’s Geography in Comparative Perspective’. In: S. Elden, E. Mendieta (eds), Reading Kant’s Geography. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2011, gv. 54-55. kantze i. m. francis gavlenis Sesaxeb ix. J. A. May, Kant’s Concept of Geography and its Relation to Recent Geographical Thought. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1970, gv. 51-52. ix., aseve, R. Hartshorne, ‘The Concept of Geography as a Science of Space, from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 48 (1958), gv. 99.

24 ix. vaxuSti batoniSvili, àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~. T. lo-mouris da n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT. Tbilisi: Tbilisis saxelm-wifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1941 w., gv. 3. aRniSnuli gamo-cemis SesavalSi n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavs, rom vaxuStis es naSromi istoriuli geografiis nimuSs warmoadgens (iqve, gv. xx). am Tval-sazriss ar iziarebs l. maruaSvili, romlis Tanaxmad, `dedanSi adgili aqvs geografiuli da istoriografiuli narkvevebis mori-geobas~. Sesabamisad, is geografiuli naSromia àm sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT.~ ix. l. maruaSvili, `vaxuSti batoniSvili (bagra-tioni)~, ix.: `gamoCenili mogzaurebi da bunebis mkvlevarebi~. S. javaxiSvili, g. dondua (red.), Tbilisi: `ganaTleba~, 1989, gv. 40. Cemi azriT, vaxuStis naSromis struqtura am ukanaskneli debule-bis gaziarebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs.

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alebs Soris yvela mniSvnelovan xeobaSi.~25 XVIII saukuneSi da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi moRvaweobdnen,

aseve, gamoCenili qarTveli mogzaurebi sulxan-saba orbeliani (1658-1725 ww.), rafiel danibegaSvili (1780?-1827?), iona gedeva-niSvili (1737-1821 ww.), timoTe gabaSvili (1703-1764 ww.) da gio-rgi avaliSvili (1769-1850 ww.). saqarTveloSi gavrceleba hpo-va frang ganmanaTlebelTa ideebma. monteskies Sexedulebebma klimatisa da kanonebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb gamoZaxili hpova qarTveli moazrovnis, aleqsandre amilaxvaris naSrom-Si `brZeni aRmosavleTisa~ (XVIII s-is II nax.).26 Tavis naSromSi „ocdaToTxmeti SekiTxvis wigni“ (1826 w.) qarTveli moazrovne iona xelaSvili (1778-1837 ww.) geografiuli elementebis adami-anebze zemoqmedebis saintereso magaliTs iZleva. xelaSvilis azriT, qarTul enaSi xorxismieri da mkveTri bgerebis arsebo-ba saqarTvelos geografiuli landSaftiT aixsneba; kerZod, mTagorian garemoSi, romelic xeobebiTa da xevebiTaa daseri-li, macxovreblebs meti Zalisxmeva esaWiroebaT, raTa erTma-neTs TavianTi Zaxili gaagonon. xelaSvilis mixedviT, swored es xsnis kavkasiaSi mcxovreb erTa enebSi xorxismieri bgerebis siuxves, rac ar gvxvdeba dablob da vake adgilebSi mcxovrebi erebis sametyvelo enebSi.27 ase rom, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, miuxedavad umZimesi politikuri da ekonomikuri viTare-bisa, saqarTveloSi geografiuli azris ganviTareba ar Sefer-xebula.

XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis TandaTanobiT damkvidrda warmodgena geografiis, rogorc empiriuli mecnierebis Se-saxeb. jer kidev 1757 wels frangi geografi nikola demare aRniSnavda, rom fizikuri geografia sistematur dakvirvebebs unda emyarebodes.28 am midgomis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomad-

25 ix. l. maruaSvili, `vaxuSti batoniSvili (bagrationi)~, dasax. naS-romi, gv. 41.

26 ix. a. amilaxvari, `brZeni aRmosavleTisa~. rCeulTa biblioTeka 26. g. alxaziSvilisa da r. CxeiZis redaqciiT. gamosacemad moamzada, SeniSvnebi da biografiuli narkvevi daurTo v. kiknaZem. Tbilisi: `lomisi~, 1997 w., gv. 21.

27 ix. i. xelaSvili, „ocdaToTxmeti SekiTxvis wigni. filosofiuri nawili“. g. dedabriSvilis redaqciiT. Tbilisi: „mecniereba“, 1967 w., gv. 136-137.

28 ix. M. Church, ‘Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography’. In: S. Elden, E. Mendieta (eds), Reading Kant’s Geography, gv. 24-25.

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giorgi TavaZe

genelia aleqsandre fon humboldti (1769-1859 ww.). humbold-tis mogzauroba samxreT amerikaSi da mis mier warmoebuli dak-virvebebi etalonad iqca Semdgomi Taobis mecnierebisaTvis.

humboldtis umcrosi Tanamedrove iyo germaneli geogra-fi karl riteri (1779-1859 ww.). riteri iyo pirveli mecnieri, romlisTvisac 1820 wels berlinis universitetSi geografiis kaTedra Seiqmna.29 marTalia, germanul universitetebSi geo-grafia riteramdec iswavleboda (i. m. franci, a. f. biuSingi, i. kanti), magram ar arsebobda geografiis specialoba, rogorc aseTi, universitetebs ar hyavdaT kursdamTavrebulebi geo-grafis kvalifikaciiT. rogorc Teoriuli, aseve, praqtikuli aspeqtiT, riterma didi wvlili Seitana geografiis, rogorc sauniversiteto dargis damkvidrebaSi.

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi germanelma filosofosma georg vilhelm fridrix hegelma (1770-1831 ww.) ganaviTara Sexedu-lebebi msoflio istoriis geografiuli safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. hegelis naazrevi ganavrco misma mimdevarma ernst kapma (1808-1896 ww.). Tavis naSromSi `filosofiuri geografia~ (1845 w.), kapma Tanamedrove geografia hegeliseuli filosofiis konte-qstSi gaiazra.

aleqsandre fon humboldti gardaicvala 1859 wels. imave wels gardaicvala karl riteric. es weli imiTacaa cnobili, rom gamoqveynda Carlz darvinis (1809-1882 ww.) `saxeobaTa war-moSoba.~ sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa ganviTareba axal fa-zaSi Sevida. rac Seexeba geografias, mas win eloda ìdentobis krizisis~ periodi, rodesac wamyvani geografebi cdilobdnen, mecnierebaTa mzardi specializaciisa da mecnieruli codnis swrafi progresis pirobebSi, moexazaT da daedginaT, geogra-fiis, rogorc mecnierebis, Seswavlis sagani da misi meTodebi.

29 riters uSualo memkvidre geografiis kaTedraze ar hyolia. geo-grafiis axali kaTedra germaniaSi mxolod 1871 wels, germaniis gaerTianebis Semdeg Seiqmna. kaTedras saTaveSi Caudga prof. os-kar peSeli (1826-1875 ww.). ix. V. Mamadouh, ‘Geography and War, Geog-raphers and Peace’. In: C. Flint (ed.), The Geography of War and Peace: From Death Camps to Diplomats. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, gv. 28.

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2.2. Sarl lui monteskie: klimatis zemoqmedeba adamianze

filosofiuri geografiis saTaveebTan monteskie dgas. mis naSromSi `kanonTa suli~ (1748 w.), adamianebze klimatis30 zemo-qmedebis analizs sagangebo yuradReba eTmoba (XIV-XVII wignebi). aqedan XIV wignSi zogadi debulebebia warmodgenili; XV, XVI da XVII wignebSi ki ganxilulia moqalaqeobrivi, saojaxo da poli-tikuri monobis mimarTeba klimatis bunebasTan.31

zogadi debulebebis Camoyalibebas monteskie civi da cxeli klimatis zemoqmedebis ganxilviT iwyebs: `civi haeri aviwroebs Cveni sxeulis kidurebis garegan boWkoebs; es zrdis maT energias da xels uwyobs sisxlis moZraobas kidurebidan gulisaken. igi amcirebs am boWkoTa sigrZes da, maSasadame, amiT kidev ufro zrdis maT Zalas. cxeli haeri ki, piriqiT, adunebs boWkoTa daboloebebs, afarTovebs maT da, maSasadame, amcirebs maT Zalasa da energias.~32 Sesabamisad, civ klimatSi mcxovreb adamianebs meti Zala aqvT, cxeli klimatis macxo-vreblebs ki _ naklebi. amis safuZvelze monteskie askvnis, rom civi klimatis macxovreblebi, cxeli klimatis macxovrebleb-Tan SedarebiT, ufro meti vaJkacobiT, sakuTari upirateso-bis meti SegnebiT, Surisgebis naklebi surviliT da sakuTar usafrTxoebaSi meti dajerebulobiT xasiaTdebian.33 xasiaTis es Tvisebebi adamianTa moralze axdens gavlenas: `CrdiloeTis klimatSi Tqven naxavT adamianebs, romelTac cota codvebi,

30 klimatis monteskieseuli cneba misi Tanamedrove gamoyenebisagan gansxvavebulia. `klimatSi~ monteskie, upirveles yovlisa, haeris temperaturas gulisxmobs.

31 k. glakeni monteskies klimatur TeoriaSi Semdeg aspeqtebs gamoyofs: 1. klimati gavlenas axdens adamianis fizikur mdgomareobaze; 2. fizikuri zemoqmedeba, Tavis mxriv, mentalur mdgomareobebze (vneba, siyvaruli, simamace, simxdale da a.S.) axdens gavlenas; 3. es mentaluri mdgomareobebi mTel sazogadoebebs miewereba. ix. C. J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore. Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century, gv. 568.

32 ix. S. l. monteskie, `kanonTa goni~. frangulidan Targmna d. labu-CiZem. Tbilisi: mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasi-uri instituti, 1994 w., gv. 253.

33 iqve.

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giorgi TavaZe

sakmao qveloba, didi siwrfele da gulaxdiloba aqvT. rac ufro uaxlovdebiT samxreTs, miT ufro daSordebiT morals, ufro cxoveli vnebebi danaSaulTa simravles iwveven.~34 rac Seexeba zomier sartyels, iq mcxovrebi adamianebi cvalebadni arian. klimatis meryeoba maT xasiaTzec aisaxeba.

am zogadi debulebebis dadgenis Semdeg, monteskie ga-nixilavs klimatisa da mocemul klimatur regionSi mdebare qveynis kanonebs Soris arsebul kavSirebs. gonierma kanonm-debelma aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos klimatis zemoqme-deba Tavisi qveynis macxovreblebze35 da saWiroebis SemTxve-vaSi, iseTi kanonebi miiRos, romlebic xels Seuwyobs klimatis zegavlenis Sedegad gamowveuli mavne midrekilebebis daZle-vasa da aRmofxvras. XIV wignis V Tavis saTauri aseTia: `cudi kanonmdeblebi isini arian, vinc ar ewinaaRmdegebian klimatiT gamowveul mankierebebs.~ indoeTisa da CineTis magaliTze mon-teskie aanalizebs cudi da kargi kanonmdeblobis SemTxvevebs: indoeTSi arsebulma kanonmdeblobam kidev ufro gaaRrmava klimatis mavne zemoqmedeba da adamianebs umoqmedobisa da sizarmacisaken ubiZga, maSin, roca Cineli kanonmdeblebi ìxi-lavdnen adamians ara simSvidis mdgomareobaSi, romelsac isini odesme miaRwevdnen, aramed im qmedebaSi, romelic aucilebe-lia maTTvis cxovrebiseul movaleobaTa Sesasruleblad.~36

am adgilas gansakuTrebuli ganazrebaa saWiro. Tanamedro-veebi monteskies geografiul determinizmSi adanaSaulebd-nen.37 isini miiCnevdnen, rom monteskie gadaWarbebul mniSvne-lobas aniWebda klimats, rodesac misi meSveobiT xsnida xalxTa socialur da politikur cxovrebas. `kanonTa sulSi~ mravlad moipoveba iseTi adgili, romelic amis mtkicebis SesaZleblo-bas iZleva.38 am pasaJebis suliskveTebas mokled gamoxatavs

34 iqve, gv. 255.

35 es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis cxel klimatSi arsebuli qveynebis mmarTvelebze. ix. S. l. monteskie, `kanonTa suli~, gv. 256.

36 iqve, gv. 257.

37 ix. C. J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore, gv. 581-587.38 magaliTad, CrdiloeT evropaSi protestantizmis gavrcelebas

monteskie Semdegnairad xsnis: àmis mizezi isaa, rom CrdiloeTis xalxebSi aris da yovelTvis iqneba damoukideblobis gansakuTreb-uli suliskveTeba, romelic ar gaaCnia samxreTis xalxebs; amitom religia, romelsac ar hyavs xiluli winamZRoli, ukeT esadage-ba am havisaTvis damaxasiaTebel damoukideblobas, vidre is re-

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Semdegi debuleba: `klimatis Zalaufleba upirvelesia yvela ZalauflebaTa Soris~.39 Tumca, es jer kidev ar gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, monteskie mkacr deterministad miviCnioT, romlis Tanaxmad, klimati calsaxad gansazRvravs adamianTa socialur da politikur cxovrebas. k. glakeni Tvlis, rom ̀ kanonTa sul-Si~ am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli azrebia gamoT-qmuli, romelTa urTierTmorigeba rTulia, rom monteskiem ver SeZlo fizikuri da socialuri kauzalobis Teoriebis Tanmimdevruli sinTezi.40 amis sapirispirod, frangi marqsisti moazrovne l. alTuseri miiCnevs, rom monteskies mier gamoT-qmul, erTi SexedviT urTierTsapirispiro debulebebs Soris garkveuli mwyobri urTierTmimarTeba arsebobs.41 qvemoT Se-vecdebi, am ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisis marTebuloba ramdeni-me damatebiTi argumentiT gavamyaro. monteskie ar iyo mkacri deterministi. ufro marTebulia, misi pozicia davaxasiaToT, rogorc ̀ rbili~ determinizmi. amiT aixsneba is winaaRmdegobe-bic, romlebic klimatis Taobaze mis gamonaTqvamebs axasiaTebs.

1. XIV wignis V Tavis dasasruls monteskie wers: `rac ufro meti fizikuri mizezi eweva adamianebs mosvenebisaken, miT ufro metma moralurma mizezebma unda daaSoron isini am ukanasknels.~42 imave wignis VI TavSi aRniSnuli Tezisi ki-dev ufro konkretuladaa gamoxatuli: `miwis damuSaveba adamianTa yvelaze didi saqmea. rac ufro metad uRviZebs klimati maT Sromisagan Tavis aridebis survils, miT ufro

ligia, romelsac winamZRoli hyavs.~ ix. S. l. monteskie, `kanonTa suli~, gv. 525. odnav qvemoT is Tavisi msjelobis ganzogadebas axdens: `Tu havis bunebaze dafuZnebuli religiis moTxovnebi Za-lze SeewinaRmdegeboda meore qveynis havas, aRniSnuli religia iq ver damkvidrdeboda. Tu romelime religias aseT qveyanaSi Sei-tandnen, igi mainc ganidevneboda SemdgomSi. adamianuri kuTxiT Tu vimsjelebT, iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom havam daudgina sazRvrebi qristianulsa da mahmadianur religiebs.~ ix. S. l. mon-teskie, `kanonTa suli~, gv. 539 (gamoyofa Cemia _ g.T.).

39 ix. S. l. monteskie, `kanonTa suli~, gv. 331.

40 ix. C. J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore, gv. 580-581.41 ix. L. Althusser, Politics and History. Montesquieu, Rousseau, Hegel and Marx.

Translated by B. Brewster. London: New Left Books, 1972, gv. 54-56. 42 ix. S. l. monteskie, `kanonTa suli~, gv. 257 (gamoyofa Cemia _ g.T.).

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giorgi TavaZe

metad unda aRagznon es survili religiam da kanonebma.~43 aqedan aSkaraa: klimati èweva~, ùbiZgebs~ adamianebs gark-veuli mimarTulebiT, magram is calsaxad ar gansazRvravs maT moqmedebebs da zne-Cveulebebs.44

2. XIX wignis IV TavSi monteskie Semdeg debulebas aviTarebs: àdamianebs bevri ram marTavs: klimati, religia, kanone-bi, mmarTvelobis maqsimebi, warsulis magaliTebi, zneni da Cvevebi; yovelive amis Sedegad iqmneba xalxis zogadi suliskveTeba. yovel erSi, rac ufro metad moqmedebs erT-erTi am mizezTagani, miT ufro sustdeba danarCeni mizezebi.~45 `sustdeba~-s gamoyeneba `gaqrobis~ nacvlad miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom monteskiesTan saqme gvaqvs gansxvavebul faqtorTa dinamikur urTierTqmedebasTan: SesaZloa, garkveul garemoebaTa gamo, mocemul momentSi erTi faqtori iyos dominanturi, sxvebi ki daqvemdebare-bul rols asrulebdnen. magram es balansis Secvlas ar gamoricxavs: magaliTad, indoeTSi, kanonmdeblebis daude-vrobis gamo, klimaturi faqtori gaZlierebulad moqme-debs.46 Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom karg mmarTvels ar SeuZlia gonivruli kanonebis damkvidrebiT am faqtoris

43 iqve, gv. 258 (gamoyofa Cemia _ g.T.).

44 alTuseri yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebaze, rom klimatis zemoqmedeba adamianze mis temperamentze zemoqmedebaSi gamoix-ateba. es aisaxeba ukiduresobebisTvis Tavisuflebis micemaSi, an maT moTokvaSi. swored amgvarad ganpirobebuli adamianebi qmnian SemdegSi konkretul kanonebsa da xelisuflebebs. alTusers mo-hyavs Semdegi pasaJi `kanonTa sulidan~: `sxvadasxva klimatebSi moTxovnilebaTa gansxvavebulobam warmoSva cxovrebis sxvadasxva wesi, xolo cxovrebis sxvadasxva wesma sxvadasxva saxis kanonebi gaaCina~ (`kanonTa suli~, XIV wigni, X Tavi). amrigad, askvnis alTu-seri, klimatis mier warmoqmnili kanonebi bolo rgolia movlena-Ta jaWvSi. am rgolis Sua wevri, klimatis produqti da kanonTa namdvili mizezi `cxovrebis sxvadasxva wesia~. analogiuri `gaSu-alebuli~ zemoqmedeba axasiaTebs, alTuseris mixedviT, miwas da vaWrobas. ix. L. Althusser, Politics and History. Montesquieu, Rousseau, Hegel and Marx, gv. 55. `kanonTa sulis~ zemoTmoyvanili pasaJisTvis ix. S. l. monteskie, `kanonTa suli~, gv. 260.

45 ix. S. l. monteskie, `kanonTa suli~, gv. 324 (gamoyofa Cemia _ g.T.).

46 iqve, gv. 258.

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Sesusteba.47 klimatis bunebisa da adamianebze misi zegav-lenis codna swored amisTvisaa saWiro.

3. XVIII wignis VI TavSi (àdamianTa SromismoyvareobiT Seqmnili qveynebi~) monteskie aRniSnavs kavSirs adamianTa Sromismoy-vareobasa da mmarTvelobis formas Soris: `qveynebi, rom-lebic adamianTa Sromismoyvareobam gaxada sacxovreblad vargisi da romelTa arsebobac amave SromismoyvareobiTaa ganpirobebuli, iltvian zomieri mmarTvelobisaken.~48 mo-cemul SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa, rom mmarTvelobis formas kli-mati yovelTvis ar gansazRvravs.

4. XVII wignis Semdeg monteskie ganixilavs iseT faqtorebs, romlebic axleburad aSuqebs da avsebs XIV-XVII wignebSi ganxilul masalas: XVIII wignSi igi ganixilavs `miwis bune-bas~, XIX wignSi _ xalxTa zne-Cveulebebs, XX-XXII wignebSi _ vaWrobasa da fuls, XXIII wignSi _ mosaxleobis raodeno-bas, xolo XXIV wignSi _ religias. amrigad, `kanonTa su-lis~ XIV-XVII wignebSi ganviTarebuli msjeloba klimatis Sesaxeb, SesaZloa, ganvixiloT, rogorc erTgvari `Ses-avali~, romelic safuZvlad udevs sxva faqtorTa anal-izs. Tumca, gansxvavebuli faqtorebis analizis dawyeba klimatis ganxilviT, rasac Tan erTvis `kanonTa sulis~ sxvadasxva wignebSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi klimatis bunebisa da adamianebze misi zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb, deter-minizmis braldebas savsebiT rodi gamoricxavs, magram, es aris ara mkacri, aramed `rbili~ determinizmi:49 monteskie aRiarebs mravali gansxvavebuli faqtoris zemoqmedebas adamianTa socialur da politikur cxovrebaze da, amave dros, xazs usvams klimatis `Zalauflebis~ pirveladobas,

47 `kanonTa sulis~ XIV wignis IX TavSi monteskie saubrobs sxvadasxva wamaxalisebel saSualebebze, romlebic, misi azriT, miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels. imave wignis X TavSi igi aRniSnavs im kanonTa gonivrulobas, romlebic, klimatis Sesabamisad, krZalavs an nebas rTavs magari sasmelebis miRebas; xolo XI TavSi ganxilulia msgavsi kanonebi sxvadasxva avadmyofobasTan mimarTebaSi.


49 k. krizeli Tvlis, rom monteskie araTu `xisti~ an `rbili~ deter-ministi, aramed sulac posibilistia. ix. K. M. Kriesel, ‘Montesquieu: Possibilistic Political Geographer’. Annals of the Association of American Geog-raphers, vol. 58 (1968), gv. 557 da Smd.

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giorgi TavaZe

riTac miuTiTebs, rom am faqtorebidan klimati yvelaze mniSvnelovania.50 swored es garemoeba xsnis im winaaRmde-gobebs, romelic klimatis Sesaxeb monteskies msjelobebs axasiaTebs.51

monteskies klimatis TeoriaSi misi evropocentrizmi vlindeba. aziisa da evropis Sedarebisas, monteskie gansa-kuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs evropis klimatur Tavise-burebaze: azias ar gaaCnia zomieri sartyeli. is klimaturi kontrastebis samyaroa, sadac Zalian cxel qveynebs aseve Za-lian civi qveynebi esazRvreba. rac Seexeba evropas, iq hava `SeumCnevlad civdeba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken~, amitom `yoveli qveyana Tavisi haviT mezobeli qveynis msgavsia.~52

zemoTqmuls monteskiesaTvis politikuri Sedegebi aqvs: aziaSi meomari xalxebi uSualod upirispirdebian sust xalxebs, evropaSi ki Zlieri xalxebi erTmaneTs esazRvrebian. swored es ganapirobebs aziis sisustesa da evropis siZlieres.53 am msj-

50 amasTan dakavSirebiT Sdr. aseve, D. W. Carrithers, ‘Montesquieu and Tocqueville as Philosophical Historians: Liberty, Determinism, and the Prospects for Freedom’. In: R. E. Kingston (ed.), Montesquieu and His Legacy. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009, gv. 151.

51 magaliTad, `kanonTa sulis~ XIV wignis VI TavSi monteskie `klima-tiT gamowveul indoelTa bunebriv sizarmaceze~ saubrobs (ix. S. l. monteskie, `kanonTa suli~, gv. 258), xolo XV wignis VIII TavSi igi wers: `dedamiwaze, albaT, ar arsebobs iseTi klimati, sadac SeuZlebeli iyos SromaSi Tavisufal adamianTa Cabma. magram vi-naidan kanonebi cudad iyo Sedgenili, adamianebi gazarmacdnen, amitom isini monebad aqcies~ (ix. S. l. monteskie, `kanonTa suli~, gv. 272. xazgasma Cemia _ g.T.). aRniSnuli winaaRmdegoba ase ixsneba: klimati, sxva faqtorebTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovania, amitom is `bunebriv sizarmaces~ warmoSobs (`rbili~ determinizmi). Tumca, marTebuli kanonebis danergvis SemTxvevaSi, am zegavlenis daZleva SesaZlebelia.


53 S. giunceli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs zomieri kli-matis cnebaze monteskiesTan. zomier sartyelSi saxelmwifo wyoba da klimati erTmaneTTan urTierTSesatyvisobaSia. bunebis mier winaswardadgenili pirobebisagan Tavisufleba am regions saSu-alebas aZlevs, msoflios sxva nawilebis kolonizacia moaxdinos maTTvis kanonebis dadgenis meSveobiT. ix. S. Günzel, ‘Geographie der Aufklärung. Klimapolitik von Montesquieu zu Kant’. In: Aufklärung und Kritik, 2 (2004.), gv. 69-70.

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elobas monteskie mis xelT arsebuli istoriuli monacemebiT amyarebs, romelTa mixedviT, azia cametjer iqna dapyrobili, evropa ki _ mxolod oTxjer da isic didi gaWirvebiT.54

evropocentrizmi monteskiesTan evropisa da aziis re-liefis SedarebaSic vlindeba. aziaSi didi vakeebia, is zRve-biT ufro did nawilebadaa dayofili da bunebrivi barierebi naklebia, rac aadvilebs dapyrobebs da xels uwyobs despo-turi imperiebis warmoSobas. rac Seexeba evropas, iq `bune-brivi dayofa ramdenime saSualo sididis saxelmwifos qmnis, sadac kanonTa batonoba saxelmwifos interesebs uTavsdeba.~55 swored amitom, evropaSi `Tavisuflebis suliskveTeba~ arse-bobs da misi nebismieri nawili sakmaod rTulad dasamorCile-belia.56

monteskies klimaturi Teoria mravalmxriv sayuradReboa: XVIII saukunis moazrovneTagan man gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaamaxvila klimatze da mis zemoqmedebaze, gaaanaliza klima-tisa da socialur-politikuri faqtorebis (saxelmwifo wyo-ba, religia, vaWroba, zne-Cveulebebi) kavSiri da sistemurad gadmosca Tavisi Sexedulebebi am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. k. glak-eni miiCnevs, rom `kanonTa suli~ gardamtex moments warmoad-gens socialur mecnierebaTa winaistoriaSi. misi azriT, mon-teskies es naSromi dasabams aZlevs gzas, romelsac, sabolood, sazogadoebriv geografiamde mivyavarT.57 S. giuncelis azriT, monteskiesTan erTad, axal droSi wina planze iwevs istoriis geografiuli safuZvlebis gageba. monteskies mier Tematize-buli klimatis cneba, romelic misi politikuri filosofiis safuZvels warmoadgens, hegelTan poulobs dasrulebas.58

monteskies Sexedulebebs XVIII saukuneSi mravali moazrovne akritikebda. am mxriv niSandoblivia germaneli filosofosi, iohan gotfrid herderi.


55 iqve, gv. 300.

56 iqve.

57 ix. C. J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore, gv. 566.58 ix. S. Günzel, Geographie der Aufklärung. Klimapolitik von Montesquieu zu

Kant, gv. 66.

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2.3. iohan gotfrid herderi: adamianisa da garemos urTierTzemoqmedeba

geografiul ganazrebebs herderis SromebSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. geografiis mimarT herderi Zalian dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili.59 mis ZiriTad naSromSi ìdeebi kacobriobis istoriis filosofiis Sesaxeb~ (1784-1791 ww.), sxva problemeb-Tan erTad, im epoqis geografiuli problematikis filosofi-uri analizia mocemuli.

klimatis arsebaze herderi saubrobs ìdeebis~ VII wignis III TavSi (`ra aris klimati da rogor zemoqmedebs is adamianis sxeulisa da sulis Camoyalibebaze~). klimatis cneba herders monteskiesagan gansxvavebulad esmis. Tu monteskiesTan `kli-mati~, arsebiTad, haeris temperaturas aRniSnavda, herderTan

59 amas adasturebs herderis saskolo sityva `geografiis sasiamovno bunebis, misi sargeblianobisa da aucileblobis Sesaxeb~, romelic man 1784 wels waikiTxa vaimarSi. Tavis sityvaSi herderi saubrobs geografiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb da Semdeg ZiriTad momentebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: a). geografia gadmogvcems Cveni epoqisaT-vis sasargeblo da aucilebel codnas, romelic siamovnebiT SeiZ-leba SeviswavloT; b). geografia saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevimecnoT is `saocari saxli,~ (anu dedamiwa) sadac Cven yvelani vcxovrobT; g). dedamiwis zedapirze arsebuli moCvenebiTi qaosis miRma geo-grafia kanonebsa da wesrigs aRmoaCens; d). geografiis Seswavla (istoriis SeswavlasTan erTad) aZlierebs humanurobis grZnobas. es mecnierebebi gviCveneben sakuTar upiratesobebs da, amavdrou-lad, sxva erebisadmi pativiscemas gvinergaven; e). geografia isto-riisa da bunebismetyvelebis safuZvels warmoadgens. istoria sxva araferia, Tu ara epoqebisa da xalxebis moZraobaSi moyvanili geo-grafia; v). mxolod geografiis SeswavliT gavigebT, Tu ra gziT midis mecnierebis, kulturisa da xelovnebis ganviTareba. ix. J. Birkenhauer, Traditionslinien und Denkfiguren. Zur Ideengeschichte der soge-nannten Klassischen Geographie in Deutschland. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, gv. 110 da Smd.; S. Günzel, Geographie der Aufklärung. Klimapolitik von Montesquieu zu Kant, gv. 73-74. istoriisa da geografiis kavSiri ìdeebSi~ herderis mier XII wignis VI Tavis dasawyisSi Camoyali-bebul istoriis mTavar kanonSic vlindeba, romlis Tanaxmad, im movlenebze, romlebic dedamiwaze xdeba, sxva faqtorebTan erT-ad, geografiuli mdebareoba da adgilis moTxovnilebebic axdens zegavlenas. ix. И. Г. Гердер, Идеи к Философии Истории Человечества. Перевод А. Михайлова, Москва: “Наука”, 1977, gv. 344.

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es cneba gacilebiT farTo mniSvnelobas iZens. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `klimatis~ cneba herderTan `garemos~ cnebis tolfasia da masSi mravali gansxvavebuli faqtori moiazreba:60 `rogori ze-moqmedebac ar unda hqondes klimats, yovel adamians, yovel cxovels da yovel mcenares sakuTari klimati aqvs, radgan yovelgvar garegan zemoqmedebas TiToeuli Taviseburad iRebs da organulad gadaamuSavebs.~61

monteskies mimarT dadebiTi damokidebulebis miuxedavad, herderi aRniSnavs, rom adamianze klimatis zemoqmedebis mis-euli Teoria umarTebulo ganzogadebebs emyareba: `TviT did monteskiesac kicxavdnen imis gamo, rom man kanonTa klimaturi suli ‘cxvris enaze’ Catarebul yalb eqsperimentze daamyara.~62

60 ix. M. Schwind, ‘Die geographischen “Grundlagen” der Geschichte bei Herder, Hegel und Toynbee’. Erdkunde, Bd. 14 (1960), gv. 6; H.-D. Schultz, ‘Herder und Ratzel: Zwei Extreme, ein Paradigma?’ Erdkunde, Bd. 52 (1998), gv. 128-129; misive, ‘Zwischen fordernder Natur und freiem Willen: das Politische an der „klassischen“ deutschen Geographie’. Erdkunde, Bd. 59 (2005), gv. 3.

61 ix. И. Г. Гердер, Идеи к Философии Истории Человечества, gv. 184 (gamoyofa Cemia _ g. T.). rodesac herderi xalxebisa da im qveynebis urTierTdamokidebulebaze saubrobs, sadac es xalxebi cxovroben, igi klimatis cnebaSi garemos moiazrebs: `maTi (anu, am xalxTa _ g. T.) sxeulis aRnagoba, cxovrebis wesi, yvela bedniereba da saqmianoba, rasac isini bavSvobidanve eCvevian, _ maTi sulis mTeli Tvalsawieri, klimatiTaa gansazRvruli. waarTviT maT TavianTi miwa da amiT yvelafers waarTmevT~ (iqve, gv. 175).

62 ix. И. Г. Гердер, Идеи к Философии Истории Человечества, gv. 178. Sdr., aseve, C. J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore, gv. 570; S. Günzel, Geogra-phie der Aufklärung. Klimapolitik von Montesquieu zu Kant, gv. 86. cxvris enasTan dakavSirebuli eqsperimentis Sesaxeb, ix. S. l. monteskie, `kanonTa suli~, gv. 254: `me davakvirdi cxvris enis garegan qso-vils im adgilas, romelic, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos dvrilebiTaa dafaruli. am dvrilebze mikroskopiT davinaxe patara bewvebi, anu erTgvari RinRli, dvrilebs Soris ki imyofeba piramidebi, romel-Tac patara funjisebri daboloebebi aqvT. didad dasaSvebia, rom es piramidebia gemos mTavari organo.

me gavyine am enis naxevari da erTi SexedviT davinaxe, ra mniSv-nelovnad Semcirdnen dvrilebi, zogierTi maTgani ki Tavis garsSi Caeflo. mikroskopiT davakirdi qsovils, magram veRar davinaxe piramidebi. rodesac ena galRva, SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac ki Can-da, Tu rogor warmodgnen es dvrilebi, mikroskopSi ki nervulma ujredebmac daiwyes gamoCena.

es dakvirveba asabuTebs Cems naTqvams imis Sesaxeb, rom civ qvey-

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is, rom siTbo sxeulis boWkoTa gafarToebas, xolo sicive _ maT SekumSvas iwvevs, sayovelTaod cnobilia, miiCnevs her-deri. am kanonis meSveobiT mravali fiziologiuri movlenaa axsnili. magram is zogadi daskvnebi, romlebic mxolod am ka-nonis safuZvelze gamohqondaT da romlebsac mTel xalxeb-ze, dedamiwis vrcel regionebze, an sulac adamianis sulieri moRvaweobis sferoze avrcelebdnen, ar aris marTebuli da ar dasturdeba istoriuli magaliTebiTa da fiziologiuri ar-gumentebiT. es imitom, rom, erTdroulad moqmedebs ramdeni-me Zala, TviT urTierTsawinaaRmdego Zalebic ki.63 `klimatis suraTs~ herderis mixedviT, qmnis mocemuli adgilis daSoreba zRvis donidan, misi landSafti, mcenareebi, adamianTa cxovre-bis wesi, TviT maTi Cacmulobac ki.64 `vis ZaluZs mizezebisa da Sedegebis mTeli am qaosis mowesrigeba da iseTi mTlianobis Seqmna, sadac yovel movlenas, yovel sferos, misi damsaxure-bisamebr miegeba da sadac araferi darCeba, rac marTebulad ar iqneba Sefasebuli?~65 yvelaze saukeTeso meTodi, herderis azriT, calkeuli regionebis aRwerasa da daxasiaTebaSi md-gomareobs. zogad debulebebze gadasvla auCqareblad, Tanda-TanobiT unda moxdes.66

dedamiwis calkeuli regionebis aRweraSi didi wvlili Seitanes bunebismetyvelebma da eqimebma, romlebsac herde-ri, `bunebis moswavleebsa~ da `filosofiis maswavleblebs~ uwodebs. amitom, herderi zogadi debulebebis ganxilvaze gadadis:67 1. garkveul garemoebaTa gamo, dedamiwaze Senar-Cunebulia klimaturi erTianoba, rac yvela cocxali orga-nizmis arsebobis winapirobas warmoadgens. yvela cocxali arseba erTi atmosferos haers isunTqavs. zRvisgan orT-qldeba teni, romelsac SemdgomSi mTebi wvimebisa da mdina-reebis saxiT dedamiwas ubruneben. `dedamiwaze yvelaferi urTierTdakavSirebulia~;68 2. dedamiwaze arsebuli xmeleTis

nebSi nervuli ujredebi naklebad gaSlilia, isini TavianT garsSi arian Cafluli, rac maT icavs garegan saganTa zemoqmedebisagan.~

63 ix. И. Г. Гердер, Идеи к Философии Истории Человечества, gv. 178.64 iqve, gv. 179.

65 iqve.

66 iqve.

67 iqve, gv. 179-180.

68 iqve, gv. 180.

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dasaxlebuli nawili iseT adgilebSi mdebareobs, sadac yo-veli cocxali arsebisaTvis saukeTeso pirobebia Seqmnili. samxreT naxevarsferoSi xmeleTi cotaa, amitom iq ufro civa. CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi mdebare xmeleTis sami nawili (evr-opa, azia da afrika) erTmaneTs aTbobs. Sesabamisad, CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi ufro Tbila. `samxreT naxevarsfero gankuTv-nili iyo imisaTvis, rom mTeli dedamiwis wyalsacavi yofili-yo; imisaTvis, rom CrdiloeT naxevarsferos ukeTesi klimatiT esargebla.~69 aq herderi aSkarad teleologistur poziciaze dgas; 3. is faqti, rom mTeli xmeleTi mTis qedebTanaa SeerTe-buli, auracxeli klimaturi cvlilebebis mizezi gaxda. manve SeuSala xeli adamianuri modgmis gadagvarebas. mTis qedebsa da zRvas Soris mdebare xmeleTi saukeTeso klimatiT xasiaT-deba. swored am adgilebSi àRizarda~ adamianTa modgma.70

III Tavis dasasruls herderi imeorebs debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, klimati `Zalebisa da zegavlenebis~ erTianobas war-moadgens, romelSic Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs TiToeul cxovel-sa Tu mcenares.71 misi saboloo daskvna ki aseTia: klimati ki ar aiZulebs, aramed midrekilebas warmoSobs.72 yvelanair zne-CveulebaSi da cxovrebis wesSi, SesaZloa, SevniSnoT, rTu-lad SesamCnevi midrekileba ama Tu im klimatisadmi, Tumca,

69 iqve.

70 iqve, gv. 181. am adgilebs herderi, aseve, adamianuri modgmis àRmzrdel saxls~ uwodebs (iqve, gv. 30). rac Seexeba dedamiwas, herderi mas ganixilavs rogorc scenas, sadac adamianuri istoria TamaSdeba (iqve, gv. 33). kidev ufro mniSvnelovania herderis mier dedamiwis, rogorc adamianTa sacxovrebeli saxlis gaazreba (iqve, gv. 13; 20; 229). es Sexeduleba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens filosofiuri geografiis globalur doneze. ix. qveTavi 1.4.

71 iqve, gv. 181. herderi, aseve, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs adamianis faqtorze: èWvs gareSea, rom adamiani aqac miwis baton-patronadaa dadgenili, raTa is Tavisi xelovnebis meSveobiT Secvalos. [...] adamianTa modgma SegviZlia, erT muWa goliaTebs SevadaroT, romlebic sulac ar arian bumberazebi! isini mTebidan eSvebian, imorCileben miwas da TavianTi susti xelebiT cvlian klimats. ras miaRweven isini, amas momavali gviCvenebs~ (iqve).

72 iqve, gv. 182. Sdr. aseve, M. Schwind, Die geographischen “Grundlagen” der Geschichte bei Herder, Hegel und Toynbee, gv. 6; H.-D. Schultz, ‘Raumkonstrukte der klassischen deutschsprachigen Geographie des 19./20. Jahrhunderts im Kontext ihrer Zeit. Ein Überblick’. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 28. Jahrg. (2002), gv 344.

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giorgi TavaZe

am midrekilebis TvalsaCinod warmoCena sakmaod rTulia. um-jobesia im `sasicocxlo Zalebis~ danaxva, risTvisac klimatia Seqmnili da romlebic, ukve TavianTi arsebobiT, mravalnairad cvlian mas.73 klimati gansxvavebul ̀ mizezTa qaosia~, romlebic TandaTanobiT moqmedeben da, amis Sedegad, cocxali organiz-mis arsebas cvlian. amitom aisaxeba damRupvelad xalxebze sxva naxevarsferoSi an klimatur sartyelSi naCqarevi gadasaxleba. amasTan dakavSirebiT herderi ganixilavs adamianisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxs. `yvela cocxali arse-buli erTmaneTTan urTierTkavSirSia da es kavSiri mxolod sifrTxiliT unda Seicvalos.~ ar unda vifiqroT, rom adami-anebs SeuZliaT qveynierebis ucxo nawilis evropad gadaqceva mxolod tyeebis gakafviTa da miwis damuSavebiT, radgan `bune-bas ar uyvars zedmetad Cqari da mkveTri cvlilebebi maSinac ki, rodesac adamianebi maTTvis SesaZlebel saqmianobaTagan yvelaze saukeTeso saqmes _ miwaTmoqmedebas _ ewevian.~74

73 ix. И. Г. Гердер, Идеи к Философии Истории Человечества, gv. 182. `sasicocxlo Zalas~ herderi gansazRvravs, rogorc organizmis imanentur, Tandayolil Zalas, romelic mis cxovelqmedebas uz-runvelyofs. cocxali organizmi swored misi meSveobiT izrde-ba, viTardeba da moqmedebs (iqve, gv. 183). `ramdenadac sarwmunod vici, rom vazrovneb, Tumca saazrovno Zalis buneba ucnobi rCe-ba CemTvis, iseTive darwmunebiT vgrZnob, rom vcocxlob, Tumca, sasicocxlo Zalis bunebac ucxoa CemTvis~ _ werda herderi (iqve, gv. 184). sasicocxlo, anu organuli Zalis cneba herderTan kantis mier iqna gakritikebuli, romelic aRniSnavda, rom SeuZlebelia am Zalis empiriulad dadastureba. ix. F. Beiser, ‘Johann Gottfried Herder’. In: Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 1998, CD-ROM Version 1.0.

74 ix. И. Г. Гердер, Идеи к Философии Истории Человечества, gv. 191 (Sdr., aseve, I. Berlin, Vico and Herder. Two Studies in the History of Ideas. London: Chatto & Windus, 1980, gv 177). aq herderi emyareba fineli bunebi-smetyvelis, peter kalmis (1716-1779 ww.) cnobebs im bunebrivi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic amerikaSi mcxovreb evropelTa sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobiT iyo gamowveuli. tyeebis gaCex-vam miwebis damuSavebis mizniT, kalmis mixedviT, katastrofulad Seamcira tyeSi mcxovrebi frinvelebis ricxvi. Semcirda, aseve, Tevzis raodenoba mdinareebsa da tbebSi, iklo wvimebis sixSirem, Semcirda adgilobriv macxovrebelTa sicocxlis saSualo xan-grZlivoba da a.S. ix. И. Г. Гердер, Идеи к Философии Истории Челове-чества, gv. 191. evropis landSaftze saubrisas herderi aRniSnavs, rom iq, sadac adre Waobiani tye iyo, axla damuSavebuli miwebia. adamianma gakafa uRrani tye, xolo klimatis SecvlasTan erTad,

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klimatis Tvisebebis ganxilvis garda, ìdeebSi~ herderi ganxilavs dedamiwis zedapiris formebs. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia ìdeebis~ I wignis VI da VII Tavebi.75

herderi Tvlis, rom mTagrexilebi ara mxolod kveTs ma-terikebs, aramed erTgvar ConCxs warmoadgens, romelzec xmeleTia SeerTebuli. amis dasadastureblad herders ameri-kis magaliTi mohyavs. amerikaSi mTaTa sistemebi grZivadaa gan-lagebuli, xmeleTi ki maT bunebriv gagrZelebas warmoadgens. rac Seexeba evropas, aziasa da afrikas, isini, faqtiurad, erTi qveynis nawils qmnian, romlis centralur nawilSic aziis mTa-Ta sistema mdebareobs. mTaTa danarCeni sistemebi am central-uri sistemis gantotebebs warmoadgens. ase rom, qveynis am nawilis SemTxvevaSic, herderis azriT, xmeleTi uSualod es-azRvreba mTebs. xmeleTi aris mravalferovani da mravalSriani miwis masa, romelic mTebis irgvliv Camoyalibda da romelzec, Semdgom, sicocxle gavrcelda. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, herderi askvnis, rom xmeleTis, anu materikis forma, pirveli mTaTa sistemebis mier iyo gansazRvruli.76

magram mTaTa sistemebis roli mxolod amiT rodi Semoi-fargleba. aziaSi yvelaze maRali da vrceli mTaTa sistemebia. garda amisa, aq mdebareobs dablobi, romelamdec zRva ver aR-wevda. amitom qveynis es nawili pirvelad iqna dasaxlebuli, miiCnevs herderi. kacobriobis akvani pirvelad dairwa sadRac am maRali mTebis ZirSi an sulac mTaTa SuagulSi.

mTebidan adamianebi, mdinareTa xeobebis gayolebiT, dablo-bebisaken daeSvnen. maT sxva adamianebi, sxva xalxebi mihyvnen, romlebmac erTmaneTis Seviwroeba daiwyes. bolos ki adamian-ebma evropas da okeanis napirebs miaRwies.77 aseTia herderis mier xalxTa gansaxlebis gulubryvilo axsna. am axsnaSi mTebs

adamianebic Seicvalnen (iqve, gv. 181).

75 dedamiwis zedapiris Tanamedrove formebis warmoSobis sakiTxs herderi ìdeebis~ I wignis III TavSi ganixilavs (`Cvenma dedamiwam mravali revolucia gadaitana, vidre dRevandel saxes miiRebda~). h. Snaideris mixedviT, herderi dedamiwis zedapiris ganxilvisas or faqtorze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: 1. mTebi; 2. xmeleTisa da wylis ganawileba. ix. h. Snaideri, `filosofiuri geografia: wyl-is mniSvneloba istoriisaTvis _ evropa da azia~. germanulidan Targmna g. TavaZem. Tbilisi: `nekeri~, 2010 w., gv. 46.

76 ix. И. Г. Гердер, Идеи к Философии Истории Человечества, gv. 27.77 iqve, gv. 28.

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gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT.78 Tu klimatis ganxil-visas herderi, rogorc aRvniSneT, mraval gansxvavebul faq-torze amaxvilebda yuradRebas, mTaTa sistemebis analizisas igi deterministul pozicias ikavebs: mTebi gansazRvraven ma-terikis formas, xalxTa gansaxlebis wess da amiT, istoriis msvlelobazec axdenen gavlenas: àmgvarad, bunebam mis mier amoziduli mTaTa jaWvebisa da Camomdinare mdinareebis meSve-obiT, TiTqos zogadi, magram mtkice safuZveli moxaza mTeli adamianuri istoriisa da misi gadatrialebebisTvis.~79

mTaTa sistemebma, aseve, gavlena moaxdines adamianTa saqmi-anobazec: garkveuli saxis mTebi adamianebs monadireobisak-en ubiZgebda da maTSi velurobas aRZravda; is mTebi, sadac sivrce ufro meti iyo, xolo klimati _ SedarebiT rbili, mwy-emsTa samSoblod iqca; zogierTi mTa miwaTmoqmedebis ganvi-Tarebas uwyobda xels, zogierTi ki _ mdinareebis gamoyenebas da TevzWeras, rasac vaWrobis ganviTareba mohyva. kacobriobis istoriis es etapebi, herderis azriT, dedamiwis agebulebiTa da masze arsebuli pirobebis mravalferovnebiTaa ganpirobe-buli.80

zRvebi, mTagrexilebi da mdinareebi, herderis mixedviT, qveynebisa da xalxebis, gansxvavebuli saxelmwifoebisa da kul-turebis ganmacalkevebel bunebriv sazRvrebs warmoadgens. TviT udidesi gadatrialebebis drosac ki mTebi, zRvebi da mdinareebi msoflio istoriis mimarTulebas gansazRvravda: `sxvanairad rom yofiliyvnen es mTebi amoziduli, gansxvave-bulad rom edinaT mdinareebs, xolo zRvebs sxva moxazuloba

78 ìsini (mTebi _ g. T.) miwas uZRvnian rogorc wyals, aseve xalxebs. iseve, rogorc wyaro amoxeTqavs xolme kldidan, aseve amoxeTqavs mTebidan simamacisa da Tavisuflebis suli, rodesac ganazebuli dablobi kanonTa, xelovnebaTa da biwierebaTa uRelqveS itanjeba~ (iqve, gv. 29).

79 iqve, gv. 29. h.-d. Sulcis mixedviT, herderis ganazrebebs safuZv-lad edo im periodSi gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad, mTeli miwa (zRvebisa da okeaneebis fskeris CaTvliT) wyalgamyofi qedebis Caketili sistemiTaa dafaruli. ix. H.-D. Schultz, Zwischen fordernder Natur und freiem Willen: das Politische an der «klassischen» deut-schen Geographie, gv. 3.

80 ix. И. Г. Гердер, Идеи к Философии Истории Человечества, gv. 30. miuxedavad imisa, rom herderi `pirobebis mravalferovnebas~ axsenebs, zemoTqmuli mainc ver arbilebs im pasaJebis Sinaarss, romlebSic mTaTa sistemebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba.

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rom hqonodaT, adamianebi usasrulod iqnebodnen mimofantu-li xalxTa saTamaSo moedanze!~81 aziis kulturuli erTianoba am materikis SigniT vrceli zRvis ararsebobiTaa ganpirobebu-li. amis gamo, gansxvavebuli tradiciebi iq Tavisuflad zemo-qmedebdnen erTmaneTze. amis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom herderisaTvis zRva ufro ganmacalkevebel rols asru-lebs, vidre mTebi. aziis zne-CveulebaTa erTianobaze saubris Semdeg, herders mohyavs wiTeli zRvis, sparseTisa da malais yuris magaliTebi. eTiopiisa da egviptis, arabeTisa da spar-seTis, malaelebsa da kambojis macxovreblebs Soris arsebuli uzarmazari gansxvavebebis gamomwvev mizezad herders zRva miaCnia. Tavis ganzogadebebSi herderi ise Sors midis, rom evropelTa mier amerikis iolad dapyrobis asaxsnelad axali samyaros sanapiro zolis danawevrebulobaze miuTiTebs, rac, misi azriT, xels uSlida erTiani kulturis gavrcelebas am materikze.82 ase rom, dedamiwis formebi kidev erTxel gvev-lineba istoriis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad. rTulia calsaxad vamtkicoT, magram iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom herderi aRniS-nuli magaliTebis meSveobiT cdilobs, evropis gansakuTrebu-li roli da daniSnuleba gamokveTos. odnav qvemoT igi SeniS-navs, rom evropis gansakuTrebuloba mis landSaftur mraval-ferovnebas efuZneba, ris gamoc aziis mTebidan mosul xalxebs aq gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli pirobebi daxvdaT. evropa `xalx-Ta bazrobad~ iqca, sadac msoflios yvela xalxi ireoda.83

amrigad, rogorc monteskie, aseve, herderi, evropis gan-

81 iqve, gv. 30.

82 iqve, gv. 31.

83 iqve. Tumca, herderis mier xmelTaSua da baltiis zRvebis rolis Sefaseba pirdapir winaaRmdegobaSi modis im debulebasTan, romlis Tanaxmad, istoriaSi zRva ganmacalkeveblis rols asrulebs. ise gamodis, rom erTi da igive geografiuli elementi axal samyaroSi xels uSlis kulturis ganviTarebas, xolo Zvel samyaroSi, piriqiT, xels uwyobs mis gavrcelebas!

`mxolod erTaderTi xmelTaSua zRva! ramdenad gansazRvra man mTeli evropis saxe! SeiZleba sulac iTqvas, rom mxolod es zRva iyo is xidi, romlis meSveobiTac evropaSi Zveli da Sua saukuneebis kultura Sedioda~ (iqve, gv. 31-32). baltiis zRva, herderis mixedviT, marTalia, mniSvnelobiT Camouvardeba xmelTaSua zRvas, samagierod is sarkmelia mTeli CrdiloeT evropisaTvis, romlis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic, evropis CrdiloeTSi mcxovrebi xalxebi barbarosebad darCebodnen (iqve).

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giorgi TavaZe

sakuTrebul rols geografiul faqtorebze miTiTebiT xsnian. monteskie evropis Zlierebas zomier havasa da bunebriv piro-bebs ukavSirebs, Tumca, gadamwyveti faqtori masTan klimatia. rac Seexeba herders, igi evropis pirvelobas misi landaSaf-turi mravalferovnebiT xsnis. garda amisa, herderi ar eTanx-meba monteskies klimatur Teorias da miiCnevs, rom klimatis Seswavlisas mraval faqtorze (hava, mcenareebi, cxovelebi, adamianuri faqtori) unda gamaxvildes yuradReba. herderTan mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba adamianur faqtorsac: adamians, Tavisi saqmianobis Sedegad, bunebaSi arsebuli balansis dar-Rveva iolad SeuZlia, amitom man frTxilad unda imoqmedos. Tumca, adamianuri faqtorisaTvis didi mniSvnelobis miniWe-bas erTgvarad afermkrTalebs herderis mier morfologiuri faqtorebis (mTaTa sistemebi) gadamwyveti rolis aRiareba. am mxriv herderis naazrevs winaaRmdegobebi axasiaTebs. es, al-baT, gardauvalic ki iyo, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im amocanis sidides, romelic mas hqonda dasaxuli _ istoriis sinTezi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebTan.84

XVIII saukunis azrovnebis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia imanuel kants. misi ganazrebebi geografiis Sesaxeb sa-gangebo ganxilvas imsaxurebs.

84 ix. F. Beiser, Johann Gottfried Herder.

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2.4. imanuel kanti: geografiuli codnis sistematizatori

1756-1796 wlebSi, ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi, kanti kiTx-ulobda leqciebs geografiis Sesaxeb kionigsbergis universi-tetSi. kantma daiwyo leqciebis kiTxva geografiaSi 64 wliT adre, vidre berlinis universitetSi karl riterisaTvis geo-grafiis kaTedra Seiqmneboda. am periodis ganmavlobaSi, kant-ma ormocdacxrajer waikiTxa geografiis kursi, rac sixSiriT mxolod mis mier wakiTxul logikisa da metafizikis kursebs Camouvardeba.85 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom 1772-1773 wlebis zamTris semestris Semdeg, kantma anTropologiis kursi (romelic, geografiuli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvne-lovani iyo) ocdaoTxjer waikiTxa,86 naTeli gaxdeba, rom geo-grafias metad mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia kantis pedagogiur moRvaweobaSi.

am gansakuTrebulobas ganamtkicebs Semdegi faqti: 1788 wels prusiis ganaTlebis ministrma, karl abraam fraiher fon cedlicma, kants neba darTo, geografiis kursi sakuTa-ri saleqcio konspeqtidan waekiTxa (im periodSi msgavsi sale-qcio kursebi universitetis an saxelmwifos mier dadgenili saxelmZRvaneloebiT iswavleboda). Tavis gankargulebas fon cedlici xsnida im garemoebiT, rom geografiaSi saTanado sa-xelmZRvanelo, ubralod, ar arsebobda.87

85 ix. S. Elden, ‘Reintroducing Kant’s Geography’. In: S. Elden, E. Mendieta (eds), Reading Kant’s Geography, gv. 1. arsebobs gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenjer waikiTxa kantma geografiis kursi kionigsbergis universitetSi Tavisi pedagogiuri moRvaweobis manZilze. j. mei Tvlis, rom kantma geografiis kursi 48-jer waikiTxa, xolo k. hohaizeli miiCnevs, rom kantma geografiis kursi Tavis msmenelebs 47-jer SesTavaza. ix. J. A. May, Kant’s Concept of Geography and its Relation to Recent Geographical Thought, gv. 4; K. Hoheisel, ‘Immanuel Kant und die Konzeption der Geographie am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts’. In: M. Büttner (Hrsg.), Wandlungen im geographischen Denken von Aristoteles bis Kant. Paderborn – München – Zürich: Ferdinand Schöning, 1979, gv. 263.

86 ix. K. Hoheisel, Immanuel Kant und die Konzeption der Geographie am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, gv. 263.

87 iqve, gv. 264. ix., aseve, J. A. May, Kant’s Concept of Geography and its

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giorgi TavaZe

miuxedavad imisa, rom kanti geografiis kurss 40 wlis gan-mavlobaSi kiTxulobda, mas saleqcio masala geografiaSi cal-ke wignad ar gamouqveynebia.88 Tumca, kantis geografiis kursis saleqcio Canawerebi (romelTa saerTo raodenoba ocs aRemate-boda) didi popularobiT sargeblobda rogorc kionigsbergSi, aseve, mis sazRvrebs miRmac.89 1801-1805 wlebSi gotfrid fol-merma, kantis nebarTvis gareSe, gamosca ìmanuel kantis fizi-kuri geografia~ oTx tomad. 1802 wels, uSualod kantis dava-lebiT, studentTa saleqcio Canawerebis safuZvelze, Teodor rinkma igive dasaxelebis wigni gamosca.90

kantis geografiul Sexedulebebs zogierTi mkvlevari mWidrod ukavSirebs mis filosofias. j. malpasi da k. Tili Tvlian, rom kantis geografiuli Sexedulebebi uSualo kav-SirSia mis filosofiur proeqtTan. am mxriv, aRniSnuli av-torebi kants `filosofiuri topografiis~ pionerad Tvlian. maTi azriT, filosofiuri topografiis mizania, gamoikvlios, Tu ra adgili ukavia sivrcesa da adgils adamianis codnasa da gamocdilebaSi. es problema, SesaZloa, ori aspeqtiT ganvixi-loT: 1. sivrce da adgili, rogorc adamianis codnisa da gamoc-dilebis obieqtebi da 2. sivrce da adgili, rogorc adamianis codnisa da gamocdilebis struqturis Semadgeneli nawilebi. geografiuli da filosofiuri aspeqtebis kveTa kantTan me-

Relation to Recent Geographical Thought, gv. 4-5.88 rac Seexeba anTropologias, 1798 wels is kantma gamoaqveyna sa-

TauriT ànTropologia pragmatuli TvalTaxedvidan.~ ànTrop-ologiis~ SesavalSi kanti aRniSnavs, rom xelnaweri, romliTac igi fizikuri geografiis saleqcio kurss kiTxulobda, mxolod misT-visaa gasagebi (cudi kaligrafiis gamo). Sesabamisad, igi miiCnevs, rom naSromis gamocema fizikur geografiaSi, misi asakidan gamom-dinare, ar moxerxdeba. ix. И. Кант, ‘Антропология с прагматической точ-ки зрения’. // И. Кант, Сочинения в шести томах, Т. 6, Москва: “Мысль”, 1966, gv. 354; J. A. May, Kant’s Concept of Geography and its Relation to Recent Geographical Thought, gv. 74.

89 ix. R. Hartshorne, ‘The Concept of Geography as a Science of Space, from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 48 (1958), gv. 99; K. Hoheisel, Immanuel Kant und die Konzeption der Geographie am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, gv. 264.

90 ix. I. Kant, Immanuel Kant’s physische Geographie. 4 Bde in 7 Teilen, Hamburg und Mainz: Vollmer, 1801-1805; I. Kant, Immanuel Kant’s physische Geographie. Auf Verlangen des Verfassers aus seiner Handschrift herausgegeben und zum Teil bearbeitet von F. T. Rink, 2 Bde, Königsberg: Göbbels und Unzer, 1802.

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tad mniSvnelovania, rogorc kantis kritikuli proeqtis ukeT gasagebad, aseve, zogadad, geografiulsa da filosofiurs So-ris arsebuli iseTi kavSirebis gamosakveTad, romlebic scdeba kantiseuli filosofiis sazRvrebs.91

mocemul SemTxvevaSi, Cems mizans ar warmoadgens kantis geografiul da filosofiur Sexedulebebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebis siRrmiseuli kvleva. amitom, winamdebare anal-izisas, Semovifarglebi kantis im SromebiT, sadac geografiis kantiseuli xedvaa gadmocemuli. amave dros, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas gavamaxvileb imaze, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebs kanti geografias sxva mecnierebebTan mimarTebaSi. es Srome-bia: `gegma da ganacxadi fizikuri geografiis leqciebis Ses-axeb~ (1757 w.), `ganacxadi leqciebis ganrigis Sesaxeb 1765-1766 wlebis zamTris semestrisTvis~ (1765 w.) da Sesavali mis `fizi-kur geografiaSi~, romelic, j. meis mixedviT, 1772-1773 wle-biT unda davaTariRoT.92

`fizikuri geografiis leqciebis gegmaSi~ kanti ganasx-vavebs sami saxis geografias: maTematikurs, politikursa da fizikurs. maTematikuri perspeqtividan, dedamiwa ganixileba, rogorc sferoseburi ciuri sxeuli. maTematika Seiswavlis am sxeulis sidides, formasa da im wreebs, romlebic masze azro-brivadaa datanili. politikuri geografia ikvlevs xalxebs da maT Soris arsebul urTierTobebs, romlebic mmarTvelobis formiT, vaWrobiTa da saerTo interesebiTaa gansazRvruli. is, aseve, Seiswavlis religiebs, wes-Cveulebebsa da a.S. rac Seexeba fizikur geografias, is yuradRebas amaxvilebs dedami-wis bunebriv Tvisebebze da imaze, rac dedamiwis zedapirze mdebareobs: zRvebze, xmeleTze, mTebze, mdinareebze, atmos-feroze, adamianze, mcenareebsa da mineralebze. magram fizi-kuri geografia yovelive amas sisruliTa da filosofiuri sizustiT ki ar Seiswavlis (es fizikisa da bunebis istoriis saqmea), aramed im mogzauris cnobismoyvareobiT, romelic yvelgan RirsSesaniSnavs, gansakuTrebulsa da mSveniers eZebs, erTmaneTs uTanadebs Tavis dakvirvebebs da amis safuZvelze adgens sakuTar gegmas.93

91 ix. J. Malpas, K. Thiel, ‘Kant’s Geography of Reason’. In: S. Elden, E. Mendieta (eds), Reading Kant’s Geography. gv. 195-196.

92 ix. J. A. May, Kant’s Concept of Geography and its Relation to Recent Geographical Thought, gv. 72.

93 ix. И. Кант, ‘План лекций по физической географии и уведомление о них’.

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giorgi TavaZe

kanti, aseve, miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom maTematikuri da politikuri geografia sakmarisad floben damxmare saSu-alebebs sakuTari sagnis Sesaswavlad. rac Seexeba fizikur geografias, misTvis aucilebeli masala mraval sxvadasxva naSromSia uwesrigod mimofantuli. Sesabamisad, ar arsebobs saxelmZRvanelo, romlis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda am mecnierebis gamoyeneba saswavlo miznebisaTvis.94 qvemoT kanti sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom igi Tavisi akademiuri moRvaweobis dasawyisSive Seecada, aRniSnuli mecniereba Sesabamis leqcieb-Si gadmoeca.95 igi, aseve, asaxelebs im wyaroebs, romlebic am mizniT gamoiyena. esenia: vareniusis, bufonisa da lulofis Sromebi, parizisa da stokholmis mecnierebaTa akademiebis Sromebi, hamburgisa da laifcigis Jurnalebi da sxv.96

kanti gadmoscems im sakiTxebs, romlebic saleqcio gegmi-Taa gawerili. Tavad fizikur geografias kanti or nawilad yofs: zogad da specialur nawilebad. zogad nawilSi igi Sem-deg Tavebs gamoyofs: 1. zRvis Sesaxeb; 2. xmeleTisa da kun-Zulebis istoria; 3. nakadulebisa da wyaroebis Sesaxeb; 4. mdi-nareebisa da nakadulebis istoria; 5. atmosferosa da qarebis istoria; 6. amindis kavSiri dedamiwis sartylebTan; 7. im didi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic dedamiwam gadaitana; 8. naos-

// И. Кант, Сочинения в шести томах, Т. 1, Москва: “Мысль”, 1963, gv. 367-368; K. Hoheisel, Immanuel Kant und die Konzeption der Geographie am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, gv. 266-267.

94 ix. И. Кант, План лекций по физической географии и уведомление о них, gv. 368.

95 XVIII saukuneSi geografia, arsebiTad, praqtikuli mecniereba iyo. is mogzaurebis, vaWrebis da mkvlevrebis dakvirvebebis produqts warmoadgenda. geografiuli informaciis sistematuri Segroveba, ZiriTadad, saxelmwifo da savaWro miznebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. geografiuli codna gabneuli iyo sxvadasxva mogzaurTa da mkvl-evarTa wignebSi, gamokvlevebsa Tu angariSebSi. kantis damsaxureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi Seecada, arsebuli masala sistematu-rad daelagebina da wesrigSi moeyvana. ix. M. Church, ‘Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography’. In: S. Elden, E. Mendieta (eds), Read-ing Kant’s Geography, gv. 20-22; S. Elden, Reintroducing Kant’s Geography, gv. 5.

96 ix. И. Кант, План лекций по физической географии и уведомление о них, gv. 368. hohaizeli asaxelebs, aseve, k. lines, g. v. laibnics, f. buaSes da a. f. biuSings. ix. K. Hoheisel, Immanuel Kant und die Konzeption der Geographie am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, gv. 271.

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nobis Sesaxeb. TiToeul nawils Tan erTvis sakiTxebis nusxa, saidanac TvalnaTliv Cans, Tu raoden didi masala hqonda kants damuSavebuli.97

fizikuri geografiis specialuri nawili Seiswavlis sam samefos: cxovelTa samefos, mcenareTa samefos da mineralebis samefos. cxovelTa samefoSi ganixileba is gansxvavebebi ageb-ulebasa da kanis ferSi, rac dedamiwis gansxvavebul nawilebSi mcxovreb adamianebs Soris arsebobs; aseve, xmeleTze, wyalSi da haerSi mcxovrebi yvelaze ufro gamorCeuli cxovelebi. analogiurad, mcenareebisa da mineralebis ganxilvis dros, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia imaze, Tu ra sargebloba moaqvT maT adamianisaTvis.98

Tavis naSromSi `ganacxadi leqciebis ganrigis Sesaxeb 1765-1766 wlebis zamTris semestrisTvis~, kanti geografias ukve hyofs fizikur, moralur da politikur geografiebad. fizikuri geografia ganixilavs bunebis samive samefos gan-sakuTrebul Tvisebebsa da movlenebs. geografiis es nawili yvela materikisa da zRvis bunebriv pirobebsa da maT Soris arsebuli kavSiris safuZvels Seiswavlis. fizikuri geografia istoriis WeSmarit safuZvels warmoadgens. mis gareSe SeuZle-beli iqneboda istoriis garCeva zRaprebisagan.99

moraluri geografia Seiswavlis dedamiwaze mcxovreb ada-mianebs Soris arsebul bunebriv da moralur gansxvavebebs.

97 ix. И. Кант, План лекций по физической географии и уведомление о них, gv. 369-373. magaliTad, meoTxe TavSi, `mdinareebisa da nakadulebis istoria~, Semdegi sakiTxebia gaerTianebuli: mdinareebis warmoSo-ba; dedamiwaze arsebuli mniSvnelovani mdinareebis Sedareba maTi sigrZis, dinebis siswrafis da wyaluxvobis mixedviT; maTi mimar-Tulebis, daxris maCveneblis, wylis donis awevisa da wyaldidobe-bis, aseve, kaSxlebis, sagubrebisa da yvelaze ufro cnobili arxe-bis Sesaxeb; CanCqerebis Sesaxeb. im mdinareebis Sesaxeb, romlebic periodulad Sreba; im mdinareebis Sesaxeb, romlebic nawilobriv miwisqveS gaedinebian, xolo nawilobriv _ dedamiwis zedapirze; im mdinareebis Sesaxeb, romelTa qviSac oqros marcvlebs Seicavs; rogor aris SesaZlebeli oqros marcvlebis gamocalkeveba qviSi-sagan; mdinaris wylis gansxvavebuli simZimis Sesaxeb (iqve, gv. 370-371).

98 iqve, gv. 373.

99 ix. И. Кант, ‘Уведомление о расписании лекций на зимнее полугодие 1765/66 г.’ // И. Кант, Сочинения в шести томах, Т. 2, Москва: “Мысль”, 1964, gv 287-288.

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moraluri geografia istoriasTanaa kavSirSi, radgan is adami-anTa axlandel morals wina epoqebSi arsebul morals adarebs. misi daxmarebiT Cvens Tvalwin gadaiSleba adamianuri modgmis `diadi suraTi~.100 dabolos, politikuri geografia ikvlevs dedamiwaze arsebuli saxelmwifoebisa da xalxebis mdgomareo-bebs. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara SemTxveviT (calkeuli ada-mianebis bedi, mTavrobaTa cvla), aramed, SedarebiT mdgrad mizezebze (qveynebis mdebareoba, Sromis produqtebi, zne-Cveulebebi, xelosnoba, vaWroba, mosaxleoba), romlebzec damokidebulia es mdgomareobebi.101

`fizikuri geografiis~ SesavalSi kanti aRniSnavs, rom bunebisa da adamianis codna erTianobaSi samyaros codnas Seadgens. codnas adamianis Sesaxeb gvawvdis anTropologia, bunebis Sesaxeb ki _ fizikuri geografia, romelic dedamiwis aRweras warmoadgens. fizikuri geografia gvawvdis codnas, romelic mravalmxriv sasargebloa da romlis Sevsebac Sem-degSi gamocdilebiTaa SesaZlebeli.102

aRniSnul `SesavalSi~ kanti erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs codnis logikur da fizikur klasifikaciebs. codnis klasifi-kacia, romelic cnebebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, logikuria; xolo is, romelic droisa da sivrcis meSveobiT _ fizikuri. logikuri klasifikaciis magaliTia k. lines mier Sedgenili bunebis sistema (Systema Naturae), romelSic sagnebi da movle-nebi klasificirebulia saerTo warmomavlobis mixedviT, imis-gan damoukideblad, Tu sad da rodis gvxvdeba isini. fizikuri klasifikaciis magaliTia bunebis geografiuli aRwera. logi-kuri klasifikaciis dros niangi da xvliki erT klasSi gaer-Tiandebian, fizikuri klasifikaciis dros isini gansxvavebul kategoriebSi moxvdebian, radgan niangi nilosSi cxovrobs, xolo xvliki _ xmeleTze.103 logikuri klasifikacia sistemuri mecnierebebis (botanika, zoologia, qimia, fizika) mecnierul safuZvels qmnis, xolo fizikuri klasifikacia _ droiTi da sivrciTi mecnierebebis (istoriisa da geografiis) safuZvels

100 iqve, gv. 288.

101 iqve. ix., aseve, K. Hoheisel, Immanuel Kant und die Konzeption der Geographie am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, gv. 267-268.

102 ix. I. Kant, ‘Schriften zur Physischen Geographie’. Hrsg. von F. W. Schubert. In: I. Kant, Sämtliche Werke. Hrsg. von K. Rosenkranz und F. W. Schubert, sechster Theil, Leipzig: Leopold Voss, 1839, gv. 422.

103 iqve, gv. 426.

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warmoadgens. istoria qronologiuri mecnierebaa, geografia _ qorologiuri.

rogorc istorias, aseve, geografias, SesaZlebelia, aRwera vuwodoT, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom istoria ganixilavs mov-lenebs, romlebic erTmaneTis miyolebiT moxda; geografia ki Seiswavlis movlenebs, romlebic sivrceSi erTdroulad xdeba. istoria naraciaa, geografia _ aRwera. geografia SesaZlebe-lia daiyos fizikur, maTematikur, politikur, moralur, Te-ologiur da komerciul geografiebad. fizikuri geografia yoveli SesaZlebeli geografiis safuZvels warmoadgens.104

kantis gavlena Semdgomi Taobis geografebze winaaRmde-gobrivia. r. herTshorni miiCnevda, rom gviandel periodSi aleqsandre fon humboldtze kantis `fizikurma geografiam~ garkveuli zegavlena moaxdina.105 Tumca, XIX s-is II naxevarSi kantis gavlena geografebze minimaluri iyo.106 o. peSeli Tavis naSromSi `geografiis istoria aleqsandre fon humboldtsa da karl riteramde~ (1877 w.) kants mxolod gakvriT axsenebs.107

XX saukuneSi kantis geografiisadmi interesi gamococx-lda. sxvadasxva avtorebi kantis geografias gansxvavebuli perspeqtivebiT ganixilavdnen (g. gerlandi, e. adikesi, v. kamin-ski, r. herTshorni, j. mei). kantis Sexedulebebis mniSvneloba aRiara cnobilma germanelma geografma a. hetnerma.108 XX sau-kunis II naxevarSi geografebma yuradReba gaamaxviles kantis filosofiis mniSvnelobaze geografiis ganviTarebisaTvis.109

104 iqve, gv. 426-431. ix., aseve, K. Hoheisel, Immanuel Kant und die Konzeption der Geographie am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, gv. 270.

105 ix. R. Hartshorne, The Concept of Geography as a Science of Space, from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner, gv. 99-102. ix., aseve, K. Hoheisel, Immanuel Kant und die Konzeption der Geographie am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, gv. 274; J. A. May, Kant’s Concept of Geography and its Relation to Recent Geographical Thought, gv. 75-78.

106 ix. R. Hartshorne, The Concept of Geography as a Science of Space, from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner, gv. 103-105.

107 ix. J. A. May, Kant’s Concept of Geography and its Relation to Recent Geo-graphical Thought, gv. 80.

108 ix. R. Hartshorne, The Concept of Geography as a Science of Space, from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner, gv. 97-98 da 105-107; J. A. May, Kant’s Concept of Geography and its Relation to Recent Geographical Thought, gv. 81-82.

109 ix. D. N. Livingstone, R. T. Harrison, ‘Immanuel Kant, Subjectivism, and Human Geography: A Preliminary Investigation’. Transactions of the Institute of British

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giorgi TavaZe

interesi kantis geografiis mimarT dResac didia.110 kantis naazrevma mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina geografi-

is Semdgom ganviTarebaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT, m. CerCi or aspeqts gamoyofs: 1. kantis codnis Teoriis Tanaxmad, RmerTis arsebobis empiriuli dadastureba SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, empiriul mecnierebebs (maT Soris, geografias) ar ZaluZT, re-alobaSi moipovon RmerTis arsebobis damamtkicebeli sabuTi. kantma gadamwyveti dartyma miayena bibliaze dafuZnebul te-leologistur geografiebs da dedamiwis istorias;111 2. kan-tis mixedviT, geografia aris mecniereba, romelic dedamiwis zedapirze arsebul fenomenebs aRwers (adamianisa da sazoga-doebebis garegani da materialuri aspeqtebis CaTvliT). kantma miiRo dedamiwis zedapiris qorografiis klasikuri cneba, ro-melic, mas Semdeg akademiuri da praqtikuli geografiis erT-erT centralur laitmotivad rCeba.112 geografias kanti miiC-nevda `propedevtikad~ ramdenime azriT: rogorc ganaTlebis safuZvels, rogorc Sesavals ufro Teoriuli sistemuri mec-nierebebisaTvis, rogorc codnis momwesrigebel princips da rogorc TavisTavad mizans. is aris winaswari varjiSi samyaros Sesacnobad.113

Geographers, vol. 6 (1981), gv. 359 da Smd.

110 ix. S. Elden, E. Mendieta (eds), Reading Kant’s Geography.111 ix. M. Church, ‘Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography’. In: S.

Elden, E. Mendieta (eds), Reading Kant’s Geography, gv. 25-26. ix., aseve, M. Büttner, ‘Kant und die Überwindung der physikotheologischen Betrachtung der geographisch-kosmologischen Fakten: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geographie in ihren Beziehungen zur Theologie und Philosophie’. Erdkunde, 29 (1975), gv. 162 da Smd. h. bekis mixedviT, qristianobis damokidebulebisagan geografiis gaTavisuflebiT, kantma geografiaSi kopernikiseburi gadatrialeba moaxdina. ix. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter – Gelehrte. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1982, gv. 91.

112 ix. M. Church, Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography, gv. 26; C. Withers, ‘Kant’s Geography in Comparative Perspective’. In: S. Elden, E. Mendieta (eds), Reading Kant’s Geography, gv. 53. `fizikuri geografiis~ SesavalSi kanti werda: `dedamiwaze konkretuli adgilis aRweras topografia ewodeba, regionisa da misi Taviseburebebis aRweras _ qorografia, mTis qedebis aRweras _ orografia, wylis aRweras _ hidrografia.~ ix. I. Kant, Schriften zur Physischen Geographie. Hrsg. von F. W. Schubert, gv. 425.

113 ix. И. Кант, Уведомление о расписании лекций на зимнее полугодие 1765/66 г., gv. 287; C. Withers, Kant’s Geography in Comparative Perspective, gv. 53.

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amdenad, filosofiuri geografiis istoriis perspeqtivi-dan, kanti sakvanZo figuras warmoadgens ganmanaTleblobis epoqis dasasruls. kantis gardacvalebis Semdeg, geografiul asparezze gamodis adamiani, romelsac mkvlevarebi àxali is-toriis udides geografs~ da `Tanamedrove geografiis dam-fuZnebels~ uwodeben.114 es moazrovnea aleqsandre fon hum-boldti.

114 ix. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter – Gelehrte, gv. 83; G. J. Martin, All Possible Worlds. A History of Geographical Ideas. New York _ Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, gv. 107.

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2.5. aleqsandre fon humboldti: holisturi midgoma empiriuli realobisadmi

aleqsandre fon humboldtma didi wvlili Seitana geolo-giis, mineralogiis, botanikis, okeanologiis, meteorologiisa da zogadad, geografiis ganviTarebaSi. mis mier gamoyenebulma meTodebma didi gavlena moaxdines sabunebismetyvelo mec-nierebebis ganviTarebaze XIX saukuneSi. humboldti Seecada, Tavis naSromebSi (gansakuTrebiT, `kosmosSi~, 1845-1862 ww.) sa-myaros universaluri xedva konkretuli faqtebis mecnierul analizTan SeeTavsebina.

jer kidev 1793 wels, 24 wlis asakSi, humboldtma gamoa-qveyna laTinurenovani naSromi Florae Fribergensis Specimen, sa-dac dedamiwis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa Semdegnairi klasifi-kacia moaxdina: 1. fiziografia, anu bunebis aRwera (Physiogra-phia, Naturbeschreibung); 2. dedamiwis istoria (Historia telluris, Erd-geschichte) da 3. geognozia (Geognosia, Erdkunde).115 fiziografia Sedgeba zoologiis, botanikisa da geologiisagan; dedamiwis istoria _ zoologis istoriisagan, mcenareTa istoriisagan da kldeTa istoriisagan, xolo geognozia _ kldeTa geogra-fiisagan (Geographia oryctologica), zoologiuri geografiisagan (Geographia zoologica) da mcenareTa geografiisagan (Geographia phytologica).116 mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom humboldtis aRniSnul klasifikaciaze gavlena moaxdina germaneli geologis, abraham

115 terminTa laTinur da germanul wyvilebs humboldti sinonimebad Tvlida. maTi franguli Sesatyvisebi aseTia: fiziografiisaTvis _ Histoire naturelle descriptive, dedamiwis istoriisaTvis _ Histoire du globe, geognoziisaTvis _ Théorie de la terre, Géographie physique. ix. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter – Gelehrte, gv. 90.

116 ix. R. Hartshorne, The Concept of Geography as a Science of Space, from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner, gv. 100. geografiasa da bunebis aRweras, anu fiziografias Soris arsebul gansxvavebas humboldti mcenare-Ta geografiisa da botanikis (phytognosia) gansxvavebis magaliTze aCvenebs. mcenareTa geografia Seiswavlis im kavSirebs, romlebic mcenareTa Soris arsebobs; aRwers, Tu romel qveynebSi da rogor atmosferul pirobebSi gvxvdeba esa Tu is mcenare. rac Seexeba botanikas, is individualuri mcenareebis formebs, maT agebule-basa da maTSi mimdinare procesebs Seiswavlis (iqve). ix., aseve, M. Church, Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography, gv. 43.

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gotlob verneris (1749-1817 ww.) Sexedulebebma.117

117 ix. M. Church, Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography, gv. 30 da 43; R. Hartshorne, The Concept of Geography as a Science of Space, from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner, gv. 100. h. beki humboldtis mier Florae Fribergensis Specimen-Si mocemul klasifikacias kantis `fizi-kuri geografiis~ SesavalSi gamocdilebiseuli codnis samwevra klasifikacias (1. logikuri, cnebebis safuZvelze; 2. droiTi da 3. sivrciTi. es ori ukanaskneli fizikur klasifikaciaSi Sedis) ukavSirebs. igi Tvlis, rom kantiseuli klasifikacia humboldtma dedamiwis mecnierebebze gadmoitana. ix. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter – Gelehrte, gv. 90. Sdr., aseve, S. T. Jackson, ‘Hum-boldt, Ecology and the Cosmos’. In: A. von Humboldt, A. Bonpland, Essay on the Geography of Plants. Edited with an introduction by S. T. Jackson. Translated by S. Romanowski. Chicago – London: The University of Chicago Press, 2009, gv. 7. am Tvalsazriss amyarebs is garemoebac, rom 1785 wels humboldts mcire xniT aswavlida markus herci, kantis cnobili moswavle, ro-melic kargad icnobda kantis leqciebs geografiis Sesaxeb; xolo 1788 wlidan humboldtma Tavad daiwyo kantis Sromebis Seswavla. miuxedavad amisa, ucnobia, icnobda Tu ara igi uSualod kantis `fizikuri geografiis~ romelime saleqcio Canawers. ix. J. A. May, Kant’s Concept of Geography and its Relation to Recent Geographical Thought, gv. 75. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom humboldti Zalian kargad ic-nobda gamoCenil mogzaurs, j. kukis II eqspediciis monawile georg forsters (1754-1794 ww.), romelTan erTadac 1790 wels evropaSi imogzaura. forsteri kargad icnobda kantis naazrevs. 1786 wels, Jurnal Der Teutsche Mercur-Si man gaakritika kantis naSromi àdami-anis rasis cnebis gansazRvreba~ (1785 w.). kantma forsters upasuxa 1788 wels Tavis naSromSi `teleologiuri principebis gamoyene-bis Sesaxeb filosofiaSi~ (daibeWda Jurnal Der Teutsche Mercur-Si, ianvar-TebervalSi). kanti miuTiTebda, rom aucilebelia gatar-des gansxvaveba bunebis aRwerasa da bunebis istorias Soris. ix. И. Кант, ‘О применении телеологических принципов в философии’. // И. Кант, Сочинения в шести томах, Т. 5, Москва: “Мысль”, 1966, gv. 69-71; J. A. May, Kant’s Concept of Geography and its Relation to Recent Geographical Thought, gv.76-77. Sesabamisad, forsteris meSveobiT, humboldts unda scodnoda am or moazrovnes Soris arsebuli kamaTis Sesaxeb, Tumca, danamdvilebiT amis Tqma Znelia. magram, xuTi wlis Semdeg, humboldtma, kantis msgavsad, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvava fizio-grafia (bunebis aRwera) da dedamiwis istoria. m. CerCi aRniSnavs, rom Tu humboldtis Sexedulebebze kantis naSromebma pirdapi-ri zegavlena moaxdina, maSin, didi albaTobiT, es unda yofiliyo germaneli filosofosis naSromi `sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis metafizikuri safuZvlebi~ (1786 w.) da ara kantis leqciebi geo-grafiis Sesaxeb. ix. M. Church, Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Mod-

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giorgi TavaZe

humboldtis mdidari meTodologiuri arsenalidan fi-losofiuri geografiisaTvis gansakuTrebul interess war-moadgens misi orientacia, erTi mxriv, uSualo dakvirvebasa da eqsperimentze (empirizmi) da, meore mxriv, holisturi mid-goma, ufro swored, am ori aspeqtis unikaluri sinTezi. pir-veli momenti humboldtis mecnieruli ganviTarebis adreul safexurzeve gvxvdeba: 1792 wels igi dainiSna moxeled prusiis samTo mrewvelobis saministroSi (ansbax-bairoiTSi, prusiis mier axlad SeerTebul teritoriaze). humboldti maRaroeb-Si miwisqveSa mcenareebze atarebda eqsperimentebs. am Sromis Sedegi iyo zemoT naxsenebi naSromi Florae Fribergensis Specimen. humboldti, aseve, dainteresebuli iyo galvanizmis principiT. 1792-1797 wlebSi igi intensiurad muSaobda am sakiTxze. man mravali eqsperimenti Caatara, bevri maTgani _ sakuTar Tavze. humboldti sakmaod axlos idga eleqtruli batareis Seqmnas-Tan. saerTo jamSi, man daaxloebiT 4 000 eqsperimenti Caata-ra 300 saxeobis cxovelsa da mcenareze. Tavisi Sedegebi man gadmosca naSromSi `cdebi gaRizianebul kunTebsa da nervul boWkoebze~ (1797 w.).118

magram humboldtis swrafva uSualo dakvirvebisadmi yve-laze srulyofilad gamovlinda e. bonplanTan erTad amerikaSi mogzaurobis dros (1799-1804 ww.).119 eqspediciis ganmavlobaSi

ern Geography, gv. 31. 118 ix. G. J. Martin, All Possible Worlds. A History of Geographical Ideas, gv. 110;

S. T. Jackson, ‘Humboldt, Ecology and the Cosmos’. In: A. von Humboldt, A. Bonpland, Essay on the Geography of Plants, gv. 7.

119 Tavdapirvelad humboldti da bonplani Cavidnen q. kumanaSi (venesuela). oTxi Tvis Semdeg isini karakasSi gaemgzavrnen. 1800 wlis TebervalSi humboldtma da bonplanma qveynis siRrmisaken aiRes gezi. maT Seiswavles valensiis tba, romlis magaliTzec (uSualo dakvirvebebis safuZvelze) humboldtma daadastura kavSiri tyeebis gaCexvasa da mdinareebis daSrobas Soris. Semdeg mogzaurebi auyvnen md. orinokos. maT mecnierulad daadastures, rom orinokos erTi toti, kasikiare, mdinare rio-negros uerTdeba da amazonis auzs ekuTvnis. kasikiare dRemde iTvleba mdinaris bifurkaciis (orad ganStoebis) kalsikur magaliTad. saerTo jamSi humboldtma da bonplanma, TerTmet TanamgzavrTan erTad, 2700 km-ze meti gaiares. 1800 wlis bolos, humboldti da bonplani kumanaSi dabrundnen da iqidan kubaze gaemgzavrnen.

1801 wlis martSi mogzaurebi kubidan kartaxenaSi (kolumbia) Cavidnen, saidanac, eqvskviriani rTuli da momqancveli mogzaurobis

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Semdeg, bogotaSi CaaRwies. 1801 wlis seqtemberSi isini bogotidan kitoSi (ekvadori) gaemgzavrnen, sadac 1802 wlis ianvarSi Cavidnen. kitoSi humboldtma da bonplanma eqvsi Tve dahyves. am xnis ganmavlobaSi maT andebis mravali mwvervali dalaSqres. 1802 wlis 23 ivniss isini Camqrali vulkanis, Cimborasos (6 267 m. im periodisTvis Cimboraso msoflioSi yvelaze maRal mwvervalad iTvleboda), dapyrobas Seecadnen da 5 878 m. simaRles miaRwies (arsebobs gansxvavebuli monacemebic. s. jeksoni 6 327 m-s asaxelebs, Tumca, Cimborasos aqtualuri simaRlis gaTvaliswinebiT, es monacemi ar unda iyos swori). maRal mwvervalebze yofnisas humboldti akvirdeboda simaRlis zemoqmedebas adamianze. man aRwera mTis avadmyofobis (romelic gamowveulia did simaRleze haerSi Jangbadis naklebobiT) simptomebi.

1802 wlis oqtomberSi humboldti da bonplani limaSi (peru) Cavidnen. humboldtma iq mTeli rigi dakvirvebebi awarmoa. Semdeg igi da bonplani, limasTan axlos mdebare kalaos gavliT, guaiakilSi (ekvadori) gaemgzavrnen. guaiakilidan mogzaurebi gahyvnen xomalds akapulkoSi (meqsika), sadac 1803 wlis martSi Cavidnen. humboldtma da bonplanma meqsikaSi TiTqmis erTi weli dahyves (ZiriTadad, mexikoSi). humboldti aq, ZiriTadad, arqivebsa da biblioTekebSi muSaobda da agrovebda informacias axali espaneTis (ase ewodeboda maSin meqsikas) socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. igi, aseve, awarmoebda tradiciul dakvirvebebsac (konkretuli adgilebis grZedisa da ganedis dadgena, atmosferuli wnevisa da haeris temperaturis gazomva da a. S.).

1804 wlis martSi humboldti da bonplani verakrusidan (meqsika) kubaSi gaemgzavrnen. havanaSi maT mcire xani dahyves. evropaSi wasvlis win isini filadelfiaSi (aSS) gaemgzavrnen, romelic imdroindeli amerikis socialur, kulturul da inteleqtualur centrs warmoadgenda. filadelfiidan isini, prezident Tomas jefersonis miwveviT, vaSingtonSi Cavidnen. jefersoni naturalisti iyo, amitom masa da humboldts Soris swrafad Camoyalibda megobruli urTierToba (isini jefersonis gardacvalebamde werdnen erTmaneTs). vaSingtSonSi humboldtma da misma Tanamgzavrma britaneTis konsulisagan miiRes laisser passer, saSvi, romelic maT Tavisufali gadaadgilebis nebas aZlevda (britaneTi da safrangeTi maSin erTmaneTTan saomar mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen). humboldti da bonplani evropaSi dabrundnen franguli gemiT, romelic bordoSi (safrangeTi) midioda. 1804 wlis agvistoSi humboldti ukve parizSi iyo. ase dasrulda kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze nayofieri samecniero eqspedicia, romelmac humboldts msoflio dideba moutana. eqspediciis Sedegad humboldtma da bonplanma evropaSi

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humboldti adgenda konkretuli adgilebis koordinatebs, regularulad zomavda atmosferul wnevasa da eleqtrobas, haeris tenianobasa da temperaturas, sinaTlis intensivobis xarisxs, atmosferul airebsa da a. S. igi swavlobda simaRlisa da haeris temperaturis zegavlenas mcenareTa safarze, aseve, simaRlis zegavlenas adamianze, vulkanur qanebs, faqtiurad yvelafers, rac misi interesebis sferoSi Sedioda. eqspedi-ciis Sedegebi man gadmosca ocdaaTtomian TxzulebaSi `mog-zauroba axali samyaros ekvatorul regionebSi~ (1805-1834 ww.), romelSic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo XXVIII-XXX tomebi saerTo saTauriT `1799-1804 wlebSi aleqsandre fon humbold-tisa da eme bonplanis mier axali samyaros ekvatorul regio-nebSi Catarebuli mogzaurobis istoriuli relacia~ (1814-1825 ww.), sadac aRwerili iyo humboldtisa da bonplanis Tavgada-savali amerikaSi, aseve, maT mier Catarebuli eqsperimentebi da gazomvebi.120 ìstoriuli relaciis~ I tomSi humboldti aRniSnavda, rom mis eqspedicias ormagi mizani hqonda: 1. ucxo qveynebis gacnoba da 2. faqtebis Segroveba im mecnierebis gansavrcobad, romelsac dedamiwis fizika, dedamiwis Teoria an fizikuri geografia ewodeba. am ori miznidan ukanaskneli humboldts yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad miaCnda.121 am miznis misaRwevad sakmarisi ver iqneboda calkeuli eqsperimentebis, dakvirvebebisa da gazomvebis Catareba (maTi didi raodenobisa da sizustis miuxedavad). aucilebeli iyo holisturi midgoma, romlis meSveobiTac gamovlindeboda kavSirebi da mimarTe-bebi dakvirvebad fenomenebs Soris. amis aucileblobas Tavad humboldtic grZnobda: `Tundac axali, magram izolirebuli

mcenareTa 60 000-mde nimuSi Caitanes. ix. S. T. Jackson, Humboldt, Ecology and the Cosmos, gv. 10-16; G. J. Martin, All Possible Worlds. A History of Geographical Ideas, gv. 111-115; E. Knobloch, ‘Alexander von Humboldt – The Explorer and the Scientist’. Centaurus, vol. 49 (2007), gv. 3-14. humboldtis biografiis Sesaxeb ix., H. Beck, Alexander von Humboldt. Von der Bildungsreise zur Forschungsreise: 1769-1804. Bd. 1, Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1959; misive, Alexander von Humboldt. Vom Reisewerk zum “Kosmos”: 1804-1859. Bd. 2, Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1961; A. Wulf, The Invention of Nature. Alexander von Humboldt’s New World. New York: Knopf, 2015.

120 ix. A. von Humboldt, Voyage aux régions equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent. 30 vol., Paris, 1805-1834; misive, Relation historique du Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, fait en 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, et 1804 par Al. de Humboldt et A. Bonpland. Paris, 1814-1825.

121 ix. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter – Gelehrte, gv. 94.

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faqtebis aRmoCenas, imTaviTve merCivna didi xnis ganmavlo-baSi dakvirvebadi faqtebis urTierTdakavSireba. amitom mce-nareTa Soris arsebul geografiul mimarTebebze dakvirveba ufro mniSvnelovnad mimaCnda, vidre romeliRac ucnobi gva-ris aRmoCena.~122 holisturi midgoma humboldtis mTel Semoq-medebas msWvalavs.123

èsse mcenareTa geografiis Sesaxeb~ (1805 w.)124 iyo pir-veli mniSvnelovani naSromi, romelic humboldtma amerikidan dabrunebis Semdeg gamoaqveyna. SesavalSi humboldti acxa-debs, rom naSromSi Tavi mouyara yvela im fizikur movlenas, romlebzec dakvirveba SesaZlebelia dedamiwis zedapirze da atmosferoSi. igi, aseve, aRniSnavs, rom, naSromze muSaobisTvis ufro meti dro rom hqonoda, is kidev ufro mcire iqneboda moculobiT.125 aqedan cxadia, rom humboldti upiratesobas aniWebda ara calkeuli dakvirvebebis gadmocemas, aramed dak-virvebadi faqtebis ganzogadebas da zogadi kavSirebis dadge-nas. aRniSnul naSromSi humboldtma daiwyo im ideis ganviTa-reba, romelic srulad Tavis `kosmosSi~ ganaxorciela. es iyo idea universaluri sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis, `dedamiwis fizikis~ (Physicue du monde) Sesaxeb. es aris mecniereba deda-miwis Sesaxeb, romelsac safuZvlad dakvirveba da eqsperimenti aqvs.126 dedamiwis aRweras Tan unda erTvodes ganzogadebebi

122 iqve.

123 humboldtis holisturi midgomis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena iqonia misma kontaqtma ienis wresTan (i. v. goeTe, f. Sileri, i. g. herderi, i. g. fixte). herderisagan humboldtma SeiTvisa ara mxolod gamocdilebis mniSvneloba bunebis Sesaswavlad, aramed gamocdilebis faqtebis ganzogadebis aucileblobac. goeTes or-ganuli morfologiis cnebam, aseve, gavlena moaxdina humboldtis Sexedulebebze. ix. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter – Gelehrte, gv. 96; M. Church, Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography, gv. 28; S. T. Jackson, Humboldt, Ecology and the Cosmos, gv. 8.

124 `mcenareTa geografiis~ germanuli gamocema 1807 wels ganxor-cielda. aRsaniSnavia, rom is humboldtma goeTes miuZRvna.

125 ix. A. von Humboldt, A. Bonpland, Essay on the Geography of Plants. Edited with an introduction by S. T. Jackson. Translated by S. Romanowski. Chicago – London: The University of Chicago Press, 2009, gv. 61.

126 am ideis konturebi humboldtis naazrevSi jer kidev 1790-ian wlebSi SeiniSneba. 1796 wels, mark-avgust piqtisadmi miweril werilSi humboldti aRniSnavda: `me Camovayalibe idea dedamiwis fizikis Sesaxeb~. ix. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter –

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giorgi TavaZe

dakvirvebadi fenomenebis Sesaxeb. mcenareTa zonebis damoki-debuleba temperaturasa da simaRlesTan andebSi, romelic humboldtma aRwera, amis TvalsaCino magaliTia. mogvianebiT, ìstoriul relaciaSi~ (1814 w.), humboldtma `dedamiwis fizi-ka~ `fizikur geografias~ gauigiva. termin `fizikuri geogra-fiis~ SemotaniT naTeli xdeba, rom humboldts kvlevis sagnad miaCnda mcenareTa, cxovelTa da sazogadoebrivi geografia. kantis msgavsad, fizikuri geografia, humboldtTan, adamia-nebsac Seiswavlis.127

m. CerCis mixedviT, humboldtis geografiaSi sami mniS-vnelovani momenti SeiZleba gamovyoT: 1. gazomvebi uaRresad mniSvnelovania. rac ufro meti gazomva iqneba Catarebuli bunebaSi, miT ufro ukeTes suraTs miviRebT; 2. landSaftis SefasebaSi unda figurirebdes holisturi da esTetikuri as-peqtebi; 3. geografia landSaftis Sesaxeb arsebuli faqtebis kompilaciasa da sinTezs warmoadgens. is ar axdens istoriul, an mizezobriv interpretacias.128 am sami principis xorcSesx-mad, SesaZloa, miviCnioT Cimborasosa da kotopaqsis vulka-nebis feradi profili saxelwodebiT èkvatorul mcenareTa geografia: andebisa da mezoblad mdebare qveynebis fizikuri cxrili~, romelic danarTis saxiT erTvis `mcenareTa geo-grafias.~ `fizikur cxrilSi~, Cimborasosa da kotopaqsis feradi profilis garda, mocemulia mcenareTa zonebisa da individualur mcenareTa dasaxelebebi, romelTa mdebareoba Seesatyviseba im simaRles, romelzec aRniSnuli mcenare(ebi)a gavrcelebuli. garda amisa, suraTze mocemulia konkretuli simaRleebi (vezuvis, monblanis, q. kitos, humboldtisa da misi Tanamgzavrebis asvlis wertili Cimborasoze da sxv.). ̀ fizikur cxrilSi~ humboldts, faqtiurad, sqematuri saxiT aqvs gada-tanili eqspediciis Sedegebi. suraTs marcxena da marjvena mxares (11 sveti marcxena mxares, 9 _ marjvena mxares) dar-Tuli aqvs teqsti, sadac ganmartebulia suraTze datanili warwerebi, gadmocemulia gazomvebis Sedegebi da a.S. s. jekso-ni Tvlis, rom `fizikuri cxrili~ eleganturad da ekonomiu-rad gadmoscems humboldtisa da bonplanis mier mopovebul

Gelehrte, gv. 91. 127 ix. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter – Gelehrte, gv. 93; M.

Church, Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography, gv. 28-29.128 ix. M. Church, Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography, gv.

29. Sdr., aseve, S. T. Jackson, Humboldt, Ecology and the Cosmos, gv. 36-37.

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mdidar informacias. masSi humboldtis holisturi midgoma TvalsaCinodaa warmoCenili.129

humboldtis Semoqmedebas agvirgvinebs misi monumentu-ri Sroma `kosmosi~ (xuT tomad, 1845-1862 ww., mexuTe tomi humboldtis sikvdilis Semdeg gamoica, misi Canawerebis sa-fuZvelze), sadac humboldti Seecada, samyaros Sesaxeb Tavisi Sexedulebebi da kvlevebi erT naSromSi gadmoeca. pirveli tomis winasityvaobaSi man gansazRvra naSromis miznebi: movle-naTa wvdoma maT urTierTkavSirSi; bunebis, rogorc Sinagani ZalebiT gasulierebuli da amoZravebuli mTlianobis, warmo-Cena.130 `kosmosSi~ humboldtma xelaxla gaamaxvila yuradReba uSualo dakvirvebisa da eqsperimentis rolze, Tumca, amave dros, igi miuTiTebda zogadi mimarTebebis formulirebis au-cileblobaze, rac calkeuli dakvirvebebis SedarebiTi anali-zis gziT miiRweva.131

humboldtis mniSvneloba filosofiuri geografiisaTvis Zalian didia (miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ar iyenebda am ter-mins): humboldti ar iyo filosofosi, Tumca mis Sexedule-bebze garkveuli zegavlena moaxdines herderisa da goeTes filosofiurma Sexedulebebma; g. forsteris meSveobiT igi kantis Sexedulebebsac icnobda. misi gviandeli naSromebi, Se-saZloa, ganvixiloT, rogorc 1790-ian wlebSi aRmocenebuli ideebis ganviTarebisa da ganvrcobis Sedegi. yvelaze arsebiTi, rac filosofiurma geografiam unda SeiTvisos humboldtis mecnieruli memkvidreobidan, misi holisturi midgomaa: filo-sofiuri geografia unda emyarebodes empiriul dakvirvebebs, ganzogadebebis safuZveli filosofiur geografiaSi yovel-Tvis empiriuli realoba unda iyos. iseve, rogorc humboldti cdilobda, uzarmazari faqtobrivi masalis gamaerTianebeli erTiani konceptualuri bazisis Seqmnas, aseve, filosofiuri geografiac unda ecados, kvlevis samive donisaTvis erTiani konceptualur-meTodologiuri aparatis Camoyalibebas da empiriuli realobis kvlevis adekvaturi meTodebis sinTezs tradiciul da inovaciur filosofiur midgomebTan. mxolod ase SeZlebs is, Tavi aaridos, erTi mxriv, filosofiur speku-laciebs, romlebsac mxolod Teoriul sivrceSi aqvT Zala da,

129 ix. S. T. Jackson, Humboldt, Ecology and the Cosmos, gv. 23-26 da 31.

130 ix. A. von Humboldt, Cosmos. Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe. Translated by E. C. Otte, vol.1, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1858, gv. vii.

131 iqve, gv. 60.

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meore mxriv, ukidures fragmentacias da mecnieruli codnis klasterizacias, rac Tanamedrove socialuri mecnierebebis umTavres niSan-Tvisebad, ufro metic, maT bediswerad iqca.

aleqsandre fon humboldtis Semdeg, ganvixilavT misi Tanamedrovisa da Tanamemamulis, karl riteris Semoqmedebas, romelic, humboldtTan erTad, Tanamedrove geografiis erT-erT damfuZnebladaa miCneuli.

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2.6. karl riteri: teleologizmi da istoricizmi geografiaSi

1820 wels karl riteri dainiSna profesorad geografiis kaTedraze berlinis fridrix vilhelmis universitetSi, sadac gardacvalebamde (1859 w.) aswavlida. es iyo geografiis pir-veli kaTedra germaniaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom imanuel kan-ti kionigsbergis universitetSi geografiis leqciebs ormo-ci wlis ganmavlobaSi kiTxulobda, geografiis kaTedra iq ar Seqmnila. ase rom, geografiis, rogorc sauniversiteto dis-ciplinis dafuZneba, mWidrod ukavSirdeba riteris saxels.132 amas Semdegi garemoebebic uwyobda xels: kants sicocxlis uka-nasknel wlebSi problemebi hqonda prusiis xelisuflebasTan Tavisi naSromis, `religia mxolod gonebis sazRvrebSi~ (1792-1793 ww.) gamoqveynebis gamo. m. CerCis mixedviT, amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom aleqsandre fon humboldti Tavis Txzule-bebSi pirdapir ar uTiTebda kantze.133 rac Seexeba riters, igi berlinSi miwveul iqna iseTi gavleniani pirebis mier, rogo-rebic iyvnen generlebi fon volcogeni da fon gnaizenau.134 garda amisa, universitetSi riteris miwveviT dainteresebule-bi iyvnen vilhelm fon humboldti, fridrix Slaiermaxeri da sxvebi.135 berlinSi riterma sayovelTao aRiareba moipova: igi iyo prusiis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevri, berlinis geogra-fiuli sazogadoebis (Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin) damfuZ-nebeli (1828 w.) da kadetTa saswavleblis direqtori. prusiis samefo xelisuflebasTan riters sakmaod kargi damokidebu-leba hqonda, rac, bunebrivia, xels uwyobda misi avtoritetis

132 a. Saxis mixedviT, miuxedavad imisa, rom kantma geografia mec-nierebad aRiara, amas ar mohyolia geografiis, rogorc Teori-ulad dafuZnebuli Tanamedrove mecnierebis, damkvidreba sauni-versiteto disciplinad. ix. A. Schach, Carl Ritter (1779-1859): Natur-philosophie und Geographie. Erkenntnistheoretische Überlegungen, Reform der Geographie und mögliche heutige Implikationen. Münster: LIT Verlag, 1996, gv. 18.

133 ix. M. Church, Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography, gv. 30-31.

134 ix. K. E. Müller, ‘Carl Ritter und die Kulturhistorische Völkerkunde Darstellung und Überlegungen.’ Paideuma, Bd. 11 (1965), gv. 28.

135 ix. E. Plewe, Carl Ritter. Neuere Forschungen von Ernst Plewe, gv. 28.

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ganmtkicebas. garda amisa, riterisadmi sakmaod dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili Tavad aleqsandre fon humboldtic. rogorc cno-bilia, riteri da humboldti xSirad eswrebodnen erTmaneTis leqciebs. Tavis naSromebSi riteri mowiwebiTa da pativisce-miT axsenebs humboldtsa da mis Sromebs.136

riteris mTavari naSromia `dedamiwismcodneoba da misi mimarTeba bunebasa da adamianis istoriasTan anu sayovelTao SedarebiTi geografia, rogorc swavlebisa da swavlis WeSma-riti safuZveli fizikur da istoriul mecnierebebSi~, romlis pirveli gamocema 1817-1818 wlebSi ganxorcielda.137 berlinSi gadasvlis Semdeg riterma meore gamocemaze daiwyo muSaoba. intensiuri muSaobis miuxedavad, romelic sam aTeul welze met xans gagrZelda, `dedamiwismcodneobis~ cxramet tomSi riterma mxolod afrikis (srulad) da aziis (nawilobriv) mi-moxilva SeZlo.138

riteris geografiul naazrevSi, SesaZloa, sami mniSvne-lovani aspeqti gamovyoT: 1. geografiis, rogorc damoukide-beli mecnierebis, damkvidrebis mcdeloba; 2. geografiisa da istoriis kavSiri; 3. teleologisturi midgoma. aRniSnuli mo-mentebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia. es gansakuTrebiT iTq-mis mesame aspeqtze, romelic pirvel ors msWvalavs.

riterma sagrZnobi Zalisxmeva warmarTa geografiis, ro-gorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis, damkvidrebisaTvis. dedami-wis calkeuli regionebis aRwera (Tundac detaluri) ar unda iyos geografiis saqme, miiCnevda riteri. adreuli geografiis nakli swored es iyo.139 saerTod ugulebelyofili iyo ro-

136 ix. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter – Gelehrte, gv. 98 da 111; K. E. Müller, Carl Ritter und die Kulturhistorische Völkerkunde Darstellung und Überlegungen, gv. 28-29; C. Ritter, Comparative Geography. Translated by W. L. Gage. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co, 1865, gv. xv, xx da xxvi.

137 ix. C. Ritter, Die Erdkunde im Verhältnis zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen, oder allgemeine vergleichende Geographie als sichere Grundlage des Studiums und Unterrichts in physikalischen und historischen Wissenschaften. 2 Bde, Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1817-1818.

138 ix. C. Ritter, Die Erdkunde im Verhältnis zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen, oder allgemeine vergleichende Geographie als sichere Grundlage des Studiums und Unterrichts in physikalischen und historischen Wissenschaften. 19 Bde, Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1822-1859.

139 riteri miiCnevs rom amis gamomwvevi erT-erTi mizezi Tavad sityva `geografiaSi~ unda veZioT, romelic sityvasityviT `dedamiwis

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gorc òrganuli mTlianobis principi, romelic mTels gan-msWvalavs~, aseve, Seswavlis obieqtebs Soris arsebuli ur-TierTkavSirebi.140 geografia ar unda iyos mSrali faqtebis usistemo erToblioba, romelic movlenebs izolirebulad ga-nixilavs. geografiam unda ganixilos dedamiwa, rogorc mud-mivi ganviTarebis procesSi myofi da gamoikvlios bunebis ka-nonebi adamianTan da istoriasTan mimarTebaSi.141

adamians riteris geografiaSi centraluri adgili uka-via. es naTlad vlindeba dedamiwaze msjelobisas. geografia, riteris mixedviT, dedamiwas ganixilavs, rogorc adamianuri modgmis sacxovrebel saxls. dedamiwa warmoadgens erTgvar scenas, sadac kacobriobis istoria TamaSdeba.142 adamianis, rogorc centraluri momentis gareSe, buneba geografisaTvis interesis sagans ar warmoadgens, miiCnevda riteri. dedamiwa ara mxolod saukeTesod Seswavlili planetaa, aramed, yvelaze sainteresoc.143 dedamiwa adamianur ZalisxmevaTa asparezi da RvTaebrivi gamocxadebis adgilia. is ara mxolod adamianTa sacxovrebeli saxli, aramed maTi aRsazrdeli adgilicaa.144 ri-teris teleologizmi aq mkveTrad iCens Tavs: dedamiwa adamia-nisTvisaa Seqmnili, is adamianebs aniWebs Zalas da exmareba maT TavianTi daniSnulebis aRsrulebaSi.145 RvTaebrivi gonebisa da

aRweras~ niSnavs. ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. xix. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom riteri geografiis aRsaniSnavad iyenebda termins Erdkunde, rac sityvasityviT `dedamiwismcodneobas~ niSnavs. amiT riterma Tavi aarida humboldtis mier gamoyenebul termins Erdbeschreibung (`dedamiwis aRwera~).

140 ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. xv.141 iqve, gv. xvii; A. Schach, Carl Ritter (1779-1859): Naturphilosophie und Geo-

graphie, gv. 23.142 aq herderis gavlena igrZnoba. ix. J. Birkenhauer, Traditionslinien und

Denkfiguren. Zur Ideengeschichte der sogenannten Klassischen Geographie in Deutschland, gv. 43. a. Saxis mixedviT, saerTo jamSi, herderis (iseve rogorc kantis) gavlena riteris geografiul Sexedulebebze umniSvneloa. ix. A. Schach, Carl Ritter (1779-1859): Naturphilosophie und Geographie, gv. 52-60; ix. aseve, K. E. Müller, Carl Ritter und die Kulturhistorische Völkerkunde Darstellung und Überlegungen, gv. 44.

143 ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. xiv-xv.144 iqve, gv. xvi.145 `Cven mas (igulisxmeba dedamiwa _ g. T.) ganvixilavT ara rogorc

Zalebis, kanonebisa da movlenebis asparezs, aramed rogorc RvTis

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nebis Tanaxmad, buneba adamians morCilebs. am kavSiris Semec-neba mxolod adamianuri modgmis istoriis SeswavliTaa SesaZ-lebeli. saganTa da movlenaTa es ormxrivi kavSiri RvTaebrivi gangebis, da ara SemTxveviTobis Sedegia. bunebis brma Zalebi RvTaebriv nebas rom ar emorCilebodnen, maSin adamianTa modg-ma ukvalod gaqreboda. dedamiwis agebuleba ueWvelad emsaxu-reba adamianTa gvaris SenarCunebasa da srulyofas.146 mxolod

mier boZebul zegardmo ZRvens, romelic SesaniSnavadaa morgebuli Cvens moTxovnilebebs da mSvenierebiTa da saocrebebiTaa aRsavse. is aris RvTaebrivi sibrZnis gamovlineba xiluli samyaros saxiT. ra didebulad aRwera es STagonebulma daviTma 104-e fsalmunSi!~ ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. xvi. riteris teleologizmis Sesaxeb, ix. A. Hettner, Die Geographie. Ihre Geschichte, ihr Wesen und ihre Methoden. Breslau: Ferdinand Hirt, 1927, gv. 302.

146 riteris azriT, es gansakuTrebiT vlindeba kontinentebis ganla-gebaSi. kontinentebs riteri dedamiwis, rogorc mTliani orga-nizmis, individualur nawilebad (Individuen der Erde) miiCnevs. re-gionaluri analizis erTeulad riteri kontinentebs Tvlis. Ti-Toeuli kontinenti sakuTar, ganumeorebel funqcias asrulebs bunebisa da kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi. ix. A. Hettner, Die Geographie. Ihre Geschichte, ihr Wesen und ihre Methoden, gv. 300-301; G. J. Martin, All Possible Worlds. A History of Geographical Ideas, gv. 123. kontinentebis mdebareoba, maTi agebuleba, erTmaneTisagan daSoreba da sxva fa-qtorebi, riteris mixedviT, gavlenas axdens xalxTa ganviTarebaze, mosaxleobis raodenobaze, axali miwebis aTvisebaze, saxelmwifoTa Tavdacvisunarianobaze da a.S. ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. 47: àrsTganmriges kontinentebisaTvis axlandeli mdebareoba rom Seecvala, maSin im dRidan kacobriobis istoriaSi Tvisebrivad axa-li etapi daiwyeboda!~ (iqve) aRniSnulma frazam, SeuZlebelia, ar gagvaxsenos herderis gamonaTqvami landSaftis formebis Sesaxeb (ix. qveTavi 2.3). riteri miiCnevs, rom kontinentebis ganlagebas garkveuli kanonzomiereba udevs safuZvlad, romelic SemdegSi md-gomareobs: CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi xmeleTis masas didi sivrce ukavia, xolo samxreT naxevarsferoSi kontinentebi, ase vTqvaT, ìkumSeba.~ kontinentebis aseT struqturas, riteri, humbold-tis gavleniT, `piramiduls~ uwodebs. kontinentebis piramiduli ganlageba (fuZiT CrdiloeTisaken da wveroTi samxreTisaken) da maTi mimarTuleba universaluri kanonzomierebaa. aseTi ganlage-ba, riteris mixedviT, ganapirobebs dabal temperaturas samxreT naxevarsferoSi, aseve, mosaxleobis mravalricxovnebas CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi samxreT naxevarsferosTan SedarebiT. Tumca, ri-teri mxolod mosaxleobis mravalricxovnebaze miTiTebiT ar Se-moifargleba da CrdiloeT naxevarsferos macxovreblebs, konti-

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zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli geografiuli mecnierebis dafuZneba.147

ar unda vifiqroT, rom riteris teleologizmi warmoad-gens ukan dabrunebas im Teoriebisaken, romelTa uaryofasac kanti cdilobda. riterisaTvis teleologizmi, romelsac sa-fuZvlad qristianuli rwmena udevs, TviTmizani ki ar aris, aramed amosavali punqtia.148 nebismier mecnierebas sWirdeba

nentebis piramiduli struqturis safuZvelze, ukeTes mentalur da moralur SesaZleblobebs miawers. ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geo-graphy, gv. 48-49. aq riteri aSkarad Ralatobs sakuTar princips, romlis Tanaxmad, geografiuli kvleva-Zieba, upirveles yovlisa, dakvirvebebs unda eyrdnobodes da evropocentrizmis tyveobaSi eqceva. `piramiduli struqtura~ da mimarTuleba Tavs iCens ara mxolod kontinentebis ganlagebasa da maT moxazulobaSi, aramed, calkeuli kontinentebis farglebSic: evropaSi aRniSnuli kanonis dadasturebad riteri pireneis, apeninis, skandinaviisa da yirimis naxevarkunZulebs miiCnevs, xolo aziaSi (kidev ufro didi masSta-biT) _ arabeTis, indoeTis, koreisa da kamCatkis naxevarkunZulebs. rac Seexeba did britaneTs, riteri mas gamonaklisad Tvlis im mizeziT, rom ès kunZuli dRemde gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove civilizaciis ganviTarebaSi.~ ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. 49. riteris kontinentebis Sesaxeb Teoriis kriti-kisaTvis ix. A. Hettner, Die Geographie. Ihre Geschichte, ihr Wesen und ihre Methoden, gv. 303-306.

147 ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. xvii.148 sruliad sapirispiro Tvalsazriss iziarebs i. birkenhaueri. ix.

J. Birkenhauer, Traditionslinien und Denkfiguren. Zur Ideengeschichte der soge-nannten Klassischen Geographie in Deutschland, gv. 43-48. igi daJinebiT cdilobs, riteri maincdamainc `struqturul geodeterministad~ gamoiyvanos da germanuli geografiis ganviTarebaSi misi roli herderis xarjze daakninos. birkenhaueri gamoyofs posibilistur motivebs riteris naazrevSi, Tumca maT meorexarisxovan mniSvne-lobas aniWebs. igi, aseve, ar iTvaliswinebs aleqsandre fon hum-boldtis damokidebulebas riteris mimarT (saerTod, ucnauria, rom mis naSromSi humboldtma adgili ver hpova), romelic, ro-gorc zemoT aRiniSna, sakmaod dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili riteris mimarT da arc a. hetneris mier riteris Sefasebas. hetneris az-riT, riteri iyo pirveli moazrovne, romelmac dedamiwis sivrce-Ta srulyofili sistema warmoadgina da am dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia am sivrceebis mTlianobiT xasiaTs. ix. A. Hettner, Die Geographie. Ihre Geschichte, ihr Wesen und ihre Methoden, gv. 299. ri-teris Sesaxeb birkenhaueris Sexedulebebis kritikisaTvis ix. A. Schach, Carl Ritter (1779-1859): Naturphilosophie und Geographie, gv. 59; ri-

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ìdealuri safuZveli~, romelsac is daemyareba. es safuZve-li aris rwmena.149 amrigad, qristianuli rwmena da masTan da-kavSirebuli teleologizmi riterTan fundamentis rols as-rulebs, romelsac geografiuli mecniereba emyareba. Tavad geografia, riteris mixedviT, empiriuli mecnierebaa. kvleva dakvirvebebs unda emyarebodes da ara Teorias. dakvirvebe-bis meSveobiT unda Semowmdes arsebuli geografiuli codna da Semdgomi kvlevac dakvirvebebs unda daemyaros.150 wminda mecniereba, romelic mxolod gonebis principebs efuZneba da gamocdilebas ar eyrdnoba, ver iqneba geografia. am ukanask-nelis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi dakvirvebidan (dakvirvebaTa rigidan) sxva dakvirvebaze (dakvirvebaTa rigze) gadasvliT da ara Sexedulebidan an hipoTezidan dakvirvebaze gadasvliT. erTi sityviT, riteri induqciis momxrea da fi-losofiuri spekulaciebisa da deduqciis winaaRmdegi. Tumca, amas xeli ar SeuSlia riterisaTvis, sakuTari metafizikuri spekulaciebi ganeviTarebina, rodesac dedamiwis Sesaxeb msje-lobda.151

garda imisa, rom dedamiwa adamianisTvisaa Seqmnili da adamianuri modgmis SenarCunebas emsaxureba, riteri moiTxovs, rom is ganvixiloT, rogorc `TiTqmis cocxali organizmi~.152 dedamiwis nawilebis da mis zedapirze arsebul movlenebze uwinaresia dedamiwis, rogorc mTlianis cneba, romelic Ta-visTavad da TavisTvis arsebobs. rogorc organuli arseba, is viTardeba da ufro srulyofili da mSvenieri xdeba Sinagani aucileblobis wyalobiT. odnav qvemoT riteri ganmartavs, Tu ras gulisxmobs `TiTqmis cocxali organizmis~ bundovan cne-baSi: dedamiwaze sicocxlis Tesli RmerTis mieraa movlinebu-li. es sasicocxlo Zala dedamiwas TandaTan gardaqmnis da mas adamianisaTvis ufro da ufro Sesaferis adgilad aqcevs. de-

teris deterministobis uaryofisaTvis ix. K. E. Müller, Carl Ritter und die Kulturhistorische Völkerkunde Darstellung und Überlegungen, gv. 34. is garemoeba, rom riteri teleologisti iyo, sruliad ar amcirebs mis wvlils geografiis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.

149 ix. A. Schach, Carl Ritter (1779-1859): Naturphilosophie und Geographie, gv. 27-28.

150 ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. xviii. 151 ix. A. Schach, Carl Ritter (1779-1859): Naturphilosophie und Geographie, gv.

25-26.

152 ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. xxi.

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damiwas eTikuri daniSnuleba aqvs.153 sivrceSi arsebuli SesaZ-leblobebis SecnobiT adamiani ara mxolod TviTon viTardeba, aramed sakuTari codnis realizaciis meSveobiT, sivrcesac aviTarebs. ganviTarebis ideas safuZvlad udevs RmerTisadmi pasuxismgeblobis principi.154

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, riterisaTvis teleologizmi amosavali wanamZRvaria. Sesabamisad, dedamiwaze msjelobis Semdeg, riters mkafiod unda ganesazRvra geografiis Seswav-lis sagani. geografias ainteresebs dedamiwa ara sxva ciur sxeulebTan mimarTebaSi, aramed rogorc TavisTavadi da Ta-visTvis arsebuli (rogorc amas dedamiwis cneba gulisxmobs). `ge~ TavsarTi `geografiaSi~ imTaviTve miuTiTebs dedamiwis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas am mecnierebisaTvis. Sesabam-isad, geografia Seiswavlis dedamiwas mis mTlianobaSi (mis Tvisebebs, movlenebsa da maT Soris arsebul kavSirebs), ro-gorc damoukidebel erTeuls da aCvenebs am erTiani mTlianis mimarTebas adamianTan da mis SemoqmedTan anu RmerTTan.155 am-rigad, geografia movlenaTa pozitiur gadmocemas ki ar unda eswrafodes, aramed man unda auxsnas adamianebs dedamiwis, am erTiani organizmis, arseba.156

geografiis Seswavlis obieqtis gansazRvrebiT riteri axerxebs misTvis saTanado adgilis miCenas sxva mecnierebebs Soris. adre geografia iTvleboda istoriis, politikisa da samxedro mecnierebebis, bunebismetyvelebisa da vaWrobis damxmare disciplinad, romelsac damoukidebeli Seswavlis sa-gani ar gaaCnda. is aRniSnul dargebs mza masalebs awvdida am masalebisadmi sistemuri midgomis gareSe. geografiis saxelmZ-Rvaneloebi warmoadgenda kompendiumebs, sadac masala yovel-gvari sistematizaciisa da Sedarebis gareSe iyo Tavmoyrili, es leqsikonebi ufro iyo, vidre saxelmZRvaneloebi.157 aseT viTa-

153 iqve; ix., aseve, A. Schach, Carl Ritter (1779-1859): Naturphilosophie und Geographie, gv. 28; A. Hettner, Die Geographie. Ihre Geschichte, ihr Wesen und ihre Methoden, gv. 300.

154 ix. E. Plewe, Carl Ritter. Neuere Forschungen von Ernst Plewe, gv. 53-54.155 ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. xx.156 ix. A. Schach, Carl Ritter (1779-1859): Naturphilosophie und Geographie, gv. 27.157 ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. xxii-xxiv. riteri did mniSvne-

lobas aniWebda geografiis swavlebis da, zogadad, didaqtikisa da pedagogikis sakiTxebs. sauniversiteto karieris dawyebamde rite-ri aqtiur pedagogiur saqmianobas eweoda: 1798-1813 wlebSi igi

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rebaSi, rodesac geografia sxva mecnierebebis msaxuris rols asrulebs, geografia, SesaZloa iyos rogorc istoria, aseve, statistika, fizika da kidev sxva mravali mecniereba. magram, riteris mixedviT, aseTi viTareba damRupvelia geografiisaT-vis. is ver SeZlebs yvela mecnierebis agregatad arsebobas da `nairferovan mozaikad~ darCenas. dezintegraciuli Zalebisa-gan Tavis dasaRwevad is erT myar princips unda CaeWidos. es principia bunebis yvela movlenisa da formis damokidebuleba adamianTa modgmasTan.158

riteris naazrevSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia geo-grafiisa da istoriis urTierTmimarTebas. `SedarebiT geo-grafiaSi~ erT-erTi qveTavis saTauria ìstoriuli elementi geografiaSi.~ aq riteris ZiriTadi Tezisi aseTia: adamianTa modgma ufro da ufro Tavisufldeba bunebis Zalebis ze-gavlenisagan. calkeuli regionebis da mTeli kontinentebis istoria, riteris mixedviT, amas adasturebs.159 dedamiwis ze-

frankfurteli bankiris, holvegis vaJebis kerZo maswavlebeli iyo (imave periodSi igi aswavlida, aseve, cnobili frankfurteli ana-tomisa da qirurgis, ziomeringis vaJsac). riteri piradad icnobda cnobil Sveicariel pedagogs, iohan hainrix pestalocis (1746-1827 ww.). pestalocis pedagogiurma Sexedulebebma garkveuli zegavle-na iqonies riterze. ix. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussen-seiter – Gelehrte, gv. 106-110; E. Plewe, Carl Ritter. Neuere Forschungen von Ernst Plewe, gv. 17-23; A. Schach, Carl Ritter (1779-1859): Naturphilosophie und Geographie, gv. 61-72. riterisaTvis geografia saswavlo disci-plinaa da is adamianis zneobriv srulyofas emsaxureba. berlinis universitetSi moRvaweobis periodSi riteri Tanabari yuradRe-biT ekideboda rogorc kvlevas, aseve, swavlebas. ix. A. Schach, Carl Ritter (1779-1859): Naturphilosophie und Geographie, gv. 24 da 99; K. E. Müller, Carl Ritter und die Kulturhistorische Völkerkunde Darstellung und Über-legungen, gv. 26-28.

158 ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. xxvii-xxviii; A. Schach, Carl Ritter (1779-1859): Naturphilosophie und Geographie, gv. 24. am mimarTebiT riteri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs eTnografiaze da mas ̀ geografiis udides damxmares~ uwodebs. ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. xxviii.

159 Sdr. C. Ritter, Einleitung zur allgemeinen vergleichenden Geographie, und Abhandlungen zur Begründung einer mehr wissenschaftlichen Behandlung der Erdkunde. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1852, gv. 152 da Smd.; C. Ritter, Compara-tive Geography, gv. 58-68. riteri ganixilavs dedamiwis sxvadasxva regionebze adamianTa aqtivobis Sedegebs: nilosis qviSiani xeoba egviptelebis Sromis Sedegad nayofier miwebad iqca; alpebi, rom-

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dapiris Seswavlas win unda uswrebdes istoriuli ganviTare-bis analizi. awmyos analizs warsulis analizi unda uswreb-des win. riterisaTvis empiriuli realobis Seswavla analizis dros istoriuli momentis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs,160 rac, Tavis mxriv, istoriuli wyaroebis (aq Sedis mogzaurTa Canawe-rebic) kritikul analizs gulisxmobs.161 amrigad, geografiis

lebic erT dros evropis samxreTsa da CrdiloeTs erTmaneTisagan acalkevebda, turistebis sayvareli dasasvenebeli adgili gaxda; saharis udabno saqaravno gzebma dasera; zRvebi ki ar acalkeveben kontinentebs, rogorc adre iyo, aramed, sazRvao teqnologiebis ganviTarebis wyalobiT, isini damakavSireblis rols asruleben. Tu asi wlis win CineTamde mogzaurobas rva Tve sWirdeboda, axla igive manZilis dafarvas oTxi Tve sWirdeba; samyaros gancalkeve-buli nawilebi erTmaneTs mWidrod daukavSirda: xorblis mosava-li avstraliaSi gansazRvravs puris fass londonSi, xolo bambis fasi amerikaSi gansazRvravs saqonlis fass evropaSi. zemoTqmu-li mianiSnebs imaze, rom drom didi zegavlena moaxdina dedamiwis geografiul ganviTarebaze. Tumca, es zegavlena dedamiwis yve-la nawilze erTnairi rodia. zogierTi adgili da eri aRmavlo-bas ganicdis, zogierTi ki _ ara. evropa qveynis yvelaze ufro progresuli nawilia. danawevrebulma sanapiro zolma xeli Seuwyo zRvaosnobis ganviTarebas da evropas gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moupova. magram riteri qveynis sxva nawilebze evropis mudmivi dominantobis momxre rodia. igi sxva regionebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobasac aRiarebs. magaliTad, misi azriT, centraluri afrikis istoria Tavidan bolomde momavlis kuTvnilebaa. qveynis am nawilis potenciali jer kidev araa realizebuli, Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom es amocana ganuxorcieleblia. ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. 59-64. aseve, Zveli samyaro Semamzadebeli safexuri iyo axali samyarosaTvis. amerikis aRmoCeniT axali etapi iwyeba kacobriobis istoriaSi (iqve, gv. 56). garda amisa, riteri optimisturdaa ganwyobili teqnikuri progresis mimarT. suecisa da panamis arxebis mSenebelobas; uralis, kavkasionisa da himalais mTaTa sistemebis gzebiT daqselvas; rkinigzebis mSeneblobas cen-traluri afrikis platoze igi gardauval movlenad miiCnevs (iqve, gv. 66). teqnikuri progresisadmi optimisturi damokidebuleba kidev ufro mkveTradaa gamokveTili e. kapTan, romelsac qvemoT sagangebo qveTavi eTmoba (2.8).

160 mkvlevarebi miuTiTeben msgavsebaze, romelic, am mimarTebiT, germaneli filosofosis, f. v. Selingisa da riteris naazrevs Soris arsebobs. ix. A. Schach, Carl Ritter (1779-1859): Naturphilosophie und Geographie, gv. 30.

161 iqve, gv. 29-30.

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amocanas empiriuli da istoriuli mocemulobebis analizi da maTi sinTezi warmoadgens.

kacobriobis istoriul ganviTarebaSi riteri gansakuTre-bul mniSvnelobas aniWebs regions, romelic àRmosavleTis, dasavleTisa da tropikuli samxreTis dapirispirebis sazRvar-ze~ mdebareobs. riters mxedvelobaSi aqvs teritoria ìndoe-Tis mTianeTidan italiamde da nilosidan donamde, evfratisa da gihonis162 xeobebis CaTvliT. aRniSnul regions riteri ka-cobriobis azrovnebisa da kulturis akvnad miiCnevs.163 azia-afro-amerikulma sartyelma udidesi gavlena moaxdina kaco-briobis istoriaze, rasebisa da enebis gansxvavebaze, axali teritoriebis aTvisebaze da a.S.164 SemdgomSi progresma cen-traluri regionidan periferiebisaken gadainacvla. kultu-ruli ganviTarebis riteriseuli modeli mzardi koncentruli wreebis saxiT SegviZlia warmovidginoT, romelic centralu-ri regionis irgvliv xorcieldeba.165 ganviTarebis es modeli, riteris mixedviT, naTlad aCvenebs kulturuli ganviTarebis damokidebulebas geografiul pirobebze.166 am kavSiris gareSe

162 md. gihoni (gixoni) Zvel aRTqmaSia naxsenebi im oTx mdinareTa So-ris, romlebic edemis baRidan gamoedineba: `meore mdinaris sa-xelia gixoni; igi gars uvlis mTels quSis qveyanas~ (dab. 2:13). cnobilia, rom `quSis qveyana~ eTiopiaa. Tavad riteri, `gihonSi~, savaraudod, md. amudarias gulisxmobs. Sdr. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction: Reason in History. Translated by H. B. Nisbet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, gv. 192.

163 riteri ratomRac ar asaxelebs mdinareebis, xuanxesa da ianZis xeobebs, romlebSic uZvelesi civilizaciebi jer kidev Zv. w. VI aTaswleulSi warmoiSva.

164 ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. 67. rogori damoukidebelic ar unda Candes axali samyarosa da avstraliis ganviTareba, maTi istoriis Seswavlisas, riteris mixedviT, aucilebelia, gaTval-iswinebul iqnes maTi mimarTeba Zvel samyarosTan (iqve, gv. 68).

165 ix. K. E. Müller, Carl Ritter und die Kulturhistorische Völkerkunde Darstellung und Überlegungen, gv. 36.

166 riteri darwmunebuli iyo, rom kulturis istoriaze garemo pirobebi did zegavlenas axdenda: `calkeuli mxaris zegavlena misi macxovreblebis raodenobaze, kanis ferze, metyvelebasa da temperamentze, aSkaraa. [...] xalxSi airekleba is qveyana, sadac es xalxi cxovrobs.~ ix. C. Ritter, Comparative Geography, gv. xviii. ix., aseve, K. E. Müller, Carl Ritter und die Kulturhistorische Völkerkunde Darstellung und Überlegungen, gv. 31-32.

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istoriul movlenaTa msvleloba sruliad gansxvavebuli gziT warimarTeboda. kulturuli progresi calsaxad daiwyo `geo-grafiuli centridan~, anu im regionidan, romlis arealic ze-moT iqna mocemuli.167

riters didi damsaxureba miuZRvis geografiis ganviTare-baSi. Tavis `dedamiwismcodneobaSi~ man sistemurad ganixila dedamiwis zedapiri, rogorc bunebisa da istoriuli qmnado-bis asparezi da mkveTrad gamijna geografiis Seswavlis sagani da kvlevis meTodebi sxva mecnierebebisagan.168 sxvadasxva dros riteris leqciebs eswrebodnen helmut fon moltke, karl mar-qsi, kompozitori feliqs mendelson-berToldi, cnobili ger-maneli egviptologi hainrix karl brugSi da sxvebi. riteris moswavleebi iyvnen cnobili geografebi, elize rekliu (1830-1905 ww.) da arnold giio (1807-1884 ww.).169

riteris kolega berlinis universitetSi iyo misi ufrosi Tanamedrove, gamoCenili germaneli filosofosi, georg vil-helm fridrix hegeli, romelic am universitetSi 1818 wli-dan gardacvalebamde (1831 w.) moRvaweobda. momdevno qveTavSi ganxilulia hegelis Sexedulebebi istoriis, geografiisa da filosofiis urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb.

167 ix. K. E. Müller, Carl Ritter und die Kulturhistorische Völkerkunde Darstellung und Überlegungen, gv. 31-32.

168 ix. E. Plewe, Carl Ritter. Neuere Forschungen von Ernst Plewe, gv. 38-39. 169 riteris sicocxleSi misi Sexedulebebi gaakritika iulius frio-

belma Tavis naSromSi `geografiuli mecnierebebis sistemis mona-xazi~ (1836 w.). friobeli ewinaaRmdegeboda riteris regionalur midgomas. igi geografiis amocanad dedamiwis zedapiris sistema-tur aRweras miiCnevda da am mxriv, axlos idga a. fon humboldti-sa da i. kantis SexedulebebTan. Tumca, friobelis kritikas (iseve, rogorc riteris pasuxs), samecniero wreebSi gamoxmaureba ar mo-hyolia. im periodis geografebi riters, ZiriTadad, `dedamiwis-mcodneobaSi~ ganviTarebuli azrebiT afasebdnen da yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen erTi SexedviT `wvrilman~ meTodologiur kamaTs. ix. R. Hartshorne, The Concept of Geography as a Science of Space, from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner, gv. 102-103; A. Schach, Carl Ritter (1779-1859): Naturphilosophie und Geographie, gv. 34-36; M. Church, Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography, gv. 33-34.

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2.7. georg vilhelm fridrix hegeli: `msoflio istoriis geografiuli safuZveli~

Tavis naSromSi `leqciebi msoflio istoriis filosofiis Sesaxeb~ (1822 w. da Smd.), hegelma calke Tavi dauTmo isto-riisa da geografiis kavSiris ganxilvas. aRniSnul Tavs ewo-deba `msoflio istoriis geografiuli safuZveli.~170

dasawyisSi hegeli gadmoscems zogad wanamZRvars, rom-lis Tanaxmad, msoflio istoria warmoadgens sulis ideas, romelic realobaSi garegani formebis Tanmimdevrobis saxiT vlindeba. Sesabamisad, yoveli xalxi, romelic sulis ganvi-Tarebis konkretul safexurs ganasaxierebs, ers warmoadgens. TviTcnobierebis safexuri, romelsac suli aRwevs, msoflio istoriaSi erovnuli sulis anu mocemul momentSi arsebuli eris saxiT mJRavndeba. TviTcnobierebis es safexuri drosa da sivrceSi arsebobs. TiToeul msoflio-istoriul ers gan-sxvavebuli principi aqvs. yoveli kerZo erovnuli principi bunebriv gansazRvrulobas eqvemdebareba. ase rom, is bune-brivi principis saxiTac gvevlineba. gansxvavebuli erovnuli sulebi drosa da sivrceSi gancalkevebulad arseboben. am mimarTebiT, bunebrivi konteqstis gavlena anu suliersa da bunebrivs (erovnul suliskveTebas da a. S.) Soris damokide-buleba sagrZnobi xdeba. es damokidebuleba wmindad garegnu-li formisaa, Tumca is msoflio sulis moZraobis aucilebel safuZvels warmoadgens.171

sulis ganviTarebis konkretul safexurs hegelTan konkretuli bunebrivi forma Seesatyviseba. es konkretuloba bunebrivi principis anu konkretuli bunebrivi gansazRvru-lobis saxiT arsebobs. bunebrivi eqsistenciis dros, hegelis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia gamovyoT ganmsazRvreli realobis ori aspeqti: erTi mxriv, eris bunebrivi neba anu misi subieq-turi dispozicia; meore mxriv, konkretulad arsebuli gare-

170 hegelis Sexedulebebze garkveuli zegavlena moaxdina herderis naazrevma. h. Snaideris mixedviT, ès maSinac vlindeba, rodesac hegeli pirdapir herderze ar uTiTebs.~ ix. h. Snaideri, `filoso-fiuri geografia: wylis mniSvneloba istoriisaTvis _ evropa da azia~, gv. 50.

171 ix. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction: Reason in History, gv. 152.

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gani bunebis forma. radgan bunebrivi gansazRvrulobis farg-lebSi adamiani ar aris Tavisufali, igi, SesaZloa, aRvweroT, rogorc grZnobaTa qmnileba. grZnobaTa samyaro, aseve, ori aspeqtisagan Sedgeba: subieqturoba da garegnuli buneba. es ukanaskneli SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc geografiuli aspeqti.172

Semdeg hegeli gadadis im gansxvavebebis ganxilvaze, rom-lebic bunebaSi arsebobs. am gansxvavebebs igi ganixilavs ro-gorc SesaZleblobebs, saidanac suli viTardeba. es SesaZle-blobebi sulis geografiul safuZvels qmnis. eris xasiaTi vlindeba imiT, Tu ra adgils ikavebs is msoflio istoriaSi. hegeli uaryofs Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmad eris xasiaTis formirebaSi gadamwyvet rols garemo pirobebi asrulebs. klimatis zegavlenas gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba ar unda mi-vaniWoT. hegels mohyavs ioniis sanapiro zolis magaliTi. gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, ioniis rbilma klimat-ma warmoSva homerosi da xeli Seuwyo misi poemebis suraTo-vnebas. Tumca, ioniis klimats SemdgomSi homerosebi ar war-mouSvia, gansakuTrebiT ki Turqebis mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, SeniSnavs hegeli.173

miuxedavad amisa, hegeli klimatis garkveul zegavlenas mainc aRiarebs: cxeli da civi regionebi ver iqneba adamianuri Tavisuflebis an msoflio-istoriuli mniSvnelobis mqone erebis safuZveli. radgan adamiani, upirveles yovlisa, grZno-baTa qmnilebaa, bunebasTan grZnobadi kavSiris fonze, man unda SeZlos Sinagani Tavisuflebis miRweva. magram iq, sadac buneba sakmaod Zlieria, igi amas ver SeZlebs.174 mkacri bune-brivi pirobebi ar aris xelsayreli sulieri ganviTarebisaT-vis. hegeli uTiTebs aristoteleze, romlis Tanaxmad, adamiani mxolod arsebiTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg iw-yebs amaRlebul sagnebze fiqrs.175 cxel da civ zonebSi adami-anze bunebaa gabatonebuli. amgvar klimatur pirobebSi bunebis Zala sakmaod didia imisaTvis, raTa adamianma bunebisagan Ta-vis daRweva SeZlos an sakuTari Zalebis mobilizeba moaxdinos

172 iqve, gv. 153.

173 iqve, gv. 154. ix., aseve, h. Snaideri, `filosofiuri geografia~, gv. 71.

174 ix. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction: Reason in History, gv. 154.

175 Sdr. aristotele, `metafizika~, A, 982b11-982b28.

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mis winaaRmdeg. aseT regionebSi adamiani iZulebulia, mTeli yuradReba bunebisadmi hqondes mipyrobili. civi da cxeli regionebi ar aris is asparezi, sadac, SesaZloa, msoflio is-toria ganviTardes. aseTi ukiduresobebi SeuTavsebelia su-lier TavisuflebasTan. msoflio istoriis msvleloba zomier sartyelSi (gansakuTrebiT ki, zomieri sartylis CrdiloeT nawilSi) xorcieldeba.176

istoriisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi bunebrivi gansazRvru-lobebidan hegeli xmeleTsa da zRvas gamoyofs. xmeleTze sami ZiriTadi forma SeiZleba gamoiyos: 1. zegani; 2. dablobi, sa-dac mdinare gaedineba; 3. sanapiro regioni. pirveli maTgani _ zegani _ Caketili da amorfulia. zeganze, ZiriTadad, nomadu-ri tomebi cxovroben. isini ar arian miwas mijaWvulebi da maT Soris xSiria urTierTdapirispireba. mTiani garemo xels uwy-obs mis macxovreblebSi simamacisa da damoukideblobis grZno-bis ganviTarebas. maTi cxovrebis wesi patriarqaluria da maT ar gaaCniaT samarTlebrivi sistema, romelic daaregulirebda urTierTobebs macxovreblebs Soris.177

xmeleTis meore forma dablobia, sadac wyaluxvi mdinare gaedineba. mdinaris mier Camotanili Slamis Sedegad niadagi aseT dablobze nayofieria. nayofieri niadagi xels uwyobs soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas da momTabare cxovrebis we-sidan mkvidr cxovrebaze gadasvlas. adamianTa moTxovnilebebi mxolod awmyoTi rodia Semofargluli. sezonuri monacvleo-ba, romelic dablobSi ufro mkveTradaa gamoxatuli, adami-anebs samuSao iaraRebis Seqmnisa da momavlis gaTvaliswinebi-saken ubiZgebs. swored aseTi dablobi warmoadgens civili-zaciis centrs, sadac pirvelad Cndeba Sinagani Tavisufleba. es Tavisufleba Tavisi konkretulobiT gansxvavdeba zeganze macxovrebeli nomaduri tomebis abstraqtuli Tavisuflebisa-gan.178

herderisagan gansxvavebiT, hegeli miiCnevs, rom wyali (mdinareebi, zRvebi, okeaneebi) ar gvevlineba bunebriv ganma-calkevebel faqtorad gansxvavebul xalxebs Soris. piriqiT, wyali aerTianebs, miiCnevs hegeli. bunebrivi mijnis funqcias

176 ix. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction: Reason in History, gv. 155. ix., aseve, h. Snaideri, `filosofiuri geografia~, gv. 68-70.

177 ix. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, gv. 156-158. 178 iqve, gv. 158-159; h. Snaideri, `filosofiuri geografia~, gv. 59-62.

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mxolod mTagrexilebi asrulebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT hegeli ganixilavs xmeleTis mesame

formas _ sanapiro regions _ da damokidebulebas xmeleTsa da zRvas Soris. zRva xels uwyobs vaWrobisa da naosnobis gan-viTarebas. is adamianebSi gabedulebas aRZravs: vaWrebi, rom-lebic Soreul qveynebSi miemgzavrebian, sakuTar sicocxles gamudmebiT safrTxeSi agdeben.179

Zveli da axali samyaros ganxilvisas hegeli evropocen-tristad gvevlineba. igi gamudmebiT xazs usvams amerikis kon-tinentis macxovreblebis CamorCenilobasa da adgilobrivi florisa da faunis Canasaxovan mdgomareobas.180 rac Seexeba Zvel samyaros, hegeli mis Semadgenel qveynis nawilebs (evropa, azia, afrika) xmelTaSua zRvis irgvliv ajgufebs. xmelTaSua zRvis magaliTze hegeli aCvenebs, rom zRva damakavSireblis funqcias asrulebs: saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xmelTaSua zRva Zveli samyaros centrad rCeboda. magram misi mniSvneloba mxo-lod Zveli samyaroTi rodi Semoifargleba: xmelTaSua zRva, aseve, msoflio istoriis centrs warmoadgens. msoflio isto-ria mis gareSe warmoudgeneli iqneboda. iulius keisris mier galiis dapyroba epoqaluri movlenaa, radgan amis Sedegad ev-ropis danarCeni nawili xmelTaSua zRvis piras mdebare civi-lizaciebis gavlenis qveS moeqca.181

Zveli samyaros Semadgenel nawilebs hegeli xmeleTis rome-lime formis dominanturobis principis Tanaxmad ganixilavs: afrikaSi gabatonebuli xmeleTis forma zegania, rasac hegeli kulturul CamorCenilobasTan aigivebs; aziaSi xmeleTis ori formis _ zeganisa da dablobis _ dapirispireba antiTeziss qmnis, magram dominanturi principi iq mainc dablobia, sadac wyaluxvi mdinareebi gaedineba; rac Seexeba evropas, is samive principis (zegani, dablobi, sanapiro regioni) erTianobas ga-

179 ix. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, gv. 159-161; h. Snaideri, `filosofiuri geografia~, gv. 62-65.

180 ix. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, gv. 163-171. miuxedavad amisa, hegeli amerikas momavlis kontinents uwodebs (iqve, gv. 170).

181 ix. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, gv. 171-172; h. Snaideri, `filosofiuri geografia~, gv. 51-56. erT saukuneze meti xnis Semdeg, karl Smitma, Tavis naSromSi `xmeleTi da zRva~ (1942 w.), analogiur aspeqtebze gaamaxvila yuradReba (ix. qveTavi 3.3).

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nasaxierebs.182 hegeli aq karl riteris zegavlenas ganicdis, romelzec miuTiTebs kidec. riteris msgavsad, romelic yovel kontinents garkveul funqcias aniWebda, hegelisTvisac qvey-nis nawilebi garkveuli principis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens: afrikaSi yvelaze mkveTrad gamoxatuli grZnobadi princip-ia, aq didi fizikuri Zala TviTcnobierebis dabal safexurs Seesatyviseba. azia antiTezisia; dapirispirebis polusebze, erTi mxriv, eTikuri cxovrebis wesia, romelic mudam ucvle-li rCeba, meore mxriv ki, misi sapirispiro _ egotizmi, dauk-mayofilebel survilTa uricxvi raodenoba da Tavisuflebis ganvrcobisaken dauokebeli swrafva. rac Seexeba evropas, is ganasaxierebs sulier erTianobas, usazRvro Tavisuflebis uaryofas da konkretulisaken mibrunebas, konkretulobis universalur principamde aRmasvlas, sulis sakuTar TavTan dabrunebas. hegelis azriT, aRniSnuli gansxvavebebi riter-is mieraa formulirebuli da gamoxatuli. igi miiCnevs, rom riteris Sromebi sagulisxmo cnobebs Seicavs geografiis is-toriuli wanamZRvrebis Sesaxeb.183 amrigad, hegelTan Zveli samyaros nawilebis morfologiur agebulebas macxovrebelTa moraluri cxovrebis wesi da TviTcnobierebis ganviTarebis safexurebi Seesatyviseba. evropa morfologiurad yvelaze ufro srulqmnilia, Sesabamisad, sulis ganviTareba swored aq aRwevs kulminacias.184

igive SeiZleba iTqvas msoflio istoriis ganviTarebis Ses-axebac. afrika ar aris msoflio istoriis ganviTarebis ad-gili. garemo pirobebi, romlebSic Savkanianebi cxovroben, gamoricxavs maT Soris kulturis ganviTarebas da msoflio-istoriuli erebis Camoyalibebas. grZnobaTa dominireba qvey-nis am nawilis macxovreblebze xels uSlis moraluri prin-cipebis formulirebas. afrika àraistoriuli kontinentia.~185

182 ix. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, gv. 172; h. Snaideri, `filosofiuri geografia~, gv. 56-57.

183 momdevno gverdebze afrikis ganxilvisas, hegeli aRniSnavs, rom afrikis saukeTeso zogadgeografiuli aRwera riters ekuTvnis. ix. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, gv. 176.

184 iqve, gv. 173.

185 iqve, gv. 190. afrikis CrdiloeT nawils, romelic istoriulad Zvel samyaros ekuTvnoda (egvipte, karTageni) hegeli arc ki Tvlis sakuTriv afrikad: karTageni finikiuri kolonia iyo, xolo egvipturi kultura warmoadgenda sulis aRmosavleTidan

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azia msoflio istoriis `namdvili asparezia~.186 aq bune-bisa da sulis samyaroebi istoriul mTlianobas qmnian. aziis fizikuri agebuleba, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, absolutur antiTezisebs da maT Soris arsebiT kavSirebs warmoadgens. sx-vadasxva geografiuli principebi aziaSi srulyofil formebs qmnis. aziis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba mTis xeobebs da maT macxovreblebs, romlebic dablobsa da mTian zegans Soris cxovroben. zeganisa da mTis xeobis mac-xovreblebi ganuwyvetliv eswrafvian nayofieri niadagis mqone uxvwylian dablobebs da nomaduri cxovrebis mkvidri cxovre-bis wesiT Secvlas. am gziT, bunebrivad gansxvavebuli regione-bi istoriul procesSi erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian.187

evropaSi fizikuri gansxvavebebi iseT kontrastebs ar qm-nis, rogorc aziaSi. garda amisa, zRva evropis istoriaSi yo-velTvis mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda, rasac ver vityviT aziis Sesaxeb. zRvis principma evropis politikur cxovrebaSi individualuri Tavisuflebis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli.188

amrigad, hegelisTvis msoflio istorias geografiuli safuZveli gaaCnia. am safuZvlis farglebSi suli axorcie-lebs Tavis svlas Tavisuflebisaken. geografiuli safuZveli istoriis msvlelobas ar gansazRvravs, is istoriis msvlelo-bas Seesatyviseba. hegelTan es kargad Cans zRvis magaliTze. `zRva adamians dapyrobisa da Zarcvisaken, aseve, sargeblis mi-Rebisa da qonebis moxveWisaken mouwodebs.~189 magram evropaSi zRvaosnoba ganviTarda, CineTSi ki _ ara. CinelebisaTvis zRva, ubralod, xmeleTis dasasrulia.190 es imitom, rom hegelTan msoflio istoria, romelic Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebis istoriacaa, aRmosavleTSi iwyeba da Semdgom dasavleTis mi-marTulebiT moZraobs.191 amrigad, aRmosavleTidan dasavle-

dasavleTisaken svlis erT-erT safexurs da mas ̀ afrikul sulTan~ aranairi Sexeba ar hqonia (iqve).

186 ix. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, gv. 190. 187 iqve, gv. 191-194.

188 iqve, gv. 196.

189 iqve, gv. 160.

190 iqve, gv. 161.

191 iqve, gv. 196 da Smd.; h. Snaideri, ̀ Tavisuflebis istoria hegelTan~. // T. iremaZe (red.), `ra aris Tavisufleba? didi moazrovneebi Tavisuflebis arsis Sesaxeb~. Tbilisi: `nekeri~, 2010 w., gv. 36-61;

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giorgi TavaZe

Tisaken svlis dros, msoflio istorias Sesatyvisi geogra-fiuli safuZveli xvdeba, romelzec is moZraobs. msoflio istoria, aziis gavliT, kulminacias evropaSi aRwevs. amis sa-fuZvels evropis landSafturi formebis erTianoba qmnis.192

hegelis Sexedulebebi msoflio istoriis geografiuli safuZvlebis Sesaxeb metad nayofieri aRmoCnda: XX saukuneSi amis magaliTebia germaneli samarTalmcodne da filosofosi karl Smiti (1888-1985 ww.) da gamoCenili frangi istoriko-si fernand brodeli (1902-1985 ww.). pirvelma Tavis `xmeleTsa da zRvaSi~ ganavrco hegelis ZiriTadi debulebebi istori-isa da geografiis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, rac qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli. rac Seexeba brodels, igi Tavis monumentur naSromSi `xmelTaSuazRvispireTi da misi samyaro filipe II epoqaSi~ xmelTaSua zRvis fizikuri Taviseburebebis ganxilvas pirveli tomis TiTqmis mTel pirvel nawils uTmobs, rac 250 gverds aRemateba.193 hegelis debulebam, romlis Ta-naxmad geografia msoflio istoriis safuZvels warmoadgens, brodelTan TvalsaCino gamoxatuleba hpova.

Tumca, hegelis naazrevi geografiisa da filosofiis Se-saxeb ukve XIX saukuneSi metad originalurad da sainteresod ganaviTara misma mimdevarma, ernst kapma (1808-1896 ww.).

E. Holenstein, Philosophie-Atlas: Orte und Wege des Denkens, gv. 48-49. 192 ix. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, gv. 194-196.

m. Svindi miiCnevs, rom hegelis ganazrebebSi geografiuli garemos Sesaxeb, SesaZlebelia, ori aspeqti gamovyoT: 1. buneba sulis gan-viTarebis konkretul safexurTan SesatyvisobaSia; 2. buneba suls aqtiurobisaken aRZravs. bunebisa da sulis urTierTqmedebis Se-degia kultura, xolo landSaftSi adamianuri neba obieqtivir-deba. ix. M. Schwind, Die geographischen “Grundlagen” der Geschichte bei Herder, Hegel und Toynbee, gv. 5-6.

193 ix. F. Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Translated by S. Reynolds, vol. 1. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995, gv. 23-275.

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2.8. ernst kapis filosofiuri geografia

ernst kapis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb qarTul sinamdvileSi TiTqmis araferia cnobili,194 amitom, misi Semoq-medebis ganxilvamde, qvemoT mokled ganvixilav misi cxovrebis gzas.

e. kapi daibada 1808 wels q. ludvigStadtSi (germania) sa-samarTlo moxelis ojaxSi. eqvsi wlis asakSi kaps mSoblebi da ori dedmamiSvili (sul kaps TerTmeti da-Zma hyavda) tifiT gardaecvala. daoblebuli kapi gaizarda misi ufrosi Zmis, gimnaziis maswavleblis, fridrix kapis ojaxSi. 1824-1828 wleb-Si kapi bonis universitetSi klasikur filologias swavlobda. universitetis dasrulebis Semdeg kapi, Zmis msgavsad, gimna-ziis maswavlebeli gaxda. 1830-1849 wlebSi igi qalaq mindenis gimnaziaSi istoriasa da geografias aswavlida. 1845 wels man gamoaqveyna Tavisi naSromi `filosofiuri anu SedarebiTi say-ovelTao geografia, rogorc dedamiwaze arsebuli mimarTe-bebisa da adamianTa cxovrebis mecnieruli gadmocema maTi Sinagani kavSirebis mixedviT.~195

1848 wels germaniaSi revolucia daiwyo. kapi liberali iyo da revolucias aSkarad TanaugrZnobda. misi revoluci-uri idealebi gamoxatulia naSromSi `konstruirebuli des-potizmi da konstituciuri Tavisufleba~.196 saboloo jamSi, kapi iZulebuli gaxda, germania daetovebina da ojaxTan erTad aSS-Si gadasaxlebuliyo.197 kapebis ojaxi centralur texasSi

194 gamonaklisis saxiT gamovyofdi or SemTxvevas: h. Snaideri Tavis naSromSi `filosofiuri geografia. wylis mniSvneloba istori-isaTvis: evropa da azia~ miuTiTebs e. kapsa da k. Smits Soris arse-bul kavSirze (gv. 73 da 75). Smiti kapze saubrobs Tavisi naSromis, `xmeleTi da zRva. msoflio-istoriuli ganazreba~, meoTxe Tavis dasawyisSi (gv. 61-62). Tumca, igi mxolod kapis mier istoriis sam-safexurovan dayofaze (romelsac wylis principi udevs safuZv-lad) amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

195 ix. E. Kapp, Philosophische oder vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissen-schaftlicher Darstellung der Erdverhältnisse und des Menschenlebens nach ihrem innern Zusammenhang. 2 Bde, Braunschweig: George Westermann, 1845.

196 ix. E. Kapp, Der constituirte Despotismus und die constitutionelle Freiheit. Hamburg: Hoffman und Campe, 1849.

197 ix. H.-M. Sass, ‘Die Novemberrevolution in Berlin 1848.’ Aufklärung und Kritik,

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dasaxlda. SeerTebul StatebSi kapi aqtiurad monawileobda texasis germanuli koloniis socialur da politikur cxovre-baSi.

aSS-s samoqalaqo omSi kapis Svilebic iRebdnen monaw-ileobas (erTi Svili konfederaciis mxares ibrZoda). omis dasrulebis Semdeg kapi germanias estumra vizitiT. Tumca, janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, eqimebma mas urCies, aSS-Si da-brunebisagan Tavi Seekavebina. kapi germaniaSi darCa. igi iyo privat-docenti diuseldorfis universitetSi. 1868 wels kap-ma Tavisi `filosofiuri geografia~ meorejer gamosca axali saTauriT `SedarebiTi sayovelTao geografiis mecnieruli gadmocema.~198 1877 wels man gamosca meore mniSvnelovani naS-romi: `teqnikis filosofiis safuZvlebi~.199 kapi gardaicvala diuseldorfSi 1896 wels.200

`SedarebiT sayovelTao geografiaSi~201 kapi gamoyofs fizikur, politikur da kulturul geografias. fizikuri geografiis Seswavlis sagans dedamiwa warmoadgens.202 Tavda-pirvelad kapi ganixilavs dedamiwas mzesTan, mTvaresTan da sa-kuTar TavTan mimarTebaSi203 (am mimarTebebs kapi `planetarul mimarTebebs~ uwodebs). Semdeg igi gadadis dedamiwis zedapiris Tvisebebis ganxilvaze. Zveli tradiciis mixedviT, romelic

1 (2003), gv. 49.198 ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstel-

lung. Zweite verbesserte Auflage, Braunschweig: George Westermann, 1868.199 ix. E. Kapp, Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik. Zur Entstehungsgeschichte

der Cultur aus neuen Gesichtspunkten. Braunschweig: George Westermann, 1877.

200 ix. C. Mitcham, Thinking through Technology: The Path between Engineering and Philosophy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994, gv. 20-23.

201 winamdebare ganxilvisas davemyare kapis `filosofiuri geografi-is~ meore gamocemas. ix. SeniSvna 198.

202 ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstel-lung, gv. 33-34.

203 aq kapi ganixilavs dedamiwis sidides, misi moZraobis siCqares da sxva astronomiul maxasiaTeblebs. aRniSnul TavSi kapi dedamiwis ìndividualurobaze~ (die Individualität des Erdkörpers) saubrobs. ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstellung, gv. 39-44. dedamiwis, rogorc erTiani organizmis warmodgena (ra Tqma unda, ara pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT) riterTanac gvxvdeba. ix. qveTavi 2.6.

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oTx ZiriTad elements (haeri, cecxli, wyali da miwa) gamo-yofs, kapi ganixilavs jer atmosferos,204 Semdeg vulkanebsa da wylebs (okeaneebi, zRvebi, mdinareebi da tbebi),205 bolos ki _ xmeleTis formebs.206 fizikuri geografiis ganxilvas igi asrulebs mineralebis, mcenareebisa da cxovelebis geografi-is ganxilviT.207 fizikur geografias kapis filosofiuri geo-grafiis proeqtSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar eniWeba. kapi mis gadmocemas as gverdsac ki ar uTmobs da naSromis danarCen nawilSi208 politikur da kulturul geografias ganixilavs.

naSromis meore nawili politikur geografias eZRvneba. kapi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs kacobriobisa da adamianis ideebze. kacobriobis idea maradiuli ideaa. is ga-napirobebs dedamiwis `didi sasicocxlo procesis~ dasawyissa da mis Semdgom ganviTarebas. adamiani organuli da araorgan-uli ganviTarebis grZeli mwkrivis ukanasknel safexurze imy-ofeba. is Zalze mWidro kavSirSia mis garemomcvel bunebasTan da `konkretul mikrokosmoss~ warmoadgens.209 adamiani bunebis momwesrigebeli principia. igi ar unda iyos bunebaze daqvem-debarebuli, rogorc es iyo antikurobaSi; arc qedmaRlurad unda uyurebdes bunebas, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aramed man unda gaiTavisos, rom igi bunebis àrseba da WeSmaritebaa~, rom misi amocana ara bunebisadmi mtroba, aramed misi Secno-bisaken swrafvaa.210 Tavis mxriv, bunebis Seqmna mxolod adamia-nis SeqmniT sruldeba, buneba mxolod adamianisTvis da misi

204 ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstellung, gv. 47-50.

205 iqve, gv. 50-57.

206 iqve, gv. 57-68.

207 iqve, gv. 69-89.

208 iqve, gv. 81-685.

209 iqve, gv. 82.

210 iqve, gv. 83. aq kaps sulac ara aqvs mxedvelobaSi adamianisa da bunebis harmoniuli Tanaarseboba. adamiani aqtiuri arsebaa, ro-melic miwaTmoqmedebisaken pirveli nabijebis gadadgmisTanave en-ergiulad iwyebs bunebis damorCilebas. ix. H.-D. Schultz, ‘Fortschritts-freunde! Die andere seite der Geographie am Beispiel der “Philosophischen Erd-kunde” Ernst Kapps.’ Materialien zur Didaktik der Geographie, H. 16 (1992), gv. 71. is xalxebi, romlebic bunebasTan harmoniulad Tanaarseboben da mis damorCilebas ar cdiloben, msoflio istoriis asparezidan gauCinardebian (iqve, gv. 76).

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giorgi TavaZe

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad arsebobs.211 saxelmwifo aris is sfero, sadac adamianis cnobiereba

organul formebSi vlindeba da sakuTar Tavs xalxis sulis saxiT warmoaCens. yovel konkretul xalxis sulSi anu yov-el calkeul erSi, kacobriobis zogadi suli sasruli saxi-Taa gansazRvruli da SezRuduli. calkeuli saxelmwifoebis gaqrobisas SezRudulobebi moixsneba da xalxebisa da saxelm-wifoebis istoriis gansakuTrebuli momentebi sayovelTao msoflio istoriaSi gaSualdeba.212 aq hegelis gavlena aSkaraa.213 saxelmwifoSi adamianebi garkveuli bunebrivi mocemulobebis pirobebSi cxovroben: isini gadaadgildebian mTebze, dablo-bebze da sanapiroebze, TavianTi saqmianobebis dros maT uw-evT tyeebis, mdinareebisa da zRvebis gadalaxva. politikuri geografia Seiswavlis saxelmwifoebis `bunebriv mxares~ (Natur-seite), maT geografiul da anTropologiur eqsistencias.214

fizikur geografiaSi ganxiluli obieqtebi sulis bune-briv gansazRvrulobebs warmoadgens. hegelis msgavsad, kapi miiCnevs, rom tropikul da polarul zonaSi suls ar ZaluZs bunebis damokidebulebisagan gaTavisufleba. TviTrefleqsi-is SesaZlebloba suls mxolod zomier sartyelSi eZleva.215 is, Tu rogor gaiazrebs esa Tu is xalxi Tavis RmerTs, Tu rogor gamoxatulebas poulobs es naazrevi xelovnebaSi, mecnierebasa da religiaSi da rogor iqmneba misi Sesatyvisi saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba, didwiladaa damokidebuli bunebriv gansazRvrulobaze (yovel SemTxvevaSi, sawyis stadiaze mainc). sulis aRniSnuli mimarTulebebiT ganviTareba msoflio isto-rias qmnis. msoflio istoriis ganviTarebis safuZvelmdebare princips, kapis mixedviT, wyali da misi gamovlinebis formebi (mdinare, zRva da okeane) warmoadgens.216 am principis safuZ-

211 ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstellung, gv. 90.

212 iqve, gv. 83-84.

213 ix. H.-M. Sass, ‘Die philosophische Erdkunde des Hegelianers Ernst Kapp. Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftstheorie und Fortschrittsdiskussion in der Hegelschule.’ Hegelstudien, Bd. 8 (1973), gv. 166.

214 ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstel-lung, gv. 84.

215 iqve.

216 wylis principi mxolod kapis politikur geografiaSia rodia dominanturi. kapi, rogorc praqtikosi, did mniSvnelobas

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velze, kapi, politikur geografiaSi sam samyaros gamoyofs: potamurs, Talasur-klasikurs da okeanurs.217

politikuri geografia aziis ganxilviT unda daiwyos, radgan sulis sinaTle pirvelad swored azias moefina.218 gan-viTarebis umTavres momentebad aRmosavluri samyaros isto-riaSi, kapi, hegelis gavleniT, CineTis, indoeTis da sparseTis istoriebs gamoyofs. radgan, kapis mixedviT, geografia ìsto-riasTan erTad da istoriis procesSi~ warmoiSoba, igi geogra-fiuli analizisaTvis gamoyofs Semdeg regionebs: xuanxesa da ianZis auzebs Soreul aRmosavleTSi, indisa da gangis auzebs samxreT aziaSi da tigrosisa da evfratis auzebs (mesopotami-as) wina aziaSi.219 potamur samyaroSi suli jer kidev buneba-sTan uSualo erTianobaSi imyofeba.

Talasuri samyaro xmelTaSuazRvispireTis samyaroa. xmel-TaSua zRvas evropis istoriisaTvis centraluri mniSvneloba eniWeba. Talasur samyaroSi kapi berZnul da romaul samyaroebs gamoyofs. igi, aseve, ganixilavs xalxTa gadasaxlebas IV saukunis II naxevarSi da mis mniSvnelobas evropisaTvis. bizantiis impe-rias kapi aRmosavluri, elinisturi da romauli memkvidreobis sinTezad miiCnevs.220 Talasur samyaroSi bunebrivi gansazRvru-loba, sulTan mimarTebaSi Tavis upiratesobas kargavs.

mesame samyaro okeanuri samyaroa da is germanul tomebs

aniWebda wylis samkurnalo Tvisebebs. texasSi yofnisas man moawyo hidroTerapiis centri, romelic 1851-1865 wlebSi funqcionirebda. SemorCenilia graviurac, sadac es dawesebulebaa gamosaxuli. ix. H.-M. Sass, ‘Einleitung’. In: E. Kapp, Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik. Photomechanischer Neudruck der 1. Auflage Braunschweig 1877, Düsseldorf: Stern-Verlag Janssen & Co., 1978, gv. xxiii.

217 ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstel-lung, gv. 89; H.-M. Sass, Die philosophische Erdkunde des Hegelianers Ernst Kapp, gv. 166; H.-D. Schultz, Fortschrittsfreunde! Die andere seite der Geogra-phie am Beispiel der “Philosophischen Erdkunde” Ernst Kapps, gv. 81. `pota-mos~ berZnulad `mdinares~ niSnavs, xolo `Talasa~ _ zRvas.


219 iqve, gv. 92-93. aRniSnuli regionebis kapiseuli aRwera originalu-robiT ar gamoirCeva. mocemul SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis ufro sainte-resoa kapiseuli klasifikaciis principi, vidre is, rasac kapi am principis safuZvelze aRwers.

220 ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstellung, gv. 245.

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ukavSirdeba.221 okeanur samyaroSi suli bunebis farglebs cde-ba da mas Tavisuflad miemarTeba.222 okeanuri samyaros centri ukve xmelTaSuazRvispireTi ki ara, aramed evropaa. evropis centrs, Tavis mxriv, germania warmoadgens. evropaSi kapi gamo-yofs kontinentur, xmelTaSuazRvispira da okeanur mxareebs. pirvels Seesatyvisebian slavuri saxelmwifoebi, meores _ ro-manuli saxelmwifoebi, xolo mesames _ germanuli saxelmwi-foebi.223

kapis kulturis geografiis centrSi Sromis cneba dgas. `Sroma kulturis sulia, romelic bunebasa da suls Soris ar-sebul ufskruls avsebs da materiidan azrisaken gadebul xids warmoadgens.~224 dro da sivrce sulis ganviTarebis winapirobas warmoadgens. sulis arseba ki Seuferxebel moZraobaSi mdgo-mareobs. Tavisi aqtivobiT suli gardaqmnis drosa da sivrces, rac adamianis saqmianobis procesSi poulobs gamoxatulebas. Tavisi saqmianobiT adamiani àsulierebs~ kulturas, garda-qmnis mas.225 adamianis saqmianoba drosa da sivrceSia gaSli-

221 romaelebisTvis romi da xmelTaSua zRva iyo samyaros centri. rac Seexeba slavebs, isini kontinentur xalxad rCebian, miuxeda-vad imisa, rom okeaneebis piras cxovroben. okeanuri samyaros centrs germania warmoadgens, xolo am samyaros ganmsazRvreli okeane atlantis okeanea. ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstellung, gv. 251-252. kapis mixedviT, germanias mesianisturi daniSnuleba aqvs: man danarCeni erebi reformatoru-li suliskveTebiT unda ganmsWvalos, xeli Seuwyos Tavisufali vaWrobis ganviTarebasa da erTa Soris mSvidobis damkvidrebas. ix. H.-D. Schultz, Fortschrittsfreunde! Die andere seite der Geographie am Beispiel der “Philosophischen Erdkunde” Ernst Kapps, gv. 84-85; misive, Raumkon-strukte der klassischen deutschsprachigen Geographie des 19./20. Jahrhunderts im Kontext ihrer Zeit. Ein Überblick, gv. 354.


223 iqve, gv. 260.

224 iqve, gv. 607. ix., aseve, J. Birkenhauer, Traditionslinien und Denkfiguren, gv. 50; H.-D. Schultz, Fortschrittsfreunde, gv. 75. adamianis subieqtur Tavisuflebas upirispirdeba bunebis obieqturi aucilebloba. Sromis procesSi es dapirispireba ixsneba. ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstellung, gv. 610.

225 ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstel-lung, gv. 608; H.-M. Sass, Die philosophische Erdkunde des Hegelianers Ernst Kapp, gv. 166. kapi iyenebs terminebs Begeistung da Verklärung.

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li. Sesabamisad, kapi gamoyofs sivrcisa da drois kulturebs. sivrcis kultura moicavs 1. miwaTmoqmedebas, samTo saqmes da saxlTmSeneblobas; 2. mcenareuli da cxoveluri produqciis gardaqmnas adamianisaTvis gamosayenebel produqciad; 3. sax-meleTo, sazRvao da sahaero gzebs.226 drois kulturaSi kapi ganixilavs saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiT sivrcis daZleva xdeba. moZraoba xorcieldeba sivrceSi da garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. is SeiZleba xorcieldebodes organuli, meqani-kuri an sulieri ZalebiT. organul moZraobas adamianebisa da cxovelebis moZraoba ganekuTvneba, meqanikuri moZraoba qaris, wylis, cecxlis da eleqtromagnetizmis saSualebiT xorciel-deba (ialqniani gemi, orTqlmavali, telegrafi da a. S.).

kapis azriT, èna yvelaze ufro gamWvirvale masalaa, ro-melSic suli gamovlindeba.~227 swrafi satransporto saSual-ebebi xels uwyobs sivrcobriv siaxloves, ena ki _ suliers. drois kulturas ganekuTvneba, aseve, didi aRmoCenebi da gamo-gonebebi fizikaSi, qimiasa da meqanikaSi da maTi danergva mrwve-lobaSi. mrewveloba Sromis meSveobiT materialur samyaroze sulieri batonobis mopovebis gzaa. samrewvelo gamogonebebi erTi xalxis mier meore xalxisaTvis gadacemuli Setyobinebe-

226 teqnikuri progresisadmi uaRresad optimisturad ganwyobil kaps swamda, rom adamianebi, adre Tu gvian, haeris dapyrobasac SeZ-lebdnen. ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftli-cher Darstellung, gv. 650-651. swored teqnikisadmi usazRvro rwmena aZlevs kapis mier istoriis gagebas gansxvavebul Seferilobas, romelic, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sakmaod Zneli gasarCevi iqnebo-da hegelis Sexedulebebisagan. teqnikur-industriuli progresi TandaTanobiT mTel dedamiwas moicavs. aseT fonze, ar arsebobs raime regioni, romelsac suli, Tavisi ganviTarebis gzaze, gverds auqcevs. h. d. Sulcis mixedviT, kapi `hiperindustriuli, saz-Rvrebis armqone komunikaciuri sazogadoebis futuristul geg-mas~ gvTavazobs. ix. H.-D. Schultz, Fortschrittsfreunde, gv. 86. 1877 wels gamocemul `teqnikis filosofiis safuZvlebSi~ hegelis gavlena ufro Serbilebulia: aq istoriis kanonebis ganxorcielebasTan Se-darebiT, upiratesoba eniWeba adamianis mier Sromisa da teqnikis meSveobiT garemos gardaqmnis princips. hegelTan buneba gaigeba, rogorc sulis `sxvad-yofna~, kapTan ki buneba sulisgan damouki-debel Zalad gvevlineba, romlis damorCilebasac suli eswraf-vis. ix. H.-M. Sass, ‘Einleitung’. In: E. Kapp, Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik, gv. xxii da xxxiii.



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bia.228 gansxvavebuli enebisa da aRmoCenebis urTierTmimarTebas kapi ùniversalur telegrafikas~ uwodebs.229 ùniversaluri telegrafika~, faqtiurad, globalizacias aRniSnavs: es aris dedamiwis yoveli kuTxe-kunWulis gasuliereba adamianis mier, sivrcisa da drois umaRlesi kulturis mier yovelive sasru-lis ganmsWvalva. rodesac es ganxorcieldeba (raSic kaps eWvic ar epareba), maSin dasruldeba adamianis mier bunebis gardaqm-nis procesic.230 kulturis geografiis ganxilvas kapi swored am procesis ganxilviT asrulebs.231

228 iqve, gv. 673.

229 iqve, gv. 675. Tavad termini riteriseulia da amas kapic aRniSnavs. unda aRiniSnos, rom `filosofiur geografiaSi~ kapi araerTxel acitirebs riters sxvadasxva sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. kapisa da riteris mimarTebis Sesaxeb ix. H.-D. Schultz, Fortschrittsfreunde, gv. 89-90.

230 ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstel-lung, gv. 677. adamianis mier bunebis damorCilebas, `garegan kolo-nizacias~, Tan unda axldes `Sinagani kolonizacia~ anu adamianuri garemos gardaqmna. ix. C. Mitcham, Thinking through Technology: The Path between Engineering and Philosophy, gv. 23; H.-M. Sass, ‘Einleitung’. In: E. Kapp, Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik, gv. xix; H.-D. Schultz, Fort-schrittsfreunde, gv. 73.

231 `SedarebiTi sayovelTao geografiis~ mesame nawilis ukanasknel TavSi, romelsac `bunebis damorCileba~ ewodeba, kapi aviTarebs socialur utopias `momavlis saxelmwifos~ (Staat der Zukunft) Sesaxeb. ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstellung, gv. 682 da Smd. k. marqsis msgavsad, igi miiCnevs, rom `Tavisuflebis samefo~ dedamiwaze maSin iarsebebs, rodesac adamiani garegani aucileblobiT Tavsmoxveuli Sromisagan gaTavisufldeba (Sdr. H.-D. Schultz, Fortschrittsfreunde, gv. 78). `momavlis saxelmwifoSi~ yoveli adamiani iseT profesias airCevs, romliskenac midrekileba aqvs. aq ar iarsebebs ùdablesi~ da ùmaRlesi~, radgan yvelas Tavisi adgili eqneba miCenili. momavlis saxelmwifo mSvenierebis yovlismomcveli samyaro iqneba (ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstellung, gv. 683; H.-D. Schultz, Fortschrittsfreunde, gv. 79-80). sakuTari Sexedulebebi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb kapma vrclad gadmosca Tavis naSromSi `konstruirebuli despotizmi da konstituciuri Tavisufleba~. aRniSnul naSromSi kapma erTmaneTisagan ganasxvava meqanikuri da organuli saxelmwifoebi. rac ufro meqanikurad imarTeba saxelmwifo, miT ufro despoturia is; xolo rac ufro organulad xorcieldeba saxelmwifos marTva, miT ufro metia Tavisuflebis

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amrigad, kapis mixedviT, filosofiuri geografia dedami-was ganixilavs, ara rogorc mxolod TavisTvis myofs (in ihrem Fürsichsein), aramed rogorc sulis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrels da, Tavis mxriv, rogorc sulis mier gansazRvrulsa da Secv-lils. filosofiurma geografiam unda aCvenos, rom msoflio istoriis msvlelobisas dedamiwis gansxvavebuli sivrceebi sa-xelmwifoebis `bunebriv mxareebad~ gvevlineba. ase rom, fi-losofiuri geografia yoveli istoriis aucilebel winapiro-bas warmoadgens.232

kapis filosofiuri geografia hegelisa da riteris gav-lenas ganicdis. is ufro spekulatiur-deskrifciulia da naklebad aris empiriul realobaze orientirebuli, ris gamoc mas akritikebdnen kidec. amas Tan daerTo is garemoebac, rom 1870-iani wlebis Semdgom geografiis ganviTareba ufro sabune-bismetyvelo mecnierebebs daukavSirda, vidre istorias. Semd-gomi Taobis geografebs ar surdaT, rom geografia istoriis `msaxuri~ yofiliyo.233 miuxedavad amisa, kapis naazrevi erTba-Sad rodi iqca disciplinis istoriis Semadgenel nawilad. man garkveuli gavlena moaxdina Semdgomi periodis erT-erT yve-laze gamoCenil geografze, fridrix ratcelze (1844-1904 ww.).

xarisxi. konstruirebuli despotizmi Tavisuflebis progress araTavisuflebis meqanikuri stabilurobiT anacvlebs. amis sapirispirod, demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo Sinagani kolonizaciis process uwyobs xels. ix. H.-M. Sass, Die philosophische Erdkunde des Hegelianers Ernst Kapp, gv. 169; misive, ‘Einleitung’. In: E. Kapp, Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik, gv. xxiv-xxv. aqve unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom kapis politikuri aqtivoba mxolod Teoriuli sferoTi rodi Semoifargleboda. texasSi yofnisas igi aqtiurad monawileobda germanel kolonistTa politikur cxovrebaSi. 1852 wels germanel kolonistTa gaerTianebam Der Freie Verein igi Tavis Tavmjdomared airCia. 1854 wlis 14-15 maiss san-antonioSi (texasi) germanel kolonistTa yrilobam, romelic Der Freie Verein-is iniciativiT Catarda, SeimuSava radikaluri programa, romelic sxva reformebTan erTad, monobis gauqmebasac iTvaliswinebda. ix. H.-M. Sass, ‘Einleitung’, gv. xxviii; R. L. Biesele, ‘Texas State Convention of Germans in 1854’. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 33 (1930), gv. 247-261.

232 ix. E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstellung, gv. vii; H.-M. Sass, Die philosophische Erdkunde des Hegelianers Ernst Kapp, gv. 164-165.

233 ix. H.-D. Schultz, Fortschrittsfreunde, gv. 87.

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2.9. daskvna

ernst kapis ganxilviT sruldeba filosofiuri geografi-is istoriis pirveli periodis ganxilva. rogorc vnaxeT, geo-grafiuli azris ganviTareba am periodSi filosofiur impul-sebs moklebuli sulac ar yofila. monteskies geografiuli Sexedulebebi zedmiwevniT asaxvda im epoqis suls, romelSic igi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda. mogvianebiT, herderma Tavis ìdeebSi~ gaakritika monteskie. rogorc cnobilia, Tavis mxriv, herderis ìdeebi~ kantis mier iqna gakritikebuli. kantma Ta-vis geografiul Sexedulebebs sakuTari codnis Teoria daudo safuZvlad. kantTan polemika hqonda umcros forsters, ro-melmac didi zegavlena moaxdina aleqsandre fon humboldtze. humboldtma Tavisi amerikuli eqspediciiT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi axal epoqas daudo saTave. humboldtis Sexedu-lebebs kargad icnobda misi kolega berlinis universitetSi, karl riteri, romelmac didi Sroma gaswia geografiis, ro-gorc sauniversiteto disciplinis dasafuZneblad. riteris koncefciaSi geografia da istoria erTmaneTTan mWidro kav-SirSi moiazreboda. riterisa da humboldtis kolega berlinis universitetSi, georg vilhelm fridrix hegeli, aseve, miiCnev-da, rom geografia istoriasTan ganuyrel kavSirSi iyo. hege-lis mimdevarma ernst kapma spekulaturi sistema aago, sadac riteris epoqis geografia da hegelis Tanaxmad gaazrebuli istoria erTmaneTs daukavSira.

amrigad, XVIII saukunis bolos ukve moixaza Tanamedrove geografiis konturebi, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi ki geografiam myarad daimkvidra adgili sauniversiteto disciplinebs So-ris. amave periodSi ganxorcielda wamyvani geografiuli da filosofiuri paradigmebis sinTezis mcdeloba. filosofiuri geografiis istoriis pirveli periodi mdidari iyo iseTi im-pulsebiT, romelTa aqtualizeba meore periodSi ganxorciel-da.

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Tavi III. `sasicocxlo sivrcidan~ `hidravlikur civilizaciebamde~.

filosofiuri geografiis globaluri, regionaluri da lokaluri paradigmebi

3.1. Sesavali

riterisa da humboldtis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1859 w.) germaniaSi, romelic wamyvani qveyana iyo geografiuli mecnie-rebis dargSi, am disciplinis ganviTareba droebiT Seferxda. xelaxali aRmavloba daiwyo 1871 wlidan, germaniis gaerTian-ebis Semdeg. prusiis xelisufleba kargad xvdeboda, Tu ram-denad mniSvnelovani iqneboda geografiis ganviTareba germa-niis imperiisaTvis. 1874 wels, prusiis mTavrobis gadawyve-tilebiT, geografiis kaTedra yvela mniSvnelovan germanul universitetSi Seiqmna.234 im periodis mniSvnelovani geografe-bidan aRsaniSnavia oskar peSeli (1826-1875 ww.) da ferdinand fraiher fon rixthofeni (1833-1905 ww.).

peSeli Tanamedrove fizikuri geografiis erT-erT dam-fuZneblad iTvleba. igi akritikebda riteris SedarebiT geo-grafias da miuTiTebda, rom riteris mier mTeli kontinen-tebis an kontinentebis didi nawilebis urTierTSedareba ar iyo marTebuli geografiuli meTodi, radgan es erTeulebi Tavis TavSi did mravalferovnebas moicavdnen da ubralod, ar gamodgebodnen Sesadareblad. peSeli sazogadoebriv da fi-zikur geografias gancalkevebulad ganixilavda da miiCnevda, rom geografiam, umTavresad, dedamiwis zedapirze arsebuli fizikuri movlenebi unda Seiswavlos.235 peSelis mniSvnelovani

234 XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan iwyeba geografiis, rogorc mecnie-ruli disciplinis internacionalizacia. pirveli saerTaSoriso geografiuli kongresi Catarda antverpenSi 1871 wels, meore _ parizSi 1875 wels, mesame _ veneciaSi 1881 wels... 1922 wels Sei-qmna saerTaSoriso geografiuli kavSiri, romlis mizani iyo geo-grafTa qmedebebis koordinireba mTeli msoflios masStabiT. ix. G. J. Martin, All Possible Worlds. A History of Geographical Ideas, gv. 158.

235 ix. G. J. Martin, All Possible Worlds, gv. 162-165. am mxriv kidev ufro ra-dikaluri iyo g. gerlandi (1833-1919 ww.), geografiis profesori

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Sromebia: `dedamiwismcodneobis istoria aleqsandre fon hum-boldtsa da karl riteramde~,236 `SedarebiTi dedamiwismcod-neobis axali problemebi, rogorc mcdeloba dedamiwis zedapi-ris morfologiisaTvis~,237 `fizikuri dedamiwismcodneoba~.238

ferdinand fon rixthofenma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana geografiis meTodologiuri problemebis damuSavebaSi. 1883 wels, laifcigis universitetSi wakiTxul sainauguracio le-qciaze man Tanamedrove geografiis amocanebisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb isaubra. rixthofenis azriT, geografiis Seswavlis um-Tavresi obieqti dedamiwis zedapiria,239 xolo geografiis um-Tavresi mizani dedamiwis fizikur fenomenebTan adamianTa mi-marTebis analizia. rixthofenma safuZveli Cauyara geomorfo-logias, romelic dedamiwis zedapiris topografiul formebs Seiswavlis.

geografiis ganviTareba XIX saukunis II naxevris safran-geTSi mWidrod ukavSirdeba k. riteris moswavlis, elize re-klius (1830-1905 ww.) saxels. rekliu gamoCenili anarqisti iyo da cxovrebis didi nawili gadasaxlebebSi gaatara. misi umniSvnelovanesi naSromia cxramettomiani àxali sayovelTao geografia~ (1876-1894 ww.),240 romelic naTeli da gasagebi sti-liT gamoirCeva.241 reklius naSromebidan, aseve, aRsaniSnavia

strasburgis universitetSi, gamoCenili germaneli geografis, al-fred hetneris (1859-1941 ww.) sadoqtoro naSromis xelmZRvaneli. gerlandi miiCnevda, rom geografiis mizans saerTod ar warmoad-gens adamianis Seswavla raime aspeqtiT. ix. R. D. Dikshit, Geographical Thought. A Contextual History of Ideas. New Delhi: Prentice Hall, 1999, gv. 67.

236 ix. O. Peschel, Geschichte der Erdkunde bis auf A. v. Humboldt und Carl Ritter. München: J. G. Cotta, 1865.

237 ix. O. Peschel, Neue Probleme der vergleichenden Erdkunde als Versuch einer Morphologie der Erdoberfläche. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1870.

238 ix. O. Peschel, Physische Erdkunde. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1879. 239 ix. F. von. Richthofen, Aufgaben und Methoden der heutigen Geographie

(Akademische Antrittsrede, gehalten in der Aula der Universität Leipzig am 27. April 1883). Leipzig: Verlag von Veit & Comp, 1883, gv. 7-8.

240 ix. E. Reclus, La Novelle Geographie Universelle. 19 vols. Paris: Hachette, 1876-1894.

241 aRniSnuli naSromi 1894 wels mimoixila h. makinderma `geografi-ul JurnalSi~. ix. H. J. Mackinder, Reclus’ ‘Universal Geography’. The Geo-graphical Journal, vol. 4 (1894), gv. 158-160. makinderis Sesaxeb qvemoT iqneba saubari.

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Tavi III. `sasicocxlo sivrcidan~ `hidravlikur civilizaciebamde~

àdamiani da dedamiwa~ (1905 w.).242 riteris moswavleebidan aR-saniSnavia, aseve, arnold giio (1807-1884 ww.), romelic aSS-Si moRvaweobda da romelmac didi roli iTamaSa axal samyaroSi riteris ideebis gavrcelebaSi.

zemoT dasaxelebuli geografebis filosofiur safuZvels pozitivizmi warmoadgenda. wamyvani geografebi cdilobd-nen, myarad daemkvidrebinaT geografia sxva mecnierebebs So-ris. maTTvis amosavali iyo sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi damkvidrebuli meTodologia, romelic Sesaswavli fenomene-bis gazomvasa da zust gaTvlebze iyo dafuZnebuli.243

XIX saukunis miwuruls germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da in-glisSi moRvaweobda sami mniSvnelovani moazrovne, romlebmac sagrZnobi gavlena moaxdines geografiis Semdeg ganviTarebaze. esenia: fridrix ratceli (1844-1904 ww.), pol vidal de la blaSi (1845-1918 ww.) da halford makinderi (1861-1947 ww.).

ratcelma Tavisi ànTropogeografiiT~ (1882-1891 ww.) fa-qtiurad, sazogadoebriv geografias Cauyara safuZveli. manve ganaviTara `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ (Lebensraum) cneba, romelic

242 ix. E. Reclus, L’Homme et la Terre. 6 vols., Paris: Librairie Universelle, 1905-1908. anarqistuli tradiciis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani moazrovne gaxldaT rusi geografi petre kropotkini (1842-1921 ww.), romelmac socialuri ekologiis radikaluri Teoria ganaviTara. kropotkini geografias socialur problematikas ukavSirebda da miiCnevda, rom akademiuri geografiis Sinaarsi da meTodologia socialurad relevanturi unda yofiliyo. geografias, kropotkinis azriT, unda ganeviTarebina urTierTpativiscema gansxvavebul erebs Soris. evropuli imperializmis aRzevebis epoqaSi kropotkinis Sexedulebebi sakmaod progresuli da humanuri iyo. Sdr. R. D. Dikshit, Geographical Thought. A Contextual History of Ideas, gv. 96-100.

243 am mxriv gamonaklisi iyo f. marTes mcdeloba, geografiis umaR-les safexurad `geosofia~ daemkvidrebina. marTe Tvlida, rom WeSmariti geografia aucileblad filosofiuri unda iyos. `verc erTi geografi ver amaRldeba WeSmariti mecnieris donemde, Tu mas filosofiuri unarebi ar gaaCnia.~ ix. F. Marthe, Begriff, Ziel und Methode der Geographie und Richthofens ‘China’. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, Bd. 12 (1877), gv. 445. magram im epoqaSi, sadac pozitivizmi dominanturi msoflmxedveloba iyo, marTesa da misi mimdevaris, i. vimeris proeqtebi ganuxorcielebeli darCa. ix. E. Winkler, ‘Geosophie’. In: Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie. Hrsg von J. Ritter, K. Gründer und G. Gabriel, Bd. 3, Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 1980, gv. 328-329; S. Günzel, Geophilosophie. Nietzsches philosophische Geographie, gv. 51.

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SemdegSi didi polemikis sagnad iqca.244 rac Seexeba vidal de la blaSs, igi geografiis profesori iyo sorbonaSi 1898-1918 wlebSi. misi ganviTarebis pirvel periodze gavlena moaxdi-na karl riteris Sexedulebebma. 1891 wels vidalma daaarsa Jurnali `geografiis analebi~, romelsac gardacvalebamde redaqtorobda.245 vidalma sagrZnoblad Seuwyo xeli sazo-gadoebrivi geografiis ganviTarebas. mas arasworad miaCnda mkveTri xazis gavleba fizikur da sazogadoebriv geografiebs Soris. vidalis azriT, dedamiwis zedapiris fizikuri aspeqte-bis Seswavla ganuyrel kavSirSia kulturuli aspeqtebis Ses-wavlasTan, radgan adamianebi yvelgan gardaqmnian dedamiwis zedapirs. igi imedovnebda, rom mcire, homogenuri regionebis SeswavliT ukeT axsnida adamiansa da garemos Soris arsebul urTierTobas. buneba sazRvrebs uwesebs adamians, Tumca mas ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs utovebs. Tu rogor adaptirdeba adamiani mocemul garemo pirobebTan, misi cxovrebis weszea damokidebuli (es midgoma geografiaSi posibilizmis saxe-liTaa cnobili). vidaliseuli `cxovrebis wesis~ (genre de vie) cneba moicavs yvela im aqtivobas, praqtikebsa da teqnikebs, romelic axasiaTebs garemosadmi (milieu) adamianTa garkveuli jgufis adaptacias. `cxovrebis wesis~ meSveobiT garemo spe-cifikurad adamianur ganzomilebas iZens, rac gamoxatulebas poulobs mis landSaftSi (paysage). droTa ganmavlobaSi, kul-turuli landSaftis yoveli calkeuli segmenti unikaluri xdeba.246 vidalma mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina franguli

244 r. piti miiCnevs, rom geografiam Tanamedrove mecnierebebs Soris Tavisi adgili daikava, rogorc kapitalizmis ìaraRma.~ ratcelis SemTxvevaSi piti Tvlis, rom `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ cneba da sxva geografebis mier ganviTarebuli konceptebi (mag., e. C. semplis ènergiuli anglo-saqsuri rasa~) evropuli imperializmis miznebs emsaxureboda. ix. R. Peet, ‘The Social Origins of Environmental Determin-ism’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 75 (1985), gv. 316 da Smd. ratcelis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix. qveTavi 3.2.

245 vidali aqtiurad exmianeboda sazRvargareTis qveynebis geografi-ul siaxleebs. 1898 wels man ànalebSi~ gamoaqveyna recenzia f. ratcelis `politikuri geografiis~ Sesaxeb. ix. P. Vidal de la Blache, ‘La géographie politique. À propos de écrits de Frédéric Ratzel’. Annales de géo-graphie, 7 (1898), gv. 97-111.

246 ix. G. J. Martin, All Possible Worlds, gv. 196-206; H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter – Gelehrte, gv. 180-190; J. Birkenhauer, Traditionslinien und Denkfiguren, gv. 58-62.

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geografiis Semdgom ganviTarebaze: 1921 wlisTvis safrange-Tis umravles universitetebSi misi studentebi aswavlidnen.247 vidalis mniSvnelovani Sromebia: `safrangeTis geografiis suraTi~,248 `sazogadoebrivi geografiis safuZvlebi~.249

ser halford makinderis saxels ukavSirdeba did brita-neTSi àxali geografiis~ damkvidreba. 1885 wlidan igi didi britaneTis sxvadasxva qalaqSi kiTxulobda leqciebs geogra-fiis Sesaxeb (oqsfordis universitetis iniciativiT wamowye-buli proeqtis farglebSi), xolo 1887 wels man samefo geo-grafiuli sazogadoebis winaSe waikiTxa cnobili moxseneba `geografiis sazRvrebi da meTodebi~.250 imave wels makinderi dainiSna geografiis leqtorad oqsfordis universitetSi. igi Tvlida, rom geografia aris mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis urTierTqmedebebs adamianebsa da maT fizikur garemos Soris da romelic umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs ganaTlebis pro-cesSi.251 sazogadoebrivi geografia da misi erT-erTi umniSv-nelovanesi nawili, politikuri geografia, makinderis azriT, fizikur geografias efuZneboda.

1904 wels samefo geografiuli sazogadoebis winaSe ma-kinderma waikiTxa moxseneba saTauriT ìstoriis geografiuli RerZi~,252 romelSic wamoayena debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad, aziis erT-erTi nawili istoriis geografiul RerZs qmnida. SemdegSi makinderma am RerZs `herTlendi~ (Heartland) uwoda. Semdgom wlebSi makinderi ganagrZobda muSaobas Tavis ideeb-ze, romlebic warmoadgina naSromSi `demokratiuli idealebi da realoba~ (1919 w.).253 msoflio rukaze makinderi gamoyofda

247 vidal de la blaSis moswavleebidan aRsaniSnavia Jan brune (1869-1930 ww.) da emanuel de martoni (1873-1955 ww.).

248 ix. P. Vidal de la Blache, Tableau de la géographie de la France. Paris: Hachette, 1903.

249 ix. P. Vidal de la Blache, Principes de géographie humaine. Paris: Armand Colin, 1922.

250 ix. H. J. Mackinder, ‘On The Scope and Methods of Geography’. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. 9 (1887), gv. 141-160.

251 ix. H. J. Mackinder, ‘Geography as a Pivotal Subject in Education’. The Geographical Journal, vol. 57 (1921), gv. 376-384.

252 ix. H. J. Mackinder, ‘The Geographical Pivot of History’. The Geographical Journal, vol. 33 (1904), gv. 421-437.

253 ix. H. J. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction. London: Constable and Company Ltd, 1919.

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`msoflio kunZuls~, romelic evropis, aziisa da afrikisagan Sedgeboda.254 aziis nawils uralis mTebidan vidre wynar okea-nemde da CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeanidan vidre arabeTis naxevarkunZulamde, indoeTamde da CineTis samxreT nawilamde `herTlendi~ ewodeba.255 ̀ herTlends~ garSemo naxevarmTvarise-burad gars ekvris sxvadasxva teritoriebi da saxelmwifoebi, e. w. `Sida naxevarmTvare~ (skandinaviis saxelmwifoebi, cen-traluri evropis saxelmwifoebi, TurqeTi, arabeTi, indoeTi, CineTi, korea), xolo am naxevarmTvaris miRma (`gare naxevarmT-vare~) mdebareobs sazRvao saxelmwifoebi: inglisi, aSS da ia-ponia. `herTlendis~ teritoria ruseTis imperias ekuTvnis, romelic àwveba~ Sida naxevarmTvaris saxelmwifoebs. Sesabam-isad, es zona politikuri arastabilurobisa da cvlilebebis zonaa. `demokratiul idealebsa da realobaSi~ makinderma, aseve, Camoayaliba, Tavisi cnobili formula, sadac vlindeba damokidebuleba `herTlendsa~ da mis momijnave teritoriebs Soris:

`vinc marTavs aRmosavleT evropas, marTavs ‘herTlendsac’.vinc marTavs ‘herTlends’, marTavs msoflio kunZulsac. vinc marTavs msoflio kunZuls, marTavs msofliosac.~256

am debulebidan gamomdinare, makinderi aucileblad miiC-nevda, Seqmniliyo buferuli zona germaniasa da ruseTs Soris, raTa verc erT maTgans ver moexerxebina aRmosavleT evro-paSi gabatoneba da dominanturi poziciis mopoveba jer `herT-lendSi~, Semdeg ki _ mTel msoflioSi.257

254 ix. G. J. Martin, All Possible Worlds, gv. 216-217. 255 ix. H. J. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality, gv. 95 da Smd.

256 iqve, gv. 194.

257 Sdr. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter – Gelehrte, gv. 229-240; G. J. Martin, All Possible Worlds, gv. 215-218. ix., aseve, M. Bassin, ‘Mackinder and the Heartland Theory in Post-Soviet Geopolitical Discourse’. Geopolitics, 11 (2006), gv. 99-118. unda aRiniSnos, rom makinderi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli Tanamedrove politikaSi: 1910-1922 wlebSi igi didi britaneTis parlamentis wevri iyo, 1920-1945 wlebSi _ imperiuli savaWro komitetis Tavmjdomare, 1925-1930 wlebSi _ imperiuli ekonomikuri komitetis Tavmjdomare. miuxedavad amisa, misi politikuri kariera warmatebuli ar yofila: 1922 wels igi damarcxda saparlamento arCevnebSi. vidre srulad Caebmeboda didi britaneTis politikur cxovrebaSi, makinderi aqtiur pedagogiur saqmianobas eweoda: igi aswavlida londonis ekonomikur skolaSi,

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ratcelTan erTad germanul geografiaSi TvalsaCino fig-ura iyo alfred hetneri (1859-1941 ww.), romelmac didi roli Seasrula regionaluri geografiis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. igi Tvlida, rom geografias unda Seeswavla regionaluri gansx-vavebebi sxvadasxva masStabebiT. hetneri erTmaneTisagan ga-nasxvavebda SedarebiT regionalur geografiasa (Vergleichende Länderkunde) da regionalur geografias (Länderkunde). het-neris mier geografiis, rogorc qorologiuri (regionalur-deskrifciuli) sivrcobrivi mecnierebis daxasiaTeba, swrafad iqna miRebuli akademiur wreebSi.258 1895 wels hetnerma daaar-sa `geografiuli Jurnali~, romelsac 40 wlis ganmavloba-Si redaqtorobda. `geografiul JurnalSi~ gamoqveynebul statiebSi hetneri sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobda geografiis meTodologiuri sakiTxebis damuSavebas.259 1927 wels man ga-

oqsfordis universitetSi da ridingis kolejSi. garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi iyo londonis ekonomikuri skolis direqtori. igi, aseve, iyo pirveli evropeli, romelic afrikis simaRliT meore mTaze, keniaze (5200 m.) avida (1899 w.). makinderis politikuri da geopolitikuri Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb ix. G. Kearns, Geopolitics and Empire. The Legacy of Halford Mackinder. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

258 idea geografiis, rogorc qorologiuri mecnierebis Sesaxeb het-nerisagan gansxvavebuli perspeqtiviT aSS-Si ganaviTara karl sau-erma (1889-1975 ww.). Tavis cnobil statiaSi `landSaftis morfo-logia~ (1925 w.) saueri daupirispirda geografiul determinizms geografiaSi. ix. C. O. Sauer, ‘Morphology of Landscape’. Publications in Geography, vol. 2 (1925), gv. 271-302. sxva cnobili geografebidan aSS-Si aRsaniSnavia ratcelis mowafe elen CerCil sempli (1863-1932 ww.), uiliam moris devisi (1850-1934 ww.), mark jefersoni (1863-1949 ww.) da elsuorT hanTingToni (1876-1947 ww.).

259 hetneris mier meTodologiuri sakiTxebiT daintereseba, SesaZloa, im garemoebiTac aixsnas, rom mas, garda geografiulisa, filosofiuri ganaTlebac hqonda miRebuli. hetneris meTodologiuri SromebisaTvis ix. A. Hettner, ‘Neue Äusserungen über Wesen und Aufgaben der Geographie’. Geographische Zeitschrift, 6. Jahrg. (1900), gv. 574-577; misive, ‘Das Wesen und die Methoden der Geographie’. Geographische Zeitschrift, 11. Jahrg. (1905), gv. 545-564; misive, ‘Die Geographie des Menschen’. Geographische Zeitschrift, 13. Jahrg. (1907), gv. 401-425; misive, ‘Methodologische Streifzüge’. Geographische Zeitschrift, 13. Jahrg. (1907), gv. 694-699; misive, ‘Der Begriff der Ganzheit in der Geographie’. Geographische Zeitschrift, 40. Jahrg. (1934), gv. 141-144. misive, ‘Gesetzmässigkeit und Zufall in der Geographie’. Geographische Zeitschrift, 41.

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mosca mniSvnelovani naSromi `geografia. misi istoria, arsi da meTodebi~.260 hetneris naazrevma didi zegavlena moaxdina amerikel geografze r. herTshornze (1899-1992 ww.)261

germanuli geografiis aRmavlobis paralelurad, XX sau-kunis dasawyisSi, germaniaSi safuZveli eyreba axal filoso-fiur mimarTulebas _ fenomenologias. am mimarTulebam didi gavlena iqonia ara mxolod filosofiaze da humanitarul mecnierebebze, aramed socialur mecnierebebze da geografi-azec.262 fenomenologiuri mimarTulebis TvalsaCino warmomad-geneli edmund huserlia (1859-1938 ww.). huserlis moZRvrebaSi `sasicocxlo samyaros~ (Lebenswelt) cneba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. sasicocxlo samyaros aRqmaSi centraluri roli akisria sxeuls (Leib),263 romelic me-s matarebeli da SegrZneba-Ta lokusia. sxeuli yovelTvis ganicdeba, rogorc àq~ myofi, xolo yovelive, rac aRiqmeba, sxeulis irgvliv aRiqmeba. `me~

Jahrg. (1935), gv. 2-15. hetneris adgilisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb geografiaSi ix. E. Plewe, ‘Alfred Hettner. Seine Stellung und Bedeutung in der Geographie’. In: Geographie in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Ausgewählte Beiträge zur Geschichte und Methode des Faches von Ernst Plewe. Herausgegeben von E. Meynen und U. Wardenga, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1986, gv. 379-391.

260 ix. A. Hettner, Die Geographie. Ihre Geschichte, ihr Wesen und ihre Methoden. Breslau: Ferdinand Hirt, 1927.

261 Sdr. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter – Gelehrte, gv. 213-227; G. J. Martin, All Possible Worlds, gv. 171-175; U. Wardenga, ‘German Geographical Thought and the Development of Länderkunde’. Inforgeo, 18/19 (2006), gv. 140 da Smd. f. harvi da u. vardenga miiCneven, rom herTs-hornma arasworad gaigo hetneris naazrevis mTeli rigi aspeqtebi, riTac anglo-amerikul geografiaSi hetneris Sexedulebebis aras-worad gagebas Seuwyo xeli. ix. F. Harvey, U. Wardenga, ‘The Hettner-Hartshorne Connection: Reconsidering the Process of Reception and Transforma-tion of a Geographical Concept’. Finisterra, 33 (1998), gv. 137 da Smd.

262 ix. meoTxe Tavi, qveTavebi, romlebic e. relfs, d. simonsa da e. keisis eZRvneba.

263 rodesac huserli saubrobs sxeulze, rogorc fizikur obieqtze, igi iyenebs cnebas Körper. èvropuli mecnierebebis krizisSi~ hu-serli yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebaze, rom XVII saukunis fizikam waSala gansxvaveba sxeuls, rogorc sxeulsa da sxeuls, rogorc fizikur obieqts Soris da upiratesoba am ukanasknels mianiWa. ix. E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History, gv. 222-223.

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nivTebis centrSia moqceuli da aseT me-s huserli me-centrs (Ichzentrum) uwodebs. me-s mier adgili aRiqmeba kunTuri mgrZ-nobelobis anu kinesTeziis meSveobiT. absoluturi sivrcis homogenuroba sxeulisa da sxeulis sivrcis (Leibesraum) meS-veobiT irRveva. moZraobis cnebis analizis meSveobiT huserli askvnis, rom moZraoba, erTi mxriv, ayalibebs mdgrad nivTebs me-s irgvliv, xolo, meore mxriv, is adgilebis fiqsirebul sistemas warmoSobs. gviandel periodSi huserlTan adgilis cneba met dinamizms iZens da is sxeulis mier gancdil, aRqmul adgilad iqceva.264 huserlis da Semdgom moris merlo-pontis (1908-1961 ww.) Sexedulebebma sagrZnobi zegavlena moaxdines humanistur geografiaze XX saukunis 70-ian da 80-ian wlebSi.

isev davubrundeT germanul geografias XX saukunis da-sawyisSi. I msoflio omis Semdeg germanuli geografia kvlav mowodebis simaRleze idga. am periodSi moRvaweobdnen geo-grafebi oto Sluteri (1872-1952 ww.), herman lautenzaxi (1886-1971 ww.), aloiz gaistbeki (1853-1925 ww.), albrext penki (1858-1945 ww.), hainrix Smitheneri (1887-1957 ww.), karl troli (1899-1975 ww.), valter kristaleri (1893-1969 ww.), hans Spetmani (1885-1957 ww.), peter hainrix Smidti (1870-1954 ww.) da sxvebi. xelisuflebaSi nacional-socialistebis mosvlis Semdeg (1933 w.), germanuli geografia, mecnierebis sxva dargebis msgavsad, politizebuli gaxda.265

1937 wels peter hainrix Smidtma gamoaqveyna `filosofi-uri dedamiwismcodneoba. geografiis saazrovno sivrce da misi nacionaluri amocanebi~.266 Smidti holisturi midgomis momxrea. igi miiCnevs, rom filosofia geografiuli codnis ani da hoea. misi ugulebelyofa arc erT geografiul diskursSi ar SeiZleba. rodesac geografi sakuTari dargis safuZvlebsa da amocanebs aanalizebs, rodesac igi gansazRvravs sakuTar meTodologias da momijnave dargebTan damokidebulebas, igi mudam filosofiur meTodebs iyenebs. filosofiis Semecnebi-

264 Sdr. E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History, gv. 217-226. 265 aRniSnuli periodis germanuli geografiis istoriis analizi mo-

cemuli aqvs karl trols Tavis statiaSi `geografiuli mecniere-ba germaniaSi 1933-1945 wlebSi~. ix. C. Troll, ‘Die geographische Wissen-schaft in Deutschland in den Jahren 1933 bis 1945’. Erdkunde, Bd. 1 (1947), gv. 3-48.

266 ix. P. H. Schmidt, Philosophische Erdkunde. Die Gedankenwelt der Geographie und ihre nationalen Aufgaben. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag, 1937.

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Ti meTodebis gareSe igi uZluria, gadaWras mis winaSe mdgari amocanebi. rodesac mas ara mxolod dedamiwis aRwera, aramed misi sazrisis Sefasebac surs, igi ukve filosofosi xdeba.267

amrigad, filosofia geografiis saxiT Rirebul Taname-brZols moipovebs. Tu geografia adamianTa garesamyaros sivr-cobrivi kavSirebis gaSuqebas eswrafvis, filosofia miznad isaxavs yvela im mimarTebis mTlianobaSi moazrebas, romlebic Cven dedamiwasTan gvakavSirebs. geografiis upiratesoba isaa, rom is humanitarul mecnierebebsa da sabunebismetyvelo mec-nierebebs Soris imyofeba. geografiuli ganazrebebis birTvs warmoadgens dedamiwaze mimdinare bunebrivi procesebisa da adamianuri sulis mravalmxrivi urTierTzemoqmedebis (yvela kulturul safexurze da yvela geografiul zonaSi) Seswavla. Tavisi unikaluri poziciis gamo, geografias SeuZlia, xeli Seuwyos iseTi cnebiTi aparatis SemuSavebas, romelic Tana-brad Seuwyobs xels rogorc sulis, aseve, bunebis Semecne-bas.268

geografiuli faqtebis filosofiuri analizi geogra-fiuli movlenebis arsis problemas wamoWris, romelic scil-deba zogadi geografiis farglebs da dedamiwis, rogorc ase-Tis, interpretacias eswrafvis. Cveni garemomcveli samyaro analizis Sedegad CvenSi xelaxla unda warmoiSvas. SesaZloa, amis Sedegad man CvenTvis axali formebi miiRos da misma ana-reklma Cvens uSualo gamocdilebaze dadebiTad imoqmedos, miiCnevs Smidti.269

filosofiuri geografiisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania ia-poneli filosofosis, vacuji tecuros (1889-1960 ww.) kli-matis filosofia, romelic man ganaviTara naSromSi `qari da miwa~ (1935 w.). vacujize didi iyo germaneli filosofosis, martin haidegeris (1889-1976 ww.) gavlena. Tavis mxriv, gvian-del periodSi haidegerma saintereso gamokvlevebi miuZRvna sivrcesa da adgils. rac Seexeba germanel iurists, karl Smits (1888-1985 ww.), Tavis naSromSi `xmeleTi da zRva. msoflio-

267 iqve, gv. 3-4.

268 iqve, gv. 4.

269 iqve, gv. 5. Smidtis ̀ filosofiuri geografia~ 1938 wels mimoixila e. plevem. igi Smidtis naSroms forsterebis Semoqmedebisa da e. kapis `filosofiuri geografiis~ fonze ganixilavs da mas maRal Sefasebas aZlevs. ix. E. Plewe, ‘Philosophische Erdkunde’. In: Zeitschrift für Erdkunde, 6. Jahrg. (1938), gv. 97-102.

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istoriuli ganazreba~, man msoflio istoria xmeleTisa da zR-vis metafizikuri dapirispirebis planSi ganixila. germanel-ma marqsistma karl avgust vitfogelma (1896-1988 ww.) wylis elementze gaamaxvila yuradReba, rodesac ganaviTara Teoria hidravlikuri civilizaciebis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba frang fi-losofoss gaston baSliars (1884-1962 ww.), man Tavis naSromSi `sivrcis poetika~ (1957 w.) saxlis da sivrcis cnebebi èmoci-ur~ konteqstSi ganixila. baSliaris ganazrebani saxlSi arse-buli `myudro kuTxe-kunWulebis~ Sesaxeb filosofiuri geo-grafiis lokalur paradigmad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

1945 wels frangma filosofosma moris merlo-pontim gamoaqveyna Tavisi naSromi àRqmis fenomenologia~,270 sadac yuradReba gaamaxvila cocxal sxeulze, romelsac, gonebis in-tencionalobisagan gansxvavebiT, sakuTari, sxeulebrivi inten-cionaloba gaaCnia. sxeulebrivi intencionaloba, ìntencio-naluri TaRis~ meSveobiT, auqmebs mkacr dixotomias sulsa da sxeuls Soris da adamianebs TavianT sasicocxlo samyarosTan akavSirebs. sxeulebrivi intencionaloba imdenad sensitiuria, rom misi meSveobiT sxeuli mudam `CaWidebulia~ samyaros. es `CaWideba~, romelic sxeulis moZraobis meSveobiT xorcielde-ba, safuZvlad udevs sivrcis warmoSobas. sxeulis moZraobis aRqma winareobieqturia. merlo-pontis Sexedulebebma didi gavlena moaxdines momdevno Taobis geografebsa da filoso-fosebze.271

meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi postmodernuli filoso-fiis warmomadgenlebma, frangma filosofosebma Jil delioz-ma (1925-1995 ww.) da feliqs gatarim (1930-1992 ww.) filoso-fiur diskursSi `geofilosofiis~ cneba daamkvidres. TavianT erTobliv naSromSi `ra aris filosofia?~ (1991 w.) maT geo-filosofiis cnebas calke Tavi miuZRvnes. deliozi da gata-ri miiCneven, rom filosofia orientirebuli unda iyos ara temporalobasa da istoriulobaze, aramed sivrcobriobasa da geografiaze, radgan àzrovneba teritoriasa da dedamiwa-sTan mimarTebaSi xorcieldeba.~272 geofilosofiis cnebasTan kavSirSia deteritorializaciis da reteritorializaciis cnebebi, romlebic deliozma da gatarim Semoitanes TavianT

270 ix. M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception. Paris: Gallimard, 1945.271 ix. qveTavebi devid simonisa da eduard keisis Sesaxeb meoTxe TavSi.

272 ix. G. Deleuze, F. Guattari, What Is Philosophy? Translated by H. Tomlinson and G. Burchell. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994, gv. 85.

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giorgi TavaZe

naSromSi ànti-oedipusi~ (1972 w.). geofilosofia aCvenebs, rom filosofia saberZneTSi gaCnda SemTxveviTobis da ara aucileblobis, garemos da ara raime sawyisis, geografiis da ara istoriografiis Sedegad. filosofia ar daiyvaneba Tavis istoriaze.273 deliozi da gatari yuradRebas amaxvileben qm-nadobis araistoriul xasiaTze da paralels avleben nicSe-sTan, romlis Tanaxmad araistoriuli im atmosferos hgavs, romlis gaCenasTan erTad Cndeba sicocxle, magram romlis gaqroba sicocxlis gaqrobasac gamoiwvevs.274 deliozisa da gataris Sexedulebebze dayrdnobiT, germanelma filosofos-ma Stefan giuncelma `nicSes filosofiuri geografia~ gaaa-naliza.275 Tumca, minda aRvniSno, rom giuncelis mier termin `filosofiuri geografiis~ gamoyeneba gansxvavdeba filoso-fiuri geografiis im xedvisagan, romelic winamdebare naSrom-Sia mocemuli. giuncelis filosofiuri geografiis proeqti empiriuli monacemebis analizs ar iTvaliswinebs.276 amisgan

273 `filosofia zustad isevea geofilosofia, rogorc brodelisTvis istoria aris geoistoria.~ ix. G. Deleuze, F. Guattari, What Is Philosophy?, gv. 95.

274 ix. G. Deleuze, F. Guattari, What Is Philosophy?, gv. 96-97; M. Bonta, J. Protevi, Deleuze and Geophilosophy. A Guide and Glossary. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006, gv. 92-93 deliozisa da gataris ekuTvniT, aseve, gansxvaveba `gluv~ da `striatul~ (zolovan) sivrceebs Soris. striatuli sivrce homogenuria da is erTgvarovani wertilebisagan Sedgeba, xolo gluvi sivrce heterogenulia, mravalferovnebiTaa aRsavse da is ewinaaRmdegeba universalizaciis yovel mcdelobas. gluvi da striatuli sivrceebi erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad ki ar arseboben, aramed mudmivad gadadian erTimeoreSi. ix. G. Deleuze, F. Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus. Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Translated by B. Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005, gv. 370 da Smd.; E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History, gv. 303 da Smd.

275 ix. S. Günzel, Geophilosophie. Nietzsches philosophische Geographie. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2001.

276 giuncelis filosofiuri geografia (romlis paralelur formad igi `geofilosofiasac~ iyenebs) kritikuli perspeqtivaa, romlis mizans nicSes filosofiur SromebSi arsebuli geografiuli metaforebis _ rogorc mocemuli naSromebis sakvanZo momentebis _ analizi warmoadgens. ix. S. Günzel, Geophilosophie. Nietzsches philosophische Geographie, passim. Tumca, gviandel naSromebSi sivrcis cnebis filosofiuri analizisas giuncelma interdisciplinur aspeqtebze sagangebo yuradReba gaamaxvila. ix. S. Günzel. ‘Einleitung’. In: J. Dünne, S. Günzel (Hrsg.), Raumtheorie. Grundlagentexte aus Philosophie

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gansxvavebiT, filosofiuri geografiis konceptualuri Car-Co, romelic winamdebare naSromis SesavalSia Camoyalibebuli, empiriuli realobis kvlevazea orientirebuli (gansakuTrebiT kvlevis lokalur doneze) da socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kvlevis meTodebis (siRrmiseuli interviuebi, CarTuli dakvirveba, fokus-jgufebi) gamoyenebas moiTxovs. debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad filosofiuri geografia inter-disciplinuri wamowyebaa, eqspliciturad gulisxmobs, rom socialuri mecnierebebis problematikasa da meTodologiaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebaa saWiro.

deliozisa da gatarisagan gansxvavebiT, Sveicarieli fi-losofosi elmar holenStaini interkulturuli filosofiis konteqstSi filosofiis ganviTarebis gzebs realur geogra-fiul rukaze moxazavs. misi filosofiuri atlasis mizania, vizualurad warmoaCinos filosofiis istoria geografiul sivrceSi. holenStainis filosofiuri atlasi imiTacaa sain-tereso, rom masze datanilia Sua saukuneebis qarTuli azro-vnebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi kera _ gelaTi.277 aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom interkulturuli filosofiis WrilSi qarTveli filosofosis, Tengiz iremaZis naSromze `filoso-fia epoqaTa da kulturaTa gzagasayarze~ dayrdnobiT SesaZ-lebelia, holenStainis atlasSi kavkasiis regionSi arsebuli garkveuli veqtorebi gansxvavebuli saxiT warmovidginoT.278

und Kulturwissenschaften. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2006, gv. 19-43; 105-128; misive, ‘Raum _ Topographie _ Topologie’. In: S. Günzel (Hrsg.), Topologie: zur Raumbeschreibung in den Kultur- und Medienwissenschaften. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2007, gv. 13-29; misive, ‘Einleitung’. In: S. Günzel (Hrsg.), Raumwissenschaften. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2009, gv. 7-13; S. Günzel (Hrsg.), Raum: ein interdisziplinäres Handbuch. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 2010; S. Günzel (Hrsg.), Lexikon der Raumphilosophie. Darmstadt: WBG, 2012; S. Günzel, L. Nowak (Hrsg.), KartenWissen: territoriale Räume zwischen Bild und Diagramm. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2012; S. Günzel (Hrsg.), Texte zur Theorie des Raums. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2013.

277 E. Holenstein, Philosophie-Atlas: Orte und Wege des Denkens, gv. 85.278 aRniSnuli naSromis umTavres cnebas `gzagasayari~ warmoadgens.

ès is toposia, romelic gansxvavebuli kulturebis, Sexedulebe-bisa da msoflmxedvelobebis Seyrisa da gayris adgilad SeiZleba gavigoT. [...] gzagasayars is Tavisebureba aqvs, rom azrovnebis am toposSi sxvadasxva kulturebi mTeli TavianTi sisavsiT xvdebian erTmaneTs. es is amosavali wertilia, sadac igivesa da sxvis mara-diuli Seyra da gayra, maSasadame, maTi namdvili Sexvedra xdeba.~

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giorgi TavaZe

filosofiuri geografiis globaluri da lokaluri para-digmebis monacvleoba gansxvavebuli perspeqtivebis arseboba-ze miuTiTebs. winamdebare Tavis mizania, am dinamiuri proce-sis sakvanZo momentebze moaxdinos refleqsia.

ix. T. iremaZe. `filosofia epoqaTa da kulturaTa gzagasayarze. interkulturuli da interdisciplinuri kvlevebi~, gv. 12. holen-Stainis atlasSi gelaTisken momarTuli veqtori aleqsandriidan modis da Semdeg wyvetili xazis saxiT, romelic ̀ sibrZnismetyvele-biT literaturas~ _ rogorc namdvili filosofiisagan gansxvave-buli tipis Janrs _ aRniSnavs, gelaTisken miemarTeba. T. iremaZis `gzagasayaris~ cnebaze dayrdnobiT, SesaZlebelia kavkasiis regio-nis ara rogorc filosofiuri azrovnebis periferiis, aramed ro-gorc evropisa da elinuri samyaros TanabarmniSvnelovani da Ta-nasworuflebiani regionis dadgena. ix., aseve, g. TavaZe, „rukebis Zala. gelaTi da ‘kavkasiuri filosofiis’ cneba interkulturuli filosofiis WrilSi“, ix. „axali drois qarTuli filosofia da misi mTavari warmomadgenlebi. XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan XIX saukunis meore naxevramde“, red.: T. iremaZe, Tbilisi: „favoriti stili“, 2014 w., gv. 136-156; g. TavaZe, `gelaTi rogorc kavkasiuri filosofiis sakvanZo toposi da misi mniSvneloba qarTuli fi-losofiuri azrovnebisaTvis~, ix. „filosofia da Teologia Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi“, red.: T. iremaZe, Tbilisi: „favoriti stili“, 2016 w., gv. 179-193. aRniSnul kvlevebs filosofiuri geo-grafiis kvlevis regionalur dones mivakuTvneb. Sdr. qveTavi 1.3.

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3.2. fridrix ratceli: brZola sasicocxlo sivrcisaTvis

fridrix ratcelis saxels dRes gansxvavebuli, ufro me-tic, urTierTsapirispiro warmodgenebi ukavSirdeba. zogier-Ti mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom ratcelma, ferdinand fon rixt-hofenTan erTad, xeli Seuwyo inteleqtualuri diskursis Camoyalibebas, romelmac uSualo zegavlena moaxdina 1904-05 wlebSi hererosa da namas tomebis genocidze afrikaSi da nia-dagi Seumzada genocids II msoflio omis dros.279 zogierTis azriT, igi saukeTeso gansaxierebaa imisa, Tu rogor SeiZ-leba exmarebodes geografia da geografi imperializmsa da samxedro mecnierebas;280 sxvebi ki miiCneven, rom ratcelma ga-naviTara sivrcis dinamikuri da Tanamedrove Teoria; rom man nawilobriv mainc moaxdina araTanabari ganviTarebis debule-bis konstantireba da rom umarTebuloa misi Teoriis pirdapi-ri dakavSireba nacional-socializmis samsaxurSi mdgar germa-nul geopolitikasTan.281

279 ix. S. K. Danielsson, ‘Creating Genocidal Space: Geographers and the Discourse of Annihilation, 1880-1933’. Space and Polity, 13 (2009), gv. 55-68. 1904 wels germaniis kuTvnil samxreT-dasavleT afrikaSi (axlandeli namibia) hereros tomi germanelTa koloniuri mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg ajanyda. ajanyeba germanelTa mxridan sastikad iqna CaxSobili. genocidis Sedegad hereros mosaxleoba 90%-iT Semcirda. ix. J. Sarkin, Germany’s Genocide of the Herero: Kaiser Wilhelm II, His General, His Settlers, His Soldiers. Cape Town: UCT Press, 2011. s. danielsonis msgavsad, h.-d. Sulci Tvlis, rom ratcelis geografiuli Teoria nacional-socializmis erT-erT mTavar wyaros warmoadgenda. ix. H.-D. Schultz, Herder und Ratzel: Zwei Extreme, ein Paradigma?’ Erdkunde, Bd. 52 (1998), gv. 142. ix., aseve, R. Peet, The Social Origins of Environmental Determinism, gv. 317.

280 ix. E. Mendieta, ‘War the School of Space: The Space of War and the War for Space’. Ethics, Place and Environment, 9 (2006), gv. 213.

281 ix. M. Bassin, ‘Race contra space: the conflict between German Geopolitik and National Socialism’. Political Geography Quarterly, 6 (1987.), gv 115-134; J. Lossau, ‘Anthropogeography (After Ratzel)’. In: R. Kitchin and N. Thrift (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam: Elsevier, vol. 1, gv. 146; G. H. Müller, Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904): Naturwissenschaftler, Geo-graph, Gelehrter. Neue Studien zu Leben und Werk und sein Konzept der “Allge-meinen Biogeographie”. Stuttgart: Verlag für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaf-

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giorgi TavaZe

ratcelis Sexedulebebis ganxilvisas yuradRebas gavamax-vileb sivrcis, ufro swored ki, `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ (Le-bensraum) miseul cnebaze, romelic erTob winaaRmdegobri-vi cnebaa, radgan, arsebiTad, swored `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ cnebis Semotanis gamo dasdes ratcels brali imperializmis mxardaWeraSi. sivrcis cneba metad mniSvnelovania filosofi-uri geografiisaTvis. Sesabamisad, gamarTlebuli unda iyos am cnebis recefciis analizi. miT umetes, Tu es recefcia XIX saukunis II naxevris erT-erT yvelaze gamoCenil germanel geo-grafs ekuTvnis. filosofiis erT-erT amocanas konkretuli mecnierebebis mier mopovebul codnaze kritikuli refleqsia warmoadgens. aseT refleqsias Sesatyvisi cnebebis dazusteba an maTi destruqcia mohyveba.282 filosofiuri refleqsia `Zve-li~ cnebebis axleburad da Tanamedrove konteqstTan Sesaty-visobaSi gaazrebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

ratcelis mniSvnelovani naSromebia: `CrdiloeT ameri-kis SeerTebuli Statebi~,283 ànTropogeografia~,284 `xalxT-mcodneoba~,285 ̀ politikuri geografia~,286 ̀ sasicocxlo sivrce. biogeografiuli gamokvleva~,287 `dedamiwa da sicocxle. Se-

ten und der Technik, 1996, gv. 153 da Smd.; W. Natter, ‘Friedrich Ratzel’s Spatial Turn. Identities of Disciplinary Space and its Borders Between the An-thropo- and Political Geography of Germany and the United States’. In: H. van Houtum, O. Kramsch, W. Zierhofer (eds.), B/ordering Space. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005, gv. 175.

282 ix. T. A. C. Reydon, P. Hoynigen-Huene, ‘Philosophie und ihr Verhältnis zu den Einzelwissenschaften’. In: M. van Ackeren, T. Kobusch, J. Müller (Hrsg.), Warum noch Philosophie? Historische, systematische und gesellschaftliche Positionen. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2011, gv. 127.

283 ix. F. Ratzel, Die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika. 2 Bde, München: R. Oldenbourg, 1878-1880.

284 ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie oder Grundzüge der Anwendung der Erdkunde auf die Geschichte. Stuttgart: J. Engelhorn, 1882; Zweiter Teil: Die Geographische Verbreitung des Menschen. Stuttgart: Verlag von J. Engelhorn, 1891.

285 ix. F. Ratzel, Völkerkunde. 3 Bde, Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1885-1888. 286 ix. F. Ratzel, Politische Geographie. München und Leipzig: R. Oldenbourg,

1897. 287 ix. F. Ratzel, Der Lebensraum. Eine Biogeographische Studie. Unveränderter

reprografischer Nachdruck aus: Festgaben für Albert Schäffle. 1901, 101-189, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1966.

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darebiTi dedamiwismcodneoba~.288 ukanasknel wlebSi ratce-li apirebda, daewera naSromi `zogadi biogeografiis~ Sesaxeb Tumca naadrevma sikvdilma mas am Canafiqris ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba ar misca.289

ratcelis sasicocxlo sivrcis Teoriis ganxilvamde mi-zanSewonilad mimaCnia, ganvixilo ànTropogeografia~, rome-lic mis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes naSromad miiCneva, kerZod, ratcelis Sexedulebebi anTropogeografiis, rogorc damou-kidebeli mecnierebis Sesaxeb.290

ànTropogeografiis~ pirveli tomis qvesaTauria: ìsto-riaze dedamiwismcodneobis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi~.291 is Svid qveTavad iyofa, romlebSic ratce-li ganixilavs anTropogeografiis meTodebsa da amocanebs, istoriuli moZraobis process, adgilisa da sivrcis cnebebs, xalxTa sazRvrebs, dedamiwis zedapirs, cocxal bunebasa da klimats.

anTropogeografia, geografiis msgavsad, upirveles yov-

288 ix. F. Ratzel, Die Erde und das Leben. Eine vergleichende Erdkunde. 2 Bde, Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1901-1902.

289 ix. G. H. Müller, Friedrich Ratzel, gv. 119. ratcelis `zogadi biogeo-grafiis~ Sesaxeb ix. G. H. Müller, ‘Das Konzept der “Allgemeinen Biogeo-graphie” von Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904): Eine Übersicht’. Geographische Zeit-schrift, H. 1 (1986), gv. 3-14. ix. aseve, G. H. Müller, Friedrich Ratzel, passim.

290 ratcelis anTropogeografiis adgilisaTvis sazogadoebrivi geo-grafiis ganviTarebis istoriaSi ix. D. Fliedner, ‘Anthropogeographie, Paradigmenwechsel, Kulturelle Evolution’. Geographische Zeitschrift, 1 (1992), gv. 1 da Smd. ratcelis anTropogeografiaze gavlena moaxdina m. vagneris (1813-1887 ww.) migraciis Teoriam. ix. J. Lossau, ‘Anthropo-geography (After Ratzel)’. In: International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, gv. 143. ratcelis ànTropogeografiisa~ da sxva naSromebis zoga-di mimoxilvisTvis ix. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter – Gelehrte, gv. 171 da Smd.

291 ànTropogeografiis~ pirveli tomis ganxilvisas vemyarebi mis me-same gamocemas (1909 w.), romelic meore gamocemis ucvlel versias warmoadgens. ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Erster Teil: Grundzüge der Anwendung der Erdkunde auf die Geschichte. Dritte, unveränderte Auflage, Stutt-gart: Verlag von J. Engelhorn, 1909. meore gamocema, romelic ratcelis sicocxleSi, 1899 wels gamoica, ratcelma safuZvlianad gadaamu-Sava. Sesabamisad, ratcelis Sexedulebebi iq ufro srulyofilad-aa gadmocemuli.

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lisa aRweriTi mecnierebaa.292 Tumca, aRwera mis TviTmizans ar warmoadgens. anTropogeografiam unda moaxdinos gansxvavebu-li xalxebis klasifikacia geografiuli niSnebis (mdebareoba, sacxovrebeli adgilis buneba) mixedviT. klasifikacia pir-veli nabijia induqciis gzaze. sacxovrebeli adgilis mixed-viT xalxTa tipebis klasificirebis nebismieri mcdeloba Se-darebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. am azriT, anTropogeografia SedarebiTi mecnierebaa.293 ànTropogeografia [...] aRwers im adgilebs, sadac adamianebi cxovroben. Semdeg is am adgilebs rukaze moniSnavs. dedamiwis dasaxlebul adgilebs (òikumene~) is gamoyofs dausaxlebeli adgilebisagan. [...] radgan kaco-brioba rasebis, xalxebisa da sxva mcire jgufebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic bunebiT an istoriis msvlelobis gamo erTmaneTisa-gan gansxvavdebian, anTropogeografia ikvlevs am gansxvavebe-bis gavrcelebas da adgens Sesatyvis rasobriv, eTnografiul, enobriv da politikur rukebs.~294 es amocana ratcels anTro-pogeografiuli amocanebidan upirvelesad miaCnia (sul igi sam aseT amocanas gamoyofs).

geografia ar aris mxolod deduqciuri mecniereba. geo-grafis yuradReba yovelTvis mimarTulia mTeli dedamiwi-saken. amitomac, geografiuli meTodi hologeisturia anu holisturia. is mTlianad dedamiwaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. analogiurad, anTropogeografia xalxebs ganixilavs, rogorc mTlian, erTmaneTze damokidebul sxeulebs. misgan gansxvave-biT, eTnografia ufro gansxvavebebze amaxvilebs yuradRe-bas. gansxvavebuli zRvebis Sedarebisas geografs arasdros aviwydeba okeanis gamaerTianebeli idea. aseve, gansxvavebuli xalxebis ganxilvisas anTropogeografs mudam mxedvelobaSi aqvs kacobriobis idea. im epoqaSi, rodesac mecnieruli amo-canebi ukiduresad danawevrebulia, ratcelis azriT, holo-geisturi midgoma uaRresad mniSvnelovania.295

kacobriobis mTeli istoria dedamiwaze misi ganviTarebis

292 ànTropogeografiis~ pirvel TavSi ratceli aRniSnavs, rom mon-axazisa da ZiriTadi ideebis saxiT anTropogeografia ukve arse-bobda herdersa da riterTan. Tumca, maT ar CamouyalibebiaT an-Tropogeografiis konkretuli amocanebi. ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeo-graphie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 19.

293 ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 57-59. 294 iqve, gv. 49.

295 iqve, gv. 59-60.

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da dedamiwasTan erTad cxovrebis istoriacaa. Sesabamisad, an-Tropogeografiis interesis sagans ar warmoadgens wminda geo-grafiuli mocemulobebis (mTebis, zRvebis, qedebis) Seswavla. geografiuli elementebi anTropogeografias mxolod imdenad ainteresebs, ramdenadac isini kavSirSi arian danarCen kaco-briobasTan.296

anTropogeografia ar eswrafvis iseTi kanonebis aRmoCe-nas, romlebic maTematikuri formulebiT iqneba gamoxatuli. Tumca, is mainc eswrafvis garkveuli saxis kanonebis dadge-nas. aq Tavs iCens deterministuli pozicia:297 xalxs, adamia-

296 iqve, gv. 61-63.

297 yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom ratcelTan mimarTebaSi misi `xist~ deterministad monaTvla, SesaZloa, naCqarevi da gaumarT-lebeli aRmoCndes. ratceli Tavad miuTiTebs aseTi poziciis um-arTebulobaze. muncingeris mier aRmosavleT afrikaSi mogzauro-bis amsaxveli pasaJis ganxilvisas ratceli aRniSnavs, rom debule-bebi, romlebic adamianebze da maT socialur cxovrebaze bunebis zemoqmedebas exeba, ùdidesi sifrTxiliT~ unda gamoiTqvas (ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 27). ratceli, aseve, gansa-kuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs drois faqtorze: imisaTvis, raTa bunebam adamianebze sagrZnobi zegavlena moaxdinos, saWiroa, rom mocemuli xalxi sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdes mocemul teritoriaze. determinizmis momxreebi saTanado yur-adRebas ar amaxvileben im garemoebaze, rom istoriuli procesis ganmavlobaSi msoflios xalxebi erTi teritoriidan meore teri-toriaze gadaadgildebodnen (iqve, gv. 38). h.-d Sulcis Tanaxmad, gviandel periodSi ratcelTan determinizmi ufro aSkarad iCens Tavs, razec gavlena moaxdina misma politikur-geografiulma az-rovnebam (ix. H.-D. Schultz, Herder und Ratzel: Zwei Extreme, ein Paradigma? gv. 136). mkvlevarebi, aseve, aRniSnaven, rom ratcelis `determini-stobis~ sakiTxi erTob winaaRmdegobrivia. amis mizezi, erTi mxriv, ratcelis bundovani da winaaRmdegobrivi gamonaTqvamebi, xolo, meore mxriv, darvinistuli Teoriis ambivalenturi xasiaTia. ka-cobriobis gaazreba bunebis nawilad gulisxmobda imis daSvebas, rom sicocxle dedamiwaze urTierTdakavSirebulia da ganviTare-bis erTsa da igive kanonebs emorCileba. kacobrioba zegavlenas ganicdis gare faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad da, Tavis mxriv, gavlenas axdens garemoze. ase rom, `ratcelis geografiuli de-terminizmi bolomde ganicdida ekologiuri Tvalsazrisis zegav-lenas, romelic xazs usvamda garemoSi arsebuli urTierTqmede-bebis mTlianobasa da ormxrivobas da is srulebiT ar hgavs im mimarTulebas, romelic mogvianebiT imave saxeliT ganviTarda, gansakuTrebiT anglo-saqsur geografiaSi~. ix. G. H. Müller, Friedrich

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nis msgavsad, sakuTari neba aqvs. magram es neba yovelmxriv `SemosazRvrulia~, SezRudulia geografiuli garemoTi. amis naTel magaliTad ratcels miaCnia Semdegi garemoeba: adami-anebi verasodes SeZleben CrdiloeT polusze damoukidebe-li saxelmwifos daarsebas; saharaSi verasodes warmoiqmneba msoflio mniSvnelobis mqone qalaqi. adamianTa sivrcobrivi gavrcelebis areali yovelTvis garkveuli teritoriiT iqneba Semofargluli.298

miuxedavad amisa, ratceli srulebiT rodi uaryofs xalxis unars, gavlena moaxdinos geografiul garemoze. adami-anebs SeuZliaT, gaafarToon SemzRudveli sazRvrebi an ufro asatani gaxadon garkveuli geografiuli pirobebi, Tumca, am sazRvrebis sruli mospoba SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, yoveli xalxi mocemuli qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs atarebs. anTropogeografia yovel xalxs Tavis miwasTan kav-SirSi ganixilavs da masTan mimarTebaSi adgens Tavis kanonebs. is Seiswavlis iseT kanonebs, romelTa geografiuli formuli-rebaa SesaZlebeli (xalxTa zrda mocemul geografiul areal-Si, kunZulis zegavlena mis macxovreblebze, Zlieri xalxebis swrafva zRvisken da a. S.). imisaTvis, raTa marTebulad Sefas-des qveynis zegavlena mis macxovreblebze, aucilebelia, gaT-valiswinebul iqnas am qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sivrcis, adgilisa da formis cnebebi. es faqtorebi mudam erTsa da imave zegavlenas axdens, Tumca, garkveuli istoriuli garemo-ebebis gamo, es zegavlena zogjer aSkarad iCens Tavs, zogjer ki isev sustdeba.299 mocemuli xalxis Tavis miwaze damokidebu-lebis kvleva meore mTavar anTropogeografiul amocanas war-moadgens. dedamiwis zedapirze xalxTa gadaadgilebas garkveu-li geografiuli faqtorebi (reliefi, hidrografiuli qseli, mcenareuli safari) aferxebs an aCqarebs. am procesebis Seswav-lisas geografia mWidro kavSirSia istoriasTan.300 anTropo-

Ratzel, gv. 155. 298 ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 63.299 iqve, gv. 64.

300 istoriisa da geografiis kavSiris analizis dros ratceli kantis `fizikur geografiaze~ referirebs, romlis Tanaxmad, istorias geografia udevs safuZvlad. amave dros, ratceli uaryofs Tvalsazriss, TiTqos geografia mxolod istoriis damxmare disciplina iyos. yovel mecnierebas SeuZlia, gauwios samsaxuri meore mecnierebas ise, rom mis msaxurad ar iqces. ratcelis azriT,

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geografia aanalizebs, Tu rogor moxvda da dasaxlda esa Tu is xalxi ama Tu im teritoriaze.301

ar arsebobs mecniereba, romelsac mxolod damxmare mecnierebis statusi eqneba. aseve, yovel mecnierebas garkveul dros mezobeli disciplinebis daxmareba esaWiroeba. Sesabamisad, geografia da istoria iseTive monaTesave mecnierebebia (Schwesterwissenschaften), rogorc, magaliTad, geografia da dedamiwis istoria. ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 50 da 54. istoriis Sesaxeb ratcelis Sexedulebebze garkveuli zegavlena moaxdina e. kapis `filosofiurma geografiam~. istoriisa geografiis kavSiris kapiseul koncefcias ratceli maRal Sefasebas aniWebda (iqve, gv. vi, 22 da 24).

301 ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 49. 1899 wels Tavis `sociologiur weliwdeulSi~ e. diurkemma ganixila ratcelis àn-Tropogeografia~. diurkemis azriT, ratcelma daixsna geografia izolaciisagan da is WeSmarit socialur mecnierebad aqcia. Tumca, diurkemi Tvlis, rom anTropogeografiis sagani da meTodebi bun-dovania. anTropogeografia, ratcelis mixedviT, Seiswavlis yvela im zegavlenas, rasac miwa (Boden) axdens socialur cxovrebaze. magram am gavlenebis Seswavla mxolod erTi mecnierebis saqme ar aris. miwisa da klimatis buneba, ra Tqma unda, gavlenas axdens ko-leqtiur warmodgenebze, miTebsa da legendebze, magram am gavle-nebis Seswavla aRniSnuli aspeqtiT religiis sociologiis saqmea. rac Seexeba xalxTa Taviseburebebs, maT koleqtiuri eTnologia Seiswavlis. diurkemis azriT, erTi mkvlevari ver moaxerxebs pro-blemaTa am farTo speqtrTan gamklavebas. garda amisa, miiCnevs di-urkemi, ratceli gadaWarbebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs geografiul faqtorebs. is garemoeba, rom sxvadasxva geografiul pirobebSi erTi da igive socialuri tipebi gvxvdeba, ratcelis debulebis umarTebulobaze migvaniSnebs. dabolos, geografiuli faqtore-bis gavlena istoriis gansxvavebul momentebSi sxvadasxvanairia. naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebis religiebSi aRbeWdilia im miwis kvali, sadac es religia Camoyalibda, magram dRes mecnie-ruli WeSmaritebebi ar aris lokalur konteqstze damokidebuli. miwa ki ar axdens gavlenas sazogadoebaze, aramed, piriqiT. geo-grafiuli faqtori ki ar hfens axal Suqs sociologias, aramed, sapirispirod, mxolod sociologiis meSveobiT gavigebT geogra-fiuli faqtoris mniSvnelobas. ix. E. Durkheim, Selected Writings. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. gv. 86-88. v. nateris azriT, di-urkemma, savaraudod, saTanado yuradReba ar gaamaxvila termin Boden-is mniSvnelobaze ratcelTan. adamianebTan mimarTebaSi der Boden, erTi mxriv, aRniSnavs miwas, dedamiwis fizikur zedapirs, romelzec adamianebi gadaadgildebian; meore mxriv, is gamoiyeneba satransporto da savaWro gzebisa da qselebis dasaxasiaTeblad,

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anTropogeografiul amocanaTa mesame jgufs ganekuTvneba bunebis zemoqmedebis Seswavla individebze da maTi meSveobiT, mTel xalxebze. `bunebis zemoqmedebaSi~ ratceli moiazrebs klimatis, niadagis agebulebis, mcenareuli da cxoveluri sa-myaros zegavlenas adamianis sxeulze. misi azriT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi es gavlenebi aSkaraa, zogjer ki _ faruli. am gav-lenaTa sruli speqtris analizi, ratcelis mixedviT, ufro fsiqologiisa da fiziologiis amocanas Seadgens, Tumca, an-Tropogeografiam aqtiurad unda gamoiyenos am sferoSi mopo-vebuli codna qveynebisa da xalxebis aRweris dros.302

anTropogeografia geografiis nawilia,303 Tumca, radgan is adamianebiTaa dainteresebuli, is, amave dros, warmoadgens im mecnierebis nawils, romelic dedamiwaze sicocxlis gavrce-lebas Seiswavlis. am mecnierebas ratceli biogeografias uwo-debs.304 rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ratcels ar dascalda `zo-gad biogeografiasTan~ dakavSirebuli naSromis gamocema.

sivrcis cnebas ratceli ànTropogeografiis~ pirveli tomis mesame TavSi ganixilavs. sivrce da sicocxle, ratcelis mixedviT, mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. adamianTa raodenobis zrda mocemul teritoriaze maT Soris arsebuli sivrcobrivi mimarTebebis cvlilebas iwvevs, radgan, adamianTa raodenobis zrdasTan erTad, mcirdeba is sivrce, romelic maTi arsebo-bisTvisaa saWiro. sivrcobrivi mimarTebebis cvlilebas sxva

romlebic, xels uwyobs an aferxebs adamianTa gadaadgilebas. es faqtori gavlenas axdens xalxTa Tvisebebze, magram, amave dros, adamianTa gadaadgilebisa da moZraobis Sedegad, garemoc icv-leba. Sesabamisad, askvnis nateri, `ratceli marTlac eswrafoda kacobriobis axsnas dedamiwis meSveobiT (rogorc amas diurkemi aRniSnavda), magram es iyo mcdeloba dinamikuri sivrciT-droiTi matricis Sesaqmnelad, romelic adamianis ganviTarebis axsnisaT-vis efeqturad kveTda sivrcisa da drois farul meqanizmebs.~ ix. W. Natter, Friedrich Ratzel’s Spatial Turn, gv. 181.

302 ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 49-50; H.-D. Schultz, Herder und Ratzel: Zwei Extreme, ein Paradigma? gv. 135.

303 ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 6.304 ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Zweiter Teil: Die Geographische Verbreitung

des Menschen. Stuttgart: Verlag von J. Engelhorn, 1891, gv. xxiv-xxv; misive, Anthropogeographie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 1, 5-6; G. H. Müller, Friedrich Ratzel, gv. 103 da Smd.

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sasicocxlo pirobebis cvlileba mohyveba.305 Sesabamisad, ùm-Tavresi biogeografiuli sivrcobrivi problema aris sicocx-lis mimarTeba dedamiwis sivrcesTan.~306

didi sivrce xels uwyobs sicocxlis mravalferovnebas. sicocxlis axali formebis ganviTareba yovelTvis mocemul sivrcezea damokidebuli. sicocxlis axal formas sWirde-ba sivrce, raTa gaxdes is, rac is aris da kidev ufro meti sivrce imisaTvis, raTa ganamtkicos da memkvidreobiT gadas-ces sakuTari saxeobis niSan-Tvisebebi.307 sicocxlis axali formebis warmoqmnas sivrce sWirdeba, dedamiwaze arsebu-li sivrce ki SezRudulia. Sesabamisad, warmoiSoba `brZola sivrcisaTvis~.308 darviniseuli àrsebobisaTvis brZola~ rat-celTan iqca `brZolad sivrcisaTvis~, romelic ara mxolod mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaroze, aramed xalxebsa da saxelm-wifoebzec vrceldeba.309 Zlieri xalxebi sustebs aviwroeben da maT sasicocxlo sivrces ikaveben.310 àra mxolod calkeu-

305 ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 149.306 iqve.

307 iqve, gv. 149-150.

308 Sdr. iqve, gv. 150, 158 da Smd.; F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Zweiter Teil, gv. xxiii; misive, Der Lebensraum, gv. 51 da Smd.

309 àrsebobisaTvis brZola, uwinares yovlisa, sivrcisaTvis brZolas niSnavs, radgan sivrce sicocxlis upirveles winapirobas warmoad-gens.~ ix. F. Ratzel, Der Lebensraum, gv. 51. Sdr., aseve, F. Ratzel, Anthro-pogeographie. Zweiter Teil, gv. xxii; H.-D. Schultz, Herder und Ratzel: Zwei Extreme, ein Paradigma? gv. 137; E. Mendieta, War the School of Space, gv. 214. ratceli SeniSnavs, rom, miuxedavad amisa, darvinsa da mis mim-devrebs am sakiTxze saTanado yuradReba ar gaumaxvilebiaT. ix. F. Ratzel, Der Lebensraum, gv. 52.

310 sasicocxlo sivrce moicavs geografiul sivrces, romelic sa-Wiroa iq mcxovrebi saxeobebis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileb-lad. saxeobis sasicocxlo sivrcis sazRvrebi saxeobis zrdasTan erTad icvleba. sasicocxlo sivrce darviniseul bunebriv ga-darCevas sivrcobriv ganzomilebaSi aqcevs. saxeobebis istoria (adamianis CaTvliT) warmoadgens sasicocxlo sivrcis cvalebadi Sablonebisadmi adaptacias. sasicocxlo sivrcisadmi adaptacias, adamianebi, upirveles yovlisa, kulturis meSveobiT axdenen. ix. W. D. Smith, ‘Friedrich Ratzel and the Origins of Lebensraum’. German Studies Review (1980), vol. 3, gv. 53. smiTis mixedviT, ratcelis `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ cnebaze gavlena moaxdina fsiqolog g. fexneris (1801-1887 ww.) Sexedulebebma (iqve, gv. 54).

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li xalxebis, aramed mTeli kulturebis aRmavloba da dace-ma sivrcobriv mimarTebebzea damokidebuli. mTel istorias sivrcobrivi sakiTxebi marTavs.~311 rac ufro didia sivrcis mocemuli nawili, miT ufro Tavisuflad SeuZliaT iq mac-xovrebel xalxebs ganvrcoba da miT ufro metadaa SesaZlebe-li axali adgilebis gamonaxva Zlieri xalxisagan Seviwroebis SemTxvevaSi: tasmanielebma ver gauZles evropelTa Semotevas da ganadgurdnen, adgilobrivma avstralielebma ki arseboba SeinarCunes.312 didi sivrce gafarToebisaken mouwodebs xal-xebs, mcire sivrce ki maT Seviwroebas uwyobs xels. am azriT sivrce politikur Zalad gvevlineba.313

ratceli gamoyofs xalxebisa da saxelmwifoebis sivr-cobrivi zrdis kanonebs. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba am ori tipis ka-nonebs Soris SemdegSi mdgomareobs: xalxis raodenobis zrda yovelTvis `bunebriv gamravlebazea~ damokidebuli, maSin, rodesac saxelmwifos zrdas, SesaZloa, Tavdasxmisadmi nebam Seuwyos xeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos sazRvrebi scde-ba xalxis sazRvrebs. aqedan, askvnis ratceli, gamomdinareobs Semdegi umniSvnelovanesi kanoni: saxelmwifo miT ufro Zlieri da sicocxlisunariania, rac ufro emTxveva misi teritoria iq mcxovrebi xalxis gansaxlebis areals da rac ufro Tanabar-zomierad xdeba saxelmwifos zrda xalxis raodenobis zrdis Sesatyvisad.314 saxelmwifoebis sivrcobrivi zrdis kanonebi SemdegSi vlindeba: kulturis ganviTarebas Tan sdevs saxelm-

311 ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 150. 312 ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Zweiter Teil, gv. xxxiv; misive, Anthropo-

geographie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 153 da 160.

313 ix. F. Ratzel, Politische Geographie oder die Geographie der Staaten, des Verkehrs und des Krieges. Zweite umgearbeitete Auflage. München und Berlin: Verlag von R. Oldenbourg, 1903, gv. 369-370.

314 ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 155. biogeografia, ratcelis mixedviT, saxelmwifos ganixilavs, rogorc dedamiwa-ze sicocxlis gavrcelebis erT-erT formas. ix. F. Ratzel, Politische Geographie. Zweite Auflage, gv. 3. saxelmwifos ratceli gansazRvravs, rogorc miwisa da adamianebis kombinacias (iqve, gv. 4). ̀ saxelmwifo ukiduresad arasrulyofili organizmia~ (iqve, gv. 11). individi saxelmwifos organul nawils ar warmoadgens, maSin, rodesac cxo-velur organizmSi nawili yovelTvis mTelis mimarTaa daqvemde-barebuli da damoukidebloba ar gaaCnia. amis sapirispirod, sru-lyofil saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeebi TavianT Tavisuflebas saxelm-wifo samsaxurSi srulyofen (iqve, gv. 13-15).

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wifos zrda; saxelmwifos zrda xorcieldeba SedarebiT mcire erTeulebis aneqsirebiT; sazRvrebi saxelmwifos periferiul organos warmoadgens. saxelmwifos organizmis transfor-maciis Sedegad isinic icvlebian. saxelmwifoebi eswrafvian politikurad xelsayreli poziciebis dakavebas. saxelmwifos zrdis pirveli stimulebi eqsternaluri xasiaTisaa; terito-riuli aneqsiis tendencia saxelmwifodan saxelmwifos gadae-cema da amasTan erTad, misi intensivoba izrdeba.315

miuxedavad amisa, sasicocxlo sivrcisaTvis brZolas rat-celi pozitiur konteqstSi ganixilavs: kulturebis ganviTare-bas saxelmwifoebisa da xalxebis sivrcobrivi zrdis procesSi brZolis velis gafarToeba da Sida uTanxmoebebis Semcireba mohyveba, rac dapirispirebul mxareTa urTierTdacilebiTaa gamowveuli. am procesis magaliTad ratcels CrdiloeT ameri-ka mohyavs, sadac 400 wlis ganmavlobaSi sisxlismRvreli brZo-lebi mimdinareobda sxvadasxva mcire xalxebs Soris. magram axla, miiCnevs ratceli, iq adgili aqvs mSvidobian Sejibrs or evropel xalxs Soris, romlebmac kontinenti dainawiles.316

am pacifisturi konotaciis miuxedavad, mkvlevarebi mi-uTiTeben im imperialistur wanamZRvrebze, romlebic sivrcis Sesaxeb ratcelis ganazrebebSi arsebobs. `politikur geogra-fiaSi~ ratceli oms ̀ sivrcis skolas~ uwodebs,317 xolo xalxTa Soris brZolas mxolod sivrcisaTvis brZolad miiCnevs.318 e. mendieta ratcelis ori debulebis (`sicocxle aris brZola sivrcisaTvis~ da òmi aris sivrcis skola~) safuZvelze askv-nis, rom ratcelTan sivrce omiTaa gansazRvruli. omis inten-sivoba sivrcezea damokidebuli.319 mendieta, aseve, yuradRe-bas amaxvilebs ratcelis mier zRvis mniSvnelobis Sefasebaze. Tavis naSromSi `zRva, rogorc xalxTa sidiadis wyaro. poli-

315 ix. F. Ratzel, Politische Geographie. Zweite Auflage, gv. 241 da Smd.; E. Mendieta, War the School of Space, gv. 214; H.-D. Schultz, Herder und Ratzel: Zwei Extreme, ein Paradigma? gv. 136-137.

316 ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Dritte Auflage, gv. 159. 317 ix. F. Ratzel, Politische Geographie. Zweite Auflage, gv. 373. 318 iqve, gv. 381.

319 ix. E. Mendieta, War the School of Space, gv. 213-214. rogorc aRvniSneT, saxelmwifoTa zrdis analizisas ratceli mniSvnelobas aniWebda did da mcire sivrceebs. ix. F. Ratzel, Politische Geographie. Zweite Auflage, gv. 382.

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tikur-geografiuli gamokvleva~320 ratceli ganixilavs zRvis zemoqmedebas xalxebze. `zRvis xalxebma yvelaze metad Seuwy-ves xeli politikuri masStabebis ganvrcobas. [...] Ria zRva ara mxolod vaWris, aramed saxelmwifo moRvawis Tvalsawiersac afarToebs. mxolod zRvas SeuZlia namdvili msoflio saxelm-wifoebis warmoqmna.~321 didi politikis ideals kontinenturi da okeanuri motivebis dakavSireba warmoadgens.322 germaniam, ratcelis mixedviT, zRvaze Zliereba unda moipovos, raTa Ta-visi msoflio daniSnuleba aRasrulos.323 saboloo jamSi, men-dietas azriT, `ratcelma imgvarad daakavSira xalxis, rasisa da sivrcis cnebebi, rom Cven jer kidev sakmao Zalisxmeva gv-Wirdeba maTgan gasaTavisufleblad.~324

kidev ufro radikaluria s. danielsoni, romelic `sasi-cocxlo sivrcis~ cnebas genocidis sivrces ukavSirebs da miiCnevs, rom ratcelis mier formulirebul `saxelmwifoebis sivrcobrivi zrdis kanonebSi~ impliciturad igulisxmeboda

320 ix. F. Ratzel, Das Meer als Quelle der Völkergrösse. Eine politisch-geographische Studie. München und Leipzig: Oldenbourg, 1900.

321 ix. F. Ratzel, Das Meer als Quelle der Völkergrösse. Eine politisch-geographische Studie. Zweite, verbesserte Auflage, München und Berlin: Druck und Verlag von R. Oldenbourg, 1911, gv. 40.

322 iqve, gv. 73.

323 iqve, gv. iii. ix., aseve, E. Mendieta, War the School of Space, gv. 215. ratcelis aRniSnul naSromTan saintereso msgavsebebs amJRavnebs karl Smitis `xmeleTi da zRva. msoflio-istoriuli ganazreba~ (1942 w.). ix. qveTavi 3.3.

324 ix. E. Mendieta, War the School of Space, gv. 215. g. miuleri miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, romelic, misi azriT, aqamde SeumCneveli rCebodaT sxva mkvlevarebs. ratceli Tavis esseSi `suli, romelic wylis zedapirze moZraobs~ (1901 w.) wers: `Cemi patara wigni ‘zRva rogorc xalxTa sidiadis wyaro’ im SegrZnebiT davasrule, rom yvelaze ufro Rrma da mniSvnelovani, risi Tqmac SeiZleboda zRvis Sesaxeb da rac naTqvami unda yofiliyo, sruliad uTqmeli darCa.~ ix. F. Ratzel, Kleine Schriften von Friedrich Ratzel. Ausgewählt und herausgegeben durch H. Helmolt. Bd. 1, München und Berlin: Oldenbourg, gv. 237; G. H. Müller, Friedrich Ratzel, gv. 154-155. ratcels surs, aCvenos `zRvis mniSvneloba xalxis sulze~ (ix. F. Ratzel, Kleine Schriften, Bd. 1, gv. 237), gamovlinos mimarTebebi zRvasa da adamianis mier usasrulos Secnobis maradiul miswrafebas Soris. am mizniT igi ganixilavs msoflios xalxebis warRvnis miTebs, gadmocemebs samyaros Sesaqmis Sesaxeb da a.S.

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evropis imperialisturi saxelmwifoebis mier koloniebis ad-gilobrivi mosaxleobis mimarT ganxorcielebuli agresiuli politikis gamarTleba.325 uaryofiT daskvnamde midis hans-ditrix Sulcic, romelic herderisa da ratcelis naazrevis Sedarebis safuZvelze aCvenebs, rom ratcelma moaxdina klasi-kuri geografiuli paradigmis dinamizireba da misi imperiuli versia Camoayaliba.326

sayuradReboa sapirispiro poziciebic. m. beisini yurad-Rebas amaxvilebs ratcelis antirasistul poziciaze. miuxeda-vad imisa, rom ratceli ultranacionalisturi `pangermanuli

325 ix. S. K. Danielsson, ‘Creating Genocidal Space: Geographers and the Discourse of Annihilation, 1880-1933’. Space and Polity, 13 (2009), gv. 63.

326 ix. H.-D. Schultz, Herder und Ratzel: Zwei Extreme, ein Paradigma? gv. 139; misive, Raumkonstrukte der klassischen deutschsprachigen Geographie des 19./20. Jahrhunderts im Kontext ihrer Zeit. Ein Überblick, gv. 348-349; misive, Zwischen fordernder Natur und freiem Willen: das Politische an der „klassischen“ deutschen Geographie, gv. 12. klasikuri geografiuli paradigmis Ta-naxmad, romlis safuZvlebsac Sulci herderTan xedavs, saxelm-wifos, qveynis (bunebrivi mocemulobis) da xalxis TandaTanobi-Ti Serwymis Sedegad harmoniuli erTianoba miiReboda (ix. H.-D. Schultz, Herder und Ratzel: Zwei Extreme, ein Paradigma? gv. 133). ratcelis versiaSi es erTianoba darRveulia, radgan xalxi tovebs bunebrivi mocemulobis sazRvrebs da axal teritorias iTvisebs. xalxis moZ-raobas Tan sdevs saxelmwifos sazRvrebis gafarToeba da eqspansia (iqve, gv. 138). maSin, rodesac herderisaTvis mSvidoba kacobriobis bunebriv mdgomareobas warmoadgenda, ratcelisaTvis omi sivrcis skola iyo, romlis meSveobiTac xalxebi mcire sivrceebidan ufro did sivrceebs ikavebdnen. Tu es procesi bunebrivi kanonebiTa na-karnaxevi, SeniSnavs Sulci, maSin ikargeba pasuxismgebloba omis gaCaRebis gamo (iqve, gv. 140; J. Lossau, ‘Anthropogeography (After Rat-zel)’. In: International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, gv. 144-145). sain-teresoa `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ cnebis analizi, romelic v. smiTs ekuTvnis. misi azriT, ratcelis mier ̀ sasicocxlo sivrcis~ cnebis Semotanaze gavlena moaxdina ratcelis pozitiurma damokidebu-lebam soflis meurneobis mimarT. es damokidebuleba aixsneba ro-gorc biografiuli momentebiT, aseve, saSualo fenis (romelsac ratcelis ojaxi ekuTvnoda) ideologiiT, romelic soflis meur-neobis primats efuZneboda. `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ cneba, smiTis azriT, warmoadgenda agraruli ideologiis mecnierul mxarda-Weras, radgan sasicocxlo sivrcis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoad-genda is sivrce, romelic adamianis mier iyo damuSavebadi. ix. W. D. Smith, Friedrich Ratzel and the Origins of Lebensraum, gv. 55 da Smd.

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ligis~ (Alldeutscher Verband) wevri iyo,327 igi gadaWriT ewinaaRm-degeboda im ideas, romlis Tanaxmad, nacionaluri erTobis sa-fuZvlad eTnikuri an rasobrivi erTianoba moiazreboda.328 j. hanTeri icavs ratcelis Sexedulebebs r. pitis marqsistuli kritikisagan. hanTeri Tvlis, rom ratcelis mier formuli-rebuli `saxelmwifoebis sivrcobrivi zrdis kanonebis~ abso-lutur kanonebad gaazreba ratcelis Sexedulebebis damaxin-jeba da gamartivebaa. `sivrcobrivi zrdis kanonebSi~ ratceli ar gulisxmobda, rom saxelmwifoebis zrda calsaxad niSnavda didi saxelmwifoebis mier mcire saxelmwifoebis aneqsirebas.329 h. beki miiCnevs, rom ratcelis gamocxadeba nacional-socia-listebis winamorbedad calsaxad emyareba misi naazrevis ver-gagebas.330 g. miuleri miuTiTebs anglo-saqsur sivrceSi rat-celis Sexedulebebis calmxriv, negatiur gaazrebaze da moi-Txovs, rom ratcelis naazrevis Sefasebisas gaTvaliswinebul iqnes misi Sromebis gansxvavebuli aspeqtebi.331

iyo Tu ara ratceli, saboloo jamSi, deterministi? iyo Tu ara `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ cneba imperialisturi poli-tikisa da genociduri praqtikebis mecnieruli gamarTlebis mcdeloba? marTlac Seuwyo Tu ara xeli ratcelis naSromeb-ma nacional-socialisturi diskursis Camoyalibebas? am Se-kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema aRniSnuli gamokvlevis mizans ar warmoadgens. filosofiuri geografiis istoriisaTvis mniSv-nelovania ama Tu im moazrovnis damsaxurebis gamokveTa da ara misi naazrevis dekonstruqcia. mTavaria, naCvenebi iqnes

327 ratceli iyo, aseve, ̀ kolonialuri gaerTianebis~ (Kolonialverein, 1882 w.) da misi memkvidris ̀ koloniuri sazogadoebis~ (Kolonialgesellschaft, 1887 w.), erT-erTi TanadamfuZnebeli.

328 ix. M. Bassin, Race contra space: the conflict between German Geopolitik and National Socialism, gv. 118-119.

329 ix. J. M. Hunter, ‘Commentary on “The Social Origins of Environmental Determinism” ’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 76 (1986), gv. 279; R. Peet, The Social Origins of Environmental Determinism, gv. 316 da Smd.

330 ix. H. Beck, Grosse Geographen. Pioniere – Aussenseiter – Gelehrte, gv. 177. 331 ix. G. H. Müller, Friedrich Ratzel, gv. 154. erT-erTi aseTi mniSvnelovani

aspeqti, romelic g. miulerma safuZvlianad gaaanaliza, ratcelis biogeografiuli naazrevia. miuleri Tvlis, rom ratcelis Sexedulebebis saerTo suraTis gamokveTaSi, aseve, mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs misi korespondenciis mecnieruli analizi (iqve).

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tradiciis uwyvetoba, ideebis monacvleoba, axali ideebis gaCena, Zveli ideebis axleburi gaazrebis mcdelobebi da am mcdelobaTa gavlenebi Semdgomi periodis moazrovneebze. Tu fridrix ratcelis naazrevs am kuTxidan ganvixilavT, maSin zemoT moyvanil SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemis saWiroeba, mo-cemuli kvlevis farglebSi, ar iqneba aucilebeli. rogorc uaRresad produqtiulma mkvlevarma,332 ratcelma didi roli Seasrula geografiis ganviTarebisaTvis. Tavis SromebSi, sa-dac igi adamianTa istoriul-geografiul ganviTarebas deda-miwis zedapirTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavda, man gansakuTrebu-li yuradReba gaamaxvila adamianur faqtorze, romelsac XIX saukunis II naxevris akademiur geografiaSi naklebi yuradReba eqceoda333 (o. peSeli da f. fon rixthofeni, ZiriTadad, fi-zikur geografiaze iyvnen orientirebulni).334 ratcelma, ase-ve, geografiuli kuTxiT ganixila komunikaciis saSualebebi da vaWroba.335 dabolos, ratcelis ideebma garkveuli zegav-lena moaxdines karl Smitze, romlis Sexedulebebic Semdgom qveTavSia ganxiluli.

332 ratcels 1200-ze meti samecniero naSromi ekuTvnis. ix. V. Hantzsch, Ratzel-Bibliographie 1867-1905. Verzeichnis der selbständigen Werke, Abhandlungen und Bücherbesprechungen Friedrich Ratzels. München und Berlin: Druck und Verlag von R. Oldenbourg, 1906, gv. v-lxii.

333 ix. W. Natter, Friedrich Ratzel’s Spatial Turn, gv. 179-180; J. Lossau, ‘Anthropogeography (After Ratzel)’. In: International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, gv. 142.

334 Sdr. qveTavi 3.1.

335 ix. F. Ratzel, Politische Geographie. Zweite Auflage, gv. 447 da Smd. komunikaciis saSualebebs ratceli `sivrcis damZlevs~ uwodebs (iqve, gv. 447).

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3.3. karl Smiti: adamiani da msoflio elementebis dapirispireba

karl Smitis filosofiuri geografiis analizisas yurad-Rebas gavamaxvileb mis naSromze `xmeleTi da zRva. msoflio-istoriuli ganazreba~ (1942 w.). aRniSnul naSromSi gadmocemuli zogierTi debuleba Smitma ufro srulad ganaviTara Tavis naS-romSi `dedamiwis nomosi Jus Publicum Europaeum-is saerTaSoriso samarTalSi~ (1950 w.). rodesac `xmeleTi da zRva~ gamoqveynda, yvelasTvis aSkara iyo, rom omis dasrulebis Semdeg (vis sasar-geblodac ar unda dasrulebuliyo brZola) Zveli msoflio wesrigi (nomosi) aRar iarsebebda. is msoflios axal wesrigs, msoflios mowyobis axal sqemas dauTmobda adgils. swored amaze miuTiTebda Smiti, rodesac werda: àxali nomosi mxolod brZo-laSi Tu warmoiSveba. bevri adamiani amaSi mxolod sikvdilsa da ganadgurebas xedavs. zogierT maTgans swams, rom samyaros aR-sasruli dadga. sinamdvileSi Cven mxolod zRvasa da xmeleTTan uwindeli damokidebulebis gaqrobis momswreni varT.~336

`xmeleTsa da zRvaSi~ Smiti Seecada, gaeazrebina msoflio-Si mimdinare fundamenturi cvlilebebi da maTi gamomwvevi mi-zezebi. Tu aseTi perspeqtividan ganvixilavT, maSin `xmeleTi da zRva~ sistemur, mwyobr naSromad warmogvidgeba, sadac Sem-degi ZiriTadi momentebi gamoiyofa:

1. xmeleTi da zRva, rogorc dapirispirebuli, antagonistu-ri elementebi;

2. sivrcobrivi revolucia;

3. protestantizmisa da kaTolicizmis msoflio masStabis dapirispireba xmeleTisa da zRvis antagonizmis fonze;

4. samrewvelo gadatrialeba da samecniero-teqnikuri pro-gresi, rogorc axali elementuri Zalebis damamkvidrebe-li faqtorebi.

Cemi azriT, swored zemoT warmodgenili oTxi momenti warmoqmnis Smitis filosofiuri geografiis birTvs. qvemoT TanmimdevrobiT ganvixilav TiToeul maTgans.

336 ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva. msoflio-istoriuli ganazreba~. germanulidan Targm na g. TavaZem. Tbilisi: `nekeri~, 2010 w., gv. 152.

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xmeleTisa da zRvis dapirispirebas Smiti universalur-istoriul debulebad miiCnevs: `msoflio istoria sazRvao da saxmeleTo saxelmwifoebs Soris dapirispirebis istoriaa.~337 am msoflio-istoriuli dapirispirebis aRsaniSnad Smiti bi-bliur simboloebs mimarTavs. saxmeleTo saxelmwifos simbo-lurad xmeleTis giganti, behemoTi ganasaxierebs, sazRvao sa-xelmwifos simbolod ki leviaTani, veSapi gvevlineba.338

aRniSnuli dixotomia dedamiwis macxovreblebzec vrcel-deba. Smiti erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs „avtoqTonur~ anu xme-leTze mijaWvul da „avtoTalasur~ anu zRvis stiqiiT ganpi-robebul xalxebs. sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb am xalxTa war-modgenebi radikalurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.339 magram adamiani imTaviTve garkveul elementze rodia ̀ mijaWvuli~: mas SeuZlia Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTeba da axali sasicocxlo elementis arCeva: adamians `SeuZlia arCeva, metic, konkretul istoriul situaciaSi mas TviT im elementis arCevac SeuZlia, romelsac sakuTari qmedebebiTa da warmatebebiT Tavisi isto-riuli arsebobis axal formas ukavSirebs da romlis garSemoc igi sakuTari Tavis organizebas axdens.~340 qvemoT vnaxavT, rom garkveul momentSi adamians ara mxolod elementis arCeva, ar-amed misi dapyrobac ZaluZs.

Smiti aRiarebs elementTa maradiul dapirispirebas (am metafizikur pozicias herakliteseuli elferi dahkravs), magram es dapirispireba `xisti~ rodia: elementTa urTierT-dapirispirebisa da brZolis fonze swored adamians eniWeba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. Smitis mixedviT, adamianebs momavali gansxvavebuli perspeqtivebis saxiT eZlevaT da Tu ra arCevans gaakeTeben isini, es mxolod maTzea damokidebuli.

ra Tqma unda ̀ arCevani~ aq pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar unda gavigoT: nebismier istoriul arCevans win uZRvis mTeli rigi socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri procesebi, romelTa ugulebelyofa istoriuli movlenebis trivialur gagebamde migviyvans. Tavad Smiti mraval aseT faqtors gamoyofs (veSapis rewva, cvlilebebi ekonomikaSi, teqnikuri progresi da a. S.). garkveuli periodis Semdeg am faqtorebma, Smitis mixedviT,

337 iqve, gv. 54.

338 iqve, gv. 55.

339 iqve, gv. 49-50.

340 iqve, gv. 54.

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warmoSves konkretuli istoriuli situacia da konkretuli xalxi konkretuli istoriuli perspeqtivebis winaSe daayenes: mihyoloda Zveli cxovrebis wess an sruliad axali elemen-tisTvis miendo Tavisi momavali. axali elementis arCevas, ro-gorc vnaxavT, Tan mosdevs istoriuli cnobierebis fundamen-turi cvlileba.

magram vidre Tavad àrCevanze~ gadavidodes, Smiti Tan-mimdevrulad aRwers `Semamzadebel~ istoriul faqtorebs. Tavdapirvelad igi istoriuli magaliTebis moSveliebiT cdi-lobs, xmeleTisa da zRvis dapirispirebis Tezisi ufro dama-jerebeli gaxados: Smiti ganxilavs Zv. aTens, roms, bizantias, bolos ki Tavis yuradRebas veneciis respublikaze aCerebs.341

venecias Smiti `Talasuri~, zRviuri saxelmwifos tip-iur nimuSad miiCnevs da mas axasiaTebs, rogorc `maRalganvi-Tarebul sanapiro (lagunebis) kulturas.~342 Tumca, igi iqve dasZens, rom `Cveulebrivi zRvaosnoba da moxerxebuli sana-piro zolis gamoyenebaze dafuZnebuli kultura sruliad gan-sxvavdeba istoriuli arsebobis xmeleTidan zRvaze, rogorc gansxvavebul elementze, gadatanisagan.~ Smiti cdilobs, aCve-nos, Tu ratom moxda veneciis stagnacia ̀ Talasur~ safexurze. igi miuTiTebs, rom sposalizio del mare-s (`zRvasTan qorwineba~) dResaswaulis ararseboba vikingebTan swored imis winapirobaa, rom isini zRvis namdvil àmqafeblebad~ SevracxoT: `zRvas-Tan daniSvnis an daqorwinebis ceremoniebze isini (vikingebi _ g. T.) naklebad fiqrobdnen swored imitom, rom isini zRvis

341 Tavisi istoriul-geografiuli analizisas Smiti, rogorc Ta-vad aRniSnavs, ernst kapis istoriuli ganviTarebis samsafexuro-van sqemas eyrdnoba (ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva~, gv. 61-62). Tumca, Smitis analizSi ganviTarebis pirveli, `potamuri~ (mdi-naris kulturaTa) safexuri gamotovebulia. rogorc h. Snaideri SeniSnavs, `karl Smitis Tvalsawieri mxolod evropiT da evropis gavlenis sferoTia SemosazRvruli~ (ix. h. Snaideri, `filosofi-uri geografia~, gv. 95). Smitze kapis gavlena mxolod amiT rodi Semoifargleba: Tu gaviTvaliwinebT kapis ganazrebebs kopernikis, kolumbisa da evropis wamyvani rolis Sesaxeb (ix. E. Kapp, Verglei-chende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstellung, gv. 258 da Smd.), romlebic Zlier msgavsebas amJRavnebs `xmeleTsa da zRvaSi~ ganviTarebul ideebTan, SegviZlia, vivaraudoT, rom kapma imaze meti gavlena moaxdina Smitze, vidre es ukanaskneli amas aRiarebda `xmeleTsa da zRvaSi~.

342 ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva~, gv. 63.

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namdvili Svilebi iyvnen. TavianT Tavs isini zRvis stiqias ui-givebdnen. simboluri niSnobebi da qorwinebebi, piriqiT, imaze miuTiTebs, rom msxverplis gamRebi da is RvTaeba, romelsac msxverpls swiraven, gansxvavebuli, sulac erTmaneTisadmi da-pirispirebuli arsebebia. amgvari msxverplSewirva ucxo Zalis molbobas isaxavs miznad. veneciuri ceremonia naTlad mian-iSnebs im garemoebaze, rom misi simboluri aqtis mniSvneloba elementuri zRviuri arsebobidan ar aris miRebuli.~343

veneciis mier ganviTarebis Talasur safexurze Seyovnebis mizezi Tavad mis geografiul adgilmdebareobaSi unda veZioT. apeninis naxevarkunZuli xmelTaSua zRvis SuagulSi mdebareobs da am geografiuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, rogorc vene-ciisaTvis, aseve misi konkurenti genuisaTvis okeanuri aR-moCenebis gakeTeba advili saqme ar iyo. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom saokeano zRvaosnoba swored okeanis mimdebare qveynebSi ganviTarda: skandinaviis naxevarkunZulze mcxovrebma vi-kingebma grenlandias da amerikas miaRwies, espanelebma da por-tugalielebma axali samyaro aiTvises. maT swrafad mihyvnen holandielebi, frangebi da ingliselebi. yvela am ers farTo gasasvleli aqvs atlantis okeaneze. Tumca okeaneSi gasulma pionerma mogzaurebma gamocdileba xmelTaSua zRvaSi SeiZines: didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis mravali gamoCenili mezRvauri italiuri warmoSobis iyo (qristefore kolumbi, jon kaboti, amerigo vespuCi).344

343 iqve.

344 veneciis òkeanur~ safexurze gadasvlas misma geopolitikurma mdebareobamac `SeuSala~ xeli. veneciam Tavis Zlierebas bizantiis imperiasTan brZoliT miaRwia: 1081 wels is bizantiis gavlenisa-gan gaTavisuflda. 1085 wels venecielebma normanebi daamarcxes, Semdgom wlebSi ki, jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Sedegad, wina aziaSi vaWrobis gansakuTrebuli privilegiebi moipoves. 1124 wels maT tirosi Caigdes xelT. XIII-XIV saukuneebSi venecia warmatebiT dau-pirispirda genuas, xolo XV saukunis I naxevarSi paduis (1406 w.) da ravenis (1441 w.) dapyrobiT respublikam apeninis naxevarkun-Zulze ganimtkica mdgomareoba. osmaleTis imperiis Camoyalibebam mniSvnelovnad Seasusta veneciis poziciebi. konstantinopolis dacemidan (1453 w.) naxevar saukuneSi Turqebi adriatikis zRvis samxreT nawils daepatronnen. venecias moeWra aRmosavleTis sa-vaWro gzebi, romliTac is evropas saneleblebiT amaragebda (ix. J. Corfield, ‘Venice’. In: Encyclopedia of World History. The Expanding World. 600 C.E. – to 1450. Vol. 2, edited by M. E. Ackermann, M. J. Schroeder, J. J.

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magram axali sasicocxlo elementis arCeva uSualod did geografiul aRmoCenebs ar mohyolia. `mxolod axa-li kontinentebisa da okeaneebis aRmoCena ar iyo sakmarisi msoflio okeaneze gabatonebisa da zRvis, rogorc elementis arCevisaTvis.~345 `xmeleTisa da zRvis~ V-VIII TavebSi Smiti aana-lizebs calkeul faqtorebs, romlebmac sivrcobrivi revolu-cia Seamzades da axali elementis (zRvis) arCeva ganapirobes. es faqtorebia veSapis rewva, bewvian cxovelebze nadiroba cim-birSi, teqnikis progresi da mekobreoba. advili SesamCnevia, rom oTxive saqmianobas ekonomikuri mogebis miRebis survi-li udevs safuZvlad. mekobreobisa da veSapWeris SemTxvevaSi okeane gvevlineba rogorc `Semtyuebeli~ elementi, romelic adamianebs gamdidrebis usazRvro perspeqtivebs sTavazobs. es metad mniSvnelovani aspeqtia Smitis filosofiur geografia-

Terry, J.-H. Lo Upshur, and M. F. Whitters, New York: Infobase Publishing, 2008, gv. 412-413). amitom espaneTisa da portugaliis okeangaRmiTi eqs-pediciebi, faqtiurad, ekonomikuri motivebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. geografiuli mdebareoba da geopolitikuri mdebareoba gansxvave-buli cnebebia: pirveli wminda geografiuli azriT unda gavigoT, maSin, roca meore erTsa da imave geografiul garemoSi cvalebad politikur situacias gulisxmobs. magaliTad, saqarTvelo Tavisi istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi erT geografiul sivrceSi iyo moqceuli, magram geopolitikuri situacia mis irgvliv icvle-boda. Savi zRvis berZnuli kolonizaciisa da Sua saukuneebSi Sav zRvaze naosnobis miuxedavad, Savi zRva arasodes gamxdara qarTu-li saxelmwifosaTvis iseTive mniSvnelovani, rogoric adriatikis zRva iyo veneciisaTvis. konstantinopolis dacemisa da Sav zRvaze osmalebis gabatonebis Semdeg Talasuri ganviTarebis perspeqtiva saqarTvelosaTvis gaqra. saxmeleTo saxelmwifoebTan mudmivma brZolam saqarTvelos sazRvao potencialis Sesusteba, qveynis teritorializacia da misi ̀ meCeCze Sejdoma~ (Smitiseuli termini) gamoiwvia. amas Tan erTvoda SidaaSlilobebi da centralizebuli xelisuflebis sisuste. osmalebis batonobis periodSi Savi zRva tyveTa ganuwyveteli tranzitis wyaros warmoadgenda. qarTveli xalxisaTvis zRvis elementi tanjvasTan ufro asocirdeboda, vidre istoriulad mocemuli perspeqtivebis ganviTarebasTan. amdenad, istoriuli eqsistenciis xmeleTidan zRvaze gadatanis sakiTxi saqarTvelos xangrZlivi istoriis ganmavlobaSi arc dam-dgara. zRvisa da qarTvelebis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb ix. T. be-raZe, `zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi~. Tbilisi: `nakaduli~, 1981 w.


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Si.346

maSasadame, konkretul istoriul situaciaSi okeanem, rogorc axalma elementma, adamianebs sruliad axali per-speqtivebi SesTavaza. mekobreoba da veSapis rewva, faqtiu-rad, adamianTa mxridan am gamowvevis miReba iyo. rac Seexeba cimbirel monadireebs, Smiti maT nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs, radgan cimbiris gamokvlevam da iq warmoebulma eqspediciebma mxolod ruseTis imperiaze iqonia zegavlena maSin, rodesac atlantisa da wynar okeaneSi gaWra msoflio-istoriuli mniS-vnelobis mqone movlena iyo.

im ekonomikuri perspeqtivebidan, romlebsac okeane sTavazobda adamians, mekobreoba gamdidrebis yvelaze ioli saSualeba iyo (Tumca, yvelaze ufro saSiSic). didi geografi-uli aRmoCenebis pirvel periodSi mekobresa da saxelmwifo mosamsaxures Soris zRvari metad pirobiTi iyo: portugaliis samefo karis samsaxurSi myofi mezRvaurebis _ vasko da gamas, fransiSku almeidas da alfonso albukerkis meTodebi indoe-Tis okeaneSi didad ar gansxvavdeboda karibis zRvis mekobree-bis meTodebisagan. isini sastikad uswordebodnen TavianT mow-inaaRmdegeebs da aravis indobdnen.347 Smitis mier Semotanili

346 `xmeleTisa da zRvis~ mesame gamocemis (1981 w.) bolosityvaobaSi Smiti, hegelis gavleniT, met yuradRebas uTmobs Tavad samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi arsebul swrafvas eqsportisa da kolonizaciisak-en. garda amisa, `Smitis boloTqmaSi adre uaryofili marqsizmis gavlena igrZnoba~ (ix. h. Snaideri, `filosofiuri geografia~, gv. 112-113). es igrZnoba `dedamiwis nomosSic~: Smitis mixedviT, yvela adrindeli wesrigi miwasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, miuxedavad imisa, gvqonda Tu ara saqme Talasokratiul saxelmwifoebTan. viTareba Seicvala didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg, ramac warmoqmna dedamiwis pirveli nomosi, romelic 400 wlis ganmavlobaSi evro-pocentruli saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZvels warmoadgenda. XVI s-Si inglisma saxmeleTo eqsistencia zRviuri eqsistenciiT Secvala. niSandoblivia, rom samrewvelo revolucia swored am qveyanaSi ganxorcielda. Smitis mixedviT, dedamiwis am axali no-mosis saidumloebas mxolod hegeli mixvda, rodesac mrewvelobis mamoZravebel elementad zRva miiCnia. ix. C. Schmitt, The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum. Translated by G. Ulmen. New York: Telos Press, 2006, gv. 49; ix. aseve, G. Ulmen, ‘Translator’s Introduction’. In: C. Schmitt, The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europeaum, gv. 9 da Smd.

347 ix. И. Магидович, В. Магидович, Очерки по истории географических открытий. Издание в пяти томах, 3-е изд, т. 2, Москва: “Просвещение”,

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gansxvaveba mtersa da moyvares Soris sakmaod kargad axasi-aTebs im dros arsebul politikur situacias.348

vidre sakuTriv sivrcobrivi revoluciis arsis ganxil-vaze gadavidodes, Smiti kidev erTxel aanalizebs istori-ul faqtorebs: arc aleqsandre makedonelis da arc keisris laSqrobebs sivrcobrivi revolucia ar gamouwveviaT, Tumca antikurobaSi Camoyalibebuli msoflios xati Sua saukuneebs memkvidreobiT gadaeca. jvarosnulma laSqrobebma evropa xe-laxla aziara aRmosavleTs. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis periodisTvis evropa erT mTlian qveynis nawils warmoad-genda.349 paralelurad, qalaqebis Camoyalibebam xeli Seuwyo sivrcobrivi cnobierebis cvlilebas. qalaqSi mcxovrebi ada-mianis sivrcobrivi cnobiereba gansxvavdeba cixe-simagreSi da

1982, gv. 82-98. 348 ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva~, gv. 123.

349 Smiti vikingebs `zRvis amqafeblebad~ moixseniebs (ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva~, gv. 63), Tumca maT Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs. marTalia, vikingTa laS-qrobebs jvarosnuli laSqrobebis msgavsi zegavlena ar mouxdeni-aT, magram maT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules erTiani evropuli sivrcis CamoyalibebaSi. vikingebs savaWro urTierTobebi hqondaT damyarebuli xazarTa xakanatTan, arabebTan da bizantielebTan. qristianobis miRebam daaCqara skandinaviis naxevarkunZulis xal-xebis CarTva erTian evropul sivrceSi. (ix. S. Brink, N. Price (eds.), The Viking World. London / New York: Routledge, 2008). Smitisagan gan-sxvavebiT, vikingebis zRvaosnobas gansakuTrebiT maRal Sefase-bas aZlevda f. engelsi: `Cveni Tanamedrove samxedro-sazRvao flotebis WeSmariti samSoblo CrdiloeTis zRvaa. daaxloebiT im epoqaSi, rodesac centralur evropaSi tevtonTa uzarmazari masa dacemis piras myofi romis imperiis gasanadgureblad aRdga, maTma TanamoZmeebma CrdiloeTis sanapiroze (frizebma, saqsebma, anglebma, danielebma da skandinavielebma) zRvaosnoba daiwyes. maTi gemebi iyo mtkice da gamZle navebi, gamoweuli kiliTa da mkveTri konturebiT. mezRvaurebi mxolod ialqnebs endobodnen da ar uSindebodnen CrdiloeTis zRvis qariSxlebs. swored aseTi gemebiT curavdnen anglebi da saqsebi elbisa da oderis SesarTa-vidan inglisis sanapiroebamde, xolo normanebi TavianT yaCaRur Tavdasxmebs axorcielebdnen. maT, erTi mxriv, konstantinopols miaRwies, xolo, meore mxriv, _ amerikas.~ ix. Ф. Энгельс, ‘Военно-Морской Флот’. // К. Маркс, Ф. Энгельс, Сочинения. т. 14, издание второе, Москва: Государственное Издательство Политической Литературы, 1959, gv. 381.

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soflad mcxovrebi adamianebis sivrcobrivi cnobierebisagan. universitetebis Seqmnam, xelovnebis formebis cvlilebam da rac yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania, mecnierebis progresma, ro-melic usasrulo, carieli sivrcis cnebis SemotaniT dagvir-gvinda, Smitis azriT, fundamenturi gadatrialeba moaxdina. ukanasknel momentze Smiti gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvi-lebs: ̀ iseTi cvlileba, romelsac usasrulo, cariel sivrceze warmodgena gulisxmobs, adamianebisaTvis cnobili sivrcis mxolod geografiuli gafarToebiT ver aixsneba. es cvli-leba imdenad fundamenturi da revoluciuria, rom aseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba sapirispiroc vamtkicoT, kerZod, rom axali kontinentebis aRmoCena da dedamiwis irgvliv pirveli mogzauroba mxolod siRrmeSi mimdinare cvlilebebis gamovle-nis formebsa da Sedegebs warmoadgenda.~350 sivrcis gafarToe-bis perspeqtiva adamianTa cnobierebaSi imTaviTvea mocemuli. garkveuli socialur-politikuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT adamianTa sivrcobrivi cnobierebis cvlilebas aucileblad unda mohyves maTTvis nacnobi geografiuli arealis gafar-Toebac: `XVI-XVII saukuneebis gasaocar, umagaliTo sivrcobriv revolucias aucileblobiT unda mohyoloda aseTive gasao-cari da umagaliTo kolonizacia. evropeli xalxebis winaSe axali, erTi SexedviT usasrulo sivrceebi gaixsna da isinic miawydnen am sivrceebs.~351

axal droSi evropelebis mier axali samyaros kolonizaci-is procesi, Smitis mixedviT, kaTolicizmisa da protestant-izmis msoflio dapirispirebis fonze warimarTa: àmieridan es iyo msoflio politikis ganmsazRvreli gansxvaveba mtersa da moyvares Soris.~352 xmeleTze orientirebuli kaToliciz-

350 ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva~, gv. 108-109. swored am garemoebis gamo ar aniWebs Smiti vikingebis mier amerikis aRmoCenas did mniSvnelobas. misi azriT, es aRmoCena ufro SemTxveviToba iyo, vidre adamianTa cnobierebaSi momxdari sivrcobrivi revoluciis Sedegi, radgan mas evropelTa sivrcobrivi horizontis gafarToeba ar gamouwvevia.

351 ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva~, gv. 113. Sdr. aseve, h. Snaideri, `filosofiuri geografia~, gv. 94: èvropis zRvisken Setrialebis SesaZlebloba ukve antikurobaSi iyo Canasaxovani formiT mocemuli, xolo axali drois dasawyisSi es faqtori gadamwyveti aRmoCnda istoriis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.~


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mi zRvis stiqias mindobil protestantizms daupirispirda. xmeleTisa da zRvis dapirispireba ori gansxvavebuli konfe-siis dapirispirebaSi aisaxa.

Seqmnil viTarebas yvelaze kargad alRo inglisma auRo. dedofali elisabed I moxerxebulad iyenebda mekobreebs espa-neTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. inglisis ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dasawyisi swored am epoqaze modis. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi ing-liselebma msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mTeli rigi savaWro kompaniebi daaarses (moskovis kompania, gvineis kompania, aR-mosavleT indoeTis kompania, plimuTis kompania da sxv.) da msoflio okeaneze gabatondnen.

inglisis msoflio sazRvao hegemonia Tavisufali zRvis princips emyareboda. am ideis avtori XVII saukunis gamoCenili iuristi hugo grociusia (1583-1645 ww.).353 zRvaze gabatonebiT da zRviuri eqsistenciis arCeviT inglisma sakuTari geopoli-tikuri mdebareoba Secvala.354

353 Tavisi azrebi Tavisufal zRvasTan dakavSirebiT grociusma gamoxata naSromSi De Jure Praedae (`nadavlis kanonis Sesaxeb~), romelic 1604 wels gamoqveynda. naSromis erT-erTi Tavi iyo Mare Liberum (`zRvebis Tavisufleba~). Tavisufali zRvis grociusiseulma konceptma dominanturi adgili daikava evropul saerTaSoriso samarTalSi (Sdr. C. L. Connery, ‘Ideologies of Land and Sea: Alfred Thayer Mahan, Carl Schmitt, and the Shaping of Global Myth Elements’. Boundary, 28 (2001), gv. 178). XVI saukunis Sua periodSi axali nomosis (wesrigis) damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba saxmeleTo da sazRvao kolonizaciebs (Landnahme da Seenahme) Soris gansxvaveba iyo. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, Tavisufali zRvis cnebas emyareboda.

354 amasTan dakavSirebiT Smiti SeniSnavs: ìnglisis wminda zRviur eqsistenciaze gadasvlis Semdeg arsebiTad unda Secvliliyo misi damokidebuleba danarCen msofliosTan, gansakuTrebiT, kontinenturi evropis qveynebTan. inglisuri politikis masStabebi da proporciebi ukve aRar Seesabameboda evropuli qveynebis politikur ganzomilebas~. ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva~, gv. 138; Sdr., aseve C. Schmitt, The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum, gv. 177 da Smd. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, erTi da imave geografiuli garemos pirobebSi, sxvadasxvagvari geopolitikuri situaciebi SeiZleba warmoiSvas. osmalTa batonobis periodSi saqarTvelosTvis Savi zRva strategiulad wamgebiani iyo: misi meSveobiT Turqebi sanapiro zolze axorcielebdnen batonobas da qveynis siRrmeSic inarCunebdnen gavlenas. magram Tanamedrove geopolitikur situaciaSi, igive geografiuli pirobebi saqarTvelos sasargeblod moqmedebs: is

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samrewvelo gadatrialebam XVIII s-Si fundamentur cvlile-bebs Cauyara saZirkveli: Tavisufalma zRvam Tavisufali vaW-roba warmoSva. `Tavisufali zRvisa da Tavisufali msoflio bazris cnebebi Tavisuflebis cnebaSi gaerTianda.~355 teqnikis mzardma progresma ara marto Secvala sazRvao brZolebis warmoebis wesi, aramed zRvis elementis Sesustebac gamoiwvia. Smiti upirispirdeba amerikeli admiralis, alfred Teier me-henis (1840-1914 ww.) Sexedulebas aSS-Tvis okeanis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.356

`xmeleTisa da zRvis~ ukanasknel Tavs `planetaruli sivr-cobrivi revoluciis axali stadia~ ewodeba. Tavdapirvelad Smiti germaniis swraf teqnikur progresze miuTiTebs, Semdeg ki adamianis eqsistenciaSi axali elementis SemoWraze sau-brobs. es elementi cecxlia, romelic, Sigawvis Zravis saxiT, ganasaxierebs adamianis batonobas meoTxe elementze _ haerze. misi meSveobiT àdamiani mowyda rogorc xmeleTs, aseve zRvis zedapirs. man gadaadgilebis sruliad axali saSualeba da amave dros, axali iaraRi SeiZina. zomebi da masStabebi kidev ufro

erTaderTi qveyanaa amierkavkasiaSi, romelsac zRvis meSveobiT evropasTan pirdapiri kavSiris damyareba SeuZlia (bulgareTisa da rumineTis gavliT): kaspiis zRva azerbaijans Sua aziasTan da ruseTTan akavSirebs, magram ara evropasTan; somxeTs saerTod ar gaaCnia zRvaze gasasvleli, xolo saqarTvelos Savi zRvis saxiT (TurqeTis aziuri nawilis gverdis avliT) evropasTan uSualo kontaqtis saSualeba aqvs. am mxriv, saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebare qalaqebsa da portebs udidesi mniSvneloba eniWebaT. XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi ruseTis imperiis mier osmaleTis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli omebi (1768-1774 ww., 1787-1792 ww., 1806-1812 ww., 1828-1829 ww., 1853-1856 ww., 1877-78 ww.) balkaneTSi, kavkasiasa da Sav zRvaze gabatonebisken iyo mimarTuli.


356 ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva~, gv. 144-147. f. ruSis mixedviT, teqnologiis ganviTarebam, marTalia, Secvala damokidebuleba veSapsa da veSapze monadires Soris, magram zRvis xati, rogorc aseTi, ar Secvlila. zRva darCa iseT sivrced, sadac Zalismier politikas Tavisuflad SeuZlia Tavis gamoxatva. ix. F. Ruschi, ‘Space, Law and Power in Carl Schmitt’, Jura Gentium. Journal of Philosophy of International Law and Global Politics. http://www.juragentium.org/topics/thil/en/nomos.htm (wvdoma ganxorcielda). mehenis Sesaxeb, ix. C. L. Connery, Ideologies of Land and Sea: Alfred Thayer Mahan, Carl Schmitt, and the Shaping of Global Myth Elements, gv. 183 da Smd.; E. Mendieta, War the School of Space: The Space of War and the War for Space, gv. 216-217.

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Seicvala. bunebaze da sxva adamianebze batonobis SesaZleblo-bebi usazRvrod gafarTovda. [...] maTgan momdinare sivrco-briv-revoluciuri zegavlena yvelaze ufro Zlieri, uSualo da TvalSisacemia.~357 ram ganapiroba adamianis TvalsawierSi axali elementebis gamoCena? teqnikis progresma. èleqtrobam, aviaciam da radiom imdenad Secvala yvela sivrcobrivi war-modgena, rom, sul mcire, pirveli planetaruli revoluciis axali stadia gamoiwvia. SesaZloa, sulac meore, axal sivrco-briv revoluciaze visaubroT.~358

axali elementebis SemomatebiT da teqnikis mZlavri wins-vlis Sedegad Zveli wesrigi ingreva, `zRvis samyaro adamian-isaTvis elementurad Seicvala. da Tu es asea, maSin safuZveli ecleba xmeleTisa da zRvis gancalkevebas, romelzedac zRvisa da msoflio batonobis uwindeli kavSiri unda damyarebuli-yo. safuZveli ecleba britanul kolonizacias da dedamiwis adrindel nomoss.~359 rogorc aRvniSneT, `xmeleTisa da zR-vis~ gamoqveynebis periodSi nacionalur-socialisturma re-Jimma Zlierebis zenits miaRwia. Smiti principulad akeTebs axali elementuri Zalebis upiratesobis postulirebas Zvel wesrigTan SedarebiT (SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom aq vlindeba misi simpaTiebi nacional-socialistebis mimarT).360 britane-

357 ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva~, gv. 149. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cecxls Smitis elementur ierarqiaSi yvelaze aRmatebuli adgili ukavia. Tu adre adamians mxolod im elementis (magaliTad, zRvis) arCeva SeeZlo, romelsac Semdgom Tavis istoriul arsebobas dau-kavSirebda, Tanamedrove epoqaSi teqnikis arnaxulma progresma SesaZlebeli gaxda, axali elementis (cecxlis) arCeviT sxva ele-mentebze (miwa, wyali, haeri) batonobis ganxorcieleba.


359 iqve, gv. 151.

360 `xmeleTsa da zRvaSi~ arsad gvxvdeba nacional-socialisturi reJimis Ria mxardaWera. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom Smitis `simpaTiebi~ winaaRmdegobebs moklebuli araa. `xmeleTsa da zRvaSi~ Smiti sakmaod dadebiTadaa ganwyobili ebraelebis mimarT: me-3-e TavSi (`xmeleTi zRvis winaaRmdeg~) Smiti maRal Sefasebas aZlevs ebrael filosofoss _ isaak abravanels: ìgi 1437-1508 wlebSi, didi aRmoCenebis epoqaSi cxovrobda, jer portugaliis, Semdeg ki kastiliis mefis xazinadari iyo, gardaicvala veneciaSi 1508 wels yvelasgan pativcemuli. ase rom, abravaneli icnobda am samyaros da mis simdidreebs da icoda, rasac ambobda~ (ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva~, gv. 56). Smitisagan analogiur Sefasebas

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Tis sazRvao imperiis didebis mze Caesvena. misi adgili, Smitis mixedviT, axalma Zalam unda daikavos, romelic Tvisebrivad axal wesrigs daamyarebs. am ZalaSi, Smiti, didi albaTobiT, faSistur germanias moiazrebs.361 amitom, gasakviri araa, rom `xmeleTisa da zRvis~ dasasruls Smiti axali nomosis brZoliT damkvidrebis aucileblobaze miuTiTebs: àxali nomosi mx-olod brZolaSi Tu warmoiSveba. bevri adamiani amaSi mxolod sikvdilsa da ganadgurebas xedavs. zogierT maTgans swams, rom samyaros aRsasruli dadga. sinamdvileSi Cven mxolod zRvasa da xmeleTTan uwindeli damokidebulebis gaqrobis momswreni varT. [...] bevri mxolod qaoss xedavs iq, sadac sinamdvile-Si axali sazrisi brZoliT ikafavs gzas axali wesrigis dasa-myareblad. ra Tqma unda, Zveli nomosi qreba da masTan erTad uCinardeba memkvidreobiT miRebuli zomebis, normebisa da mimarTebebis mTeli sistema. magram mis adgils araTanabarzo-miereba da nomosisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili arara rodi ika-vebs. TviT Zveli da axali Zalebis sastik brZolaSic warmoiS-veba marTebuli sidideebi da Tanabarzomieri proporciebi.~362

imsaxurebs benjamin dizraeli, inglisis premier-ministri dedofal viqtorias mmarTvelobis dros: ̀ dizraeli XIX saukunis abravaneli iyo, gandobili da sionis brZeni. mas mravali moswrebuli da zusti formulireba Tu SemoTavazeba ekuTvnis, romlebic araebraelebma xarbad Seisrutes. ase rom, man icoda, rasac ambobda, rodesac aseT winadadebebs ayenebda~ (iqve, gv. 139-140).

361 swored amiT ixsneba Smitis mier mehenis kritika. mehenma aSS-sa da britaneTis daaxloebis Tezisi wamoayena: àmerika didi kunZulia, romelmac unda ukvdavyos britanuli sazRvao kolonizacia. anglo-amerikuli sazRvao hegemonia mTel msoflioSi gacilebiT ufro farTo masStabebiT unda ganxorcieldes~ (ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva~, gv. 145-146). aseTi gaerTianeba xels SeuSlida axali elementuri Zalebis ganmasaxierebel germanias, amitom Smiti mis Teoriul diskreditacias axdens. am Tvalsazriss adasturebs is garemoebac, rom nacional-socialistebis kolafsis Semdeg gamoqveynebul `dedamiwis nomosSi~ (1950 w.) mehenis kritika ar gvxvdeba. am periodisTvis Smitma gaacnobiera, rom swored sazRvao Zlierebaze damyarebuli aSS-s dinamiuri batonoba iqneboda axali wesrigis damamkvidrebeli. ix. F. Ruschi, Space, Law and Power in Carl Schmitt; C. L. Connery, Ideologies of Land and Sea, gv. 193. ix., aseve, C. Minca, R. Rowan, ‘The question of space in Carl Schmitt’. Progress in Human Geography, vol. 39 (2015), gv. 268-289.

362 ix. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva~, gv. 152. nawarmoebis damamTavrebel frazad heraklites citatis (àqac mbrZanebloben RmerTebi,

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Smitis mixedviT, adamianis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi mis mier elementebis arCevas da am elementebis irgvliv istori-

dausazRvrelia maTi sidiade~) moyvana omis, rogorc axali nomosis damkvidrebis erTaderTi gzis, aucileblobis Cvenebas isaxavs miznad. igive konteqstSi mohyavs Smits heraklites fraza (òmi aerTianebs, xolo dapirispireba Tavad aris samarTlianoba~) me-13-e Tavis bolos, rodesac axali samyaros evropul kolonizaciaze saubrobs. e. mendietas azriT, heraklites moSveliebiT, Smiti axdens sivrcis konceptualizebas omis meSveobiT (iseve, rogorc es adre ratcelma gaakeTa). Smitis es nabiji samarTlis miseul cnebas ukavSirdeba. samarTali sivrcis danawilebas emyareba, xolo `yoveli didi epoqa didi kolonizaciiT iwyeba~, rac, Tavis mxriv, sivrcis danawilebas gulisxmobs (Sdr. k. Smiti, `xmeleTi da zRva~, gv. 113; E. Mendieta, War the School of Space, gv. 220-222. rac Seexeba ratcels, unda aRiniSnos, rom Smiti mas saerTod ar asaxelebs. Tumca, naklebad warmosadgenia, rom Smits ar scodnoda misi Sromebi (gansakuTrebiT, ànTropogeografia~, `politikuri geografia~ da `zRva, rogorc xalxTa sidiadis wyaro~), miT umetes imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ratceli metad gavleniani moazrovne iyo. germanuli geopolitikuri skola, k. haushoferis meTaurobiT, kargad icnobda ratcelis Semoqmedebas. haushofers piradi mogonebebic ki aqvs gamoqveynebuli ratcelze (ix. K. Haushofer, ‘Friedrich Ratzel im raumpolitischen Umbruch seiner und unserer Zeit: Nach persönlichen Jugenderinnerungen’. Geographische Zeitschrift, H. 3/4 (1944), gv. 81-87. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom Smiti icnobda e. kapis `filosofiur geografias~, maSin sakmaod didi albaTobiT unda vivaraudoT, rom igi icnobda ratcelis Semoqmedebasac; ufro metic, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom garkveul aspeqtebSi igi mis gavlenasac ganicdida. amas adasturebs Semdegi paralelebi: ànTropogeografiaSi~ ratceli saubrobs zRvisa da xmeleTis xalxebis `didi dapirispirebis~ Sesaxeb (ix. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Erster Teil: Grundzüge der Anwendung der Erdkunde auf die Geschichte. Dritte Auflage, 1909, gv. 58). misi naSromis ̀ zRva, rogorc xalxTa sidiadis wyaro~ qvesaTauria: `politikur-geografiuli gamokvleva.~ naSromSi Sesulia Semdegi Tavebi: `zRvis sidiade~, `zRvaze batonobisa da zRvis xalxebis arsebis Sesaxeb~, `zRvis xalxebis istoriuli mniSvneloba~, `zRvis saxelmwifo da xmeleTis saxelmwifo~ da a.S. rodesac saubrobs inglisis okeanur eqsistenciaze gadasvlis Sesaxeb, ratceli aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove inglisis ganviTareba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod mas Semdeg, rac okeanurma politikam gaimarjva saxmeleTo politikaze. igi, aseve, saubrobs teqnikuri winapirobebis arsebobaze da a. S. Sdr. F. Ratzel, Das Meer als Quelle der Völkergrösse. Eine politisch-geographische Studie. Zweite Auflage, 1911, passim.

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uli arsebobis organizebis formas ukavSirdeba. es arCevani kompleqsuri istoriuli faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, Tumca `ganpirobeba~ aq calsaxa mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs ar gulisx-mobs: imisaTvis, raTa axali elementis arCeva ganxorcieldes, adamianis cnobierebaSi mTeli rigi cvlilebebi unda moxdes. am arCevanSi adamiani Tavisufalia. teqnikis progresi adamians usazRvro SesaZleblobebs aZlevs, Tumca, amave dros, safrTx-es uqmnis garemomcvel garemos.363 magram adamians aqvs unari, gaumklavdes bunebis gamowvevebs. axali elementuri Zalebis zrda Smits am debulebis naTel dadasturebad miaCnia.

sivrcis, adgilisa da `yofierebis topologiis~ Sesaxeb uaRresad sayuradRebo ganazrebebi ekuTvnis karl Smitis Tanamedroves, gamoCenil germanel filosofoss, martin hai-degers, romlis Sexedulebebsac Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT.

363 ix. `xmeleTi da zRvis~ mexuTe Tavi, veSapis rewvis magaliTi SmitTan.

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3.4. martin haidegeri: adgili, rogorc sivrcis Semomkrebi

sivrcobrivi Tematika haidegeris azrovnebaSi gansa-kuTrebulad iCens Tavs gviandel periodSi rodesac `yofi-erebis mniSvnelobisa~ da `yofierebis WeSmaritebis~ Ziebas, `yofierebis adgilis~ garkvevis mcdeloba Caenacvla.364 sivr-cisa da adgilis Sesaxeb haidegeri bevrgan saubrobs, Tumca sa-gangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs misi naSromi ̀ Seneba _ cxovreba _ azrovneba~ (1951 w.),365 radgan masSi SekumSuli saxiTaa gad-mocemuli haidegeris ZiriTadi Sexedulebebi aRniSnuli Tema-tikis Sesaxeb.

dasawyisSi haidegeri svams SekiTxvebs, romlebzec pasuxis gacema surs. esenia: 1. ra aris cxovreba? (wohnen) da 2. ramde-nad ganekuTvneba Seneba cxovrebas?

erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom cxovreba Senebis meSveobiT miiRweva. TiTqos Senebis mizani cxovreba iyos.366 Tumca, haidegeris azriT, aseTi warmodgena arsebiTi mimarTe-bebis wvdomis gzas gvixSobs. Seneba ara mxolod saSualebas war-moadgens cxovrebisaTvis, aramed is ukve Tavis TavSi moicavs cxovrebas.367 is fenomeni, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, vwvdeT aRniSnul siRrmiseul mimarTebas, aris ena. haidegeri aanalize-bs sityva `Senebis~ (bauen) Zirebs. `Senebis~ Sesatyvisi Zvel ing-lisursa da zemo germanulSi aris ̀ buan~, rac cxovrebas niSnavs. es mniSvneloba Tanamedrove metyvelebaSi dakargulia, miiCnevs haidegeri. aseve, sityva `neahgebur~ Zvel inglisurSi mezobels, mezoblad mcxovrebs aRniSnavda. amrigad, `bauen~ usakuTrivesi mniSvnelobiT cxovrebas, sacxovrebel adgils aRniSnavs.368 es sityvebi gvaZlevs miniSnebebs, romelTa meSveobiT SesaZlebelia

364 ix. A. Berque, ‘The Question of Space: From Heidegger to Watsuji’. Ecumene, 3 (1996), gv. 374; 202. J. Malpas, Heidegger’s Topology: Being, Place, World. Cambridge / London: MIT Press, 2006, gv. 2-3.

365 ix. M. Heidegger,‘Bauen _ Wohnen _ Denken‘. In: M. Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe. Bd. 7: Vorträge und Aufsätze. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 2000, gv. 147-164.

366 ix. M. Heidegger, Bauen _ Wohnen _ Denken, gv. 147. 367 iqve, gv. 148.

368 iqve.

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gavigoT, Tu ra igulisxmeba `cxovrebaSi.~`Bauen~-s haidegeri ukavSirebs `bin~-s, anu `yofnas~. ase

rom, iqmneba uSinaganesi kavSiri Zvel sityva `buan~-sa da `bin~-s anu `yofnas~ Soris. is wesi, romliTac adamianebi dedamiwaze arian, aris `buan~ anu cxovreba. adamianad yofna niSnavs mokv-davad yofnas, xolo mokvdavad yofna niSnavs cxovrebas.369

`Senebis~ Zveli mniSvneloba gulisxmobs, aseve, `movlas~, `zrunvas~, `miwis damuSavebas~, `venaxis movlas.~ ase gagebuli Seneba mxolod movlas gulisxmobs. is ar moicavs damzadebas, gemis an taZris agebis azriT. Senebis es orive saxe (Seneba, ro-gorc movla da Seneba, rogorc raRacis damzadeba) gaerTiane-bulia Senebis WeSmarit mniSvnelobaSi, cxovrebaSi.370

`Senebis~ usakuTrivesi mniSvnelobis (`cxovrebis~) dakarg-vas savalalo Sedegebi mohyveba: cxovreba aRar ganicdeba, ro-gorc adamianTa yofiereba (Sein des Menschen), cxovreba saer-Tod aRar moiazreba, rogorc adamianad yofnis (Menschsein) umTavresi maxasiaTebeli.371

zemoTqmulis Sejamebas haidegeri sami debulebis meSveo-biT axdens: 1. Seneba niSnavs sakuTriv cxovrebas; 2. cxovre-ba aris mokvdavTa dedamiwaze yofnis wesi; 3. Seneba, rogorc cxovreba vlindeba SenebaSi, romelic zrunavs da SenebaSi, ro-melic agebs. aqve aviTarebs haidegeri Tavis mniSvnelovan Tez-iss, romelic naSromis dasawyisSi ganxiluli daSvebis sapir-ispiros warmoadgens, kerZod: `Cven imitom ki ar vcxovrobT, radgan vaSenebT, aramed Cven vaSenebdiT da vaSenebT imitom, rom vcxovrobT, radgan macxovreblebi (die Wohnende) varT.~372 ra Tqma unda, aq warmoiSoba `cxovrebis~ ganmartebis aucile-bloba, rasac haidegeri kvlav am sityvis ZirebSi CaZiebiT ax-orcielebs. rogorc Zvelsaqsonuri wuon, aseve, goTuri wunian, niSnavs ̀ darCenas~, ̀ adgilze gaCerebas~. Tumca, goTuri wunian, garda amisa, aRniSnavs `kmayofilebas~, `mSvidobiT yofnas~. si-tyva Friede, romelic `mSvidobas~ aRniSnavs, gulisxmobs `Ta-visufals~ (Frye), xolo fry, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs safrTxisa da zianisagan daculs, dandobils. gaTavisufleba, usakuTrivesi

369 iqve, gv. 149.

370 iqve.

371 iqve, gv. 149-150.

372 iqve, gv. 150.

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azriT, dandobas niSnavs.373 dandoba (schonen), sakuTrivi az-riT, niSnavs raimes sakuTar TavTan minebebas, misi arsebis SenarCunebas. cxovreba anu mSvidobiT yofna niSnavs mSvido-biT yofnas iseT TavisuflebaSi, romelic yovelive arsebu-lis usakuTrives arsebas indobs. `cxovrebis umTavres Tvise-bas swored aseTi dandoba warmoadgens~,374 romelic cxovrebas mTlianad ganmsWvalavs. es naTeli gaxdeba CvenTvis, Tu gavac-nobierebT, rom adamianad yofna cxovrebas efuZneba, rac, Ta-vis mxriv, dedamiwaze mokvdavTa yofnas gulisxmobs.

aq haidegers Semoaqvs oTxi komponenti dedamiwis, cis, Rv-Taebrivebisa (Göttliche) da mokvdavebis saxiT, romlebic `Tavda-pirveli erTianobis~ ZaliT erTmaneTs ganekuTvnebian.375 am

373 iqve, gv. 150-151.

374 iqve, gv. 151; E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place, gv. 273. 375 aRniSnuli struqtura Canasaxovani saxiT mocemulia haidegeris

naSromSi `xelovnebis qmnilebis dasabami~ (1935-1936 ww.), sadac haidegeri `miwa _ samyaros~ Soris arsebul dapirispirebaze saubrobs (ix. M. Heidegger, ‘Der Ursprung des Kunstwerks’. In: M. Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe. Bd. 5: Holzwege. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1977, gv. 28 da Smd.). oTxwevra struqtura pirvelad Tavs iCens naSromSi `narkvevebi filosofiis Sesaxeb~ (daiwera 1936-1938 wlebSi, pirvelad gamoqveynda 1989 wels) da mas Semdegi saxe aqvs: `miwa _ samyaro; adamiani _ RmerTebi (Tan)~. aRniSnuli ori wyvili jgufdeba `xdomilebis~ (Ereignis) irgvliv (ix. M. Heidegger, ‘Die Grundüng’. In: M. Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe. Bd. 65: Beiträge zur Philosophie (Vom Ereignis). Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1989, gv. 310). oTxsaxovnebis iseTi struqtura, romelic mocemulia `Seneba _ cxovreba _ azrovneba~-Si, gvxvdeba, aseve, haidegeris naSromSi `nivTi~ (1950 w.). ix. M. Heidegger, ‘Das Ding’. In: M. Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe. Bd. 7: Vorträge und Aufsätze. gv. 175. ix., aseve, J. Malpas, Heidegger’s Topology: Being, Place, World, gv. 225 da Smd.

`RvTaebrivebTan~ mimarTebaSi malpasi aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis, albaT, oTxsaxovnebis aRniSnuli elementi yvelaze bundovania. igi Tvlis, rom haidegeris Sexedulebebze RmerTebTan mimarTebaSi gadamwyveti zegavlena iqonia berZnulma azrovnebam. malpasi referirebs haidegeris `parmenideze~ (zamTris semestris leqciebis cikli fraiburgis universitetSi, 1942-1943 ww.), sadac haidegeri wers, rom berZnuli RmerTebi ar unda gavigoT, rogorc pirovnebebi, romlebic yofierebaze batonoben; isini unda gaviazroT, rogorc arsebulTa ganmsWvalavi yofiereba (in das Seiende hereinblickende Sein). ix. M. Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe. Bd. 54: Parmenides. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio

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oTxi komponentis martiv erTianobas haidegeri òTxsaxovne-bas~ (das Geviert) uwodebs. mokvdavni oTxsaxovnebas ekuTvnian, radgan isini cxovroben. ̀ magram cxovrebis arsebiTi maxasiaTe-beli dandobaa. mokvdavni Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT oTxsaxovans mis arsebaSi indoben. amitomac aris mcxovrebi dandoba (das wohnende Schonen) oTxmagi.~376

adamianebi cxovroben, ramdenadac isini dedamiwis mxsne-lebi arian. `xsna~ aq mxolod raime saSiSroebisagan xsnas ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed raimes minebebas Tavisi arsebisadmi. dedamiwis xsna ufro metia, vidre misi ubralo gamoyeneba da masze gabatoneba. adamianebi cxovroben imdenad, ramdenadac isini cas iReben, rogorc cas. isini ar erevian ciur sxeulTa moZraobaSi da Rames dRed rodi aqceven. adamianebi cxovro-ben imdenad, ramdenadac isini RvTaebrivebs, rogorc RvTae-brivebs moelian. `dedamiwis xsnaSi, cis miRebaSi, RvTaebrivTa molodinsa da mokvdavTa TanxlebaSi xorcieldeba cxovreba, rogorc oTxsaxovnebis oTxmagi dandoba (das vierfältige Schonen des Gevierts).~377

cxovreba, rogorc dandoba, oTxsaxovnebas inaxavs sagneb-Si, romlebTanac adamianebi Cerdebian. amrigad, cxovrebas hai-degeri sagnebs ukavSirebs. am azriT cxovreba Senebaa.378 amiT haidegeri gadadis Semdegi sakiTxis ganxilvaze: ramdenad gane-kuTvneba Seneba cxovrebas?

am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas haidegeri cdilobs Senebis produqtis, nagebobis (mocemul SemTxvevaSi, xidis) arsis wv-domiT.

xidi mxolod mdinaris or napirs ki ar aerTebs, aramed is `Tavs uyris miwas, rogorc landSafts, mdinaris irgvliv~.379 mdinaris napirebi mxolod xidis meSveobiT iCens Tavs. amrigad, `Taviseburad, Tavis garSemo xidi Tavs uyris miwasa da cas, RvTaebrivebsa da mokvdavebs.~380 Tavmoyras, Segrovebas Zvel germanulSi thing, `nivTi~ ewodeba. xidi nivTia da is oTxsax-

Klostermann, 1992, gv. 164; J. Malpas, Heidegger’s Topology: Being, Place, World, gv. 274.

376 ix. M. Heidegger, Bauen _ Wohnen _ Denken, gv. 152.377 iqve, gv. 153.

378 iqve.

379 iqve, gv. 154.

380 iqve, gv. 155.

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ovanis Tavmoyras warmoadgens imdenad, ramdenadac misTvis (oTxsaxovanisaTvis) SesaZlebels xdis samyofels (Stätte). `ma-gram mxolod imas, rasac adgili ewodeba, SeuZlia samyofelis SemosazRvra.~381 Tavis mxriv, adgili ar arsebobs xidamde. am-rigad, xidi ki ar dgas adgilze, aramed adgili warmoiSoba xidis meSveobiT.382

is nivTebi, romlebic am saxiT adgilebi arian, sivrcis Ses-aZleblobas qmnian. sityva `sivrcis~ Zveli mniSvneloba, Rum, niSnavs dasaxlebisa da dabanakebisaTvis gamoTavisuflebul adgils. sivrce aris raRac, rac garkveul sazRvrebSia gamo-Tavisuflebuli. `sazRvarSi~ haidegeri ar moiazrebs raimes dasasruls, aramed imas, saidanac raimes arseba iwyeba. Sesabam-isad, sivrceebi TavianT arsebas ara `sivrcis~, aramed adgilebis meSveobiT iReben.383

im nivTebs, romlebic, rogorc adgilebi, samyofels qmnian, haidegeris mixedviT, nagebobebi ewodeba. es samyofeli sivr-cis arsebobas ganapirobebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT haidegers ainteresebs, Tu ra mimarTeba arsebobs, erTi mxriv, adgilsa da sivrces, xolo, meore mxriv, adamiansa da adgils Soris. sivrceebi, romlebSic adamianebi yoveldRiurad moZraoben,

381 iqve, gv. 156.

382 iqve. Tavis naSromSi èna leqsSi~ (1952 w.) haidegeri wers adgi-lis Sesaxeb: `Tavdapirvelad, sityva Ort `Subis wvers~ aRniSnavda. masSi yvelaferi Tavs iyris. adgili Tavis TavSi Semoikrebs umaR-lessa da ukiduress. Semomkrebi ganmsWvalavs yovelives. adgili, anu Semomkrebi izidavs sagnebs Tavis safarqveS~ (ix. M. Heidegger, ‘Die Sprache im Gedicht’. In: M. Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe. Bd. 12: Unterwegs zur Sprache. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1985, gv. 33). am mxriv sagulisxmoa haidegeris mier berZnuli taZris daxasiaTeba naS-romSi `xelovnebis qmnilebis dasabami.~ taZari, rogorc qmnileba, aq Semomkrebad, gamaerTianeblad gvevlineba (ix. M. Heidegger, ‘Der Ursprung des Kunstwerks’. In: M. Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe. Bd. 5: Holzwege, gv. 27-28). igive motivi gvxvdeba `TemSaraSi~ (1949 w.), sadac TemSa-ra Semoikrebs imas, rac gzis irgvliv arsebiTia (ix. M. Heidegger, ‘Der Feldweg’. In: M. Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe. Bd. 13: Aus der Erfahrung des Denkens. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1983, gv. 88). naSromSi `xelovneba da sivrce~ (1969 w.) haidegeri saubrobs adgilze, ro-gorc Semomkrebze da, amave dros, rogorc midamos ganmxSvelze (ix. M. Heidegger, ‘Die Kunst und der Raum’. In: M. Heidegger, Gesamtausga-be. Bd. 13: Aus der Erfahrung des Denkens. gv. 207 da Smd.).

383 ix. M. Heidegger, Bauen _ Wohnen _ Denken, gv. 156.

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adgilebiTaa Semofargluli. maTi arseba efuZneba nivTebs anu Senobebs. rac Seexeba adamianebs, gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod, isini sivrcisgan mowyvetilad ar unda ganvixi-loT. adamianad yofna niSnavs cxovrebas, xolo `cxovrebaSi~ sivrce imTaviTve igulisxmeba.384 àdamianTa mimarTeba adg-ilebTan da, adgilebis meSveobiT _ sivrceebTan, cxovrebas efuZneba.~385

naSromis dasasruls haidegeri kidev erTxel msjelobs adgilebis Sesaxeb. sivrceebSi samyofelis aRmarTviT adgili miwis, cis, RvTaebrivebisa da mokvdavebis martiv erTianobas warmoqmnis. adgili SesaZleblobas qmnis oTxsaxovnebisaTvis da, amave dros, adgens kidec mas. ase rom, adgili oTxsax-ovnebis saxlad gvevlineba. aseTi adgilebSi arsebuli nivTebi (magaliTad, zemoT naxsenebi xidi) adamianTa TavSesafrebia (ma-gram ara aucileblad sacxovrebeli saxlis azriT). am nivTebis warmoqmna Senebis meSveobiT xdeba. Senebis produqti adgilia, romelic sivrcis SesaZleblobas warmoSobs. amitom, Seneba sivrceTa dadgenasa da SekavSirebas emsaxureba,386 xolo Seno-bebi oTxsaxovnebis `mcvelebad~ gvevlinebian.387 isini nivTebia, romlebic Tavisi wesiT (miwis xsna, cis miReba, RvTaebrivTa molodini, mokvdavTa Tanxleba) oTxsaxovnebas indoben. es oTx-magi dandoba ki cxovrebis martiv arsebas Seadgens. amrigad, namdvili Senobebi cxovrebas arsobrivad gansazRvraven.388 `mxolod maSin gveqneba Senebis unari, rodesac cxovrebas SevZlebT~,389 radgan cxovreba yofierebis umTavres maxasi-aTebels warmoadgens.

384 iqve, gv. 158-159.

385 iqve, gv. 160.

386 iqve. ix., aseve, J. Malpas, Heidegger’s Topology: Being, Place, World, gv. 271-272.

387 SenobebTan dakavSirebiT uaRresad sayuradReboa haidegeris mier Svarcvaldis tyeSi, todtnaubergSi mdebare sakuTari qoxis aRwera, sadac igi filosofosobas, filosofosis saqmianobas Svarcvaldis landSaftsa da glexebis saqmianobas ukavSirebs. `mTeli Cemi muSaoba am mTebisa da misi glexebis samyaroTia na-suldgmulebi.~ ix. M. Heidegger,‘Schöpferische Landschaft: Warum bleiben wir in der Provinz?’. In: M. Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe. Bd. 13: Aus der Erfah-rung des Denkens, gv. 11.

388 ix. M. Heidegger, Bauen _ Wohnen _ Denken, gv. 161. 389 iqve, gv. 162.

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azrovneba, Senebis msgavsad, cxovrebas ganekuTvneba. cal-calke, erTmaneTis gareSe, azrovnebasa da Senebas ar SeuZli-aT cxovrebis uzrunvelyofa. azrovneba cdilobs, gaiazros cxovrebis arseba. cxovrebis `namdvil saWiroebad~ haidegeri ar miiCnevs sacxovrebeli saxlebis naklebobas, dedamiwis mo-saxleobis zrdas an kidev muSaTa mdgomareobas. cxovrebis sa-kuTrivi saWiroeba isaa, rom adamianebi kvlav da kvlav eZieben cxovrebis arss, `maT jer kidev unda iswavlon, Tu ra aris cxovreba~.390 rogorc ki adamiani Caufiqrdeba Tavis ùsaxlka-ro~ mdgomareobas, es ukve ar aris ubedureba. adamianebma unda scadon cxovrebis sisrulis ganxorcieleba. àmas ki isini mx-olod maSin SeZleben, rodesac cxovrebis safuZvelze aaSene-ben da cxovrebis Sesaxeb ifiqreben.~391

`Seneba _ cxovreba _ azrovneba~-Si haidegeri yofierebis sakiTxs cxovrebis sakiTxs ukavSirebs. cxovrebis sakiTxi, Ta-vis mxriv, ganuyrel kavSirSia Senebisa da azrovnebis sakiTxTan. Seneba oTxsaxovanis Senaxva da misi dandobaa. Senebis produq-ti, nivTi, adgils warmoSobs; adgili ki Tavis irgvliv sivrces Semokrebs. haidegeris ganazrebani adgilisa da sivrcis Sesaxeb uaRresad mniSvnelovania filosofiuri geografiisaTvis.392 ad-

390 iqve, gv. 163.

391 iqve, gv. 164.

392 j. malpasis azriT, haidegeris ganazrebebSi yofierebis Sesaxeb ad-gilis koncepti umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs. ufro metic, igi Tvlis, rom dasavlur azrovnebaSi haidegeri is moazrovnea, rom-lis SromebSi adgilis cneba, albaT, yvelaze srulyofiladaa da-muSavebuli. malpasi, aseve, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs haidegeris gavlenebze am mimarTebiT. ukanasknel wlebSi filoso-fiaSi adgilis cnebis reaqtulizebas malpasi haidegeris saxels ukavSirebs (ix. J. Malpas, Heidegger’s Topology: Being, Place, World, gv. 3-4). `haidegeri, SesaZloa, ganvixiloT, rogorc moazrovne, rome-lic dasavluri azrovnebis topologiiT operirebs imisaTvis, raTa aCvenos am azrovnebis safuZvelmdebare topologiuri xasiaTi da orientacia~ (iqve, gv. 7). malpasi aRniSnavs, rom gviandel periodSi haidegeri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebda `yofierebis ad-gilze~ (die Ortschaft des Seyns) da masTan dakavSirebul problemebze. topologia haidegerTan aris mcdeloba, gaaSuqos adgili, sadac adamiani, Tavisi arsebobis wesidan gamomdinare, imTaviTve myofobs da sadac mis winaSe vlindebian samyaroSi arsebuli nivTebi (iqve, gv. 33-34). ix., aseve, J. Malpas, Heidegger and the Thinking of Place. Explorations in the Topology of Being. Cambridge, MA / London, 2012.

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gili, haidegeris wakiTxviT, SesaZlebelia gavigoT, rogorc eq-sistencialuri adgili, romelTanac adamianebi gansakuTrebul mimarTebaSi imyofebian. eqsistencialuri adgilebis simravle adamianur yofierebas avsebs da mas dinamiur xasiaTs aniWebs. haidegeris Sexedulebebi (gansakuTrebiT misi sakvanZo debule-ba, romlis Tanaxmad sivrcis arsebas adgilebi qmnian) naTlad aCvenebs, rom filosofiuri geografiis lokalur doneze erT-erT centralur koncepts adgili warmoadgens.

1927 wels haidegeris leqciebs berlinSi ismenda iaponeli filosofosi vacuji tecuro, romelsac momdevno qveTavi eT-moba.

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3.5. vacuji tecuros klimatis filosofia

vacuji tecuro XX saukunis iaponuri filosofiuri az-rovnebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia iseT moazrovneebTan erTad, rogorebicaa niSida kitaro (1870-1945 ww.) da hajime tanabe (1885-1962 ww.). vacujis naazrevi mWidro kavSirSia e. w. `kiotos skolis~ filosofiasTan, romlis damfuZnebeli da yvelaze gavleniani warmomadgeneli niSida kitaro iyo. vacuji metad produqtiuli moazrovne iyo: misi Txzulebebis sruli krebuli 27 toms Seadgens393 da moicavs problemaTa da sakiTxTa erTob farTo speqtrs (eTika, esTetika, klimatis filosofia, religia, aRmosavluri da dasavluri civilizaciebi, aRmosav-luri da dasavluri filosofia). vacuji erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc iaponel mkiTxvels fridrix nicSesa da sioren kirke-goris naazrevi gaacno. vacujis Semoqmedebis gavlena Taname-drove iaponur filosofiasa da kulturaze dResac didia.394

vacuji tecuro daibada 1889 wels hiogos prefeqturaSi, sof. nibunoSi (amJamad q. himejis nawili) eqimis ojaxSi. man im epoqisaTvis brwyinvale ganaTleba miiRo: 1906 wels igi to-kios #1 umaRles skolaSi Sevida,395 xolo 1909 wels swavla ganagrZo tokios saimperatoro universitetSi filosofiis mimarTulebiT. axalgazrdobis periodSi vacuji seriozulad iyo dainteresebuli literaturiT (igi werda moTxrobebsa da piesebs. garda amisa, man iaponurad Targmna jorj baironi da bernard Sou). vacujize didi iyo cnobili iaponeli mwerlis, nacume sosekis (1867-1916 ww.) gavlena. 1912 wlis ivlisSi vacu-jim daasrula swavla universitetSi. misi sadiplomo naSro-mi nicSes Sesaxeb ukugdebul iqna, radgan im periodSi nicSes ufro poet-filosofosad aRiqvamdnen, vidre sakuTriv filo-

393 ix. T. Watsuji, Watsuji Tetsurô Zenshû (Complete Works of Watsuji Tetsurô). 27 vols., Abe Yoshishigo et al., Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1992.

394 ix. R. N. Bellah, ‘Japan’s Cultural Identity: Some Reflections on the Work of Watsuji Tetsurô’. The Journal of Asian Studies, 24 (1965), gv. 578; D. Dilworth, ‘Watsuji Tetsurô (1889-1960): Cultural Phenomenologist and Ethician’. Philosophy East and West, 24 (1974), gv. 3; I. Nagami, ‘The Ontological Foundation in Tetsurô Watsuji’s Philosophy: Kū and Human Existence. Philosophy’. East and West, vol. 31 (1981), gv. 279;

395 aq misi Tanaklaseli iyo SemdgomSi cnobili filosofosi kuki Suco (1888-1941 ww.).

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sofosad. vacuji iZulebuli gaxda, swrafad daewera meore naSromi Sopenhaueris Sesaxeb da is waredgina sauniversiteto komisiisaTvis.396

1915 wels vacuji aqveynebs naSroms sioren kirkegoris fi-losofiis Sesaxeb. iTvleba, rom es pirveli naSromia iaponiaSi kirkegorze,397 xolo 1918 wels man gamosca ̀ kerpebis aRorZine-ba~, sadac Zvel iaponur kulturaze gaamaxvila sagangebo yur-adReba. am naSroms swrafad mohyva vacujis sxva mniSvnelovani Sromebi: `momlocveloba uZveles taZrebSi~ (1919 w.) da `Zveli iaponuri kultura~ (1920 w.). aRniSnul naSromebSi vacujim didi yuradReba gaamaxvila iaponiis warsul kulturul mem-kvidreobaze da mis mniSvnelobaze TanamedroveobisaTvis.398

1925 wels, niSida kitaros iniciativiT, vacuji kiotos saimperatoro universitetSi miiwvies, sadac man daiwyo le-qciebis kiTxva eTikis Sesaxeb. 1927 wels vacujim moipova dafi-nanseba ganaTlebis saministrodan da codnis gasaRrmaveblad evropaSi gaemgzavra. igi estumra parizs, Jenevas, londons, berlins, roms, neapols, florencias, venecias... berlinSi yofnisas igi usmenda martin haidegeris leqciebs da gaecno mis naSroms `yofiereba da dro~, romelic swored im periodSi gamoica. swored am naSromis wakiTxvam ubiZga vacujis, daewera Tavisi yvelaze gaxmaurebuli naSromi `qari da miwa~ (1935 w.).399

sami wlis nacvlad vacujim evropaSi ToTxmeti Tve da-

396 ix. R. N. Bellah, Japan’s Cultural Identity: Some Reflections on the Work of Watsuji Tetsurô, gv. 578; T. Furukawa, ‘Watsuji Tetsurô, the Man and His Work’. In: Watsuji Tetsurô, Climate and Culture: A Philosophical Study. Translated by G. Bownas. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988, gv. 219; D. Dilworth, Watsuji Tetsurô, gv. 4. vacujis naSromi nicSes Sesaxeb 1913 wels gamoqveynda saTauriT `nicSeanuri kvlevebi.~

397 ix. D. Dilworth, Watsuji Tetsurô, gv. 5. 398 iqve.

399 naSroms iaponurad ewodeba `fu-do~, rac sityvasityviT niSnavs `qarsa da miwas.~ inglisur TargmanSi `fudos~ `klimati da kultura~ ewodeba (pirvel gamocemaSi `fudo~ sulac Targmnes, rogorc mxolod `klimati~. ix. R. N. Bellah, Japan’s Cultural Identity, gv. 588. ix., aseve, D. Dilworth, Watsuji Tetsurô, gv. 7; I. Nagami, The Ontological Foundation in Tetsurô Watsuji’s Philosophy, gv. 281-282; C. S. Jones, ‘Politicizing Travel and Climatizing Philosophy: Watsuji, Montesquieu and the European Tour’. Japan Forum, 14 (2002), gv. 49.

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hyo.400 1934 wels, vacuji gaxda profesori (eTikis mimarTule-biT) tokios saimperatoro universitetSi, sadac 1949 wlamde moRvaweobda. 1935 wels man gamoaqveyna Tavisi mniSvnelovani naSromi èTika, rogorc gamokvleva adamianis Sesaxeb~, xolo momdevno wlebSi gamosca am naSromis gadamuSavebuli versia sam tomad (pirveli tomi _ 1937 w., meore tomi _ 1942 w., mesame tomi _ 1949 w.) saerTo saxelwodebiT _ èTika.~

vacujis klimatis filosofia gadmocemuli aqvs Tavis naS-romSi `qari da miwa~. naSromis SesavalSi vacuji miuTiTebs Tavis mizanze: adamianuri eqsistenciis struqturaSi klima-tis funqciis naTelyofa. igi, aseve, aRniSnavs, rom naSrom-Si klimaturi fenomenebi ganxilulia ara rogorc bunebrivi movlenebi, aramed rogorc adamianis subieqturi eqsistenciis gamoxatulebebi.401

`yofierebasa da droSi~ haidegeri gansakuTrebul yur-adRebas amaxvilebs drois faqtorze adamianis subieqturi eq-sistenciis struqturis farglebSi. vacuji miiCnevs, rom ase-Ti analizi ver iqneba srulyofili, radgan sivrces haidegeris aRniSnul SromaSi saTanado mniSvneloba ar eniWeba. xolo dro, romelic ar ukavSirdeba sivrces, arc aris dro namdvili azriT. garda amisa, adamianuri yofna (Dasein) haidegerTan individu-aluri adamianis yofnaa. adamianuri eqsistenciis dualuri struqturidan (individualuri da socialuri) haidegerma mx-olod erTi aspeqtis abstrahireba moaxdina. magram dro da sivrce mxolod maSin ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs WeSmariti azriT, rodesac adamianuri eqsistencia ganxilulia mis konkretul dualobaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi sacnauri xdeba istoria da kli-

400 r. karteris mixedviT, amis mizezi vacujis mamis gardacvaleba gaxda, q. jounsis Tanaxmad ki _ nostalgia. Tavisuflad SesaZle-belia, rom orive faqtorma erTad ubiZga vacujis samSobloSi dabrunebisaken. ix. R. Carter, ‘Watsuji Tetsurô’. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/watsuji-tetsuro/; C. S. Jones, Politi-cizing Travel and Climatizing Philosophy, gv. 48.

401 ix. T. Watsuji, Climate and Culture: A Philosophical Study. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988, gv. v. d. dilvorTis mixedviT, àdamianuri klimatis~ vacujiseul cnebaze garkveuli zegavlena moaxdina niSida kitaros mier SemuSavebulma ̀ baSo~-s dialeqtikurma cnebam. `baSo~ aris noezis-noema mimarTebis toposi, anu adgili. ix. D. Dilworth, Watsuji Tetsurô, gv. 14.

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matis kavSiri istoriasTan.402 `qari da miwis~ sakvanZo nawils warmoadgens pirveli Tavi,

romlis saTauria `klimatis ZiriTadi principebi.~ pirvelive winadadebaSi vacuji ganmartavs, Tu ras gulisxmobs termin `fu-do~-Si. es aris mocemuli qveynis bunebis, klimatis, amin-dis, niadagis nayofierebisa da misi geologiuri maxasiaTe-blebis, qveynis topografiuli Taviseburebebisa da misi peiza-Jebis aRmniSvneli cneba.403

vacujis ainteresebs, aris Tu ara klimati (romelic ada-mianis yoveldRiur gamocdilebaSi gvxvdeba) bunebrivi feno-meni. ra Tqma unda, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebma klimati unda ganixilon rogorc bunebrivi fenomeni, magram vacujis ufro ainteresebs, aris Tu ara klimaturi fenomenebi Tavisi arsebiT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis Seswavlis obieqte-bi. aRniSnul problemas vacuji sicivis fenomenis magaliTze ganixilavs. igi imTaviTve ukuagdebs im azrs, romlis Tanax-mad, sicive Cvengan damoukideblad arsebobs. es SeuZlebelia, `radgan rogor SeiZleba vicodeT sicivis damoukidebeli ar-sebobis Sesaxeb, vidre sicives ar SevigrZnobT? [...] mxolod sicivis SegrZnebiT aRmovaCenT sicives.~404 intencionaluri mimarTebis arseboba ar aris damokidebuli gare obieqtze. subieqts Tavad aqvs sakuTari intencionaluri struqtura, romelsac raRacisken mimarTavs. àmrigad, am relaciuri struqturis intencionaloba, sicivesTan mimarTebaSi, subi-eqtis struqturad gvevlineba. sicivis SegrZneba, upirveles yovlisa, aseTi saxis intencionaluri gamocdilebaa.~405

magram xom SeiZleba, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi, sicive gaviaz-roT, rogorc wmindad subieqturi gamocdileba? subieqtiv-izmis braldebas vacuji Semdegi msjelobiT icilebs Tavidan: intenciis obieqti ar aris mentaluri xdomileba. rodesac sicives vgrZnobT, `sicivis SegrZnebas~ ki ar vgrZnobT, aramed Tavad haeris sicives. ase rom, intencionalur gamocdilebaSi aRqmuli sicive subieqturi ki ar aris, aramed obieqturia. `sicive, rogorc transcendentaluri eqsistencia, mxolod am

402 ix. T. Watsuji, Climate and Culture, gv. v-vi; D. Dilworth, Watsuji Tetsurô, gv. 15-16.

403 ix. T. Watsuji, Climate and Culture, gv. 1.404 iqve, gv. 2.

405 iqve.

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intencionalobaSi arsebobs.~406 sicivis SegrZneba ukve niSnavs siciveSi anu samyaroSi yofnas (aq vacuji haidegeris ex-sistere-s cnebaze referirebs da Tvlis, rom eqsistireba me-s struq-turis fundamenturi principia, romelsac intencionaloba emyareba). `Sesabamisad, sicivis SegrZnebiT Cven siciveSi sa-kuTar Tavs aRmovaCenT.~407 es myisierad xdeba. ̀ sicivis SegrZne-ba intencionaluri gamocdilebaa, romelSic Cven aRmovaCenT sakuTar Tavs eqsistirebis modusSi anu siciveSi yofniT.~408

magram vacuji ar kmayofildeba mxolod `me“-s subieqturi struqturisa da intencionalobis aRweriT. Semdegi safexuri mis msjelobaSi ara calkeul individs (`me~), aramed individ-Ta jgufs (`Cven~) exeba. sicives mxolod `me~ ar SeigrZnobs. sicives sxvebic SeigrZnoben. is faqti, rom sicivis SegrZneba gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva individebs Soris, vacujis azriT, ganpirobebulia sicivis saerTo SegrZnebiT. àmrigad, siciveSi mxolod me ki ar aris, aramed me rogorc Cven da Cven, rogorc me.~409 eqsistireba niSnavs sxva me-ebTan erTad yofnas. ès aris ara intencionaluri mimarTeba, aramed eqsistenciisaTvis dam-axasiaTebeli ormxrivi mimarTeba.~410

is, rac sicivis Sesaxeb iTqva, vacujis Tanaxmad, Tanabrad mieyeneba iseT fenomenebs, rogorebicaa wvima, Tovli, qari, sicxe da a. S. am fenomenebis erToblioba qmnis aminds. ma-gram amindic ar ganicdeba izolirebulad, rogorc `mxolod amindi~, aramed is aRiqmeba mocemuli qveynis topografiuli Taviseburebebisa da misi peizaJebis fonze. `sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Cven sakuTar Tavs, rogorc ormxrivi mimarTebis nawils, klimatSi aRmovaCenT.~411 adamianebi amzadeben Tbil tansacmels, raTa sicives SeewinaaRmdegon; maT siamovnebT gazafxulis kargi amindi da cdiloben, megobrebTan erTad gaataron dro da a. S. garda amisa, adamianebi erTobliv Za-lisxmevas mimarTaven, raTa win aRudgnen `bunebis tiranias.~

406 iqve, gv. 2-3.

407 iqve, gv. 3.

408 iqve, gv. 4.

409 iqve. intersubieqturobis Sesaxeb vacujisTan ix. J. Krueger, ‘Watsuji’s Phenomenology of Embodiment and Social Space’. Philosophy East & West, vol. 63 (2013), gv. 127-152.

410 ix. T. Watsuji, Climate and Culture, gv. 4.411 iqve, gv. 5.

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am mizniT, adamianebi qmnian sxvadasxva saSualebebs (saxlebi, xidebi, kaSxlebi, tansacmeli da a. S.).412 am aspeqtiT ganxil-uli klimaturi fenomenebi gansxvavdeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis mier Seswavlili klimaturi fenomenebisagan. `yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli mcdari Sexeduleba klimatis Sesaxeb aris warmodgena, romlis Tanaxmad, arsebobs zegavle-nebi adamiansa da mis bunebriv garemos Soris.~413 mniSvnelovani momenti vacujisTan aris is, rom igi klimats ganixilavs, ro-gorc adamianis eqsistenciis struqturis nawils. magram ras moiazrebs vacuji ̀ adamianis~ cnebaSi? ̀ adamianSi~ igi calkeul individs ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed individualurisa da so-cialuris erTobliobas.414 Sesabamisad, arc anTropologias, romelic calkeul individzea orientirebuli da arc socio-logias, romelic mxolod socialur aspeqtze amaxvilebs yu-radRebas, ar ZaluZT, srulad Cawvdnen adamianis bunebas. ada-mianuri eqsistenciis struqturis kvlevisas mxolod drois aspeqtze yuradRebis gamaxvileba niSnavs adamianuri eqsis-tenciis wvdomas individualuri cnobierebis doneze. amitom, aucilebelia, rom sivrces saTanado yuradReba mieqces.415

412 iqve, gv. 5-6, 12 da Smd.

413 iqve, gv. 8.

414 am mxriv vacujisTan sayuradReboa àidagara~-s cneba, rac gulisx-mobs mimarTebas adamiansa da adamians, adamiansa da mis ojaxs, ada-miansa da sazogadoebas, dabolos, adamiansa da bunebas Soris. àid-agara~ niSnavs, rom adamiani ar aris mxolod individi an mxolod socialuri arseba. igi imTaviTve CarTulia mimarTebebSi sxva ada-mianebTan, ojaxTan, sazogadoebasTan da bunebasTan. adamianis eqsis-tencia mxolod am mimarTebebis WrilSi unda iqnes ganxiluli (ix. I. Nagami, The Ontological Foundation in Tetsurô Watsuji’s Philosophy, gv. 284). vacujisTan, aseve, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba moZRvrebas ormagi negaciis Sesaxeb: individma unda moaxdinos negacia, raTa ganamtki-cos sakuTari individualoba sxva individebTan mimarTebaSi. magram imisaTvis, raTa sociumis srulfasovani wevri gaxdes, man `negaciis negacia~ anu ormagi negacia unda ganaxorcielos da amjerad saku-Tari individualobis uaryofiT, jgufis mniSvneloba ganamtkicos (ix. R. Carter, Watsuji Tetsurô). Tavis mxriv, yoveli socialur insti-tuti sakuTar TavSi TviTnegaciis moments Seicavs. negaciaTa es `kibe~ dasasruls poulobs saxelmwifoSi, romelic negaciis bolo safexurs warmoadgens. ix. R. Carter, Watsuji Tetsurô; I. Nagami, The Onto-logical Foundation in Tetsurô Watsuji’s Philosophy, gv. 292.

415 ix. T. Watsuji, Climate and Culture, gv. 8-9.

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swored amis safuZvelze ayalibebs vacuji Tavis erT-erT mniS-vnelovan debulebas: àdamianuri eqsistenciis droiT-sivrci-Ti struqtura vlindeba klimatisa da istoriis saxiT. droisa da sivrcis ganuyofloba istoriisa da klimatis ganuyoflobis safuZvelia.~416 am debulebas Semdegi garemoebac amyarebs: ro-gorc aRvniSneT, vacujis Tanaxmad, adamiani klimatSi aRmoa-Cens sakuTar Tavs. magram es TviTSemecneba, rogorc aqtivoba, adamianis eqsistenciis dualuri struqturidan gamomdinare, amave dros, istoriuli bunebisaa. `Sesabamisad, klimati ar ar-sebobs istoriisagan gancalkevebiT da, piriqiT _ istoriac ar arsebobs klimatisagan gancalkevebiT.~417 àdamianis dualur _ istoriul da klimatur _ struqturaSi, istoria klimaturi istoriaa da klimati _ istoriuli klimatia.~418 amrigad, vacu-jisTan SesaZloa gamovyoT eqvsi cneba (sami wyvili), romelic misi klimatis filosofiis birTvs qmnis. esenia: dro _ sivrce, individualuri _ socialuri, klimati _ istoria.

rogorc aRiniSna, adamianebi klimatSi sakuTar Tavs aR-moaCenen. isini qmnian garkveul saSualebebs (saxli, tansacme-li), romlebic, Tavisi arsebiT, klimaturia. radgan adamiani klimatSi aRmoaCens Tavs, es konkretuli klimati unda iyos. Sesabamisad, adamianis TviTcnobiereba mocemuli klimatis xa-siaTs iZens.419 vacuji sul sam klimatur tips gamoyofs: mu-sonuri tipi, udabnos tipi da mindvris/mdelos tipi.420 kli-matis TiToeul tips vacujisTan kulturaTa garkveuli tipi Seesabameba. musonuri klimatis tips ZiriTadad Seesatyviseba induri, Cinuri da iaponuri kulturebi; udabnos klimatur tips _ arabuli da ebrauli kulturebi, mindvris/mdelos kli-matur tips _ evropuli kultura.

`musoni sezonuri qaria, ufro ki zafxulSi okeanis Tbi-li zonidan xmeleTis mimarTulebiT mqrolavi qari. amitom,

416 iqve, gv. 9.

417 iqve, gv. 8.

418 iqve, gv. 10.

419 iqve, gv. 15-16.

420 a. berkis mixedviT, `qari da miwis~ pirvel da danarCen Tavebs Soris winaaRmdegoba arsebobs. pirvel TavSi vacuji gamokveTs im fenomenologiur meqanizms, romliTac klimati individis arsebobis wess ganapirobebs, xolo naSromis araTeoriul nawilSi igi kulturul Tvisebebs bunebrivi faqtorebiT xsnis. ix. A. Berque, The Question of Space: From Heidegger to Watsuji, gv. 380.

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musonuri regionis klimati gamoirCeva sicxisa da tenianobis Taviseburi SezavebiT.~421 tenis siWarbes musonur regionSi Tan axlavs bunebis gamanadgurebeli Zala, rac vlindeba mZ-lavri wyaldidobebisa da qariSxlebis saxiT. adamianis buneba musonur zonaSi Tvinieri da damTmobia. ukidures gamoxatu-lebas es tipi naxulobs wynari okeanis samxreT nawilSi mc-xovreb xalxebSi. xelsayreli klimaturi pirobebis gamo, maT, faqtiurad, ar uxdebodaT didi Zalisxmevis gaweva sakvebis mosapoveblad. Sesabamisad, aq ar gvxdeba stimuli, romelic biZgs miscemda produqtiul ganviTarebas.422 vacuji amiT xsnis im garemoebas, rom aRniSnuli xalxebi advilad moeqcnen evro-pelTa koloniuri uRlis qveS.423

421 ix. T. Watsuji, Climate and Culture, gv. 18. 422 vacujis naazrevi aq hegelis SexedulebebTan msgavsebas amJRavnebs.

ix. qveTavi 2.7.

423 ix. T. Watsuji, Climate and Culture, gv. 22-23. aseTi debulebebiT vacu-ji deterministul pozicias uaxlovdeba. mkvlevarTa poziciebi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebulia. b. iancis mixedviT, vacuji ar iyo geografiuli determinizmis momxre, Tumca igi iqve SeniSnavs, rom miuxedavad amisa, Ria sakiTxia, emxroboda Tu ara Sinaganad igi aseT pozicias (ix. B. B. Janz, ‘Watsuji Tetsurô, Fudo and Climate Change’. Journal of Global Ethics, vol. 7 (2011), gv. 176). a. berki mi-iCnevs, rom vacujis moZRvreba `fu-dos~ Sesaxeb calsaxad deter-ministulia, radgan damoukidebeli cvladi masTan bunebaa, xolo damokidebuli cvladi _ kultura. berks amis dadasturebad miaC-nia mesame Tavis saTauric _ `musonuri klimatis gansakuTrebuli buneba~ (ix. A. Berque, The Question of Space: From Heidegger to Watsuji, gv. 379). gamokveTilad pozitiuri midgoma aqvs r. n. belas, romlis Tanaxmad, vacuji ar ganixilavs klimats, rogorc garegan fizi-kur faqtors. klimati da kultura ganuyrel kavSirSia erTma-neTTan. amdenad, vacujis ainteresebs `subieqturad gagebuli da kulturulad manipulirebuli~ klimati da ara klimatis meteo-rologiuri aspeqtebi (ix. R. N. Bellah, Japan’s Cultural Identity, gv. 588). rac Seexeba Tavad vacujis, igi miuTiTebs, rom adamians SeuZlia `klimatis dapyroba~ (ix. T. Watsuji, Climate and Culture, gv. 39), Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom amiT klimaturi gansxvavebebi gaqreba (iqve, gv. 117). klimatur gansxvavebulobaTa wvdomiTa da gacnobiere-biT yovel xalxs SeuZlia, Taviseburad gaamdidros msoflio kul-tura, riTac `pirvelad miecema namdvili mniSvneloba im faqts, rom msoflios yovel nawils Tavisi gansakuTrebuli buneba aqvs~ (iqve, gv. 207); `buneba~ aq ar unda gavigoT pirdapiri mniSvnelo-biT. mocemul SemTxvevaSi `bunebaSi~ igulisxmeba `xasiaTi~, `tipi~,

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musonuri klimatis tipis klasikur nimuSad vacuji in-doeTs miiCnevs. glexebi, romlebic indoeTis mosaxleobis or mesamedze mets Seadgenen, vacujis mixedviT, musonze arian da-mokidebulni. mosavlis sidide calsaxad damokidebulia mu-sonis xangrZlivobasa da naleqis raodenobaze. adamianebs ar ZaluZT, win aRudgnen bunebis Zalebs. Sesabamisad, isini pa-siur, morCil pozicias ikaveben bunebis mimarT.424 es pozicia gamoxatulebas poulobs istoriuli cnobierebis ararseboba-Si, grZnobaTa siWarbesa da nebisyofis sisusteSi. aRniSnuli klimaturi Taviseburebis perspeqtividan vacuji msjelobs induri religiis, xelovnebisa da filosofiis Sesaxeb. `rig-vedaSi~ Semavali himnebis umravlesoba RmerTebisadmi ki ar aris miZRvnili, aramed bunebisadmi. aseTi saxis rwmena, ro-melsac bunebis mravalferovneba udevs safuZvlad, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba udabnoSi warmoSobili rwmenisagan.425 bunebis mra-valferovnebiTaa gamowveuli is viTarebac, rom indur fer-weraSi, qandakebasa da arqiteqturaSi Warbad gvxvdeba forma-Ta mravalferovneba, magram kompoziciuri erTianoba sakmaod sustia.426 rac Seexeba indur filosofias, vacuji Tvlis, rom `grZnobaTa siWarbem~ aq gamoxatuleba hpova intuiciisadmi erTgulebaSi. aq ar gvxvdeba mravalferovnebis erT principze dayvanis mcdeloba, rogorc es, magaliTad, ioniur filoso-fiaSi iyo.427

udabnos klimaturi tipis umTavres maxasiaTeblad vacuji simSrales miiCnevs. es iwvevs brZolas sicocxlisaTvis, rac wy-lis ZiebaSi gamoixateba. udabnoSi mcxovreb adamians sicocx-lis SenarCuneba yoveldRiuri brZolis fasad uxdeba. Webisa da oazisebis gamo adamianTa jgufebi samkvdro-sasicocxlod upirispirdebian erTmaneTs. am faqtis gamo udabnoSi adamianTa Soris TanamSromloba centralur mniSvnelobas iZens. adamian-

anu debulebis azri aseTia: msoflios yoveli kuTxe Taviseburad unikaluria). r. n. belas azriT, am debulebebiT vacuji cdilob-da, SedarebiTi kulturologiis problemebi gadaeWra da iaponuri kulturis specifikurad iaponuri xasiaTi daecva. ix. R. N. Bellah, Japan’s Cultural Identity, gv. 588.

424 ix. T. Watsuji, Climate and Culture, gv. 24-25. 425 iqve, gv. 27-28.

426 iqve, gv. 31.

427 iqve, gv. 35.

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ebi erToblivi ZalisxmeviT upirispirdebian bunebas.428 es da-pirispireba maTi nomaduri cxovrebis wesSi aisaxeba.

Tu ar vigulisxmebT im religiebs, romlebic indoeT-Si aRmocenda, maSin msoflios ZiriTadi religiebi (iudaiz-mi, qristianoba, mahmadianoba), SesaZloa, ganvixiloT, rogorc udabnoSi warmoqmnili religiebi. udabnos erTianobam erTi tomis RmerTi anTropomorful RvTaebad aqcia. `RmerTi war-moadgenda adamianis unikalobis realizacias bunebasTan misi dapirispirebis fonze. ase rom, aq ar gvxvdeba bunebis Zale-bis deifikaciis niSnebi. amisgan gansxvavebiT, Zveli berZnebis RmerTebi an bunebis Zalebis (zevsi, apoloni) an kidev adamia-nis Sinagani bunebis aspeqtebis (afrodite, apoloni) deifika-cias warmoadgendnen.~429

evropis klimatur Taviseburebad vacujis evropis land-SaftSi mwvane balaxis, mdelos siWarbe miaCnia. evropis klima-ti arc teniania da arc mSrali, is tenisa da simSralis Tavise-bur nazavs warmoadgens. vacuji sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobs xmelTaSua zRvis aRweras, Tumca, didwilad, sakuTar STabeW-dilebebs eyrdnoba.430 hegelis msgavsad, vacuji miiCnevs, rom mTebi ganmacalkeveblis, xolo zRva _ damakavSireblis rols asrulebs. magram iaponiisaTvis zRva, upirveles yovlisa, sak-vebis mopovebis wyaro iyo da ara komunikaciis saSualeba.431 amisgan gansxvavebiT, xmelTaSua zRva ver sTavazobs adami-ans sakvebs zRvis binadarTa saxiT. am mxriv vacuji aSkarad aWarbebs, rodesac xmelTaSua zRvas `mkvdars~ uwodebs.432 misi azriT, swored xmelTaSua zRvis usicocxlobam ubiZga Zvel berZnebs zRvaosnobisaken.

evropis buneba arc zedmetad guluxvia da arc zedmetad sastiki. es ganapirobebs imas, rom am klimatur sivrceSi ar warmoiSoba arc zedmetad morCili da arc zedmetad mebrZoli

428 iqve, gv. 45-46.

429 iqve, gv. 54.

430 iqve, gv. 63 da Smd. ̀ qari da miwis~ mesame TavSi ̀ musonuri klimatis gansakuTrebuli buneba~ vacuji sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom uSualo STabeWdilebebi sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania klimatis Seswavlisas (iqve, gv. 122). sakuTar STabeWdilebebze dayrdnobis gamo vacuji a. berkis kritikis obieqti gaxda. ix. A. Berque, The Question of Space: From Heidegger to Watsuji, gv. 381.

431 ix. T. Watsuji, Climate and Culture, gv. 65.432 iqve.

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klimaturi xasiaTi.433 aqve vacuji kidev erTxel azustebs kli-matis faqtoris rols adamianur eqsistenciaSi. sxva faqtore-bis msgavsad, romlebic adamianTa sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebs, klimatic, zogjer met, zogjer ki nakleb zemoqmedebas axdens. klimatis zemoqmedeba yvelaze sagrZnobi kulturis formire-bis sawyis stadiazea.434

mesame TavSi vacuji iaponiis klimatze da iaponelTa kli-matur xasiaTze saubrobs. iaponiis klimati yvelaze ufro ga-morCeulia musonur sartyelSi. is ormagi bunebisaa da saku-Tar TavSi aerTianebs tropikuli sartylisa da civi sartylis bunebas. Sesabamisad, miiCnevs vacuji, iaponelTa xasiaTic or-saxovania: emociaTa mudmivi cvalebadobis miRma Sinagani simt-kice imaleba.435

ukanasknel, meoTxe TavSi, romlis saTauria `klimati xe-lovnebaSi~, vacuji Tavis naazrevs ajamebs. radgan adamiani sa-kuTar Tavs klimatSi aRmoaCens, igi bunebis Tvisebebs sakuTar Tvisebebad aqcevs. `saberZneTis maradiuli SuadRis sikaSkaSe imTaviTve berZenTa naTeli buneba iyo.~436 garemomcveli bune-bis `sirbilidan~ gamomdinare, evropeli ufro agresiulia da yoveli kuTxe-kunWulis dapyrobas eswrafvis. misgan gansxva-vebiT, aRmosavleTSi bunebis tiraniuli xasiaTi adamians ar aRuZravs masTan brZolis survils.437 evropaSi buneba ganixi-leba iseT ramed, sadac wesrigi da kanonebi unda iqnes aR-moCenili. rodesac bunebas xotbas asxamen, mxedvelobaSi aqvT buneba, romelic RmerTma Seqmna an romelSic RmerTia gans-xeulebuli. aRmosavleTSi ki buneba aRiqmeba, rogorc ira-cionaluri sawyisi, romlis srulad wvdomac SeuZlebelia. aq poetebisa da filosofosebis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo ara bunebis Semecnebisaken, aramed masTan harmoniuli erTianobis miRwevisaken.438

vacujis naazrevi dResac ar kargavs Tavis aqtualobas. amas adasturebs ukanasknel wlebSi vacujis Semoqmedebis sx-vadasxva kuTxiT gaazrebis mcdelobebi. am mxriv sainteresoa b. iancis mcdeloba, romelic ikvlevs `qarisa da miwis~ aqtu-

433 iqve, gv. 77.

434 iqve, gv. 78.

435 iqve, gv. 137-138.

436 iqve, gv. 204.

437 iqve, gv. 203.

438 iqve, gv. 206.

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alobas klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb arsebuli diskusiebis konteqstSi. Tavis naSromSi ianci vacujisa da frangi filoso-fosis, J. deliozis naazrevis dakavSirebas cdilobs.439 s. iako-boviCi Tavis naSromSi `vacuji, deliozi da gatari kulturis klimatur sibrtyeSi~ erTi mxriv vacujis, xolo, meore mxriv, deliozi-gataris naazrevis Sepirispirebas axdens.440

`qarsa da miwaSi~ vacuji Cinelebs axasiaTebs, rogorc èmociebis armqone~ xalxs.441 Cinelebisa da CineTis SefasebaSi diametralurad gansxvavebuli pozicia ekava germanel moaz-rovnes, karl avgust vitfogels, romelmac ganaviTara Teoria hidravlikuri civilizaciebis Sesaxeb.

439 ix. B. B. Janz, Watsuji Tetsurô, Fudo and Climate Change, gv. 180-181.440 ix. S. Jacobowitz, ‘Watsuji and Deleuze and Guattari in the Climate of

Culture’. CLCWeb. Comparative Literature and Culture. vol. 7 (2005), http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol7/iss3/9. iakoboviCi sakmaod mkacria vacujis mimarT da mas rasizmsa da antisemitizmSi adanaSaulebs. sapirispiro pozicia uWiravs d. dilvorTs, romlis azriT, `qarisa da miwis~ dayvana ideologiur konceptebze mxolod am naSromis filosofiuri xarisxis damaxinjebiT miiRweva (ix. D. Dilworth, Watsuji Tetsurô, gv. 12). Znelia, ar daeTanxmo dilvorTs am mimarTebiT. iakoboviCis mikerZoebulobas, Cemi azriT, adasturebs is garemoebac, rom Tavis naSromSi igi ar ganixilavs `qari da miwis~ pirvel Tavs, romlis saTanadod gaazrebis gareSe, vacujis Sexedulebebis adekvaturad gageba, ubralod, SeuZlebelia. ix., aseve, P. Couteau, ‘Watsuji Tetsurô’s Ethics of Milieu’. In: J. W. Heisig, (ed.), Frontiers of Japanese Philosophy. Nagoya: Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture, 2006, gv. 269-290.

441 ix. T. Watsuji, Climate and Culture, gv. 122, 127, passim.

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giorgi TavaZe

3.6. karl avgust vitfogeli hidravlikuri civilizaciebis Sesaxeb

qarTul samecniero diskursSi karl avgust vitfogelis saxelis Semotana prof. helmut Snaideris saxels ukavSirde-ba. Tavis naSromSi `filosofiuri geografia. wylis mniSvne-loba istoriisaTvis _ evropa da azia~ h. Snaideri vitfoge-lis Sexedulebebs komparativistul WrilSi ganixilavs, ker-Zod, igi erTmaneTs adarebs g. v. f. hegelis, k. Smitisa da k. a. vitfogelis Sexedulebebs.442 naSromis moculobis gamo, h. Snaideris mizani ar yofila vitfogelis naazrevis detalu-ri analizi. winamdebare qveTavSi Sevecdebi, vitfogelis Sex-edulebebSi gamovyo is arsebiTi momentebi, romlebic, Cemi azriT, mniSvnelovania filosofiuri geografiisaTvis. vitfo-gelis Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas, ZiriTadad, davemyarebi mis naSromebs: àRmosavluri sazogadoebis Teoria~443 (1938 w.) da àRmosavluri despotia. totaluri Zalauflebis SedarebiTi analizi~ (1957 w.).444

àRmosavluri sazogadoebis TeoriaSi~ vitfogeli cdi-lobs, axsnas aRmosavluri samyaros445 istoriuli ganviTareba CineTis istoriis analizis safuZvelze. SesavalSi mas Semoaqvs socialuri kompleqsis stagnaciis cneba, romelsac aRmosav-leTis socialur istorias ukavSirebs.446

`socialuri fenomenebi, romlebsac Cven SeviswavliT, vi-Tardeba istoriul etapze, romelic kapitalisturi industri-is safexurze dabla dgas, magram primitiuli soflis meurneo-

442 ix. h. Snaideri, `filosofiuri geografia~, gv. 108 da Smd.

443 ix. K. A. Wittfogel, ‘The Theory of Oriental Society’. In: A. M. Bailey and J. R. Llobera (eds.), The Asiatic Mode of Production. Science and Politics. London, Boston and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981, gv. 141-157.

444 ix. K. A. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism. A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1957.

445 àRmosavluris~ cnebaSi vitfogeli moiazrebs niadagisa da klimatis specifikas, romelic aziis mocemuli regionisTvis (am SemTxvevaSi, CineTi) aris damaxasiaTebeli. am specifikas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda im socialur-ekonomikuri formaciis CamoyalibebisaTvis, romelsac vitfogeli àRmosavlurs~ (hidravlikurs) uwodebs. Sdr. K. A. Wittfogel, The Theory of Oriental Society, gv. 149.

446 ix. K. A. Wittfogel, The Theory of Oriental Society, gv. 142.

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bis safexurze maRla mdebareobs.~447 soflis meurneobis war-moebis procesSi vitfogeli or elements _ miwas da wyals _ gamoyofs da gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas am ukanasknels aniWebs. wylis siWarbe (naleqebis didi raodenoba, tenianoba, wyaluxvi mdinareebi) damatebiT irigacias arasaWirod xdis, xolo wy-lis nakleboba mocemul regionSi aucileblobiT warmoSobs xelovnuri irigaciis saWiroebas.448 xelovnur irigacias vit-fogeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs. soflis meurne-oba mxolod maSin aRwevs maRal produqtiulobas, rodesac xe-lovnuri irigaciis meSveobiT adamianebi soflis meurneobaSi wylis damatebiT resursebs iyeneben.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac xelovnuri irigaciis dros adami-anebs uwevT wylis didi masebTan (didi mdinareebi da tbebi) `Sejaxeba~, saWiro xdeba socialuri jgufebis qmedebaTa ko-ordinireba, raTa mizanmimarTulad ganxorcieldes arxebis, kaSxlebisa da jebirebis mSenebloba da maTi meTvalyureoba. am saqmianobas axorcielebs saxelmwifo an kidev calkeuli jgufebi, romlebic am amocanebis Sesrulebis procesSi erTi-andebian, aRweven ekonomikursa da politikur Zalauflebas da saxelmwifos ayalibeben.449

soflis meurneobaSi xelovnuri irigaciis dominanturi roli zusti kalendaruli aRricxvisa da astronomiuli ga-moangariSebebis saWiroebas warmoSobs. Sesabamisi socialuri jgufis wevrebi angariSoben wvimebis sezonis dawyebisa da das-rulebis dros; aseve, mdinareebis momatebisa da klebis peri-odebs da amis mixedviT avaleben daqvemdebarebul klass Sesa-tyvisi hidravlikuri samuSaoebis (arxebis gayvana da SekeTeba, kaSxlebisa da jebirebis mSenebloba) Sesrulebas. mmarTveli klasis biurokratiuli aparati an imTaviTve gvevlineba gle-xebis cxovrebis ganmkargvelad an kidev bolos, Tavisi or-magi ekonomikuri funqciis (wylis samuSaoebis menejmenti da astronomiuli gamoangariSebebi) mzardi mniSvnelobis gamo.450 sazogadoebis aseT tips vitfogeli àRmosavlur sazogadoe-bas~ uwodebs.

àRmosavluri sazogadoebis~ SigniT vitfogeli or qve-

447 iqve.

448 iqve, gv. 143.

449 iqve, gv. 147.

450 iqve.

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giorgi TavaZe

tips gamoyofs: martivi da ganviTarebuli aRmosavluri sa-zogadoebebi. martivi aRmosavluri sazogadoebis nimuSad igi inkebis saxelmwifos asaxelebs. glexoba aq klanebad iyo or-ganizebuli da soflis meurneobis regulireba koleqtiurad xdeboda. namet produqcias saxelmwifo pirdapiri gziT iTvi-sebda. mmarTveli klasi da saxelmwifo biurokratia aq erTma-neTis identuria.451

warmoebis saSualebebis zrdasTan erTad martivi aRmo-savluri sazogadoeba adgils uTmobs ganviTarebul aRmo-savlur sazogadoebas. sazogadoebis am tipSi gvxvdeba axali socialuri klasebi, upirveles yovlisa, biurokrati miwaT-mflobelebi da msxvili da wvrili vaWrebi, romlebic, zog-jer miwaTmflobelebic arian (yvelaze mkveTrad gamoxatuli forma am jgufs CineTSi hqonda). miwa yidva-gayidvis obieqtad iqceva. amiT ki msxvili mamulebis warmoqmnis SesaZlebloba Cn-deba. yvelaze msxvil miwaTmflobelad mainc biurokratiuli aparati rCeba, romlis xelSic koncentrirdeba nameti produ-qciisa da iZulebiTi muSaxelis udidesi wili. biurokratiis xelSi kapitalis koncentracia iwvevs saxelmwifo biujetis Semcirebas da centraluri xelisuflebis dasustebas, rac aferxebs aRmosavluri despotiis zemoqmedebas, Tumca misi sa-boloo gauqmeba mainc ver xerxdeba.452

biurokratiis gaZlierebasa da saxelmwifos biujetis Sem-cirebas Tan sdevs hidravlikuri samuSaoebis Semcireba, rasac jaWviseburad mohyveba soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis Semcireba, radgan es ukanaskneli pirdapir kavSirSia aseT samu-SaoebTan. movlenaTa aseTi scenariT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba ajanyebebisa da mRelvarebebis ricxvi, radgan saxelm-wifo Semcirebuli biujetis gazrdas gadasaxadebis gazrdiT cdilobs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am periodSi mezoblad mcxovrebma nomadurma tomebma konsolidacia moaxdines, maSin irigaciuli saxelmwifo, SesaZloa, maTi msxverpli gaxdes.453 dinastiis dacema, SesaZloa, aseve, yofili mmarTveli klasis wevrebis mier organizebuli ajanyebis Sedegad moxdes. axali dinastia axal sareformo politikas iwyebs, Tumca aRmosavluri des-potiis arsi ucvleli rCeba. krizisis Sedegad aRmosavlur

451 iqve, gv. 150.

452 iqve, gv. 150-152.

453 iqve, gv. 154-155.

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sazogadoebaSi ganviTareba ki ar xdeba, aramed `socialur-ekonomikuri sistema sakuTari Tavis reproduqcias axdens~.454 amas ganapirobebs is garemoeba, rom aRmosavleTSi ganviTar-da sawarmoo Zalis specifikuri tipi, romelic bunebrivad da kulturulad iyo ganpirobebuli (sairigacio wyali, sairiga-cio saSualebebi, intensiuri fizikuri Sroma). sawarmoo Zalis aseTi tipi dasavleTSi ar ganviTarebula. Sesabamisad, aRmo-savleTSi soflis meurneoba ufro meti produqtiulobiT xa-siaTdeboda, vidre dasavleTSi. amas ganapirobebda farTomas-Stabiani sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebi, sadac intensiurad gamoi-yeneboda iZulebiTi muSaxelis Zala. dabolos, aRmosavluri tipis saxelmwifo pirdapir iTvisebs miwis Semosavals, maSin rodesac feodalur evropaSi miwis renta feodalebis kuTvni-leba iyo.455 industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTareba dasavleT-Si sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo Zalebis decentralizebulma struqturam ganapiroba. am faqtorma xeli Seuwyo kapitalis dagrovebis process. rac Seexeba aRmosavlur saxelmwifos, aq maRalproduqtiuli agraruli sistema centralizebul mmarT-velobas emorCileboda da xels uwyobda sistemis reproduq-ciasa da mis stagnacias.456 amrigad, vitfogelis mixedviT, aR-mosavleTSi Camoyalibda sazogadoebis specifikuri (hidrav-likuri) tipi, romelic, dasavluri tipis sazogadoebebisagan gansxvavebiT, ganviTarebis wrfiv models ki ar Seesatyviseba, aramed stagnaciur, anu stacionarul models.

àRmosavluri despotia~ aTi Tavisagan Sedgeba. pirveli Tavi hidravlikuri sazogadoebis geografiuli aspeqtebis gan-xilvas eTmoba, meore Tavi _ hidravlikuri sazogadoebis eko-nomikas, mesame-mexuTe Tavebi _ hidravlikur sazogadoebaSi arsebul despotias, meeqvse Tavi _ hidravlikuri sazogadoe-bis sxvadasxva tipebs, meSvide Tavi _ sakuTrebis tipebs hi-dravlikur sazogadoebaSi, merve Tavi _ klasebs hidravlikur sazogadoebaSi, mecxre Tavi _ warmoebis aziuri wesis cnebas, meaTe Tavi _ aRmosavluri sazogadoebis dinamikas. iseve, ro-gorc àRmosavluri sazogadoebis Teoriis~ ganxilvis dros, yuradRebas gavamaxvileb im aspeqtebze, sadac, Cemi azriT, yve-laze naTlad vlindeba geografiul sakiTxebTan kavSiri. am mx-

454 iqve, gv. 156.

455 iqve.

456 iqve, gv. 157.

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giorgi TavaZe

riv sayuradReboa pirvel TavSi ganviTarebuli Sexedulebebi. vitfogelis amosavali Tezisi aseTia: martivi an kom-

pleqsuri mizezebis gamo, adamiani sagrZnoblad cvlis te-qnologiur saSualebebs, Tavis socialur organizaciasa da msoflmxedvelobas. aseT mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs Tan sdevs bunebis mniSvnelovani cvlilebebic. adamiani mudam zemoqme-debs bunebaze da `mudam gardaqmnis mas~.457 erTnairi institu-cionaluri pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi gansxvaveba bune-briv garemoebebs Soris xels uwyobs an aferxebs teqnologi-isa da socialuri kontrolis ganviTarebas. es faqtori, aseve, gavlenas axdens saarsebo saSualebebis mopovebis proceszec.

hidravlikuri sazogadoebis CamoyalibebisaTvis ramdeni-me winapiroba arsebobs: 1. mocemuli regionis soflis meur-neoba ar unda iyos damokidebuli naleqze wvimis saxiT. hava unda iyos mSrali; 2. unda arsebobdes wylis misawvdomi re-sursebi (mdinareebi, tbebi); 3. sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebis done SedarebiT maRali unda iyos. Tu adamianebs surdaT mS-rali, magram potenciurad nayofieri miwebis damuSaveba, maSin maT unda SeeqmnaT wylis uwyveti nakadi am miwebisaken, raTa soflis meurneobis produqtiuloba uzrunveleyoT.458 wylis kontrolis saWiroebam socialuri kontrolis hidravlikuri meTodebis ganviTareba gamoiwvia459 vitfogeli ganasxvavebs hi-

457 ix. K. A. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism, gv. 11.

458 vitfogeli erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs mciremasStabian irigaci-aze damyarebul soflis meurneobas (Hydroagriculture) da farTo-masStabian irigaciaze dafuZnebul soflis meurneobas (Hydraulic agriculture). hidravlikur sazogadoebas ukanaskneli tipis soflis meurneoba Seesatyviseba. ix. K. A. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism, gv. 12.

459 ix. K. A. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism, gv. 13. Tumca vitfogeli iqve amaxvilebs yuradRebas sxva faqtorebzec, romelTa gareSec Seu-Zlebelia soflis meurneobis warmatebuli funqcionireba. esenia: sasoflo-sameurneo mcenareebi, damuSavebadi miwa, saTanado te-nianoba da haeris temperatura, reliefi (iqve). am faqtorebidan ori (haeris temperatura da dedamiwis reliefi) gansakuTrebu-lad zRudavda adamianis qmedebebs winaindustriul periodSi. am xisti faqtorebis fonze wyali gvevlineba moqnil elementad da misi mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT didia mSral regionebSi. wylis faqtoris mniSvneloba kidev ufro izrdeba wylis didi resur-sis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (iqve, gv. 15). Tumca vitfogeli imasac miuTiTebs, rom xelsayreli faqtorebis arseboba aucileblobiT ki ar ganapirobebs hidravlikuri sazogadoebis arsebobas, aramed

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dravlikuri sazogadoebis or tips: `kompaqtursa~ da `ganvr-cobils~. kompaqtur hidravlikur sazogadoebebSi (Zveli egvip-te, SuamdinareTis adreuli civilizaciebi) irigacia standar-tuli praqtika iyo da misi meSveobiT miiReboda mosavlis naxe-varze meti. ̀ ganvrcobil~ hidravlikur sazogadoebebSi (CineTi, indoeTi) irigacias damuSavebadi miwis SedarebiT mcire nawili eWira, Tumca, is miwebi, romelTa irigacia xorcieldeboda, mZ-lavr ekonomikur centrebad yalibdeboda, romlebic gavlenas axdenda periferiul (naleqebze damokidebul) regionebze.460

hidravlikuri ekonomikis aRwerisas vitfogeli sam aspe-qtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: 1. hidravlikur sazogadoebaSi arsebobs Sromis danawilebis specifikuri tipi; 2. Sromis spe-cifikur danawilebas mohyveba miwis kultivaciis intensifika-cia; 3. hidravlikur sazogadoebaSi kooperacia farTo masSta-bebs iRebs.461

Sromis danawilebis specifikuri tipi gulisxmobs samuSao-Ta or tips. pirvelis mizania irigacia da is moicavs mosamz-adebel samuSaoebs irigaciisaTvis (arxebis gayvana, kaSxlebis ageba da a. S.), xolo meoris mizania wyaldidobebis kontroli da is moicavs TavdacviTi nagebobebis (jebirebi) mSeneblobas da wylis adidebis periodebis gansazRvras.462

hidravlikuri ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia adamian-Ta didi jgufebis CarTuloba sairigacio da sxva saxis saq-mianobebSi. hidravlikur saxelmwifoSi glexebi valdebulebi iyvnen, monawileoba mieRoT sxvadasxva saxis samSeneblo saq-mianobebSi.463 am jgufebis kontrols hidravlikuri biuro-

mxolod misi Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas qmnis (iqve, gv. 12). vit-fogeli xazs usvams ìstoriuli situaciis Riaobas~, ramac ada-mianTa garkveul jgufebs hidravlikuri sazogadoebis Camoyali-bebisaken ubiZga. es imas niSnavs, rom potenciurad hidravlikur regionebSi mcxovreb adamianTa jgufebidan yvela rodi akeTebs `hidravlikur~ arCevans (iqve, gv. 16). bunebasTan mimarTebiT ada-miani `pasiuri instrumenti~ rodia. piriqiT, igi aqtiurad monaw-ileobs sakuTari momavlis gansazRvraSi (iqve, gv. 17).

460 ix. K. A. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism, gv. 166; D. Worster, Rivers of Empire. Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, gv. 41-42.


462 iqve, gv. 23-24.

463 iqve, gv. 25-26.

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giorgi TavaZe

kratia axorcielebs, romelic flobs kidec gadamwyvet po-litikur Zalauflebas.464 es jgufi awarmoebs astronomiul gamoTvlebsac, romelTa gareSec hidravlikuri sazogadoeba, ubralod, ver iarsebebs.465

rogorc aRiniSna, hidravlikur saxelmwifoSi qveynis mo-saxleobis didi nawili monawileobas iRebda samSeneblo saq-mianobebSi.466 es moicavda rogorc akvedukebis da arxebis467, aseve, giganturi TavdacviTi nagebobebis,468 gzebis, samefo sa-saxleebis, taZrebisa da qalaqebis mSeneblobas.469

hidravlikuri saxelmwifo, vitfogelis Tanaxmad, despo-turi saxelmwifoa. totaluri Zalaufleba mmarTveli biuro-kratiis xelSia koncentrirebuli, xolo dominanturi religia agraruli despotizmis Zalauflebis struqturaSia integri-rebuli.470

vitfogelis Teorias hidravlikuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavs. Tavad vitfogelis poziciis Sesa-xeb SeiZleba iTqvas, rom man `marqsis materializmi471 geogra-fiuli an ekologiuri determinizmis saxiT gaiazra, sadac sa-warmoo Zalebi, romlebic sazogadoebis socialur da politi-kur organizacias gansazRvraven, Tavis mxriv, klimatiT, niada-

464 iqve, gv. 27.

465 iqve, gv. 29.

466 aseT samuSaoebs vitfogeli `wylis mZime samuSaoebs~ (Heavy water works) uwodebs (ix. K. A. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism, gv. 28), Tumca, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, hidravlikur saxelmwifoebSi `wylis mZime samuSaoebis~ garda sxva saxis mZime samuSaoebic arsebobda.

467 CineTis saimperatoro arxis sigrZe (daaxloebiT 800 mili), vit-fogelis mixedviT, utoldeba manZils hamburgidan romamde. misi erTi nawilis asagebad suis dinastiam erT milionze met adamians mouyara Tavi. ix. K. A. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism, gv. 33-34.

468 magaliTad, CineTis didi kedeli.

469 es struqturebi TavianT esTetikur efeqts axdendnen masalis maqsimaluri da ideebis minimaluri gamoyenebiT. ix. K. A. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism, gv. 44.


471 garda marqsisa da engelsis Sromebisa, vitfogelze gavlena moaxdina, aseve, m. veberis sociologiam da frankfurtis skolam, romelsac vitfogeli 1925 wels SeuerTda. ix. D. Worster, Rivers of Empire, gv. 23-24.

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giT, hidrografiiT da sxva faqtorebiT aris gansazRvruli~.472 vitfogelis sapirispirod g. levini SeniSnavs, rom marqsi da engelsi arsad saubroben socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis bune-brivi faqtorebis gadamwyvet rolze. misi azriT, vitfogeli adamianis Sromas absoluturad damokidebuls xdis bunebriv resursebTan mimarTebaSi.473 a. toinbis mixedviT, irigaciaze damyarebul àziur~ saxelmwifoebs Soris gansxvavebebi ufro didia, vidre maT Soris arsebuli msgavsebebi.474 igive azrisaa v. eberhardic. igi Tvlis, rom Teoriuli modeli, romelic mraval gansxvavebul sazogadoebas aerTianebs, mouxeSavi da aramecnierulia.475

472 ix. A. M. Bailey, J. R. Llobera, ‘Editors’ Introduction’. In: A. M. Bailey, J. R. Llobera (eds.), The Asiatic Mode of Production. Science and Politics, gv. 109. jer kidev 1929 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi `geopolitika, geo-grafiuli materializmi da marqsizmi~, vitfogeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs ̀ adamiani _ buneba~ mimarTebaze da bunebri-vi faqtorebis rolze adamianTa cxovrebisaTvis. ix. K. A. Wittfogel, ‘Geopolitik, geographischer materialismus und Marxismus’. Unter dem Banner des Marxismus, 4 (1929), gv. 506 da Smd.

473 ix. G. Levin, ‘Wittfogel on the Asiatic Mode of Production’. In: A. M. Bailey, J. R. Llobera (eds.), The Asiatic Mode of Production, gv. 159-160.

474 ix. A. Toynbee, ‘Wittfogel’s Oriental Despotism’. In: A. M. Bailey, J. R. Llobera (eds.), The Asiatic Mode of Production, gv. 167.

475 ix. W. Eberhard, ‘Oriental Despotism: Political Weapon or Sociological Con-cept?’ In: A. M. Bailey, J. R. Llobera (eds.), The Asiatic Mode of Production, gv. 179. aRniSnuli kritika mimarTulia vitfogelis àRmosavlu-ri despotiis~ winaaRmdeg. toinbica da eberhardic yuradRebas amaxvileben naSromis politikur aqcentebze. eberhardi miiCnevs, rom vitfogelis Teoria, SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc politikuri iaraRi, magram ara rogorc sociologiuri analizis instrumenti (iqve, gv. 181). toinbi vitfogelis erT-erT umTavres naklad im garemoebas miiCnevs, rom vitfogels ar ucdia, aexsna totaluri Zalauflebis meqanizmi dasavleTSi, kerZod, nacio-nal-socialisturi germaniis SemTxvevaSi (ix. A. Toynbee, Wittfogel’s Oriental Despotism, gv. 164 da Smd.). vitfogelis aRmosavluri des-potiis Teoriis sxvadasxva aspeqtebiT kritikisaTvis ix. aseve, I. Levada, ‘Wittfogel’s Oriental Despotism: A Soviet Review’. In: A. M. Bailey, J. R. Llobera (eds.), The Asiatic Mode of Production, gv. 182-194; E. Leach, ‘Hydraulic Society in Ceylon’. In: A. M. Bailey, J. R. Llobera (eds.), The Asiatic Mode of Production, gv. 207-215; B. Price, ‘Irrigation: Sociopolitical Dynamics and the Growth of Civilization’. In: A. M. Bailey, J. R. Llobera (eds.), The Asiatic Mode of Production, gv. 216-232.

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giorgi TavaZe

kritikis miuxedavad, vitfogelis Teorias momxreebic ga-mouCndnen, gansakuTrebiT, anTropologiaSi (e. w. `kulturu-li ekologiis~ midgomis momxreebi). j. p. merdoki vitfogelis àRmosavlur despotias~ mniSvnelobiT e. tailoris ̀ pirvelyo-fil kulturas~ (1871 w.) adarebs.476 j. stiuardis mixedviT, vitfogelis damsaxureba isaa, rom rodesac kulturis isto-rikosebi civilizaciaTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze amax-vilebdnen yuradRebas, vitfogelma Tavisi TeoriiT moaxdina erTi bazisuri faqtoris formulireba, romelic saerTo iyo am civilizaciebisaTvis.477 vitfogelis gasamarTleblad SeiZ-leba isic iTqvas, aRniSnavs d. uorsTeri, rom mas arasodes wa-mouyenebia Tezisi, romlis Tanaxmad, yoveli saxelmwifo war-moiSva wyalze kontrolis meqanizmebis ganviTarebis Sedegad. Tumca, vitfogels miaCnda, rom irigacia erTob mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda politikuri Zalauflebis konsolidaciis sa-kiTxSi.478

bunebrivi faqtorebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis aRiarebis garda vitfogelis SexedulebebisaTvis safuZvelm-debare iyo imis rwmena, rom aziurma sazogadoebebma, dasavlu-ri sazogadoebebisgan gansxvavebiT, sxva evoluciuri gza gan-vles. es sakiTxi marqsistul samecniero wreebSi `warmoebis aziuri wesis~ cnebas ukavSirdeba, romelmac socialur mecnie-rebaSi araerTi Tavsatexi gamoiwvia.479

476 ix. G. P. Murdock, ‘Wittfogel’s Oriental Despotism’. In: A. M. Bailey, J. R. Llobera (eds.), The Asiatic Mode of Production, gv. 173

477 ix. J. H. Steward, ‘Wittfogel’s Irrigation Hypothesis’. In: A. M. Bailey, J. R. Llobera (eds.), The Asiatic Mode of Production, gv. 196. d. uorsTeris mixedviT, vitfogelis àRmosavluri sazogadoebis Teoriam~ sagrZnobi zegavlena iqonia j. stiuardis Sexedulebebze (ix. D. Worster, Rivers of Empire, gv. 29-30). Tumca uorsTeri Tvlis, rom, rogorc vitfogelis, aseve, ekologiuri anTropologebis ZiriTadi nakli is iyo, rom isini, ZiriTadad, yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen winaindustriul sazogadoebebze maSin, rodesac kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi (uorsTeri ganixilavs aSS-s dasavleTs) irigaciis sakiTxi ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli dominirebisa da kontrolis sakiTxebTan (iqve, gv. 30, 48-50).

478 ix. D. Worster, Rivers of Empire, gv. 39. 479 warmoebis aziuri wesis cnebasTan vitfogelisa da sabWoTa

mecnierebis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb ix. h. Snaideri, ̀ filosofiuri geografia~, gv. 97 da Smd. ufro dawvrilebiTi ganxilvisTvis ix. A. M. Bailey, J. R. Llobera (eds.), The Asiatic Mode of Production, gv. 13-106.

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wylis sakiTxi dResac aqtualuria msoflioSi. Zalaufle-ba da batonoba wyals mxolod winaindustriul periodSi rodi ukavSirdeboda. kapitalistur samyaroSi, romelic aRsavsea winaaRmdegobebiT, or miliardamde adamians ara aqvs sufTa wylis miRebis saSualeba, rac xSirad saxelmwifoebs masSta-buri proeqtebis ganxorcielebisaken ubiZgebs.480 vitfogelis damsaxureba isaa, rom man aCvena, Tu ra mniSvnelovani SeiZle-ba aRmoCndes geografiuli faqtoris (am SemTxvevaSi, wylis) roli socialur istoriaSi. Tu vitfogelis Sexedulebebs de-terminizm-aradeterminizmis viwro perspeqtividan ar ganvixi-lavT, maSin naTeli gaxdeba misi analizis mniSvneloba Taname-droveobisaTvis. adamiani imTaviTve Cafesvilia bunebaSi, igi bunebaSi da bunebasTan erTad cxovrobs. adamianis nebismieri qmedeba konkretul geografiul adgilze xorcieldeba da mas-Tan garkveul mimarTebaSia. erTi faqtoris meore faqtorze Seuqcevadi zegavlenis mtkicebis nacvlad, ufro nayofieri iqneba, Tu mudmivad mxedvelobaSi viqoniebT maT dinamikur urTierTzemoqmedebas, rac socialuri cxovrebis ganviTa-rebis kvaldakval, urTierTqmedebis sul ufro da ufro axal formebs warmoSobs.

àRmosavluri despotiis~ gamoqveynebidan erTi wlis Sem-deg frangma filosofosma gaston baSliarma gamoaqveyna uaR-resad saintereso naSromi ̀ sivrcis poetika~, romlis ganxilvi-Tac sruldeba meore Tavi. amjerad filosofiuri geografiis veqtori, globaluri paradigmis nacvlad, lokalurze iqneba mimarTuli.

480 ix. T. Tvedt, E. Jacobsson, ‘Introduction: Water History is World History’. In: T. Tvedt, E. Jacobsson (eds.), A History of Water. Water Control and River Biographies. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2006, gv. xii-xiii.

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giorgi TavaZe

3.7. gaston baSliaris sivrcis poetika: saxli, rogorc Taursamyaro da

eqsistencialuri mniSvnelobis centri

`sivrcis poetikaSi~ (1958 w.) baSliari poeturi xatis feno-mens aanalizebs. poetur xats igi gansazRvravs, rogorc ùe-car gamozneqilobas sulis zedapirze, romlis mcire fsiqolo-giuri mizezebic jer kidev araa saTanadod Seswavlili.~481 poeturi xati mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli dinamizmiT gamoirCeva. poeturi aqtis, warmosaxvaSi yofierebis ànTebis~, uecari poeturi xatis warmoqmnis procesebis siRrmiseuli analizisaTvis, baSliaris mixedviT, saWiroa, mivmarToT war-mosaxvis fenomenologias, romelic Seiswavlis poeturi xatis fenomens aqtualobaSi, rogorc adamianis `gulis, sulisa da yofierebis uSualo produqts~, romelic cnobierebaSi war-moiSoba. mxolod fenomenologiis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli poetur xatTa subieqturobis aRdgena da maTi sisavsisa da transsubieqturobis wvdoma.482

poetur xatebs baSliari sivrcobriv konteqstSi ganixi-lavs. ìs xatebi, romelTa ganxilvasac vapireb, bednieri sivr-cis erTob martivi xatebia. am mimarTebiT, winamdebare gamokv-levebi topofiliis saxels imsaxurebs.~483 Sesabamisad, baSliars sivrcis cnebaSi emociuri aspeqti Seaqvs. `bednieri sivrce~ iseTi sivrcea, romelic adamianebs uyvarT, romlis mimarTac isini mijaWvulobas grZnoben da romelsac ufrTxildebian. sivrce, romelsac warmosaxva swvdeba, ver iqneba indiferen-tuli da homogenuri. aseTi sivrce yovelTvis `gancdili~ da emociuri aspeqtebiT Seferadebulia.

pirveli poeturi xati, romelic bednieri sivrcis konte-qstSi iCens Tavs, saxlis xatia. saxlis xati saxlis poetikis ganuyofeli nawilia. saxlis poetika Semdeg SekiTxvebs svams: rogor xdeba saxlis oTaxebi dauviwyari warsulis Semadgeneli nawili, miuxedavad imisa, rom es oTaxebi, SesaZloa, aqtualu-rad aRar arsebobdnen? rogor SeiZleba aixsnas is garemoeba,

481 ix. G. Bachelard, The Poetics of Space. Translated by M. Jolas. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994, gv. xv.

482 iqve, gv. xviii-xix. 483 iqve, gv. xxxv.

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rom zogjer adamianebi iseT mniSvnelobas aniWeben droebiT an SemTxveviT TavSesafars, rac obieqtur safuZvels moklebu-lia? am SekiTxvebze pasuxs iZleva topoanalizi, romelic Sem-deg Teoriul doqtrinebs efuZneba: aRweriTi fsiqologia, siR-rmis fsiqologia, fsiqoanalizi da fenomenologia.484 `romeli Teoriuli horizontidanac ar unda ganvixiloT saxlis xati, is mainc Cveni uSinaganesi yofierebis topografiad darCeba.~485 saxlis xati baSliarisTvis adamianis sulis gasaanalizebeli xelsawyoa. is, amave dros, topoanalizis xelsawyoa.486

`saxli aris Cveni kuTxe samyaroSi. [...] is Cveni pirve-li samyaroa, namdvili kosmosia am sityvis ufarToesi mniSvnelobiT.~487 saxlSi adamianebs aqvT sakuTari kuTxe-kun-Wulebi, sadac isini Tavs myudrod da bednierad grZnoben. sax-lis arseba ganmsWvalavs yvela im sivrces, romlebSic adamian-ebi `namdvilad~ cxovroben, anu sadac isini emociurad arian ganwyobili maT irgvliv mdebare sivrceebis mimarT. garesa-myaros Sesaxeb mogonebebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba im mogone-bebisagan, romlebic adamianebs mSobliur saxlTan akavSirebs. saxli xels uwyobs ocnebebs da warmosaxvis TamaSs. is mfarv-elobs meocnebes da mas simSvides aniWebs.488 `Sesabamisad, is adgilebi, sadac Cven vocnebobdiT, axali ocnebis saxiT rekon-stituirdebian. radgan Cvens adreul sacxovreblebTan dakav-Sirebuli mogonebebi ocnebebis saxiT cocxldeba, warsulis es adgilebi CvenSi mudam rCebian.~489 amrigad, saxli, baSliaris mixedviT, aris kacobriobis azrebis, fiqrebisa da ocnebebis maintegrirebeli Zala. sakvanZo moments am ZalaSi ocneba, war-mosaxva qmnis.

484 topoanalizi warmoadgens adamianis Sinagani cxovrebis mxareebis sistematur fsiqologiur Seswavlas. rogorc aseTi, topoanalizi fsiqoanalizis damxmared gvevlineba. ix. G. Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, gv. 8.

485 iqve, gv. xxxvi. 486 iqve, gv. 47; E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place, gv. 288. 487 ix. G. Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, gv. 4.488 ocnebasTan dakavSirebiT baSliari Semdegs SeniSnavs: àdamianur

Rirebulebebs mxolod azrovneba da gamocdileba rodi adgens. is Rirebulebebi, romlebic ocnebebs ganekuTvneba, kacobriobas siRrmiseulad ganmsWvalavs.~ ix. G. Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, gv. 6.

489 ix. G. Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, gv. 6; E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place, gv. 290.

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eqsistencialur Teziss `samyaroSi gadagdebulobis~ Ses-axeb baSliari upirispirebs saxlis, rogorc adamianis pirve-ladi akvnis cnebas, romelic zrunviTa da siyvaruliTaa gam-Tbari. `cxovreba imTaviTve Rirebulebaa. is bednierad iwyeba saxlis Tbil wiaRSi, sadac is saguldagulod daculia.~490 saxlis fizikur struqturas kavSiri aqvs adamianis sulier samyarosTan: saxlis meSveobiT adamianTa mogonebebis didi nawili `dabinavebulia~ da Tu saxls aqvs sardafi, sxveni da sxva mravali kuTxe-kunWuli, maSin adamianTa mogonebebs bev-ri TavSesafari aqvs, romlebsac isini ocnebebSi ubrundebian. `Tavis uricxv RrmulSi sivrce SekumSul dros Seicavs. sivrce swored amisTvis arsebobs.~491

baSliari gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs im adgilebs, sadac adamianebi martoobaSi ocneboben. topoanalizisaTvis swored es aspeqtia mniSvnelovani, radgan aq Tavs iCens Sem-degi kiTxvebi: iyo Tu ara oTaxi didi? iyo Tu ara is kuTxe, sadac adamiani ocnebobda, Tbili (`Tbili~ aq emociur dat-virTvaze mianiSnebs)? rogor iyo is ganaTebuli da a. S. `si-myudrovis gasagebad ufro mniSvnelovania simyudrovis sivr-ceebSi lokalizacia, vidre TariRebis dadgena.~492 adgilebi, romlebic martoobas da ocnebas ukavSirdeba, myarad fiq-sirdeba adamianTa mexsierebaSi.493 SesaZloa, ukve aRar ar-sebobdes sxveni an sardafi, sadac individi Tavis bavSobaSi martoobaSi ocnebobda, magram rCeba is faqti, rom igi mid-ioda sxvenSi an sardafSi da iq ocnebobda. am adgilebs indi-

490 ix. G. Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, gv. 7.491 iqve, gv. 8.

492 ix. G. Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, gv. 9; E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place, gv. 288.

493 e. keisi miiCnevs, rom `saxlSi yofna~ baSliarTan ufro detaluri da konkretulia, vidre `samyaroSi yofna~ haidegerTan. `TviT haidegeris mier cxovrebaze xazgasmas gviandel naSromSi `Seneba _ cxovreba _ azrovneba~ konkretuloba da specifikuroba aklia. [...] Cven gacilebiT mets vigebT Senebisa da oTxsaxovnebis Sesaxeb, vidre _ cxovrebis Sesaxeb [...] `sivrcis poetika~, romelic eqvsi wlis Semdeg gamoqveynda, ufro mets gveubneba adamianuri cxovrebis specifikis Sesaxeb [...] topoanalizis arsebas mocemuli topos-is uwvrilmanesi detalebis Seswavla Seadgens, riTac is sakmaod uaxlovdeba fenomenologias.~ ix. E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place, gv. 292.

giorgi TavaZe

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vidi Tavis Rameul sizmrebSi ubrundeba. `rodesac Cven Zilis labirinTebis dasasruls vaRwevT, [...] maSin Cven, SesaZloa, ganvicadoT iseTi simSvide, romelic Tavisi arsebiT winare adamianuria.~494 ocnebebSi gacocxlebuli adgilebis sivrce yovelTvis myudro da Tbilia. àseT pirobebSi topoanalizi topofiliis niSans atarebs.~495

saxlis fizikur struqturas mxolod adamianis sulier samyarosTan rodi aqvs kavSiri: `saxli, romelSic davibadeT, fizikurad amotvifrulia CvenSi. is organuli Cvevebis erTo-bliobas warmoadgens.~496 Zvel saxlSi dabrunebis Semdeg ada-mianSi uecrad Seumcdarad cocxldeba adreuli Jestebi da qmedebebi. `Cven am konkretul saxlSi cxovrebis funqciebis diagramebi varT. yvela sxva saxli am fundamentur Temaze va-riacias warmoadgens.~497 saxlsa da iq macxovrebel adamianis sxeuls Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs. saxli, aseve, ocne-bebis gansxeulebas warmoadgens, radgan misi kuTxe-kunWulebi emociuri mijaWvulobis adgilebs qmnida. mexsiereba am ocne-bebis Sesaxeb imdenad Zlieria, rom saxli ganagrZobs arsebobas mas Semdegac, rac is ukve fizikurad aRar arsebobs. `saxlSi arsebuli mowyenilobis, martoobisa da ocnebebis centrebi jgufdebian da qmnian sizmriseul saxls~,498 romlis fenome-nologiur analizsac baSliari awarmoebs.

am analizSi ori ZiriTadi aspeqti gamoiyofa: 1. saxli war-moidgineba, rogorc vertikaluri struqtura. saxlis dife-rencireba vertikalurobis principis safuZvelze xdeba; 2. saxli warmoidgineba, rogorc koncentrirebuli yofiereba. is centralurobis cnobierebas miemarTeba.

saxlis vertikalurobas sardafisa da sxvenis polaruloba gansazRvravs: saxuravis racionalurobas sardafis iracio-naluroba upirispirdeba.499 sxvenSi adamianis sxvadasxva SiSi advilad racionalizdeba: aq, `saxuravTan axlos, yvela azri


496 iqve, gv. 14.

497 iqve, gv. 15.

498 iqve, gv. 17.

499 ix. G. Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, gv. 17-18; E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place, gv. 291-292.

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naTelia~,500 sardafSi ki racionalizacia gacilebiT neli da naklebad naTelia. `sardafSi dRisiTac da RamiTac bnela. maSinac ki, rodesac xelSi anTebuli sanTeli gviWiravs, Cven vxedavT, rogor cekvaven Crdilebi mrume kedlebze.~501 qvemoT baSliari wers: ̀ sardafis meocnebem icis, rom sardafis kedle-bi damarxuli kedlebia, [...] romelTa ukan mxolod miwaa da meti araferi. ase rom, situacia ufro dramatuli xdeba, xolo SiSi _ ufro gadaWarbebuli. [...] sardafi iqceva damarxul si-giJed, SemoRobil tragediad.~502 amrigad, saxlis yoveli fizi-kuri elementi adamianis fsiqofizikur samyarosTan ganuy-ofel kavSirSia da masze zemoqmedebs.

urbanul sivrceSi mdebare saxlebis mimarT baSliari uaryofiTadaa ganwyobili. `did qalaqSi saxls ar gaaCnia kos-miuroba, radgan iq, sadac saxlebi aRar Sendeba bunebriv gare-moSi, damokidebuleba saxlsa da sivrces Soris xelovnuri xdeba.~503 miuxedavad caTambjenebisa, qalaqis saxlebisaTvis ufro horizontalurobaa damaxasiaTebeli, radgan `kibeebis gmirobas~ aq liftebi uRebs bolos. garda amisa, erT sar-Tulze ganlagebul oTaxebs ar gaaCniaT is principi, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia simyudrovis Rirebulebebis klasi-ficireba, rogorc es iyo SesaZlebeli iseTi saxlis SemTxveva-Si, romlis vertikalurobasac sardafi-sxvenis RerZi gansaz-Rvravs. qalaqSi arsebuli saxli gacilebiT usafrTxo da kom-fortulia. es gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba bunebrivi stiqiebis dros. tyis piras, eulad mdgar gandegilis saxls qariSxali mTeli simZlavriT utevs da adamians SeuZlia, saxlis Wrialisa da ryevis meSveobiT uSualod SeigrZnos kosmiur ZalTa da-pirispireba. qalaqSi aseTi ramis gancda SeuZlebelia. `saxli ar kankalebs CvenSi da arc Cvens meSveobiT.~504 bunebis stiq-ionebis zemoqmedebas adamianis Sinagan samyaroze im saxlis meSveobiT, sadac adamiani cxovrobs, baSliaris topoanalizSi sagangebo yuradReba eqceva.

koncentrirebuli yofierebis nimuSad baSliari gande-gilis qoxs ganixilavs. qoxis xati imdenad martivia, rom is


502 iqve, gv. 20.

503 iqve, gv. 27.

504 iqve.

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ubralod Cvens mogonebebs ki ar ekuTvnis, aramed legendis nawili xdeba. `rodesac ukun sibneleSi dakargulebi sinaTlis kiafs movkravT Tvals, [...] vin ar daiwyebs ocnebas gandegilis qoxis Sesaxeb?~505 gandegilis qoxi simartivisa da martoobis samyaroa. `gandegili martoa RvTis winaSe. misi qoxi monas-tris sapirispiros warmoadgens. da am koncentrirebuli mar-toobidan asxivebs meditaciisa da locvis samyaro. [...] qoxi ukiduresi siduxWiris bednierebas flobs.~506 sinaTle, ro-melic qoxidan gamokrTis, mianiSnebs sifxizlesa da lodinze. `lampris meSveobiT saxlic xedavs da sifxizles inarCunebs. is fxizlad icdis.~507 miuxedavad Tavisi kosmiurobisa, romelsac qoxi lampris meSveobiT iRebs, is mainc martoobis simbolod rCeba. saboloo jamSi, qoxi da qoxidan gamomavali sinaTle, romelic sifxizleze mianiSnebs, baSliarisaTvis simyudrovis koncentraciis nimuSia yvelaze primitiuli formiT, rac, Ta-vis mxriv, usafrTxoebis grZnobas warmoSobs da ganmtkicebs adamians. swored aseT simyudroveSi xorcieldeba yofiereba Tavisi eqsistencialuri mniSvnelobiT.508

`sivrcis poetikis~ meore Tavs `saxli da samyaro~ ewodeba, sadac baSliari saxlisa da samyaros dialeqtikas ganixilavs. sxvadasxva literaturuli magaliTebis analizis safuZvelze (Tomas de quinsis, bodleris, rembos, rilkes, henri boskos Semoqmedebidan) baSliari aCvenebs, Tu ra damokidebuleba ar-sebobs adamians, saxlsa da samyaros Soris. bunebis stiqiebis bestializms saxlis simyare da simtkice upirispirdeba, ro-melic Semdeg saxlSi macxovrebeli adamianis Tvisebebad iqce-va. àseTi tipis saxli kacobriobas kosmiuri proporciebis gmirobisaken mouwodebs. is xelsawyoa, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba kosmosTan dapirispireba.~509 baSliaris mixedviT, meta-fizikurma sistemebma, romelTa Tanaxmad, adamiani `samyaro-Si gadagdebulia~, yuradReba unda gaamaxvilon saxlze, ro-melic qariSxals eulad ebrZvis. qariSxali aq kosmiur Zalebs ganasaxierebs. amrigad, saxlsa da samyaros Soris dinamikuri dapirispireba arsebobs. xolo saxlis macxovreblebi, Ta-

505 iqve, gv. 31.

506 iqve, gv. 32.

507 iqve, gv. 34.

508 iqve, gv. 50.

509 iqve, gv. 46.

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vad cxovrebis meSveobiT, CarTuli arian am dapirispirebaSi. cxovrebis faqti metad mniSvnelovania, radgan `saxli, ro-melic aRiqmeba da ganicdeba, ar aris inertuli yuTi. sivrce, sadac cxovroben, scdeba geometriuli sivrcis sazRvrebs~.510 magram saxli mxolod myari wertili rodia, romelic kosmiur grigalebs uZlebs. is, SesaZloa, usasrulod didi gaxdes. georg spiridiakis da rene kaselesis Semoqmedebis analizisas baSliari saubrobs ùzarmazari kosmosuri saxlis~ Sesaxeb, romelic poets samyaroSi cxovrebis saSualebas aZlevs. war-mosaxvis Zalis meSveobiT saxlis kedlebi farTovdeba da mTel samyaros moicavs, saxli xdeba samyaro àn, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, samyaro Semodis saxlSi~.511

`sivrcis poetikaSi~ saxli gvevlineba, rogorc Taursa-myaro da eqsistencialuri mniSvnelobis centri. saxlis fizi-kuri struqtura umWidroes kavSirSia saxlis macxovreblebis fsiqofizikur samyarosTan. am kavSiris meSveobiT adamianebi erTvebian kosmiur ZalebTan dapirispirebaSi. adamiani iseT samyaroSi ki ar aris gadagdebuli, romelic misTvis ucxo da mtrulia, aramed igi imTaviTve saxlis Tbil wiaRSia mo-qceuli da misi meSveobiT imecnebs samyaros. saxlis kuTxe-kunWulebSi adamiani ocnebobs da es ocneba aranakleb mniS-vnelovania, vidre logikuri azrovneba. adamiani sivrcesTan emociur damokidebulebaSi imyofeba. swored amitom gvxvdeba baSliarTan iseTi terminebi, rogorebicaa `bednieri sivrce~ da `topofilia~. emociuri damokidebuleba sivrcesTan,512 sxe-ulis roli sivrcis aRqmaSi, adgilis meSveobiT ufro farTo sivrceebSi Tanamonawileoba _ es is ideebia, romelTa uaRres-ad saintereso analizic baSliarma Tavis `sivrcis poetikaSi~ SemogvTavaza.

510 iqve, gv. 47; E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place, gv. 294. 511 ix. G. Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, gv. 51. 512 sivrcis mimarT emociuri mimarTebebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove

midgomebisaTvis ix. G. Lehnert (Hrsg.), Raum und Gefühl: der Spatial Turn und die neue Emotionsforschung. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2011.

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3.8. daskvna

aRniSnul TavSi filosofiuri geografiis globaluri, regionaluri da lokaluri paradigmebia ganxiluli. frid-rix ratcelma Tavisi SromebiT sazogadoebriv geografiasa da politikur geografias daudo safuZveli. manve Semoitana `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ metafizikuri koncepti, romelic Sem-dgomi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi cxare diskusiis sagnad iqca (es diskusiebi dResac grZeldeba!). ratcelis naSromebSi ar-sebuli impulsebi Taviseburad gaiazra karl Smitma, romelic msoflio istorias xmeleTisa da zRvis dapirispirebis fonze ganixilavda. Smitma, aseve, yuradReba gaamaxvila adamianis mier geografiuli elementis arCevis SesaZleblobaze da sivr-cobrivi cnobierebis gafarToebis potencialze.

martin haidegeris `yofiereba da drom~ iaponel filo-sofoss, vacuji tecuros klimatis Sesaxeb ganazrebebisaken ubiZga. vacuji akritikebda haidegers sivrciTi aspeqtis sa-Tanado Seufaseblobis gamo. gviandel periodSi haidegerma sagangebo yuradReba gaamaxvila sivrcesa da adgilze. adgils igi moiazrebda, rogorc sivrcis Semomkrebs. haidegeris ga-nazrebani adgilis Sesaxeb, romelic man warmoadgina Tavis naS-romSi `Seneba _ cxovreba _ azrovneba~ uaRresad mniSvnelova-nia filosofiuri geografiisaTvis.

haidegeris Tanamedrove karl avgust vitfogelma ganavi-Tara Teoria hidravlikuri civilizaciebis Sesaxeb, xolo frangma filosofosma gaston baSliarma gansakuTrebuli yu-radReba gaamaxvila sivrcisadmi emociur damokidebulebaze. baSliarisa da haidegeris Sexedulebebi sivrcisa da adgilis Sesaxeb erTob nayofierad SesaZloa iqnes gamoyenebuli fi-losofiuri geografiis lokalur doneze, xolo ratcelis, Smitis, vacujisa da vitfogelis Sexedulebebi _ filosofi-uri geografiis globalur da regionalur doneebze. magram globalurTan SedarebiT, lokaluris cneba ufro pirveladia filosofiuri geografiisaTvis, radgan Cven sakuTar Tavs swored lokalurSi aRmovaCenT.513 lokaluris birTvs qmnis is,

513 mudam mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT is garemoeba, rom lokaluris pirveladobis aRiareba ar niSnavs lokalurisa da globaluris (da, aseve, regionaluris) tolmniSvneladobis uaryofas. rogorc winamdebare naSromis SesavalSia aRniSnuli, filosofiuri geo-

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giorgi TavaZe

rasac filosofosebi da geografebi adgils uwodeben. adami-anebi adgilebSi cxovroben da sakuTar Tavs maTTan mimarTeba-Si gansazRvraven. swored amitom, winamdebare naSromis meoTxe Tavi filosofiuri geografiis safuZvelmdebare konceptebis _ adgilisa da identobis urTierTmimarTebis analizs eTmoba.

grafiisaTvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovania rogorc lokaluri, aseve, regionaluri da globaluri doneebi.

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Tavi IV. adgilisa da identobis cnebebi, rogorc filosofiuri geografiis

sakvanZo momentebi

4.1. Sesavali

aRniSnuli Tavis mizans imis Cveneba warmoadgens, rom ad-gilisa da identobis cnebebi filosofiuri geografiisaTvis sakvanZo mniSvnelobisaa. SesavalSi ganxilulia adgilis cnebis aqtualizaciis istoria geografiuli disciplinis konteqstSi da adgilebis/sivrceebis Sesaxeb arsebuli perspeqtivebi so-cialuri Teoriebisa da socialuri mecnierebebis konteqstSi (anri lefevri, miSel de serto, devid harvi, dorin masi, rob-ert devid seki). rac Seexeba danarCen qveTavebs, aq ganxilu-lia is moazrovneebi (miSel fuko, i-fu tuani, eduard relfi, devid simoni, eduard keisi da jef malpasi), romelTa Sexed-ulebebic, Cemi azriT, nayofier niadags qmnis im kvlevebisT-vis, romlebic adgilebisa da identobebis urTierTqmedebis empiriul Seswavlas isaxavs miznad.

II msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi geografiaSi moxda e. w. `raodenobrivi da Teoriuli revolucia~: regionaluri geo-grafia (romlis mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlebic iyvnen p. vi-dal de la blaSi, a. hetneri da r. herTshorni),514 TandaTanobiT sivrcobrivi geografiiT Canacvlda. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis anglo-saqsur samyaroze. sivrcobrivi geografia emyareboda raodenobriv meTodebs, statistikur monacemebs da kanonebis formulirebaze iyo orientirebuli, gansxvavebiT regional-uri geografiisagan, romelic mocemuli regionis unikaluro-bis Cvenebas cdilobda am regionSi gansxvavebuli geografiuli faqtorebis unikalur kombinaciebze miTiTebiT. sivrcobrivi geografiis warmomadgenlebs (fred k. Seferi, eduard aker-mani, valter kristaleri, eduard ulmeni, braian beri, uiliam bunge, TorsTen hegersTrendi da sxv.), romlebic pozitivis-turi filosofiis did gavlenas ganicdidnen, naklebad ain-teresebdaT unikaluri geografiuli regionebis ̀ metaforuli

514 ix. qveTavi 3.1.

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giorgi TavaZe

da poeturi cnebebiT~ aRwera.515 isini orientirebulni iyvnen abstraqtuli sivrcobrivi mimarTebebis, qselebisa da inter-aqciebis Seswavlaze. am sferoebSi, maTi azriT, SesaZlebeli iyo zogadi modelebis aRmoCena da maTi Seswavla da analizi raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT. erTi sityviT, maT mi-aCndaT, rom geografia ufro nomoTeturi mecniereba unda yofiliyo da ara ideografiuli. sivrcobrivi geografiis aq-tualobas kidev ufro zrdida II msoflio omis Semdeg ganvi-Tarebul qveynebSi momxdari swrafi urbanizacia da industri-alizacia da iseTi praqtikuli cnebebis analizis saWiroeba, rogorebicaa transportirebis sistemebi da industriuli mdebareoba.516

sivrcobrivi geografiis farglebSi adgilis cnebas nak-lebi yuradReba eqceoda. adgili gaigeboda, rogorc ubralo mdebareoba (location) sivrceSi, romelic sxva mdebareobebTan garkveuli wesiT iyo dakavSirebuli. garda amisa, sivrcobrivi geografiis warmomadgenlebi TavianT kvlevebSi nakleb yurad-Rebas aqcevdnen adamianur faqtors anu Tavad geografiul subieqts da mis mier geografiuli garemos aRqmis process.

swored amis gamo, 1960-wlebis dasasrulidan, gansa-

515 ix. R. Peet, Modern Geographical Thought, gv. 20. 516 ix. R. Johnston, ‘Spatial Science’. In: R. Kitchin and N. Thrift (eds.), International

Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, vol. 10, gv. 384-395; A. Paasi, ‘Regional Geography I’. In: R. Kitchin and N. Thrift (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, vol. 9, gv. 220; R. Peet, Modern Geographical Thought, gv. 19 da Smd.; F. K. Schaefer, ‘Exceptionalism in Geography: A Methodological Examination’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 43 (1953), gv. 226 da Smd. regionaluri geografiis paradigmis sivrcobrivi geografiis paradigmiT Canacvlebis miuxedavad, zogierTi geografi miiCnevs, rom cvlilebebi geografiul disciplinaSi T. kunis mier SemuSavebuli modelis Tanaxmad ar xdeba. r. jonsTonis azriT, II msoflio omis Semdgom geografiul disciplinaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi ar aixsneba sqemiT, romlis mixedviT, samecniero revoluciis Sedegad erT paradigmas meore paradigma enacvleba. jonsToni miiCnevs, rom kunis ideebi ar miesadageba socialur mecnierebebs, gansakuTrebiT ki geografiis ganviTarebas 1945 wlis Semdeg. igi Tvlis, rom geografia multiparadigmuli mecnierebaa da rom cvlilebebi xorcieldeba ara revoluciebis meSveobiT, aramed `frTxilad~ da nela. ix. R. Johnston, ‘Paradigms and Revolutions or Evolution?: Observations on Human Geography since the Second World War’. Progress in Human Geography, vol. 2 (1978), gv. 189-206.

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Tavi IV. adgilisa da identobis cnebebi, rogorc filosofiuri ...

kuTrebiT ki 1970-ian wlebSi, sivrcobrivi geografia axlad aRmocenebuli humanisturi517 da fenomenologiuri518 geo-

517 humanisturi geografiis umTavres mizans, misi warmomadgenlebis azriT, `socialuri mecnierebisa da adamianis Serigeba~ warmoad-gens. ix. D. Ley, M. Samuels, ‘Introduction: Contexts of Modern Humanism in Geography’. In: D. Ley, M. Samuels (eds.), Humanistic Geography. Prospects and Problems. Chicago: Maaroufa Press, 1978, gv. 9. ix. aseve, J. N. Entrikin, ‘Contemporary Humanism in Geography’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 66 (1976), gv. 615-632; A. Buttimer, D. Seamon (eds), The Human Experience of Space and Place. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980; A. Buttimer, ‘Geography, Humanimsm, and Global Concern’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 80 (1990), gv. 1-33; misive, Geography and the Human Spirit. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993; P. C. Adams, S. Hoelscher, K. E. Till (eds), Textures of Place. Exploring Humanist Geographies. Minneapolis / London: University of Minnesota Press, 2001; D. Seamon, ‘Lived Emplacement and the Locality of Being: A Return to Humanistic Geography?’ In: S. Aitken, G. Valentine (eds.), Approaches to Human Geography. Philosophies, Theories, People and Practices, 2nd edition, London: Sage, 2015, gv. 35-48.

518 fenomenologiuri geografia swavlobs mniSvnelobis konstru-irebis process sivrcobriv konteqstebSi. fenomenologi geo-grafebis azriT, fenomenologias SeuZlia, pasuxi gasces SekiTx-vebs, Tu ras niSnavs adamianis cxovreba dedamiwaze da Tu ras niSnavs saxlis qona. fenomenologiuri geografia, aseve, gansa-kuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs `sasicocxlo samyaros~ (Leb-enswelt, Lifeworld) cnebaze, romelic gamocdilebis winarefleqsur ganzomilebas moicavs. sivrce dinamikuri kontinuumia, sadac subi-eqti cxovrobs da mniSvnelobebs eZiebs. amrigad, sivrcis mxolod geometriuli aRwera arasakmarisia adamianuri gamocdilebis gas-agebad. a. butimeri Tvlis, rom fenomenologiis meSveobiT Ses-aZlebelia im dualizmis daZleva, romelic arsebobs subieqtur da reprezentaciul sivrceebs Soris. ix. A. Buttimer, ‘Grasping the Dynamism of Lifeworld’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 66 (1976), gv. 281. fenomenologiuri midgomis Sesaxeb ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness. London: Pion Press, 1976; misive, Rational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography. London: Croom Helm, 1981; D. Seamon, A Geography of the Lifeworld. Movement, Rest and Encounter. London: Croom Helm, 1979; J. Pickles, Phenomenology, Science and Geography. Spatiality and the Human Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985; D. Seamon, R. Muger-auer (eds), Dwelling, Place and Environment. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1985; D. Seamon (ed.), Dwelling, Seeing, and Designing: Toward a Phenomenological Ecology. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993; R. Mugerauer, Interpretations on Behalf of Place. Environmental Displacements and Alternative Responses. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994; I. L. Stefanovic, Safeguarding Our Common Future. Rethinking Sustainable Development. Alba-

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grafiebis kritikis obieqti gaxda. humanisti geografebis mier adgili aRiqmeboda ara rogorc ubralo wertili sivrceSi, ar-amed rogorc mniSvnelobis mqone centri da adamianis emociuri mijaWvulobis obieqti. Tavis SromebSi Cinuri warmomavlobis amerikeli geografi i-fu tuani ikvlevs adgilis mniSvnelo-bas adamianisTvis da adgilebis aRqmis Taviseburebebs. tuanma baSliaris mier Semotanili `topofiliis~ cneba anglo-saqsur geografiaSi daamkvidra. subieqtis mier adgilebis aRqmis pro-cesze yuradReba gaamaxviles fenomenologiuri geografiis warmomadgenlebma. maTgan aRsaniSnavia eduard relfi, ro-melic Tavis klasikur naSromSi àdgili da uadgiloba~ (1976 w.) ganixilavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa adgilis identoba, adgilebis aRqma, uadgilobis gaCena da a. S. humanisturi da fenomenologiuri geografiis kvlevebis Semdeg adgilis cne-bam axali mniSvneloba SeiZina da is myarad damkvidrda sazoga-doebriv geografiaSi. adgilis Sesaxeb Teoriuli refleqsiebi gaCnda iseT gansxvavebul geografiul midgomebSic, rogorebi-caa radikaluri geografia (d. harvi) da feministuri geogra-fia (j. rouzi).

adgilebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebi, SesaZlebelia, ram-denime jgufSi movaqcioT. magaliTad, tim kresveli adgilis Sesaxeb arsebul Teoriebs sam jgufad hyofs: 1. deskrifciuli midgomebi yuradRebas amaxvileben adgilebis unikalurobasa da TavisTavadobaze. regionaluri geografebis ideografiuli midgomebi am jgufis Teoriebs miekuTvneba; 2. socialuri kon-struqcionizmi fokusirebulia adgilebis safuZvelmdebare socialur procesebze da is aerTianebs iseT gansxvavebul midgomebs, rogorebicaa marqsizmi, feminizmi da poststruq-turalizmi; 3. fenomenologiuri midgoma dainteresebulia adamianis eqsistenciiT imdenad, ramdenadac is kavSirSia adg-ilTan. am midgomaSi gaerTianebulia humanisturi geografia, neo-humanisturi da fenomenologiuri filosofiebi.519 jon egniu adgilis Sesaxeb arsebul TeoriebSi oTx ZiriTad mimar-Tulebas gamoyofs: neomarqsistuls, humanisturs, feminis-

ny: State University of New York Press, 2000; D. Seamon, ‘Place Attachment and Phenomenology: The Synergistic Dynamism of Place’. In: L. Manzo, P. Devine-Wright (eds.), Place Attachment: Advances in Theory, Methods and Research, New York: Routledge/Francis & Taylor, 2014, gv. 11-22;

519 ix. T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction. London: Blackwell Publishing, 2004, gv. 51.

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turs da performatiuls.520 Tavad adgilis struqturaSi egniu sam elements gamoyofs. esenia mdebareoba (location), moqmedebis adgili (locale) da grZnoba adgilis mimarT (sense of place). mde-bareoba aRniSnavs adgils sivrceSi, romelsac Tavisi koor-dinatebi gaaCnia da romelic sxva adgilebidan garkveuli man-ZilebiTaa dacilebuli. moqmedebis adgili aris is veli, sa-dac yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi viTardeba. moqmedebis adgili gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor gamoiyureba esa Tu is adgili (saxlebi, eklesiebi, quCebi, parkebi da a. S. moqmedebis adgils ganekuTvneba). adgilis mimarT grZnoba aRniSnavs im grZnobebsa da mniSvnelobebs, romlebsac konkretuli adgili aRZravs. es mniSvnelobebi, SesaZloa iyos rogorc individualuri, aseve, koleqtiuric. garda amisa, egniu CamoTvlis adgilis sxva Tvise-bebsac: a). adgilebi ar aris izolirebuli erTeulebi. isini sxvadasxva geografiuli masStabis ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli qselebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian; b). mobiloba ar uqmnis safrTxes adgilebs. piriqiT, is mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs zogierTi adgilis bunebas (mogzaurebi, migrant-ebi da nomadebi gansazRvraven sakuTar adgilebs).521 dabolos, egniusTvis, rogorc geografisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania adgilis konkretuli zegavlenebis Seswavla, vidre adgilis bunebis Sesaxeb abstraqtuli Teoriebis Camoyalibeba. àdgi-li aris meta-koncepti, romelic konkretuli adgilebis Ses-axeb konkretuli istoriebis moyolis saSualebas gvaZlevs.~522 Tumca, aq isic unda aRiniSnos, rom swored adgilis Sesaxeb abstraqtulma, filosofiurma ganazrebebma gamoiwvia adgilis cnebis reaqtualizeba sazogadoebriv geografiaSi da amas eg-niuc aRiarebs.523 adgilis `konkretuli istoriebis~ Seswavlis aucilebloba gansakuTrebiT maSin xdeba aqtualuri, rodesac, adgilis cnebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb Teoriuli ganazrebebis mxriv simwire ar gvxvdeba.

frangi filosofosi da sociologi anri lefevri (1901-1991 ww.) Tavis SromebSi urbanizaciisa da socialuri sivr-cis Sesaxeb ara adgilebis, aramed sivrcis Sesaxeb saubrob-

520 ix. J. A. Agnew, ‘Space and Place’. In: J. A. Agnew, D. N. Livingstone (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Geographical Knowledge. London: Sage Publications, 2011, gv. 324.

521 iqve, gv. 326-327; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 7-8. 522 ix. J. A. Agnew, Space and Place, gv. 318. 523 iqve, gv. 321-322.

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da.524 Tumca, misi Sexedulebebis ganxilva aucilebelia, rad-gan lefevris Sexedulebebi sivrcis Sesaxeb dResac sakmaod aqtualuria socialur mecnierebebSi da misi azrebi, pirdapir Tu iribad, gavlenas axdens im mkvlevarebze, romlebic sivrci-sa da adgilebis TematikiT arian dainteresebuli.

lefevri miiCnevda, rom geografiuli sivrce, Tavisi ar-sebiT, socialuri sivrcea. socialuri sivrce socialuri produqtia.525 es lefevris erT-erT centralur debulebas warmoadgens. lefevri miiCnevda, rom `sivrce TavisTavad~ ar arsebobs. sivrce iwarmoeba, is warmoebis produqtia. sivrces da dros lefevri relaciurad gaiazrebs. am gagebis Tanax-mad, sivrce da dro ar warmoadgenen wmindad materialur fa-qtorebsa Tu apriorul konceptebs. sivrce da dro, lefevris mixedviT, socialuri praqtikis ganuyofeli nawilia.526

sivrce kontrolis, dominirebisa da Zalauflebis saSu-alebas warmoadgens. yoveli sazogadoeba, warmoebis yoveli wesi, Tavis sakuTar sivrces warmoSobs.527 es imas niSnavs, rom es sivrceebi mxolod konkretuli sazogadoebis konteqstSi SeiZ-leba gaviazroT. amrigad, drosa da sivrces ara mxolod rela-ciuri, aramed istoriuli bunebac aqvT.528 magram socialuri sivrcis warmoebis procesi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba saqonel-warmoebis procesisagan, radgan sivrce mraval gansxvavebul obieqtsa da maT Soris arsebul mimarTebebs moicavs. sivrce moicavs obieqtebs, Tumca Tavad ar aris materialuri obie-qti. is obieqtebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis erTobliobaa. Sesabamisad, socialuri sivrceebi erTmaneTs ganmsWvalavs.529

sivrcis warmoebis procesSi lefevri gamoyofs sam mo-

524 im naSromebidan, romlebic sivrces exeba, yvelaze mniSvnelovania `sivrcis warmoeba~. ix. H. Lefebvre, La production de l’espace, Paris: Anthropos, 1974.

525 ix. H. Lefebvre, The Production of Space. Translated by D. Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991, gv. 26.

526 ix. C. Schmid, ‘Henri Lefebvre’s Theory of the Production of Space. Towards a three-dimensional dialectic’. In: K. Goonewardena, S. Kipfer, R. Milgrom, C. Schmid (eds). Space, Difference. Everyday Life. Reading Henri Lefebvre. New York: Routledge, 2008, gv. 28-29.

527 ix. H. Lefebvre, The Production of Space, gv. 31. 528 ix. C. Schmid, Henri Lefebvre’s Theory of the Production of Space. Towards a

three-dimensional dialectic, gv. 29.529 ix. R. Peet, Modern Geographical Thought, gv. 103.

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ments, romlebic erTmaneTs dialeqtikurad ukavSirdebian: 1. sivrcobrivi praqtika; 2. sivrcis reprezentaciebi da 3. re-prezentaciuli sivrceebi. sazogadoebis sivrcobrivi praqti-ka (yoveldRiuri interaqciebi da komunikaciuri procesebi, sawarmoo da sabazro urTierTobebi) sazogadoebis sivrces warmoSobs: is qmnis konkretul adgilebsa da sivrcobriv mi-marTebebs, romlebic mocemuli socialuri formaciisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. sivrcobrivi praqtika socialuri forma-ciis uwyvetobas uzrunvelyofs. sivrcis reprezentaciebSi lefevri gulisxmobs konceptualizebul sivrces, romelic mecnierebis, damgegmavebis, urbanistebis, teqnokratebisa da socialuri inJinrebis sivrcea da mis produqtebs _ sivrcis definiciebs, aRwerebs da Teoriebs sivrcis Sesaxeb. aqve Se-dis rukebi, gegmebi, suraTebiT da zogadad, niSnebis meSveobiT gadmocemuli informacia. aRniSnuli reprezentaciebis warmo-qmnaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis arqiteqturas, dagegmarebasa da socialur mecnierebebs, gansakuTrebiT _ geografias. dabo-los, reprezentaciuli sivrceebi sivrcis simbolur ganzomi-lebas qmnis. es uSualo urTierTobebis sivrcea, romelic sim-bolizmiTa da mniSvnelobebiTaa datvirTuli. sivrcis simbo-loebi, SesaZloa, bunebidan iyos aRebuli (xeebi, mniSvnelova-ni adgilebi bunebaSi da a.S.) an adamianTa mier iyos Seqmnili (Senobebi, Zeglebi). aRniSnuli cnebiT lefevri upirispirdeba rogorc calsaxad materialistur analizs (romelsac yvel-aferi mxolod sivrcobriv praqtikebze dahyavs), aseve, idea-listur interpretacias, romelic politikur ganzomilebas ugulebelyofs.530

aRniSnuli konceptebi dialeqtikur mimarTebaSi arian erT-maneTTan. istoriuli epoqisa da warmoebis wesis Sesabamisad, am konceptebis esa Tu is kombinacia konkretuli socialuri sivrcis produqcias emsaxureba. lefevris azriT, es SesaZ-leblobas gvaZlevs, SeviswavloT sivrcis istoria ara mxolod

530 ix. H. Lefebvre, The Production of Space, gv. 38-39; C. Schmid, Henri Lefebvre’s Theory of the Production of Space. Towards a three-dimensional dialectic, gv. 36-37; S. Elden, ‘Space I’. In: R. Kitchin and N. Thrift (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, vol. 10, gv. 265. q. Smidis mixedviT, lefevris aRniSnul samwevra struqturas safuZvlad udevs misi Teoria enis Sesaxeb, romelzec didia nicSes gavlena. ix. C. Schmid, Henri Lefebvre’s Theory of the Production of Space, gv. 34-36.

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sivrcobrivi praqtikebis WrilSi, aramed sivrcis reprezenta-ciebis istoriebic, maTi urTierTmimarTeba da kavSiri ideo-logiebTan.531

zemoT mocemul samwevra dialeqtikur struqturas (sivr-cobrivi praqtika, sivrcis reprezentaciebi da reprezenta-ciuli sivrceebi) lefevri uTanadebs sam fenomenologiur koncepts. esenia: aRqmuli (le perçu) sivrce, moazrebuli (le con-çu) sivrce da gancdili (le vécu) sivrce. aRqmuli sivrce yo-veldRiuri interaqciebisa da percefciis sivrcea. percefcia (xedva, ynosva da a.S.) nebismieri socialuri praqtikis wina-pirobas warmoadgens. moazrebuli sivrce eqspertebis (kar-tografebis, damgegmavebis da a.S.) `sakuTrebas~ warmoadgens, xolo gancdili sivrce iseTi sivrcea, sadac cxovreba532 ga-nicdeba da SeigrZnoba da romlis gancdaSic xelovneba mniSv-nelovan rols asrulebs. aq lefevrze gavlena moaxdines m. haidegeris, g. baSliaris, m. merlo-pontisa da J.-p. sartris Sexedulebebma.533

amrigad, sivrcis warmoebis procesSi lefevri sam moments gamoyofs: materialuri warmoeba, codnis warmoeba da mniSvne-lobis warmoeba. q. Smidis mixedviT, aqedan naTelia, rom lefe-vrs ar ainteresebs `sivrce TavisTavad~ an sivrceSi obieqtebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebebi. sivrce neitraluri fenomeni ki ar aris, romelSic adamianebi moqmedeben, aramed is ganuwyvet-liv producirdeba, reproducirdeba da ganicdeba aqtorebis mier. analizis obieqtad swored konkretul droSi mimdinare warmoebis procesi unda iqces.534

531 ix. R. Peet, Modern Geographical Thought, gv. 104.532 Sdr. `cxovrebis~ cneba m. haidegerTan. ix. qveTavi 3.4.

533 ix. H. Lefebvre, The Production of Space, gv. 39-40; C. Schmid, Henri Lefebvre’s Theory of the Production of Space, gv. 37-40; R. Shields, ‘Henri Lefebvre’. In: P. Hubbard, R. Kitchin (eds.), Key Thinkers on Space and Place. London: Sage Publications, 2011, gv. 281.

534 ix. C. Schmid, Henri Lefebvre’s Theory of the Production of Space, gv. 41. sivrcesTan mimarTebaSi lefevris Sexedulebebis analizisaTvis ix., aseve, S. Elden, Understanding Henri Lefebvre. Theory and the Possible. London: Continuum, 2004; misive, ‘Between Marx and Heidegger: Politics, Philosophy, and Lefebvre’s The Production of Space’. Antipode, 36 (2004), gv. 86-105; C. Schmid, Stadt, Raum und Gesellschaft: Henri Lefebvre und die Theo-rie der Produktion des Raumes. Stuttgart: Steiner, 2005; K. Goonewardena, S. Kipfer, R. Milgrom, C. Schmid (eds). Space, Difference. Everyday Life. Reading

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lefevrisgan gansxvavebiT, frangi istorikosi, sociolo-gi da kulturis filosofosi miSel de serto (1925-1986 ww.) adgilebisa da sivrceebis analizisas yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara sivrcis warmoebis meqanizmebze, aramed Tavad moqmed sub-ieqtebze anu `momxmareblebze~, ufro swored, maTi moqmedebis `taqtikebze~. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi naSromi `yoveldRiurobis gamogoneba. tomi 1: damzadebis xelovneba~ (1980 w.),535 romlis mizania, gaaanalizos subieqtTa qcevis mo-delebi. am subieqtTa daqvemdebarebuli statusi sazogadoebis SigniT SeniRbulia im terminiT (`momxmareblebi~), romlebiTac maT moixseneben xolme.536

Henri Lefebvre. New York: Routledge, 2008; D. Gregory, Geographical Imagina-tions. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994, gv. 382 da Smd.; E. W. Soja, Postmo-dern Geographies. The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory. London: Verso, 1989, gv. 47-51; misive, Thirdspace. Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996, gv. 26 da Smd.; E. Menideta, ‘The Production of Urban Space in the Age of Transnational Mega-urbes. Lefebvre’s Rhythmanalysis or Henri Lefebvre: the Philosopher of May ‘68’. City: analysis of urban trends, culture, theory, policy, action, 12 (2008), gv. 148-153; Ł. Stanek, Henri Lefebvre on Space Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011; S. Kipfer, P. Saberi, T. Wieditz, ‘Henri Lefebvre: Debates and Controversies’. Prog-ress in Human Geography, 37 (2012), gv. 115-134. ix., aseve, A. Merrifield, Henri Lefebvre. A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 2006; Ł. Stanek, C. Schmid, Á. Moravánszky (eds.), Urban Revolution Now. Henri Lefebvre in Social Research and Architecture. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014. sivrcisa da adgilebis Sesaxeb sociologiuri perspeqtivebisaTvis ix. M. Löw, Raumsozi-ologie, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2001; J. Urry, ‘The Sociology of Space and Place’. In: J. R. Blau (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Sociology. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004, gv. 3-15; M. Schroer, Räume, Orte, Grenzen. Auf dem Weg zu einer Soziologie des Raums, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2006; A. Zieleniec, Space and Social Theory. London: Sage, 2007; S. Rau, Räume. Konzepte, Wahr-nehmungen, Nutzungen. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, 2013.

535 ix. M. de Certeau, L’Invention du Quotidien. Vol. 1: Arts de Faire. Paris: Union générale d’éditions, 1980.

536 ix. M. de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life. Translated by S. Rendall. Berke-ley, CA: University of California Press, 1988, gv. xi-xii. Tumca, es daqvemde-barebuli statusi, de sertos azriT, ar niSnavs imas, rom isini pasiurebi arian da upirobod emorCilebian arsebul wesrigs (iqve, gv. xii). aseTi winaaRmdegobis nimuSad de sertos mohyavs amerikel indielTa magaliTi. miuxedavad imisa, rom espanelma koloniza-torebma daimorCiles indielebi, am ukanasknelebma mainc moax-

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de serto ganixilavs m. fukos mier `zedamxedveloba da sasjelSi~537 gaanalizebul disciplinarul praqtikebs da aR-niSnavs, rom `Zalauflebis mikrofizika~ upiratesobas aniWebs disciplinis warmomqmnel meqanizmebs. magram Tuki discipli-naruli praqtikebi ufro da ufro yovlismomcveli xdebian, de sertos azriT, miT ufro mniSvnelovania imis analizi, Tu rogor ewinaaRmdegeba mTeli sazogadoeba aseT Zalauflebriv meqanizmebs, Tu rogor xdeba yoveldRiurobaSi mikroskopuli kontr-meqanizmebis amoqmedeba, romlebic efeqturad usxlte-bian disciplinaruli kontrolis teqnologiebs ise, rom ar gadian maTi moqmedebis velidan. am kontr-meqanizmebis meSveo-biT, romelTa raodenoba praqtikulad amouwuravia, momxma-reblebi gardaqmnian sociokulturuli warmoebis teqnikebis mier organizebul sivrces. de sertos mizania, aCvenos im indi-videbisa Tu jgufebis moqmedebis faruli formebi, romlebic ukve imyofebian disciplinaruli praqtikebis qselSi. momxma-rebelTa es procedurebi da xrikebi, de sertos azriT, Tavis mxriv, anti-disciplinis qsels ayalibebs.538

am konteqstSi mniSvnelovania de sertos mier Semotani-li gansxvaveba `strategiasa~ da `taqtikas~ Soris. strategia Zalauflebriv mimarTebebs ukavSirdeba. rodesac garkveuli subieqti (mesakuTre, qalaqi, samecniero dawesebuleba) Semo-sazRvravs sakuTar sivrces da am sivrcis gareT mdebare subie-qtebTan (konkurentebi, mtrebi, kvlevis òbieqtebi~) amyarebs mimarTebas, is strategiul models emyareba. aRniSnuli mode-li safuZvlad udevs politikur, ekonomikur da mecnierul racionalobas.539 strategiebi iseTi qmedebebia, romlebic yov-lismomcveli diskursebis Seqmnas eswrafvian.540

rac Seexeba `taqtikas~, is momxmareblebs ukavSirdeba. mas,

erxes is, rom maTTvis Tavs moxveuli ritualebi, warmodgenebi da kanonebi sakuTar miznebs miusadages. amrigad, maTTvis ucxo kulturul elementebs adgilobrivebma safuZveli gamoacales ara pirdapiri uaryofis an Secvlis gziT, aramed maTi im miznebi-saTvis gamoyenebiT, romlebic ucxo iyo kolonizatorebisaTvis. `Sesabamisad, isini xelidan dausxltnen [gabatonebul socialur wesrigs] ise, rom ar dautovebiaT misi sazRvrebi~ (iqve, gv. xiii).

537 ix. M. Foucault, Surveiller et punir. Paris: Gallimard, 1975.538 ix. M. de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, gv. xiv-xv. 539 iqve, gv. xix. 540 iqve, gv. 38.

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vinc taqtikas eyrdnoba, sakuTari sivrce ar gaaCnia. is sxvisi sivrcis droebiT misakuTrebas axdens. Tuki strategia sivrcis gamarjvebaa droze, taqtika drois upiratesobas gulisxmobs, radgan susti mudam xelsayrel dros elodeba imisaTvis, raTa sakuTari SesaZleblobis realizacia moaxdinos. yoveldRiuri praqtikebis (saubari, kiTxva, moZraoba, saWmlis momzadeba da a.S.) didi nawili, de sertos mixedviT, Tavisi bunebiT, taqti-kuria. isini SeiZleba SevadaroT `monadiris cbierebas~, mane-vrebs, mravalferovan simulaciebs, romlebic, rogorc poe-turi, aseve, sabrZolo suliskveTebiT arian ganmsWvaluli.541

erT-erT TavSi, romelsac ewodeba `seirnoba qalaqSi~, de serto qalaqis macxovrebelTa yoveldRiur traeqtoriebs ga-nixilavs. qalaqSi moseirneTa `sxeulebi miuyvebian im urbanu-li ̀ teqstis~ xveulebs, romlebsac Tavad weren, magram romlis wakiTxvac maT ar ZaluZT. [...] am moZravi da urTierTmkveTi nawerebis qselebi qmnian mravalganzomilebian ambebs, rom-lebsac arc avtori hyavT da arc mayurebeli...~542 am mraval-ferovan traeqtoriebs, romlebsac momxmareblebi yoveldRi-urad axorcieleben qalaqis sivrceSi, de serto upirispirebs vizualuri, panoptikuri an Teoriuli konstruqciebis `geome-triul~ sivrces, romelic moCvenebiT mTlianobebs qmnis. ùr-banuli teqstis~ wakiTxvis aseTi xerxi saSualebas gvaZlevs, dagegmili da `kargad kiTxvadi~ qalaqis SigniT migraciuli da metaforuli qalaqi davinaxoT.543 fexiT mosiaruleTa aurac-xeli da xSirad daugegmavi traeqtoriebi SesaZloa, taqtikur ileTebad ganvixiloT anu iseT sivrcobriv praqtikebad, rom-lebic xelidan usxltebian disciplinaruli kontrolis meqa-nizmebs.544

aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom de serto adgilisa da sivr-

541 iqve, gv. xix.542 iqve, gv. 93.

543 iqve.

544 qalaqSi moxetialis, moseirnis perspeqtivis uaRresad saintereso da gavleniani aRwera ekuTvnis germanel filosofoss valter beniamins (1892-1940 ww.). ix. W. Benjamin, ‘Einbahnstrasse’. In: W. Benjamin, Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. 4. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1991, gv. 83-148; misive, ‘Berliner Kindheit um Neunzehnhundert’. In: W. Benjamin, Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. 4, gv. 235-304; misive, ‘Berliner Chronik’. In: W. Benjamin, Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. 6. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1991, gv. 465-519.

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cis cnebebs gansxvavebulad iyenebs. ̀ adgilis~ (lieu) cneba misT-vis gulisxmobs wesrigs, romlis farglebSic elementebi Ta-naarsebobis principis safuZvelze arian ganawilebuli. es imas niSnavs, rom adgilis yovel elements `sakuTari~ mdebareoba aqvs. amrigad, adgili, de sertosTvis stabilurobas ganasa-xierebs.545 amisgan gansxvavebiT, sivrce (espace) moZraobas, gad-aadgilebas gulisxmobs. ìs mobiluri elementebis urTierTk-veTisagan Sedgeba. [...] sivrce praqtikaSi ganxorcielebuli adgilia. magaliTad, urbanuli dagegmarebis Sedegad geome-triulad gansazRvruli quCa sivrced fexiT mosiaruleTa meS-veobiT gardaiqmneba.~546

amrigad, de sertosTvis adgili, sametyvelo enis msgavsad, winaswaraa mocemuli da struqturirebuli. miuxedavad amisa, momxmareblebs SeuZliaT, TavianTi praqtikebiT gadaadgile-bis kombinaciebis usasrulo raodenoba ganaxorcielon (iseve, rogorc sametyvelo enis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi). momxmare-belTa sivrcobrivi praqtikebi taqtikuri xelovnebaa (taqti-kis cnebis de sertoseuli azriT), romelic Zalauflebisa da kontrolis centrebis mier Seqmnil adgilebSi disciplinuri meqanizmebisagan damoukidebel sivrceebs qmnis.547

geografi devid harvi (daib. 1935 w.), lefevris msgavsad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs adgilebisa da sivrceebis safuZvelm-debare socialur procesebze. `ra saxiTac ar unda arse-bobdes adgili, is, droisa da sivrcis msgavsad, socialuri konstruqtia.~548 am definiciis fonze erTaderTi saintereso SekiTxva, romelic harvisTvis arsebobs adgilTan mimarTebaSi, aseTia: ra socialuri procesebi warmoqmnian adgils?

harvi marqsistuli geografiis warmomadgenelia. amitom igi adgilis cnebas warmoebis wesis (mocemul SemTxvevaSi, ka-

545 adgilis cnebas de serto i-fu tuanis msgavsad gaiazrebs. Sdr. qveTavi 4.3.

546 ix. M. de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, gv. 117.547 ix. M. Augé, Non-Places. Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity.

Translated by J. Howe. London: Verso, 1995, passim; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 38-39.

548 ix. D. Harvey, ‘From space to place and back again: Reflections on the condition of postmodernity’. In: J. Bird, B. Curtis, T. Putnam, G. Robertson, L. Tickner (eds.), Mapping the Futures. Local Cultures, Global Change. London: Routledge, 1993, gv. 4; misive, Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996, gv. 293-294.

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pitalisturi warmoebis wesis) cnebasTan mimarTebaSi ganixi-lavs. kapitalizmi, Tavisi arsebiT, teqnologiurad dinami-uri, zrdaze orientirebuli da, amave dros, krizisebisadmi midrekili sistemaa. kapitalis zeWarbi dagrovebiT gamowveul krizisebs is geografiuli eqspansiis meSveobiT umklavdeba. es procesi ori aspeqtiT xasiaTdeba: 1. SesaZloa, moxdes Warbi kapitalis eqsporti erTi adgilidan meore adgilze imisaT-vis, raTa axali adgili Seiqmnas; 2. SesaZloa, ganxorcieldes sivrcobrivi mimarTebebis revolucia teqnologiuri da or-ganizaciuli cvlilebebiT, romlebic, drois meSveobiT, sivr-cis anihilacias axdenen. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, warmoiqmneba adgilebis axali qselebi, romlis safuZvelic miwaze fiqsi-rebuli kapitalia. am axali adgilebis irgvliv warmoiSveba Sromis axali teritoriuli danawileba, yalibdeba adamianTa axali koncentraciebi da iwyeba resursebis mopoveba. radgan es procesebi Tanabrad ar xorcieldeba yvela adgilze, amitom axladwarmoqmnili geografiuli landSaftic araTanabrad-aa ganviTarebuli. araTanabari kapitaldabandebebi sivrceSi gansxvavebebis warmoSobas uwyobs xels. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli procesi mTeli rigi daZabulobebiT xasiaTdeba, romelTagan umTavresia daZabuloba spekulatur investiciebsa (romlebic kapitalis erT adgilze fiqsaciiT xasiaTdeba) da kapitalis sxva formebis geografiul mobilobas Soris. es adgilebs So-ris konkurenciasa da antagonizms iwvevs, rac gamoxatulebas poulobs `samomxmareblo speqtaklebSi, adgilebis imijebis gayidvaSi, konkurenciaSi simboluri da kulturuli kapita-lis gansazRvrebis gamo da adgilebTan dakavSirebuli adgi-lobrivi tradiciebis aRorZinebaSi~.549 adgilebi iseve iyideba, rogorc sxva saxis nebismieri saqoneli. globaluri kapitali adgilebis homogenizacias uwyobs xels.

`fiqsirebulobasa da mobilobas Soris arsebuli daZabu-loba zogadi krizisebis saxiT maSin vlindeba, rodesac land-Safti, romelic ganviTarebis garkveul fazasTan mimarTebaSia formirebuli, Semdgomi akumulaciis Semaferxebel faqtorad iqceva.~550 es aucilebels xdis Zveli adgilebis gadafasebasa da ganadgurebas da axali adgilebis Seqmnas, raTa isini Tavseba-

549 ix. D. Harvey, From space to place and back again: Reflections on the condition of postmodernity, gv. 7. ix., aseve, D. Harvey, Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference, gv. 295-296.

550 ix. D. Harvey, From space to place and back again, gv. 6.

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dobaSi iyvnen axal satransporto da sakomunikacio sistemeb-Tan, warmoebisa da moxmarebis axal stilTan da Secvlil so-cialur infrastruqturasTan. kapitalizmis istoria sivrcis ganuwyveteli reorganizebis istoriaa. es istoria brZolebiTa da dapirispirebebiTaa aRsavse, radgan adamianebi xSirad ibrZ-vian socialurad samarTliani invesiticiebisaTvis. aq harvi uTiTebs lefevrze, romlis Tanaxmad, klasobrivi brZola yo-velTvis sivrceSia moqceuli adgilebis Taviseburebebis ara-Tanabari ganviTarebis gamo.551

harvi akritikebs adgilebis mimarT haidegeris midgomas, romelsac igi viwrod, nacionalisturad da `sxvebis~ (anu garkveuli jgufebis) gamomricxavad miiCnevs. harvis azriT, haidegeri uaryofs bazris an sxva mediumis meSveobiT gaSuale-buli socialuri urTierTobebis arsebobas sxva adamianebTan an obieqtebTan. adgilze mijaWvulobis grZnobisaTvis priori-tetis miniWebis gamo, ver xerxdeba komunikaciis damyareba im jgufebTan, romlebsac ar axasiaTebT romelime adgilisadmi mijaWvuloba. magram, harvis azriT, imis gageba rac mocemul adgilze xdeba, SeuZlebelia im sivrcobrivi mimarTebebis gaT-valiswinebis gareSe, romlebTanac am adgils aqvs kavSiri.552 niu-iorkis Taimz-sqverisa da religiuri lideris oSos mier daarsebuli dasaxlebis, rajniSpuramis analizis magaliTze, harvi aCvenebs, rom adgilebis Seqmnis swrafvas gansazRvravs rogorc kulturis politika, aseve, finansuri mogebis miRebis survili. es ori aspeqti yovelTvis mWidro kavSirSia erTma-neTTan.553 am konteqstSi ̀ adgilis Zalaze~ saubari harvis ̀ udi-des fetiSizmad~ miaCnia. erTaderTi swori analizi am mimar-TulebiT isaa, romelic dainteresebulia, ratom da ra saSu-alebebiT aniWeben adamianebi adgilebs socialur Zalauflebas da rogor da ra miznebiT gamoiyeneba es Zalaufleba urTierT-dakavSirebuli, magram diferencirebuli adgilebis sistemis farglebSi.554 harvi lefevris mier sivrcis analizisTvis Se-muSavebul sqemas (sivrcobrivi praqtika, sivrcis reprezenta-ciebi da reprezentaciuli sivrceebi) adgilebTan mimarTebaSi iyenebs. amrigad, adgilebis konstruirebis politika diale-

551 iqve, gv. 8.

552 iqve, gv. 13-14.

553 iqve, gv. 19-21.

554 iqve, gv. 21.

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qtikurad vrceldeba materialur, reprezentaciul da simbo-lur qmedebebze. individebi garkveul investiciebs deben ad-gilebSi (es investicia SeiZleba iyos, rogorc gaweuli Sroma, aseve, adgilis SenarCunebisTvis daRvrili sisxlic) da am inve-sticiebis meSveobiT mxars uWeren erTmaneTs.555

amrigad, harvisTvis adgilebi warmoadgens `Sinaganad he-terogenul, dialeqtikur da dinamikur konfiguraciebs~,556 romlebic socialuri Zalebis mieraa konstruirebuli.557 glo-baluri kapitalis mobiloba safrTxes uqmnis `Zvel~ adgilebs da adgilebs Soris mwvave konkurencias warmoSobs. adgile-bis socialuri bunebis gasaanalizeblad harvi lefevris mier sivrcis analizisaTvis SemuSavebul sqemas eyrdnoba. am sqe-mis Tanaxmad, adgilebis konstruireba socialur-sivrcobrivi praqtikebis meSveobiT xdeba. Tumca, es procesi Seicavs sa-frTxes, rom adgilebis konstruirebis procesSi, moxdes im jgufebis stereotipizacia da eqskluzia, romlebic mocemul adgils ar ekuTvnian.558

555 iqve.

556 ix. D. Harvey, Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference, gv. 294.557 filosofosi jef malpasi miiCnevs, rom `socialuri konstruqtis~

cneba, romelsac harvi iyenebs, Tavadaa problemuri. es kidev ufro aSkara xdeba maSin, rodesac aRniSnuli cneba mieyeneba iseT cnebebs, rogorebicaa adgili, sivrce da dro. malpasi miiCnevs, rom harvi determinizmis msxverpli xdeba: socialuri masTan adgilis, sivrcisa da drois miRma mdebareobs, magram, amave dros, gansazRvravs adgilsac, drosac da sivrcesac. Tavis mxriv, adgili, dro da sivrce veranair gavlenas ver axdenen socialurze. socialuris cnebis aseTi reifikacia, Tvlis malpasi, am cnebas raRac fundamentur, Tumca, amave dros, gaugebar da auxsnel cnebad aqcevs. ix. J. Malpas, Heidegger’s Topology: Being, Place, World. Cambridge / London: the MIT Press, 2006, gv. 319. unda aRiniSnos, rom malpasis kritika erTob sagulisxmoa ara mxolod harvis, aramed yvela iseTi midgomis mimarT, romlebic adgils ganixilaven, rogorc mxolod socialuri Zalebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegs.

558 ix. D. Harvey, Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference, gv. 325-326; R. Peet, Modern Geographical Thought, gv. 221-222; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 55-63. tim kresvelis azriT, adgilebis `bunebrivi~ mniSvnelobebi im jgufebis mieraa Seqmnili, romlebic, sxva adamianebTan SedarebiT, ufro met Zalauflebas floben. es jgufebi gansazRvraven, Tu vis SeuZlia mocemul adgilze yofna da qcevis ra wesebia misaRebi ama Tu im adgilze (magaliTad,

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harvisagan gansxvavebiT, ingliseli geografi dorin masi miiCnevs, rom globaluri procesebi adgilebs safrTxes ar uqmnis. igi ar eTanxmeba, aseve, harvis debulebas, romlis Tan-axmad sivrcis aRqmasa da gagebaze warmoebis wesi axdens gavle-nas.559 `droisa da sivrcis SekumSva~ (time-space compression, har-vis termini) gansxvavebul socialur jgufebsa da individebze gansxvavebulad aisaxeba. am konteqstSi masi saubrobs `Zal-auflebis geometriis~ (power-geometry) Sesaxeb: garkveuli so-cialuri jgufebi kidev ufro met mogebas naxuloben droisa da sivrcis SekumSvisa da kapitalis mobilobis Sedegad, Tum-ca, garkveuli jgufebi (magaliTad, rios favelebSi mcxovre-bi Ratakebi, gvatemaleli ltolvilebi, aralegali emigranti muSebi aSS-Si da sxv.) daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi rCebian, radgan maT ar SeuZliaT aRniSnul procesebSi monawileobis miReba (marTvaze rom araferi vTqvaT). amrigad, sivrcisa da mobilobis Sesaxeb iseTi warmodgenebi, romlebic yvela so-cialur jgufs erT sibrtyeSi aqcevs, masisTvis miuRebelia. aseT warmodgenas is adgilis araprogresul grZnobas ukavSi-rebs.560

rogoria masis alternatiuli xedva? ras niSnavs adgilis progresuli grZnoba (a progressive sense of place)? is moazrov-neebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom droisa da sivrcis SekumSva sa-frTxis Semcvelia, adgils aRiqvamen, rogorc stabilurobisa da ucvleli identobis wyaros. harvis msgavsad, masi akriti-kebs adgilis haidegeriseul gagebas. adgilebs ar gaaCniaT erTi, arsebiTi identoba Tvlis masi. garda amisa, haidegerTan dgeba sazRvrebis gavlebis problemac: yoveli adgili, gark-veulwilad, SemosazRvruli unda iyos.561 adgilis sakuTari

mawanwalebs da usaxlkaroebs aeroportebsa da rkinigzis sadgurebSi mkacrad epyrobian). ix. T. Cresswell, In Place/Out of Place. Geography, Ideology, and Transgression. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996; misive, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 27 da 102-109.

559 ix. D. Massey, ‘Power-Geometry and a Progressive Sense of Place’. In: J. Bird, B. Curtis, T. Putnam, G. Robertson, L. Tickner (eds.), Mapping the Futures. Local Cultures, Global Change, gv. 61.

560 iqve, gv. 62-64.

561 malpasi samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom, rogorc harvi, aseve, masi sa-Tanado yuradRebas ar aqceven haidegeris teqstebs. harvi da masi akritikeben haidegeris pozicias, romelsac malpasi Semofarglavs 1935-1947 wlebiT. magram mniSvnelovani Sexedulebebi sivrcisa da

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gagebis sademonstraciod masis mohyavs londonis erT-erTi ubnis, qilbernis magaliTi. qilberns ar gaaCnia erTi, fiqsire-buli identoba, romelsac yvela misi macxovrebeli iziarebs. qilbernis mosaxleoba eTnikurad sakmaod mravalferovania, amitom es arcaa gasakviri. adamianebis msgavsad, adgilebsac mravali identoba aqvT. mravali identoba, SesaZloa, iyos ro-gorc mravalferovnebis, aseve, konfliqtisa da daZabulobis wyaroc.562 swored aseTi perspeqtividanaa SesaZlebeli adgilis cnebis alternatiuli interpretacia. adgilis unikaluroba konstruirdeba socialur mimarTebebs, socialur proceseb-sa da aRqmebs Soris konkretuli interaqciebis Sedegad. es mimarTebebi, procesebi da aRqmebi, Tavis mxriv, sxva, ufro masStabur doneze yalibdeba. ase rom, adgili unda aRviqvaT, rogorc konkretuli momenti socialuri mimarTebebisa da aR-qmebis qselSi, rogorc msoflios sxva adgilebTan da regio-nebTan dakavSirebuli. aRniSnulis naTelsayofad masis mohyavs magaliTi ekonomikuri geografiidan: qalaqis Sida nawilSi ar-sebul problemebs (magaliTad, samuSao adgilebis Semcireba) ver gavigebT mxolod qalaqis Sida nawilis kvleviT. es SesaZ-lebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qalaqis am nawils ufro farTo geografiul konteqstSi gaviazrebT.563

zemoT moyvanili argumentebis safuZvelze masi aviTarebs adgilis `progresul~ koncepts, romelsac oTxi ZiriTadi Tviseba axasiaTebs: 1. adgilis koncepti ar aris statikuri. adgilebi unda gaviazroT, rogorc procesebi;564 2. adgilebs

adgilebis Sesaxeb haidegerma gviandel periodSi ganaviTara. har-visa da masis strategia haidegeris politikur angaJirebaze dayrd-nobiT misi gviandeli, gacilebiT mniSvnelovani ideebis diskred-itirebas axdens. garda amisa, adgilisa da cxovrebis haidegeri-seuli cnebebi arc ise eqskluzionisturia, rogorc amas harvi da masi warmoaCenen (ix. J. Malpas, Heidegger’s Topology: Being, Place, World, gv. 18-20; misive, Place and Experience, gv. 21). malpasi miiCnevs, rom sazRvris cneba haidegerTan masis arasworad esmis: sazRvari haid-egerTan niSnavs ara raimes dasasruls, aramed, piriqiT, _ dasawyiss. ix. J. Malpas, Heidegger’s Topology, gv. 29. ix., aseve, qveTavi 3.4.

562 ix. D. Massey, Power-Geometry and a Progressive Sense of Place, gv. 66; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 73.

563 ix. D. Massey, Power-Geometry and a Progressive Sense of Place, gv. 67. 564 alan predis Tanaxmad, ̀ adgili [...] yovelTvis gulisxmobs sivrcisa

da bunebis aTvisebasa da transformacias, rac ganuyrel kavSirSia drosa da sivrceSi sazogadoebis reproduqciasa da transfor-

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ar gaaCniaT iseTi sazRvrebi, romlebic adgils raRac Semoz-Rudulad aqcevs; 3. adgilebs ar gaaCniaT erTi, fiqsirebuli identoba. isini Sinagani gansxvavebebiTa da konfliqtebiT xa-siaTdebian; 4. arc erTi zemoT CamoTvlili Tviseba ar akninebs adgilis specifikurobasa da unikalurobas. adgilis speci-fikuroba mudmivad reproducirdeba, Tumca es Tavisebureba xangrZlivi, internalizebuli istoriidan ar momdinareobs. adgilis specifikurobas xels uwyobs globalizacia (romelic mxolod homogenizacias rodi gulisxmobs), ufro swored, socialuri urTierTobebis globalizacia, rac araTanabari geografiuli ganviTarebis da, Sesabamisad, adgilebis speci-fikurobis wyaroa.565 adgilis specifikurobas lokaluri da globaluri socialuri mimarTebebis da adgilis istoriis urTierTqmedeba gansazRvravs, rac yvela adgils Taviseburad

maciasTan~ (ix. A. Pred, ‘Place as Historically Contingent Process: Structura-tion and the Time-Geography of Becoming Places’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 74 (1984), gv. 279). predi Tvlis, rom hu-manisti geografebi adgils moiazreben, rogorc inertulsa da statikur koncepts. struqturaciis Teoriis gavleniT predi mi-iCnevs, rom adgili aris procesi, romlis meSveobiT socialuri da kulturuli formebis reproduqcia, biografiebis formireba da bunebis transformacia ganuwyvetliv gadadis erTmaneTSi (iqve, gv. 282. ix., aseve, T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 34-35; R. Peet, Modern Geographical Thought, gv. 161-162).

565 kolumbieli anTropologi, arturo eskobari miiCnevs, rom glo-balizaciis fonze adgilis mniSvneloba kidev ufro izrdeba garkveuli socialuri jgufebisaTvis, romlebic adgilebis `dac-vas~ adgilTan dakavSirebuli Zveli tradiciebis dacviT ki ar cdiloben, aramed iseTi struqturebis CamoyalibebiT, romlebic mWidro kavSirSi arian Tanamedroveobasa da transnacionalizmTan. socialuri moZraobebis mier amoqmedebuli lokalizaciis strat-egiebi teritoriis, ekologiisa da kulturisadmi mijaWvulobas eyrdnoba. es jgufebi xSirad ukavSirdebian globalur qselebs (magaliTad, gaeroSi), romelTa meSveobiT lokaluris mniSvnelo-bas ganamtkiceben. es qselebi warmoqmnian `glokalobebs~, kul-turul da sivrcobriv konfiguraciebs, romlebic gansxvavebul adgilebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs da amis meSveobiT regionalur sivrceebs qmnis. erTi sityviT, ara mxolod kapitali axdens sivr-cis reorganizebas, aramed lokaluri brZolebic (qselebis meS-veobiT). ix. A. Escobar, ‘Culture Sits in Places: Reflections on Globalism and Subaltern Strategies of Localization’. Political Geography, 20 (2001), gv. 166 da Smd.; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 83-85.

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unikalurs xdis.566 amrigad, masis azriT, saWiroa `lokaluris globaluri grZnoba anu adgilis globaluri grZnoba.~567 Ta-vis gviandel naSromSi `sivrcisTvis~ (2005 w.) masim adgilis Sesaxeb Camoyalibebuli debulebebi sivrcis cnebas miuyena da sivrcis heterogenuli, progresuli politikis aucilebloba-ze miuTiTa.568

harvisa da masisgan gansxvavebiT, gansxvavebuli Tval-sazrisis mqonea geografi robert devid seki. igi miiCnevs, rom socialuri konstruqcionizmi iseTive reduqcionistu-li midgomaa, rogorc geografiuli determinizmi. sekis az-riT, socialuri konstruqcionizmi, sivrcobrivTan Sedare-biT, socialurs aniWebs upiratesobas. àseTi daSveba niSnavs imis aRiarebas, rom, saboloo jamSi, socialuri mimarTebebi gansazRvravs mniSvnelobebs. es ki ar aris damtkicebuli.~569 socialuri udavod mniSvnelovania, magram ara universaluri. geografiis safuZvlad socialuris miCneva, sekis azriT, mc-daria.

seki aviTarebs konceptualur CarCos, romelic Tavis Tav-Si aerTianebs adgilisa da sivrcis Zalebs, TviTobas (self) da gansxvavebul perspeqtivebs. sekis konceptualuri CarCo moxa-zavs im dinamikur mimarTebebs, romlebic CarCos Semadgenel elementebs Soris arsebobs. adamianebi, sekis mixedviT, geo-grafiuli arsebebi arian, romlebic dedamiwas gardaqmnian da mas Tavis saxlad aqceven. Tavis mxriv, gardaqmnili samyaro

566 ix. D. Massey, Power-Geometry and a Progressive Sense of Place, gv. 68-69; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 74.

567 ix. D. Massey, Power-Geometry and a Progressive Sense of Place, gv. 70.568 ix. D. Massey, For Space. London: Sage, 2005. masi sam debulebas gamo-

yofs: 1. sivrce urTierTmimarTebaTa produqtia. lokaluridan globalur donemde is interaqciebis meSveobiT konstituirdeba; 2. sivrce mravalferovnebis SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs. es aris sfero, sadac gansxvavebuli traeqtoriebi erTmaneTs kveTs. sivr-cis gareSe ar arsebobs mravalferovneba, xolo mravalferovnebis gareSe _ sivrce; 3. sivrce yovelTvis qmnadobis procesSia, is ara-sodes gvevlineba dasrulebuli produqtis saxiT (iqve, gv. 9). ix., aseve, B. Anderson, 2008. ‘For Space (2005): Doreen Massey’. In: P. Hubbard, R. Kitchin, G. Valentine (eds.), Key Texts in Human Geography. London: Sage, 2008, gv. 225-233.

569 ix. R. D. Sack, ‘The Geographic Problematic: Empirical Issues’. Norwegian Journal of Geography, vol. 55 (2001), gv. 111; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 30-31.

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gavlenas axdens adamianebze. `Cveni geografiuli buneba gva-yalibebs Cven da Cvens samyarosac.~570 sakuTari geografiuli bunebis gacnobiereba zrdis Cveni moqmedebis efeqturobas da ganamtkicebs Cvens moralurobas. es problema miT ufro aqtualuria Tanamedrove epoqaSi, rodesac adamianebi `geo-grafiul leviaTanebad~ iqcnen, rodesac maTi qmedebebi sul ufro da ufro mZlavrad ucvlis saxes dedamiwas. aseT fonze, moralur arsebad yofna gulisxmobs sakuTari moqmedebebis Sedegebis (rogorc lokaluri, aseve, globaluri masStabiT) gaTvaliswinebas bunebasa da kulturasTan mimarTebaSi.571

adgili da sivrce, sekis mixedviT, aris Zalebi, romlebSic buneba da kultura (romelic socialur mimarTebebsa da mniSv-nelobebs moicavs) erTmaneTs erwymis da romelTa meSveobiT xdeba TviTobis formireba. am procesSi arc erTi komponen-ti ar daiyvaneba sxva komponentze. seki adgils saqsov dazgas adarebs: saqsovi dazgis msgavsad, adgili realobis sxvadasxva komponentebs erT tiloze uyris Tavs. am komponentebSi seki gamoyofs sam samyaros: empiriuls, moralurs da esTetikurs, romelTagan gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs empiriulsa da moralurs. empiriuli da moraluri samyaroebi sam-sam sfe-ros moicavs: empiriuli samyaro moicavs mniSvnelobis, bune-bisa da socialuri mimarTebebis sferoebs; moraluri _ WeS-maritebis, samarTlianobisa da bunebrivis sferoebs. TiToeu-li adgili, rogorc saqsovi dazga, gansxvavebulad `rTavs~ am elementebs, ris Sedegadac gansxvavebuli landSaftebi miiRe-ba. amrigad, sekTan adgili rogorc moraluri,572 aseve, empi-

570 ix. R. D. Sack, Homo Geographicus. A Framework for Action, Awareness and Moral Concern. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997, gv. 1; misive, The Geographic Problematic: Empirical Issues, gv. 111.

571 ix. R. D. Sack, Homo Geographicus, gv. 1-2. rodesac adamianebi ar iT-valiswineben sakuTari qmedebebis Sedegebs, maSin isini adgile-bTan mimarTebaSi ubralo momxmareblebad iqcevian. Tavad adg-ilebi iqceva iseT wertilebad, sadac momxmarebels gansxvavebul produqcias sTavazoben. ufro dawvrilebiT ix. R. D. Sack, Place, Consumption and Modernity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.

572 `TviT umciresi adgilis Seqmnac ki moraluri aqtia, radgan es procesi moicavs raRacis ganadgurebas, raRacis CarTvas da raRacis gamoricxvas~ (ix. R. D. Sack, ‘The Geographic Problematic: Moral Issues’. Norwegian Journal of Geography, vol. 55 (2001), gv. 117). iseve, rogorc adgilis Teoria aCvenebs, Tu ra mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan iseTi kategoriebi, rogorebicaa mniSvneloba, buneba

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riuli samyaros centrad gvevlineba.573 zemoT aRniSnuli iyo, rom humanisturi da fenomenologi-

uri midgomebi geografiaSi erTgvari sapasuxo reaqciebi iyo geografiuli disciplinis SigniT raodenobrivi mecnierebis dominantur poziciaze. adgilebisa da sivrceebis mniSvnelo-bis reaqtualizeba odnav ufro adre filosofiur diskursSic ganxorcielda da Tan iseTi moazrovnis mier, romlisTvisac principulad miuRebeli iyo disciplinuri sazRvrebi. sauba-ria miSel fukosa da im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac mkvlevare-bi `sivrcobriv Semotrialebas~ (spatial turn) uwodeben.574

da socialuri mimarTebebi, aseve, adgilis moraluri Teoria gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeuZliaT adamianebs moraluri msjelobebis ganxorcieleba geografiul kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT. moralis geografiuli Teoria, sekis azriT, dagvexmareba iseTi adgilebis SeqmnaSi, romlebic realobas ukeTesobisken gardaqmnian.

573 ix. R. D. Sack, A Geographical Guide to the Real and the Good. London: Routledge, 2003, gv. 41 da Smd.; misive, The Geographic Problematic: Empirical Issues, gv. 108 da Smd. sekis Sexedulebebi garkveul msgavsebas amJRavnebs filosofos jef malpasis SexedulebebTan. seki miiCnevs, rom sivrcobriobis gageba mxolod adgilis cnebis analiziTaa SesaZlebeli. malpasis Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb ix. qveTavi 4.7.

574 `sivrcobrivi Semotrialebis~ Sesaxeb ix. J. Döring, T. Thielmann (Hrsg.) Spatial turn: das Raumparadigma in den Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2008.

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4.2. miSel fuko: sxva sivrceebi _ utopiebi da heterotopiebi

utopiebisa da heterotopiebis Sesaxeb fuko saubrobs Tavis leqciaSi, romelic man 1967 wlis martSi waikiTxa. meo-ce saukunis damaxasiaTebel ZiriTad Tvisebas igi mecxramete saukunis mTavar ideasTan SepirispirebiT avlens: mecxrame-te saukune istoriiT iyo Sepyrobili. misi ZiriTadi ideebi iyo ganviTareba, Seferxeba, krizisi da cikli. amisgan gansx-vavebiT, `Tanamedrove epoqa, uwinares yovlisa, sivrcis epoqa iqneba.~575 fuko miiCnevs, rom Cven Tanadroulobis, gverdig-verd Tanaarsebobis, siSorisa da siaxlovis, erTi sityviT, sivrcobrivi cnebebiT gansazRvrul samyaroSi vcxovrobT. Cven samyaros aRviqvamT ara rogorc temporalur ganSla-dobas, aramed ufro rogorc qsels, romelic sxvadasxva wertilebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs da, amave dros, sakuTar Tavsac gadakveTs. Sua saukuneebis sivrcisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic adgilebis ierarqiul erTobliobas (sakraluri da profanuli, daculi da Ria, qalaqis da soflis adgilebi) warmoadgenda, Tanamedrove samyaros sivrce mis Semadgenel elementebs Soris siaxlovis mimarTebebiT ganisazRvreba. es mimarTebebi formalurad, SesaZloa, aRweril iqnes Tanmim-devrobebis, diagramebis an sakoordinato badis meSveobiT. `Cvens epoqaSi sivrce CvenTvis adgilebs Soris arsebuli mi-marTebebis saxes iRebs.~576

miuxedavad sivrcis desakralizaciisa, romelsac galileim Cauyara safuZveli usasrulo, Ria sivrcis cnebis SemotaniT,577 Cvens epoqaSi mainc rCeba sivrceTa sapirispiro wyvilebi, romle-

575 ix. M. Foucault, ‘Of Other Spaces’. Translated by J. Miskowiec. Diacritics, 16 (1986), gv. 22.

576 iqve, gv. 23.

577 am konteqstSi fuko aRniSnavs, rom sivrces Tavisi istoria aqvs dasavlur gamocdilebaSi (iqve, gv. 22). keisis azriT, es debuleba fukosTan sakmaod mniSvnelovania, radgan sivrcis istoriulobis konstantireba miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom ar arsebobs sivrcis (da adgilis) erTxel da samudamod dadgenili, obieqturi aRwera. aRniSnuli cnebebis istoriuloba miuTiTebs gansxvavebul epoqebSi maTi gansxvavebuli interpretaciebis SesaZleblobaze. ix. E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place, gv. 297-298.

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bic did rols TamaSobs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. esenia piradi da sajaro, ojaxuri da socialuri, kulturuli da sasargeblo, dasvenebisa da samuSao sivrceebi. Tavis naSromebSi baSliarma da fenomenologma filosofosebma aCvenes, rom adamianebi ar cxovroben homogenur da cariel sivrceSi: arsebobs rogorc ocnebebis, aseve, vnebebis sivrcec. sivrce maTTvis emociebiT ganmsWvaluli sivrcea. Tumca, fuko miiCnevs, rom maTi anali-zi, ZiriTadad, internalur, Sida sivrces exeboda. fuko ufro dainteresebulia gare anu eqsternaluri sivrcis cnebiT.

rogorc aRvniSneT, fukos azriT, adamianebi heterogenul sivrceSi cxovroben. isini cxovroben im mimarTebebs Soris, romlebic gansxvavebul, erTmaneTze arareducirebad ad-gilebs Soris arsebobs. ra Tqma unda, am adgilebis aRwera SesaZlebelia im mimarTebebis analiziT, romlebic ama Tu im adgils axasiaTebs (magaliTad, satransporto adgilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mimarTebebis aRwera). Tumca, fuko gansxva-vebul strategias irCevs: igi aRwers iseT adgilebs, romle-bic ukavSirdebian yvela sxva adgils, magram ise, rom am dros isini aneitraleben an inversias ukeTeben im mimarTebebis er-Tobliobas, romelsac Tavad asaxaven.578 es sivrceebi, romle-bic sxva sivrceebs ukavSirdeba, magram romlebic, amave dros, winaaRmdegobaSi modis sxva adgilebTan,579 or tipad _ utopie-bad da heterotopiebad iyofa. utopiebs realuri adgili ar gaaCniaT. isini asaxaven sazogadoebis srulyofil formas an piriqiT. Tumca, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, utopiebi _ es arare-aluri sivrceebia.

578 ix. M. Foucault, Of Other Spaces, gv. 23-24.579 e. keisi miiCnevs, rom fuko ar akeTebs mkveTr gansxvavebas

iseT cnebebs Soris, rogorebicaa àdgili~ (lieu), `mdebareoba~ (emplacement) da `sivrce~ (espace). ix. E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place, gv. 300. unda aRiniSnos, rom es marTlac asea. miuxedavad amisa, heterotopiebi mainc adgilebia (ufro sworad, kontr-adgilebi). keisisa da fukos Soris gansxvaveba aSkaraa: keisi cdilobs, adgilis, rogorc aseTis, eqsplikacias, xolo fuko adgilis konkretul gamovlinebebs (mocemul SemTxvevaSi, heterotopiebs) aanalizebs. keisis Sesaxeb ix. qveTavi 4.6. heterotopiebis bunebis Sesaxeb ix. S. Elden, Mapping the Present: Heidegger, Foucault and the Project of a Spatial History, London / New York: Continuum, 2001, gv. 116 da Smd.; M. Dehaene, L. De Cauter (eds.), Heterotopia and the City. Public Space in a Postcivil Society. London / New York: Routledge, 2008; D. Gregory, Geographical Imaginations, gv. 150-151.

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utopiebisgan gansxvavebiT, fukos azriT, yvela sazoga-doebaSi arsebobs realuri adgilebi, romlebic, raRac azriT, kontr-adgilebi anu efeqturad amoqmedebuli utopiebia. aseT adgilebSi yvela sxva danarCeni adgili erTdrouladaa war-modgenili, eWvqveSaa dayenebuli da `Setrialebuli~. àseTi tipis adgilebi yvela danarCeni adgilis miRma mdebareobs, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia maTi mdebareobis zusti miTiTeba realobaSi.~580 aseT adgilebs fuko heterotopiebs uwodebs. heterotopiebis Seswavla unda moxdes sistematuri aRweris, _ heterotopologiis, _ meSveobiT, romelic moce-mul sazogadoebaSi àm gansxvavebuli sivrceebis, am sxva ad-gilebis~ mniSvnelobas daadgens. heterotopologiis `pirvel princips warmoadgens debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad, msoflio-Si, albaT ar arsebobs kultura, romelsac heterotopiebi ar Seeqmnas.~581 swored amitom, heterotopiebi sakmaod gansxvave-bul formebs iRebs, ar arsebobs heterotopiis universaluri forma. miuxedavad amisa, mainc SesaZlebelia maTi klasifika-cia or ZiriTad tipad: krizisul da deviaciur heterotopie-bad. krizisuli heterotopiebis nimuSad fukos mohyavs e. w. primitiul sazogadoebebSi arsebuli sakraluri/akrZaluli adgilebi. isini im adamianebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, romlebic, sazogadoebis warmodgeniT, krizisul situaciebSi imyofebi-an (mozardebi, qalebi menstruaciis periodSi, orsuli qalebi, moxucebi da a. S.).582 Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi krizisuli he-terotopiebi TiTqmis aRar arsebobs, Tumca gvxvdeba misi gad-monaSTebi. skola-internati mecxramete saukuneSi da samxedro samsaxuri aseT adgilebad miiCneoda, radgan iTvleboda rom mamakacebis seqsualuri simwifis pirveli manifestaciebi sax-lisgan `moSorebiT~ unda momxdariyo. analogiuri mniSvnelo-bisaa, fukos mixedviT, Taflobis Tvis tradicia qalebisTvis, radgan am SemTxvevaSi defloracia xdeba saxlisgan `Sors~ (ma-

580 ix. M. Foucault, Of Other Spaces, gv. 24.581 iqve.

582 xevsureTSi adre arsebuli e. w. `samreloebi~ da `saCexebi~, sa-dac qalebi menstruaciis an mSobiarobis periodSi imyofebodnen, krizisuli heterotopiebis nimuSebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. samre-loebisa da saCexebis Sesaxeb ix. s. makalaTia, `xevsureTi~. Tbili-si: `nakaduli~, 1984 w., gv. 180 da Smd. empiriuli kvlevebisaTvis heterotopiis cnebis gamosadegobis Sesaxeb ix. g. TavaZe, `Satili filosofiuri geografiis perspeqtividan~, gv. 70-71.

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tarebelSi, sastumroSi), heterotopiul adgilze, romelsac geografiuli sazRvrebi ar gaaCnia.583

Tanamedrove samyaroSi krizisul heterotopiebs devia-ciuri heterotopiebi anacvlebs. aseT adgilebSi aTavseben im adamianebs, romelTa saqcieli arRvevs dadgenil normebsa da wesebs. deviaciuri heterotopiebis nimuSebia cixeebi, fsiqia-triuli dawesebulebebi, moxucebulTa TavSesafrebi da a. S.

heterotopologiis meore principis Tanaxmad, sazogadoe-bis istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegad, SesaZloa, heterotopiis funqciebi Seicvalos.584 aRniSnul debulebas fuko sasaflaos magaliTze ganixilavs. sasaflao heterotopiaa, radgan is sa-zogadoebis yvela sxva danarCen adgils ukavSirdeba, sazoga-doebis yvela wevrs hyavs sasaflaoze `Tavisi~ micvalebuli. Tumca, sasaflaos funqcia Seicvala. meTvramete saukunemde sasaflao evropul qalaqebSi qalaqis centrSi, eklesiasTan axlos mdebareobda. sulis ukvdavebis rwmena individualuri sxeulebis ugulebelyofaSi vlindeboda (saerTo akldamebi da saflavebi), Tumca, mecxramete saukunis Semdeg adamianebma TandaTan dakarges ukvdavebis rwmena. Sesabamisad, gardacv-lil sxeuls ufro met yuradRebas aqcevdnen. sasaflaoze yvela gardacvlils Tavisi individualuri adgili miekuTvna. imave periodidan daiwyes sasaflaoebis ganTavseba qalaqgareT. sasaflaoebi ukve aRiqmeboda ara rogorc qalaqis Sida nawili, aramed, rogorc `calke qalaqi~.585

heterotopologiis mesame principad fuko asaxelebs he-terotopiis unars, erT realur adgilze, erTmaneTis gver-diT ganaTavsos ramdenime SeuTavsebeli adgili (magaliTad, kinoTeatri, sadac mayurebeli organzomilebian ekranze sam-ganzomilebian sivrces xedavs; aRmosavluri baRi, romelic, gavrcelebuli warmodgenis Tanaxmad, mikrokosmosi iyo da Ta-

583 ix. M. Foucault, Of Other Spaces, gv. 24-25; E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place, gv. 300.

584 keisis azriT, heterotopologiis pirveli da meore principebi urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivia. Tuki yvela sazogadoebas aqvs sakuTari heterotopiebi da Tu SesaZlebelia, rom heterotopiis funqciebi Seicvalos, xom SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom heterotopiebi saerTod gaqres? igi miiCnevs, rom pirveli principis universaluroba araa Tavsebadi meore principis istoricizmTan. ix. E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place, gv. 301.

585 ix. M. Foucault, Of Other Spaces, gv. 25.

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vis TavSi samyaros oTxive mxares aerTianebda da a. S.). meoTxe debulebis Tanaxmad, `heterotopia maSin iwyebs srulad fun-qcionirebas, rodesac tradiciuli drois dineba absolutu-rad wydeba~.586 sasaflao, am azriT, namdvilad heterotopiuli adgilia, radgan iq individisTvis tradiciuli dro Tavis mniSvnelobas kargavs. aseT SemTxvevaSi heterotopia hetero-qroniebze miuTiTebs. drosTan dakavSirebuli heterotopiebi rTuli bunebisaa. muzeumebi da biblioTekebi iseTi heteroto-piebia, romlebic dros usasrulod agroveben da isini Tana-medrove epoqis produqtebia. maTgan gansxvavebiT, arsebobs heterotopiebi, romlebSic dro gasaocari siswrafiT miqris (bazris moednebi).

heterotopologiis mexuTe principi aseTia: heterotopie-bi yovelTvis gulisxmobs gaxsnisa da daxurvis iseT sistemebs, romlebic erTsa da imave dros, izolirebas ukeTebs maT, ma-gram misawvdomsac xdis. rogorc wesi, heterotopiuli adgili, sajaro adgilisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavisuflad ar miiwvdomeba. iq Sesvla an savaldebuloa (magaliTad, yazarmis an cixis Sem-TxvevaSi), an mxolod garkveuli wesebis dacviTaa SesaZlebeli (imisaTvis, raTa muzeumSi SexvideT, jer bileTi unda iyidoT). dabolos, heterotopiebi sxva sivrceebTan mimarTebaSi an ilu-ziebs aRZraven (amis nimuSad fukos bordelebi miaCnia), an ki-dev maT kompensirebas axdenen (meCvidmete saukuneSi mcxovrebi puritanebis koloniebi axal samyaroSi). Tavis leqcias fuko navis heterotopiul bunebaze miTiTebiT asrulebs.587

fukos mier warmoebuli heterotopologiuri analizi me-tad saintereso perspeqtivebs sTavazobs sazogadoebriv geo-grafias.588 is filosofiuri geografiis im xedvisTvisac uaR-resad sainteresoa, romelic mocemul naSromSia Camoyalibe-buli. sazogadoebaSi heterotopologiuri adgilebis analizi mxolod Teoriuli ganzomilebiT rodi Semoifargleba. radgan

586 iqve, gv. 26.

587 navis ideis (kerZod, `SeSlilTa navis~) Sesaxeb ix. m. fuko, `SeSlilobis istoria klasikur epoqaSi~. frangulidan Targmna d. labuCiZem. ix.: T. iremaZe, T. cxadaZe, g. xeoSvili (red.), ̀ Semecneba da zneoba. filosofiuri werilebi~. Tbilisi: `nekeri~, 2012 w., gv. 216 da Smd.

588 fukos naazrevis geografiasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb ix. J. W. Crampton, S. Elden (eds), Space, Knowledge and Power. Foucault and Geography. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.

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fukos mier aRweril heterotopiul adgilebs realuri arse-boba aqvT da radgan fuko sivrces adgilebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis qselad aRiqvams, heterotopiuli adgilebis empi-riuli analizi savsebiT SesaZlebeli da, amave dros, uaRresad saintereso wamowyeba unda iyos. filosofiuri geografiis em-piriuli ganzomileba problemaTa am speqtrsac moicavs.

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4.3. i-fu tuani: humanisturi geografia _ adgili _ topofilia

i-fu tuani (daib. 1930 w.) humanisturi geografiis erT-erTi mesaZirkvlea. Tavisi xangrZlivi akademiuri karieris ganmavlobaSi man araerTi naSromi dawera, sadac axleburad gaaSuqa tradiciuli geografiis mTeli rigi cnebebi. misi `topofilia~ (1974 w.)589 da `sivrce da adgili~ (1977 w.)590 kla-sikur naSromebadaa miCneuli sazogadoebriv geografiaSi.591 tuani geografia, romelic geografiul sakiTxebs filosofi-ur WrilSi ganixilavs. filosofiuri geografiisaTvis gansa-kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mis mier adgilis cnebis axleburi Sefaseba, romelic ̀ sivrcisa da adgilis~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg, erTgvar wyalgamyof definiciad iqca rogorc geografiaSi, aseve, momijnave disciplinebSic.592

tuani Cineli diplomatis Svili iyo. 1948-1951 wlebSi igi oqsfordSi swavlobda, xolo 1951 wels berkliSi (aSS) ga-dainacvla. doqtoris xarisxi tuanma 1957 wels miiRo. sxva-dasxva dros igi moRvaweobda indianas, Cikagos, niu-meqsikos, torontos, mineapolisis, viskonsinis universitetebSi; miRebu-li aqvs saerTaSoriso geografiuli kavSirisa da amerikis geo-grafiuli sazogadoebis jildoebi.593 misi sxva naSromebidan aRsaniSnavia `SiSis landSaftebi~ (1979 w.),594 `segmentirebuli samyaroebi da TviToba. jgufuri cxovreba da individualuri

589 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1974.

590 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1977.

591 ix. T. Cresswell, ‘Space and Place (1977): Yi-Fu Tuan’. In: P. Hubbard, R. Kitchin, G. Valentine (eds.), Key Texts in Human Geography. London: Sage, 2008, gv. 53.

592 ix. T. Cresswell, ‘Place’. In: R. Kitchin and N. Thrift (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, vol. 8, gv. 172.

593 ix. T. Cresswell, ‘Yi-Fu Tuan’. In: R. Kitchin and N. Thrift (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, vol. 11, gv. 499-500.

594 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Landscapes of Fear. New York: Pantheon Books, 1979.

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cnobiereba~ (1982 w.),595 `kargi cxovreba~ (1986 w.),596 `morali da warmosaxva. progresis paradoqsebi~ (1989 w.),597 `kosmosi da ke-ria. kosmopolitis Tvalsazrisi~ (1996 w.),598 `Zvirfasi kolega. Cveulebrivi da uCveulo dakvirvebebi~ (2002 w.),599 àdamianuri sikeTe~ (2008 w.),600 `religia. adgilidan uadgilobisaken~ (2010 w.).601

humanisturi geografia, tuanis mixedviT, kritikuli da refleqsuria.602 is ganixilavs geografiul fenomenebs imisaT-vis, raTa ukeT swvdes adamianis arsebas. Sesabamisad, dedami-wismcodneoba humanisturi geografiis saboloo mizans ar war-moadgens. humanisturi geografia swvdeba adamianis samyaros bunebasTan adamianis mimarTebebis, adamianTa geografiuli qcevis, aseve, sivrcisa da adgilis mimarT adamianTa grZno-bebisa da Sexedulebebis SeswavliT. humanizmi tuans esmis, rogorc SexedulebaTa erToblioba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris adamiani da ra SeuZlia mas.603

TavianT kvlevebSi mecnierebi xSirad ugulebelyofen adamianis gaTviTcnobierebisa (awareness) da codnis mniSvnelo-bas. àmisgan gansxvavebiT, humanisturi geografia sagangebod cdilobs, gaigos Tu rogor vlindeba adamianTa gaTviTcnobie-reba geografiul qmedebebsa da fenomenebSi.~604 sxvadasxva geo-grafiuli Temebis (geografiuli codna, teritoria da adgili, adamianTa simWidrove, piradi sivrce da sxv.) analizis safuZ-

595 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Segmented Worlds and Self: Group Life and Individual Consciousness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982.

596 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, The Good Life. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986. 597 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Morality and Imagination: Paradoxes of Progress. Madison:

University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. 598 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Cosmos and Hearth: A Cosmopolite’s Viewpoint. Minneapolis-

London: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. 599 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Dear Colleague: Common and Uncommon Observations.

Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002. 600 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Human Goodness. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2008.601 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Religion: From Place to Placelessness. Chicago: Center for

American Places, 2010. 602 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, ‘Humanistic Geography’. Annals of the Association of American

Geographers, vol. 66 (1976), gv. 276. 603 iqve, gv. 266.

604 iqve, gv. 267.

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velze tuani aCvenebs, rom humanistur geografias SeuZlia, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli midgomis safuZvelze Seis-wavlos aRniSnuli sakiTxebi da xeli Seuwyos maT ukeT gaazre-bas. adamianis gamocdileba da azrovneba, emociis intensivoba, Rirebulebebisa da mimarTebebis ambivalenturoba, simbolosa da adamianis intenciebis buneba problemaTa da sakiTxTa is speqtria, romelic tradiciuli mecnierebis miRma rCeba, ma-gram romlebiTac humanisturi geografia interesdeba. magram am sakiTxebis srulyofilad Seswavla SeuZlebelia filosofi-is gareSe. amitom, `humanist geografs cxoveli interesi unda hqondes filosofiis mimarT.~605 Tavisi saqmianobiT humanistma geografma xeli unda Seuwyos adgilis grZnobis gaRvivebas.606

1991 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi `Sexeduleba geogra-fiaze~ tuani geografias Semdegnairad gansazRvravs: geogra-fia aris dedamiwis, rogorc adamianTa sacxovrebeli saxlis, Seswavla.607 Semdeg tuani aanalizebs am definiciis Semadgenel

605 iqve, gv. 275. tuani TviTon asaxelebs ramdenime filosofossa da moazrovnes, romlebmac gavlena iqonies misi Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebaze. esenia: m. merlo-ponti, e. kasireri, s. langeri da n. gudmeni (iqve).

606 iqve. e. relfi akritikebda tuanis mier humanisturi geografiis gagebas. igi Tvlida, rom humanizmi scdeba disciplinis SigniT da disciplinebs Soris arsebul sazRvrebs. am azriT, humanisti geo-grafi SeiZleba iyos geomorfologic da regionaluri special-istic. miuxedavad imisa, rom tuanis mier wamoWrili sakiTxebi da problemebi relfs uaRresad mniSvnelovnad miaCnda, misi az-riT, humanisturi geografiis miCneva geografiis qvedisciplinad, mcdari iyo (ix. E. Relph, Y.-F. Tuan, A. Buttimer, ‘Humanism, Phenomenol-ogy, and Geography’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 67 (1977), gv. 178). Tumca, drom aCvena, rom relfi Tavad cdeboda. 1978 wels d. lisa da m. semuelsis redaqtorobiT gamocemuli kre-buli `humanisturi geografia: perspeqtivebi da problemebi~, imis naTeli dasturi iyo, rom sazogadoebriv geografiaSi axali mimar-Tuleba Camoyalibda. ix. D. Ley, M. Samuels (eds.), Humanistic Geography. Prospects and Problems. Chicago: Maaroufa Press, 1978.

607 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, ‘A View of Geography’. Geographical Review, vol. 81 (1991), gv. 99. es gansazRvreba Tavad tuans ar ekuTvnis. igi aRniSnavs, rom aRniSnuli definicia popularuli iyo XX s-is 40-50-ian wlebSi (iqve). 1975 wels tuani werda: `gaxdeba Tu ara dedamiwa kacobriobis mSobliuri saxli? dedamiwa nayofieri mtvris wertilia usicocxlo kosmosSi. is Cveni erTaderTi SesaZlebeli saxlia. saxlisa da galavniT SemozRuduli qalaqis msgavsad,

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elementebs: dedamiwas, adamianebs, saxls. igi Tvlis, rom sax-lis cneba centraluria geografiisaTvis. saxli aris sivrcis erTeuli, romelic imgvaradaa organizebuli, rom daakmayo-filos adamianTa biosocialuri da esTetikur-politikuri moTxovnilebebi.608 saxlis cneba geografebs unikalur per-speqtivas sTavazobs. dedamiwisa da adamianis cnebebi am per-speqtivaSi erTiandeba. mTlianobaSi aRebuli, am sami cnebis erToblioba programatul datvirTvas ki ar atarebs, aramed is ufro temperaments an bunebriv midrekilebas gamoxatavs. Tu geografebi mowydebian am perspeqtivas da mxolod kvanti-fikaciaze gaakeTeben aqcents, maSin isini verasodes gaigeben dedamiwas, rogorc adamianTa saxls.609

dedamiwac SemosazRvruli erTeulia. ix. Y.-F. Tuan, ‘Place: An Experiential Perspective’. Geographical Review, vol. 65 (1975), gv. 163-164. dedamiwis, rogorc adamianTa sacxovrebeli saxlis Sesaxeb, ix., aseve, qveTavebi 2.3 da 2.6.

608 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, A View of Geography, gv. 101-103. saxlis Sesaxeb ix. aseve, Y.-F. Tuan, Place: An Experiential Perspective, gv. 154-156; misive, Space and Place. The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis / London: University of Minnesota Press, 2001, gv. 144-146. vfiqrob, rom aq tuanze gavlena moaxdina g. baSliaris Sexedulebebma. ratomRac tuani mas ar asaxelebs im filosofosTa Soris, romlebmac masze gavlena moaxdines. magram es gavlena igrZnoba tuanis mier saxlis cnebis daxasiaTebisas. ix. zemoT damowmebuli pasaJebi. ix., aseve, qveTavi 3.7.

609 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, A View of Geography, gv. 106; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 24. saxlTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, sainteresoa tuaniseuli `keriisa~ (Hearth) da `kosmosis~ (Cosmos) cnebebi. keria gamoxatavs usafrTxoebas, wesrigs, daculobas, xolo kosmosi Tavgadasavlebis SesaZleblobas, Riaobas, risks. keria da kosmosi, tuanis mixedviT, adamianis dualur bunebas Seesabameba, romelic sxeulisa da inteleqtisagan Sedgeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom, adgilis cnebisagan gansxvavebiT, tuani kosmossa da kerias statikur cnebebad ar ganixilavs. igi saubrobs `kosmopolituri keriisa~ da `kosmosSi, rogorc saxlSi, yofnaze~ (ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Cosmos and Hearth: A Cosmopolite’s Viewpoint, gv. 182 da Smd.; misive, ‘Introduction. Cosmos versus Hearth’. In: P. C. Adams, S. Hoelscher, K. E. Till (eds), Textures of Place. Exploring Humanist Geographies. Minneapolis / London: University of Minnesota Press, 2001, gv. 319-325). saxlis is gageba, romelic humanistur geografiaSi arsebobda, feministuri geografiis warmomadgenlebis kritikis obieqti gaxda. j. rouzis azriT, humanisti geografebi saxlis maskulinisturi cnebiT

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magram saxli adgilia. àdgili aris mniSvnelobis centri, romelic gamocdilebis safuZvelze iqmneba.~610 gamocdileba gansxvavebuli masStabis mqone adgilebs qmnis. buxari da saxli adgilebia. magram, raioni, qalaqi da TviT mTeli eric ki gark-veuli adgilebia. am gansxvavebuli zomis adgilebs is saerTo aqvT, rom isini individebis an jgufebisaTvis mniSvnelobis centrebs warmoadgenen.611 adgilebis SecnobaSi did mniSvne-lobas TamaSobs xelovneba, ganaTleba da politika. xelovne-bis nimuSs (magaliTad, qandakebas an nagebobas) SeuZlia, Tavad Seqmnas adgili. ganaTleba did rols asrulebs eris cnebis CamoyalibebaSi. bavSvebs Tavidanve aswavlian, rom maTi samSo-blo da maTi eri iseTive xelSesaxebi adgilia, rogorc maTi saxli. politika qmnis adgilebs maTi xilvadobis gazrdiT an saerTod maTTvis xilvadobis miniWebiT. am procesSi mTavroba efeqturad iyenebs Tavis xelSi arsebul uzarmazar simbolur arsenals (media, propaganda da a. S.).612

tuanisTvis adgili, rogorc mniSvnelobis centri, ar ar-sebobs empiriuli gamocdilebis gareSe. magram gamocdileba droSia moqceuli. Sesabamisad, adgilis codnas am adgilze xangrZlivad cxovreba da intensiuri CarTuloba sWirdeba.613

operireben, radgan saxli bevri qalisTvis ara simyudrovisa da usafrTxoebis, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, mamakacTa dominirebis, Cagvrisa da qalTa identobis daTrgunvis centria (ix. G. Rose, Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993, gv. 53 da Smd.; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 25). Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom zemoTqmuli sulac ar akninebs Tavad saxlis, rogorc inidividis eqsistencialuri centris, mniSvnelobas. is garemoeba, rom zogierTi qalisTvis saxli Cagvrisa da eqspluataciis keraa, ar niSnavs imas, rom saxli, rogorc aseTi, Cagvrisa da eqspluataciis keraa da arc imas, rom saxlis feministuri cneba ufro obieqturi da samarTliani iqneba, vidre maskulinisturi. am konteqstSi, albaT, mizanSewonilia, saxlis zogadadamianur cnebaze visaubroT.

610 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Place: An Experiential Perspective, gv. 152. 611 iqve, gv. 153.

612 iqve, gv. 161-163.

613 Tumca, tuani iqve miuTiTebs, rom adamiani, SesaZloa, mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdes erT adgilze da is mainc iseTive ararealuri iyos misTvis, rogorc waukiTxavi wignebi mis Taroebze. amave dros, sxva pirovneba, SesaZloa, ufro Rrmad wvdes am adgils, davuSvaT, xuTi wlis cxovrebis Semdeg (ix. Y.-F. Tuan,

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adgilis codna gulisxmobs misi warsulis codnas. es warsu-li erTgvarad unda `gadadiodes~ pirad mogonebebSi, raTa mas saerTo warsuli erqvas da is obieqtivirebuli unda iyos garkveul sagnebSi, romelTa uSualo aRqmac SesaZlebelia. ma-gram adgilis aRsaqmelad mxolod `Sida~ perspeqtiva ar aris sakmarisi. xandaxan saWiroa sakuTar gamocdilebaze `garedan~ dakvirveba.614

sivrce tuanis mixedviT, abstraqtulia. is Ria da carie-lia, is aris SesaZlebloba da momavali. amisgan gansxvavebiT, adgili tuanis azriT, statikuri konceptia, is warsuli da awmyoa da stabilurobas, mdgradobas ganasaxierebs. deda-miwac aseTi adgilia. is adamianTa saxlia. geografiaSi arse-bul geometriul da ideografiul perspeqtivebs empiriuli, gamocdilebiseuli perspeqtiva unda daematos. gamocdileba da adgili ganuyrel kavSirSia erTmaneTTan, radgan adgili adamianebis mier iqmneba garkveuli miznebisaTvis. magram adgi-li, rom adgilad iqces, masSi cxovreba unda ganxorcieldes.615 adgilze cxovreba ki mis aRqmas da gaSinaganebas niSnavs. ad-gils mxolod materialuri masala rodi qmnis, mas adamianuri gaTviTcnobierebis xarisxic ayalibebs.616 es gaTviTcnobiere-ba gamoixateba topofiliaSi. topofilia _ es aris yvela im afeqtur-emociuri kavSiris erToblioba, romelic adamianebs

Place: An Experiential Perspective, gv. 164). rogorc Cans, aq gadamwyvet rols asrulebs adamianis Riaoba axali gamocdilebebis mimarT. ix., aseve, Y.-F. Tuan, Space and Place. The Perspective of Experience, gv. 183 da Smd.

614 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Place: An Experiential Perspective, gv. 164; misive, Topophilia. A Study of Environmental Perceptions, Attitudes, and Values. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, gv. 99; misive, Space and Place. The Perspective of Experience, gv. 18.

615 ra Tqma unda, aq aSkaraa haidegeris gavlena. `sivrce da adgilis~ epilogSi tuani aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove geografi ar eswrafvis `samyaroSi yofnis~ aRwerasa da mis gagebas. igi cdilobs, adgilisa da sivrcis Sesaxeb mxolod wignebze da rukebze dayrdnobiT isaubros. tuanisTvis amgvari perspeqtiva miuRebelia. ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Space and Place, gv. 200-201.

616 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Place: An Experiential Perspective, gv. 165; misive, Space and Place, gv. 3; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 20. Tavisi naSromis _ `sivrce da adgili~ _ umTavres miznad tuani swored `gacnobierebulobis tvirTis gazrdas~ (to increase the burden of awareness) miiCnevs. ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Space and Place, gv. 203.

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aqvT adgilis an fizikuri garemos mimarT.617 is yvelaze ukeT da intensiurad vlindeba mcire regionebTan mimarTebaSi. to-pofilia ver iarsebebs adamiansa da imperias Soris.618

`sivrcesa da adgilSi~ tuani msjelobs dialeqtikur da-mokidebulebaze sivrcesa da adgils Soris. SemozRuduli da `humanizebuli~ sivrce adgilia. `sivrcesTan SedarebiT, adgi-li damkvidrebuli Rirebulebebis mSvidi centria. adamianebs sWirdebaT rogorc sivrce, aseve, adgili. adamianis cxovreba warmoadgens dialeqtikur moZraobas TavSesafarsa da risks, mijaWvulobasa da Tavisuflebas Soris. Ria sivrceSi, SesaZ-loa, intensiurad SevigrZnoT adgili, xolo adgilis safar-qveS, simartoveSi, sivrcis usazRvroeba momajadoebel bunebas iZens.~619 aq, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom `sivrcesa da adgilSi~ tuani adgilis dinamikuri modelisken dgams na-bijs, Tumca aRniSnuli naSromis mecamete TavSi (`dro da adgi-li~) tuani wers: ̀ adgili mniSvnelobis organizebuli samyaroa. is, arsebiTad, statikuri konceptia.~620

miuxedavad amisa, adgilis statikuri modelis SemuSaveba tuans arsebiT naklad ver CaeTvleba. adgilis, rogorc mniSv-nelobis centris gaazreba gadamwyveti unda iyos filosofi-uri geografiisaTvis lokalur doneze. imdenad, ramdenadac adamianebi adgils mniSvnelobis centrad aRiqvamen, isini ma-sTan mimarTebaSi garkveul qmedebebs axorcieleben.621 Tumca,

617 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Topophilia, gv. 4 da 93. tuani aqac ar uTiTebs baSliarze, miuxedavad imisa, rom es termini frang filosofosTan ufro adre gvxvdeba. ix. qveTavi 3.7. aRsaniSnavia, rom am faqtorze yuradReba gaamaxviles anglo-saqsuri geografiis farglebSic. ix. D. R. Stoddart, ‘Topophilia’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 76 (1986), gv. 283. tuanis Semoqmedebis analizisas masze g. baSliaris zegavlenas, vfiqrob, meti yuradReba unda mieqces.

618 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Topophilia, gv. 101; R. Peet, Modern Geographical Thought, gv. 52.

619 ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Space and Place, gv. 54.620 iqve, gv. 179.

621 im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu adgili, erTi SexedviT, mxolod fons qmnis adamianTa qmedebebisaTvis, romlebic, TiTqos, sxva socialur-kulturuli faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, ufro Rrma analizi aCvenebs, rom adgili da, zogadad, sivrce, ganuyofel kavSirSia adamianTa qmedebebTan. ix. O. F. Bollnow, Mensch und Raum, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1963; D. Seamon, ‘Body-Subject, Time-Space Routines, and Place-

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aq isic unda aRiniSnos, rom filosofiuri geografiis im xed-vaSi, romelic mocemul naSromSia warmodgenili, ar arsebobs mkveTri dapirispireba adgilsa da sivrces Soris. adgilebi warmoqmnian sivrceebs, xolo sivrceebi adgilebisagan Sedgebi-an. adamianebi ganuwyvetliv moZraoben am sivrceebSi da adgi-lebSi. isini erTmaneTTan da adgilebTan urTierTqmedeben da am procesSi mniSvnelobebisa da identobebis producirebasa da reproducirebas axdenen.622

adgilis cnebisadmi axali midgomis pionerad, tuanTan erTad, samarTlianad iTvleba eduard relfi, romelic e. w. `fenomenologiuri geografiis~ warmomadgenelia.

Ballets’. In: A. Buttimer, D. Seamon (eds.), The Human Experience of Space and Place. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980, gv. 148; T. F. Gieryn, ‘A Space for Place in Sociology’. Annual Review of Sociology, 26 (2000), gv. 463.

622 ix. g. TavaZe, `Satili filosofiuri geografiis perspeqtividan~, passim.

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4.4. eduard relfi: adgili da uadgiloba

eduard relfis naSromi àdgili da uadgiloba~ (1976 w.)623 mniSvnelovania ara mxolod imiT, rom masSi fenomeno-logiuri meTodi gamoyenebulia geografiuli problemebis analizisaTvis,624 rac mniSvnelovani siaxle iyo im periodis an-glo-saqsur geografiaSi,625 aramed imiTac, rom aRniSnul naS-romSi gadmocemuli konceptualuri aparati moqnilad aRwers sivrcesa da adgils Soris damokidebulebas da iseTi aspeqte-biT aSuqebs adgilis fenomens, romlebic metad sainteresoa filosofiuri geografiisaTvis.

àdgilsa da uadgilobaSi~ relfis mTavari mizania adgi-lebis aRqmis gansxvavebuli modusebis analizi. amasTan dakav-SirebiT, relfi oTx mniSvnelovan Temas gamoyofs: 1. adgilisa da sivrcis urTierTmimarTeba; 2. adgilis aRqmis gansxvave-buli komponentebi da intensivoba; 3. adgilebisa da adgilis mqone adamianebis identoba; 4. adgilis grZnobisa da adgili-sadmi mijaWvulobis roli adgilebisa da landSaftebis Seqm-

623 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness. London: Pion Press, 1976.624 relfi Tavad miuTiTebs, rom mis naSromSi fenomenologiuri

meTodi mxolod impliciturad igulisxmeba, radgan misi interesis umTavres obieqts adgilis fenomeni warmoadgens (ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 7). geografiis fenomenologiuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb ix. E. Relph, ‘Geographical Experience and Being-in-the-World: The Phenomenological Origins of Geography’. In: D. Seamon, R. Mugerauer (eds.), Dwelling, Place and Environment. Dordrecht: Nijhoff, gv. 15-32. aRniSnul statiaSi relfi saubrobs mecnieruli geografiis, geografiuli gamocdilebisa da samyaroSi yofnis erTianobis Sesaxeb. landSafti, regioni, sivrce da adgili, relfis Tanaxmad, eqsistenciis geografiuli modusebia. es modusebi, SesaZloa, davukavSiroT rogorc mecnierul codnas, aseve, samyaroSi yofnas. Tanamedrove samyaroSi am modusebis mimarT racionalisturi, formalur-mecnieruli damokidebuleba gamocdilebis uSualobis daCrdilvas iwvevs. relfi gamosavals xedavs geografiuli gamocdilebis gacnobierebis xarisxis amaRlebasa da dedamiwis mravalferovani adgilebiT gamowveuli gaocebis fundamenturi mniSvnelobis sxvebisTvis gaziarebaSi (iqve, gv. 28-29). aq relfisTvis amosaval wertils haidegeris Sexedulebebi warmoadgens (iqve, passim).

625 ix. I. L. Stefanovic, Safeguarding Our Common Future. Rethinking Sustainable Development. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000, gv. 102.

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naSi. am Temebis gamaerTianebeli safuZvelia debuleba, rom-lis Tanaxmad, gansxvavebuli adgilebi am adgilebze mcxovrebi adamianebis Rrma mijaWvulobis manifestaciebia da rom bevri adamianisaTvis adgilisadmi aseTi Rrma mijaWvuloba iseTive mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, rogorc sxva adamianebTan ur-TierToba. Sesabamisad, relfis interess warmoadgens adgilis, rogorc geografiuli fenomenis Seswavla yoveldRiuri adami-anuri gamocdilebis WrilSi.626

yoveldRiuri praqtikuli codnis farglebSi adamianebs esaWiroebaT garkveuli adgilebis codna (sadac isini muSao-ben, swavloben da a.S.). magram adgilebis praqtikuli codna, miuxedavad misi mniSvnelobisa, zedapirulia da ZiriTadad, emyareba im eqsplicitur funqciebs, romlebic adgilebs gaaC-niaT adamianebisaTvis. is, rom adgilis mniSvneloba adamiani-saTvis gacilebiT didia, relfis mixedviT, imaSi gamoixateba, rom adamianebi (rogorc individualurad, aseve, jgufurad), cdiloben, daicvan TavianTi adgilebi gare gamanadgurebeli Zalebisagan. aseve, adamianebs aqvT nostalgiis grZnoba kon-kretuli adgilebis mimarT. adamianad yofna niSnavs mniSvne-lovani adgilebiT savse samyaroSi cxovrebas. adamianad yofna niSnavs sakuTari adgilis qonas da mis codnas.627

`Tu adgilebi samyaroSi adamianuri eqsistenciis mniSvne-lovan aspeqts warmoadgens, Tuki isini individebisa da jgufe-bisaTvis usafrTxoebisa da identobis garantad gvevlinebian, maSin Zalze mniSvnelovania, ar daikargos mniSvnelovani adgi-lebis Seqmnis, gancdisa da SenarCunebis saSualebebi.~628 amave dros, miiCnevs relfi, es saSualebebi TandaTan qreba da maT adgils ikavebs ùadgiloba~ _ adgilebis gancdisa da adgi-lebis identobebis mravalferovnebis Sesusteba. es procesebi adamianis eqsistenciis geografiul safuZvels adgilebze mi-jaWvulobidan uadgilobisken gadawevs. aseTi cvlileba uaR-resad arasasurvelia. am fonze, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba imis gaazrebas, Tu ra warmoadgens adgilebisa da adamianebis mier

626 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, Preface. 627 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 1. adgili imiTacaa mniS-

vnelovani fenomeni, rom is geografiuli gamocdilebis safuZv-els warmoadgens. adamianis geografiuli gamocdileba dasabams adgilidan iRebs. ix. E. Relph, Geographical Experience and Being-in-the-World: The Phenomenological Origins of Geography, gv. 27.

628 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 6.

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am adgilebis gancdis arsebiT maxasiaTeblebs. aseTi codnis gareSe am adgilebis SenarCuneba, ubralod, SeuZlebeli iqne-ba.629 magram am maxasiaTeblebis dadgenamde relfi aucileblad miiCnevs adgilsa da sivrces Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis na-Telyofas. `sivrcis gansxvavebuli formebi kontinuums qmnis, romlis erT boloSi uSualo gamocdileba, xolo meoreSi _ ab-straqtuli azrovnebaa moqceuli.~630 relfi sivrcis eqvs tips gamoyofs: 1. pragmatuli anu primitiuli sivrce; 2. percep-tualuri sivrce; 3. eqsistencialuri sivrce, romelSic, SesaZ-loa, gamoiyos sakraluri sivrce da geografiuli sivrce; 4. arqiteqturuli sivrce; 5. kognituri sivrce; 6. abstraqtuli sivrce. sivrcis aRniSnuli tipologia relfisTvis mxolod evristikuli instrumentia sivrcesa da adgils Soris arsebu-li mimarTebebis ukeT gasagebad.631

pragmatuli anu primitiuli sivrce instinqturi qcevis sivrcea, sadac adamianebi refleqsiis gareSe moqmedeben da moZraoben. am safexurze Znelia sivrcisa da adgilis erTmane-Tisagan gansxvaveba. perceptualuri sivrce _ es aris egocen-truli sivrce, romelic TiToeuli individis mier aRiqmeba. mis centrs adamiani, subieqti warmoadgens.632

eqsistencialuri sivrce warmoadgens im sivrcis Sinagan struqturas, romelic adamianebs, rogorc kulturuli jgu-fis wevrebs, konkretul gamocdilebaSi moecemaT. is intersu-bieqturi sivrcea da masSi arsebuli mniSvnelobebi kulturu-li mniSvnelobebia. sivrcis am formas relfi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs. eqsistencialuri sivrce pasiurad ki ar aRiqmeba individTa mier, aramed is ganuwyvetliv iqmneba da transformirdeba am individTa zemoqmedebis Sedegad. eqsi-stencialuri sivrcis SigniT, SesaZloa, gamovyoT sakraluri da geografiuli sivrceebi. pirvels relfi tradiciul, xolo meores _ dasavlur, ìndustriul da teqnikur~ kulturebs

629 iqve.

630 iqve, gv. 8.

631 d. simonis mixedviT, relfis Tezisi, romlis Tanaxmad sivrce heterogenulia da gansxvavebul gamocdilebebs aerTianebs, dRes amosaval wertiladaa qceuli geografebisaTvis sakraluri, gend-eruli da sxva tipis sivrceebis analizisas. ix. D. Seamon, J. Sowers, ‘Place and Placelessness (1976): Edward Relph’. In: P. Hubbard, R. Kitchin, G. Valentine (eds.), Key Texts in Human Geography. London: Sage, 2008, gv. 44.

632 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 8-10.

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ukavSirebs. sakraluri sivrce sakraluri adgilebis (taZrebi, eklesiebi, tabuirebuli adgilebi) irgvliv yalibdeba, rac Se-exeba geografiul sivrces, ìs gamoxatavs adamianis gamocdi-lebebs da mis intencionalur kavSirebs garemosTan mimarTeba-Si. is aris mocemuli kulturis Semadgeneli nawili, romelic `humanizebulia~ adgilebisaTvis saxelebis darqmevis saSuale-biT da [...] misi gardaqmniT sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis ukeT dasakmayofileblad.~633

arqiteqturuli sivrce moicavs gamiznul swrafvas sivrcis Sesaqmnelad, xolo kognituri sivrce _ sivrcis abstraqtuli konstruqtia, romelic miiReba sivrcis, rogorc refleqsiis obieqtis aRqmiT da mis Sesaxeb Sesabamisi Teoriebis ganviTa-rebiT. kognituri sivrce homogenuri, neitraluri sivrcea, romelic geometriaSi, rukebsa da sivrcobrivi organizaciis TeoriebSi gvxvdeba.634 abstraqtuli sivrcis cneba evkliduri geometriis SezRudulobis gacnobierebis Sedegad warmoiSva. àbstraqtuli sivrce logikur mimarTebaTa sivrcea. is sa-Sualebas gvaZlevs, aRvweroT sivrce am aRwerebis empiriuli dasabuTebis gareSe.~635

sivrcis formebis daxasiaTebis Semdeg relfi adgilis ar-sebis analizze gadadis. igi ganixilavs adgils iseT fenomeneb-Tan mimarTebaSi, rogorebicaa mdebareoba, landSafti, dro, sazogadoeba da adgilze zrunva.

amerikeli filosofosis, s. langeris msgavsad, relfi Tv-lis, rom mdebareoba ar warmoadgens adgilis arsebiT Tvise-bas. adgili ama Tu im kulturis mier ganisazRvreba, xolo mdebareoba, mkacri kartografiuli azriT, adgilis SemTxve-viTi Tvisebaa. Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom boSaTa banaki gark-veul adgilze mdebareobs, Tumca, boSaTa banaki Tavad aris adgili, miuxedavad misi mdebareobisa. es da sxva magaliTebi, relfis mixedviT, aCvenebs imas, rom mobiloba da nomadizmi ar gamoricxavs adgilisadmi mijaWvulobas. braziliaSi mc-xovreb bororos xalxs yovel sam weliwadSi Tavisi sofeli sxva adgilze gadaaqvs, Tumca, isini inarCuneben mijaWvulobis grZnobas im gansxvavebuli adgilebis mimarT, sadac cxovro-

633 iqve, gv. 16.

634 iqve, gv. 24-25.

635 iqve, gv. 26.

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ben.636 rac Seexeba landSafts, is adgilis vizualuri aspeqtis TvalsaCino gamoxatulebaa. vizualuri aspeqti yvela adgilis mniSvnelovan Tvisebas warmoadgens.

dro adgilebs cvlis. garkveuli drois Semdeg, adgileb-ma, SesaZloa, dakargon TavianTi Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba. ritualebi da tradiciebi, romlebic adgilebs ukavSirdeba, ganamtkicebs adgilis grZnobas da xels uwyobs adgilebis SenarCunebas. rodesac ritualebi da miTebi kargaven TavianT mniSvnelobas, adgilebi efemerulebi xdebian da cvlilebebs advilad eqvemdebarebian.637

sazogadoebasa da adgils Soris mWidro urTierTkavSiri arsebobs. adgili xels uwyobs sazogadoebis identobis ganmt-kicebas da piriqiT. landSafti, SesaZloa, erToblivi rwmene-bisa da Rirebulebebis gamoxatuleba iyos. mbutis pigmeebi kon-goSi TavianTi qoxebis karebs sofelSi mcxovrebi megobrebisa da mtrebis mixedviT aZleven orientacias. konceptualurad, Cven, SesaZloa, erTmaneTisagan ganvacalkevoT adgili da sa-zogadoeba, Tumca, praqtikulad amis ganxorcieleba rTulia. am konteqstSi adgilebi `sajaroa~ _ isini saerTo gamocdile-bis safuZvelze iqmneba da aRiqmeba.638 arsebobs sajaro adgi-lis sxva saxeobac. am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia ara adgilisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebaze, aramed im fizikur, Tu simbolur Tvisebebze (gamorCeuli landSafti, mniSvnelovani movlena da a. S.), rac adgils unikalurobas ani-Webs. aseTi adgilebi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi ar kar-gaven Tavis mniSvnelobas (magaliTad, niagaris CanCqeri, akro-polisi). xSirad sajaro adgilebs Zalauflebis mqoneni qmnian sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT. aseTi adgilebi gamoirCeva Tavisi monumenturobiT (grandiozuli sasaxleebi, caTambjenebi, farTo moednebi), Tumca monumenturoba ar aris aucilebeli. mTeli rigi adgilebi, sadac realuri gadawyveti-lebebi miiReba, ar aris sajaro (dauning sTriTis 10 londonSi, ovaluri kabineti TeTr saxlSi da a.S.).639

adgilebis sajaro aRqmis garda, individebs adgilebTan piradi mimarTebebi aqvT. adgilebTan individualur-emociuri

636 iqve, gv. 29-30; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 22. 637 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 30-33. 638 iqve, gv. 34.

639 iqve, gv. 35-36.

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damokidebulebis aRsaniSnavad relfi referirebs tuaniseul (da baSliaris mier damkvidrebul!) `topofiliis~ cnebaze.640 adgilebis mimarT emociuri damokidebulebidan amoizrde-ba adgilisadmi zrunva da adgilTan mijaWvulobis SegrZne-ba.641 adgilisadmi mijaWvulobis survili mniSvnelovan adami-anur moTxovnilebas warmoadgens. is adgilebi, romlebTanac adamianebi mijaWvulebi arian, warmoqmnian garkveuli zrunvis vels. es niSnavs pasuxismgeblobas da pativiscemas mocemuli adgilis mimarT. am konteqstSi relfi referirebs haideger-ze, romlis Tanaxmad, dandoba niSnavs nivTebis (mocemul Sem-TxvevaSi, relfis mixedviT, adgilebis) Tavis arsebaSi minebe-bas, maTze zrunvas maTi daqvemdebarebis gareSe. mijaWvuloba yvelaze bunebrivad mSobliur saxlTan mimarTebaSi vlindeba. saxli is adgili ki ar aris, sadac adamiani ubralod cxovrobs, aramed mniSvnelobis Seucvleli centria. Tumca, adgilebTan damokidebuleba mxolod zrunvasa da mijaWvulobas rodi gu-lisxmobs. adgilze cxovreba niSnavs adgilis miRebas Tavisi SesaZleblobebiTa da SezRudulobebiT.642 àdgilisa da saxlis Cveneuli gamocdileba dialeqtikuria. adgilze darCenis moT-xovnilebas adgilidan Tavis daRwevis survili abalansebs.~643

aRniSnuli mimarTebebis analizis Semdeg relfi gadadis sakuTriv adgilis arsebis analizze. misi azriT, adgili moqme-debisa da intenciis centria. adgilebi adamianis cnobierebis intencionaluri struqturis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. adgili, SesaZloa, intencionalurad gansazRvruli obieqtis an obieqtTa jgufis konteqsts warmoadgendes, an kidev Tavad iyos intenciis obieqti. amrigad, adgilis arseba, relfis Tanaxmad, ar emyareba mis fizikur mdebareobas, mis funqcias, iq mcxovreb sazogadoebas, Tu individualur aRqmas, miuxedavad imisa, rom es mocemulobebi adgilebis saerTo da, albaT, aucilebel aspe-qtebs qmnis. adgilis arseba, didwilad, mdgomareobs aracnobier intencionalobaSi, romelic adgilebs gansazRvravs, rogorc

640 iqve, gv. 37.

641 relfi saubrobs, aseve, `topofobiis~ cnebaze. topofobia adgilebis iseTi gamocdilebaa, romelic arasasiamovno da damTrgunvelia. ix. E. Relph, Geographical Experience and Being-in-the-World, gv. 27; D. Seamon, A Geography of the Lifeworld. Movement, Rest and Encounter. London: Croom Helm, 1979, gv. 88.

642 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 38-42.643 iqve, gv. 42.

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adamianuri eqsistenciis umniSvnelovanes centrebs.644 adgilis fenomenis gasagebad aucilebelia adgilis iden-

tobis cnebis analizi. amisaTvis relfi ganixilavs: 1. adgile-bis identobis Semadgenel komponentebs; 2. individTa garemyo-fobisa da CarTulobis formebsa da xarisxs adgilebTan mimar-TebaSi; 3. adgilebis identobasa da adgilebis individualur, jgufur da masobriv xatebs Soris arsebul kavSirebs; 4. iden-tobis ganviTarebis, SenarCunebisa da cvlilebebis gzebs.

adgilebis identobas qmnis sami komponenti: 1. statiku-ri fizikuri garemo; 2. adamianTa qmedebebi; 3. mniSvnelobebi, romlebic adgils eniWeba. pirveli ori komponentis aRqma Se-darebiT advilia, mesamesi ki _ ara, radgan adgilebis mniSvne-lobebi adamianTa intenciebsa da gamocdilebebs ukavSirdeba. zemoT CamoTvlili komponentidan arc erTi ar daiyvaneba meo-reze. amave dros, adgilebis aRqmis dros isini ganuyrelad arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.645

am sami komponentis garda, relfi gamoyofs adgilis iden-tobis kidev erT aspeqts, romelic naklebad eqvemdebareba formalur gansazRvrebas. esaa àdgilis suli~ (genius loci). `ra Tqma unda, adgilis suli moicavs adgilis topografias, mis ekonomikur funqciebs da im socialur aqtivobebs, romlebic am adgilze mimdinareobs, aseve, im mniSvnelobas, romelic ad-gils gaaCnia warsulSi momxdari movlenebis gamo da romelsac awmyoSic inarCunebs _ Tumca, adgilis suli ufro metia, vidre yovelive amis meqanikuri erToblioba. adgilis suli, adgi-lis identobis ganmsazRvrel bazisur komponentebSi momxdari Zireuli cvlilebebis miuxedavad, SesaZloa, SenarCundes.~646

adgilebTan mimarTebaSi SesaZlebelia CarTulobisa da garemyofobis gansxvavebuli xarisxebis arseboba. àdgilTan CarTuloba niSnavs am adgilisadmi kuTvnilebas da masTan sa-kuTari Tavis identificirebas. [...] garedan SeiZleba Sexedo

644 iqve, gv. 42-43. 645 iqve, gv. 47; D. Seamon, J. Sowers, Place and Placelessness (1976): Edward

Relph, gv. 45. 646 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 48; E. Relph, ‘Modernity and the

Reclamation of Place’. In: D. Seamon (ed.), Dwelling, Seeing, and Designing: Toward a Phenomenological Ecology. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993, gv. 26-27 da 38. adgilis sulis Sesaxeb ix., aseve, C. Norberg-Schulz, Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. New York: Rizzoli, 1985.

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adgils ise, rogorc mogzauri Sexedavs qalaqs; Signidan ki ad-gils aRiqvam, adgiliT xar garSemortymuli da misi nawili xar.~647 CarTuloba-garemyofobis dualizmis gaTvaliswineba, relfis mixedviT, aucilebelia adgilis arsebis gagebisaTvis.

CarTulobis xarisxebis klasifikaciisas relfi eyrdnoba sociolog p. bergeris mier SemuSavebul samsafexurovan sqemas. aRniSnuli sqema asaxavs anTropologis CarTulobis xarisxs im kulturaSi, romelsac igi Seiswavlis. Tavis sqemaSi bergeri Car-Tulobis Semdeg xarisxebs gamoyofs: bihevioruli CarTuloba, em-faTeturi CarTuloba da kognituri CarTuloba. aRniSnuli sqemis safuZvelze relfi ayalibebs CarTuloba-garemyofobis sakuTar sqemas, romelic Semdegi saxisaa: 1. eqsistencialuri garemyofoba (Existential outsideness); 2. obieqturi garemyofoba (Objective outsideness); 3. SemTxveviTi garemyofoba (Incidental outsideness); 4. Canacvlebuli CarTuloba (Vicarious insideness); 5. bihevioruli CarTuloba (Behav-ioural insideness); 6. emfaTeturi CarTuloba (Empathetic insideness); 7. eqsistencialuri CarTuloba (Existential insideness).

eqsistencialuri garemyofoba gulisxmobs adgilis mniS-vnelobisgan gaucxoebulad SegrZnebas da adgilis mniSvnelo-bebis wvdomis uunarobas. es aris gacnobierebuli gaucxoeba adgilebisa da garemomcveli realobisagan. eqsistencialuri garemyofobis dros yvela adgili erTnairad umniSvneloa. obieqturi garemyofoba adgilebis mimarT gacnobierebulad iseTi poziciis miRebaa, rodesac adgilebi obieqturad, emoci-uri mimarTebis gareSe, ganixileba, rogorc sivrceSi mdebare wertilebi. aseTi midgoma axasiaTebT geografebs, romlebic sivrcobrivi organizaciis sakiTxebs Seiswavlian.648

SemTxveviTi garemyofoba, obieqturi garemyofobisagan gansxvavebiT, arsebiTad, aracnobieri damokidebulebaa, rom-lis drosac adgilebi aRiqmeba rogorc garkveuli moqmede-bebis foni, romelic sruliad SemTxveviTia am moqmedebebTan mimarTebaSi. aseTia, magaliTad satvirTo avtomobilis mZRo-lis damokidebuleba im adgilebis mimarT, sadac igi Cerdeba. SemTxveviT garemyofobas individis cxovrebaSi sakmaod xSirad aqvs adgili, radgan rasac adamianebi akeTeben, xSirad gadawo-nis xolme imas, Tu sad xdeba aRniSnuli qmedeba.649

647 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 49.648 iqve, gv. 51-52; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 44. 649 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 52.

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giorgi TavaZe

garemyofobis formebis analizis Semdeg relfi gadadis CarTulobis formebis ganxilvaze. Canacvlebuli CarTulobis dros adgilebis aRqma xorcieldeba raime mediumis (mxatvru-li nawarmoebi, ferweruli tilo, mxatvruli filmi) meSveo-biT. aseT dros gancdis intensivoba damokidebulia xelovanis ostatobasa da aRmqmeli subieqtis warmosaxviT unarebze. Sem-TxveviTi garemyofobisagan gansxvavebiT, bihevioruli CarTu-lobis dros, individi cnobierad aqcevs yuradRebas adgilis vizualur mxares (sad ra mdebareobs, rogor qmnian adgilis elementebi erTobliobaSi am konkretul adgils). bihevioru-li CarTuloba TandaTanobiT gadadis emfaTetur CarTuloba-Si: adgilis garegani Tvisebebidan yuradReba maxvildeba emo-ciur CarTulobaze. emfaTeturi CarTuloba gulisxmobs ara mxolod adgilis xedvas (vizualurad aRqmuli adgili), aramed misi identobis Semadgeneli arsebiTi elementebis gaazrebas. emfaTeturi CarTuloba gulisxmobs adgilis mniSvnelobaTa simdidris wvdomas da adgilTan identificirebas.650

eqsistencialuri CarTuloba CarTulobis yvelaze inten-siuri formaa. is gulisxmobs adgilebis mniSvnelobis srulad aRqmas gaucnobiereblad, bunebrivad. eqsistencialuri Car-Tuloba niSnavs adgilisadmi mikuTvnebulobas da adgilTan mijaWvulobas, rac adgilis cnebis safuZvels warmoadgens. eqsistencialuri CarTulobis dros individi adgilis nawilia da amave dros, adgili aris individis nawili.651

adgilis identobis gasagebad mniSvnelovania adgilis xatis (image of the place) cnebis naTelyofa. àdgilis xati Sedgeba yve-la im elementisagan, romlebic individebis an jgufebis gamoc-dilebebsa da adgilis mimarT maT intenciebs ukavSirdeba.~652 adgilis xats gaaCnia rogorc vertikaluri, aseve, horizon-taluri struqtura. vertikaluri struqtura gancdis inten-sivobas asaxavs da CarTuloba/garemyofobis xarisxebs Seesab-ameba. adgilis xatis horizontaluri struqtura individebsa da jgufebs Soris adgilebis codnis (knowledge of places) so-cialur ganawilebas asaxavs.

sxvadasxva jgufebisaTvis erTsa da imave adgils gansxvave-buli identoba gaaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, mainc arsebobs garkveu-

650 iqve, gv. 52-55.

651 iqve, gv. 55.

652 iqve, gv. 56.

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li saerTo Sexeduleba mocemuli adgilis identobis Sesaxeb, romelsac konsensualuri identoba (consensus identity) ewodeba. Tavis mxriv, konsensualuri identoba sajaro (public identity) da masobriv identobebs (mass identity) moicavs. sajaro identoba mo-cemuli sazogadoebis SigniT yalibdeba calkeuli individebisa da jgufebis gamocdilebebis Tavisufali gacvla-gamocvlis safuZvelze. is warmoadgens konsensuss adgilis fizikuri Tvise-bebisa da sxva komponentebis Sesaxeb. adgilis sajaro identoba interesTa integraciis zedapirul safexurs gamoxatavs, ro-melic jgufebis mier Seqmnili adgilebis xatebs aerTianebs.653

rac Seexeba masobriv identobebs, isini im adamianebis mier iqmneba, romlebsac, TavianTi Zalauflebis meSveobiT, sazoga-doebrivi azris formireba SeuZliaT. masobrivi identobebi sazogadoebas mza formiT miewodeba da maTi distribucia mas-mediis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. masobrivi identobebi adgi-lis yvelaze zedapirul identobas ganasaxiereben, radgan ar iZlevian emfaTeturi CarTulobis saSualebas da Zirs uTxrian eqsistencialur CarTulobas. masobrivi identobebi efuZneba zedapirul da xelovnur stereotipebs, romlebic TviTnebu-rad iqmneba. Sesabamisad, masobrivi identobebis gavrcelebiT, masmedia xels uwyobs fsevdo-adgilebisgan Seqmnili fsevdo-samyaroebis fabrikacias da warmoqmnis safrTxes, rom realuri adgilebis aRqma aRniSnuli stereotipebis safuZvelze moxde-ba.654 masobrivi, trivialuri identobebis gavrcelebas gansa-kuTrebiT uwyobs xels turizmi, romelic zustad iseT adgi-lebs qmnis, romlebic damsvenebelTa ocnebebsa da molodinebs Seesatyviseba. adgilebis aseTi fabrikaciis dros iqmneba adg-ilebi fsevdo-identobebiT, romlebic individebis cnobiere-bas ganmsWvalaven.655 adgilis masobrivi identoba niSnebisa da simboloebis xelovnurad fabricirebuli erTobliobaa. is ar aviTarebs adgilisadmi mikuTvnebulobis grZnobas da mkveTr winaaRmdegobaSia adgilebis iseT identobebTan, romlebic siRrmiseuli individualuri da socialuri gamocdilebebis safuZvelze ganviTarda.656

`mas Semdeg, rac adgilis identoba Camoyalibebulia in-

653 iqve, gv. 58.

654 iqve.

655 iqve, gv. 59-60.

656 iqve, gv. 61.

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dividis, jgufis, Tu masis mier, is SenarCunebulia, vidre is socialuri interaqciis SesaZleblobas iZleva anu vidre misi legitimacia SesaZlebelia sazogadoebis SigniT.~657 iq, sadac adgilis identoba saerTo simboloebsa da gamocdilebebs efuZneba, is didxans SenarCundeba. misgan gansxvavebiT, adgi-lis masobrivi identoba ufro fotoebsa da faqtobriv aR-werebze referirebs, amitom is ufro swrafad icvleba. zoga-dad, adgilis identoba, SesaZloa, ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo Seicvalos: 1. garemo pirobebis cvlileba, ramac, SesaZloa mocemuli adgili Seusabamo gaxados socialuri interaqci-isaTvis; 2. damokidebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis Secvla. mag-aliTad, industriuli qalaqi, SesaZloa, Tavdapirvelad ganix-ilebodes, rogorc progresis centri, magram garemos dacvis moZraobis gaZlierebasTan erTad, is, SeiZleba, garemos dabi-nZurebis mTavar wyarod miiCnion.658

miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli adgili Taviseburad uni-kaluria, isini, amave dros, garkveul aspeqtebSi erTmaneTs hgvanan. amis safuZvelze relfi gamoyofs adgilebis iden-tobis Svid tips, romelTagan eqvsi CarTuloba-garemyofobis formebs Seesatyviseba. Canacvlebuli CarTulobis Sesatyvisi adgilis identoba ar gvxvdeba, mis nacvlad, obieqtur gare-myofobasa da eqsistencialur garemyofobas Soris moqceu-lia adgilis masobrivi identoba. pirveli sami tipi CarTu-lobas gulisxmobs, bolo oTxi _ garemyofobas. sabolood, adgilis identobis tipebi, relfis mixedviT, Semdegi saxisaa: 1. eqsistencialuri (adgili ganicdeba da aRiqmeba cnobieri refleqsiis gareSe); 2. emfaTeturi (adgili warmoadgens kul-turuli Rirebulebebisa da gamocdilebebis gamoxatulebas); 3. bihevioruli (SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc sajaro anu kon-sensualuri identoba); 4. SemTxveviTi (yuradReba maxvildeba adgilis konkretul funqciaze, Tavad adgili fons qmnis); 5. obieqturi (adgili ganixileba sivrceSi sxva adgilebTan er-Tad); 6. masobrivi (konsensualuri identoba, romelic masme-dias emyareba. is identobis trivialuri, magram gavrcelebadi formaa, romelic individTa cnobierebas ganmsWvalavs); 7. eq-sistencialurad gare (adgils saerTod ar eniWeba pozitiuri

657 iqve, gv. 60.

658 iqve.

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mniSvneloba).659 adgilis identobebis ganxilvis Semdeg, àdgili da uad-

gilobis~ mexuTe TavSi relfi aanalizebs adgilis grZnobas (sense of place). is, SesaZloa, iyos autenturi anu WeSmariti, an araautenturi anu yalbi, xelovnuri. es kategoriebi ar aris absoluturi. isini ufro interpretaciis safuZvels qmnian. autenturoba, SesaZloa, araautenturobidan warmoiSvas da piriqiT. adgilis mimarT autenturi grZnoba adgilis uSualo gancdaa, romelzec gavlenas ar axdens SemTxveviTi socialuri da inteleqtualuri aRqmis Sablonebi (Tu rogori unda iyos adgilis aRqma). autenturi mimarTebis dros adgilebis idento-bebis mTeli kompleqsi mis uSualobaSi ganicdeba. autenturi mimarTeba gulisxmobs adgilebis mniSvnelobis srul wvdomas da adgilebis gaazrebas mniSvnelobebis centrebad, romleb-Sic adamianTa aqtivobebi xorcieldeba.660 autenturi grZnoba adgilisadmi mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens individebis identobisaTvis, xolo maTi meSveobiT _ sazogadoebisaTvis. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi autenturi grZnobis ganviTarebas xels uSlis gaZlierebuli mobiloba da adgilebis simbol-uri mniSvnelobebis Sesusteba. `Tu primitiuli monadiris an Sua saukuneebis xelosnisTvis adgilisadmi mikuTvnebulobis grZnoba mTel mis arsebobas ganmsWvalavda, Tanamedrove qa-laqis macxovreblisaTvis es grZnoba iSviaTadaa wina planze da is, Cveulebriv, advilad SeiZleba gaicvalos ukeTes saxlze ukeTes samezobloSi.~661

adgili, SesaZloa, iyos autenturad Seqmnili. autentu-rad Seqmnili adgili moicavs gacnobierebul damokidebulebas

659 iqve, gv. 61-62. individebs, SesaZloa, erTi da imave adgilis ram-denime identoba hqondeT. magaliTad, pirovneba, SesaZloa, Tavis mSobliur qalaqs eqsistencialuri perspeqtividan ganixilavdes da, amave dros, rogorc profesionalma mgegmavma, qalaqis quCe-bi da ubnebi obieqturi garemyofobis perspeqtividan ganixilos. garda amisa, man, aseve, SesaZloa, monawileoba miiRos qalaqis maso-brivi identobis CamoyalibebaSi. adgilis identoba statikuri ro-dia. verc eqsistencialur CarTulobas gavuigivebT aucileblad adgilobrivis pozicias. ara-adgilobrivi, garkveul aspeqtebSi, SesaZloa, ufro wvdes adgilis identobas da mis arsebas, vidre adgilobrivi (iqve, gv. 62).

660 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 63-64. 661 iqve, gv. 66; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 44-45.

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transcendenturisa da bunebisadmi. autenturi adgilis cnebis safuZvels relfisTvis haidegeris naazrevi warmoadgens.662

araautenturi adgilebis aRsaniSnavad relfi iyenebs ter-mins ̀ uadgiloba~ (placelessness). uadgiloba aris adgilis grZno-bis dakargva. uadgiloba damokidebulebaa, romelic TandaTan ufro da ufro dominanturi xdeba.663 am fonze, sul ufro na-klebadaa SesaZlebeli adgilis mimarT Zlieri grZnobis qona da autenturi adgilebis Seqmna. araautenturobis asaxsnelad relfi haidegeris `yofiereba da droze~ miuTiTebs. araauten-turi cxovrebis modusi, es `sxvebis~ (das Mann) arsebobis mo-dusia, rac masis Rirebulebebis aRiarebas da maT Tanaxmad cxovrebas niSnavs. sakuTriv individualuri arsebobis modusi am dros dakargulia.664 industriul da masobriv sazogadoe-bebSi araautenturoba cxovrebis Cveulebriv moduss warmoad-

662 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 67.663 frangi anTropologis, mark oJes azriT, Tanamedrove samyaro,

romelsac igi `supermodernulobas~ uwodebs, àra-adgilebs~ (non-lieux) waroSobs. ara-adgilebi (romlebsac oJe `dausrulebel adgilebsac~ uwodebs da romlebSic gulisxmobs supermarketebs, aeroportebs, Cqarosnul gzatkecilebs, metropolitenis sad-gurebs da a. S.) maRali mobilobiT xasiaTdeba da isini, ZiriTadad, mogzaurebisTvisaa gankuTvnili. ara-adgilebs oJe upirispirebs ànTropologiur adgilebs~, romlebic organul socialurobas warmoqmnian. anTropologiuri adgili yalibdeba individual-uri identobebis, enis Taviseburebebis, lokaluri referenciebis sistemisa da cxovrebis dauwereli wesebis meSveobiT. amisgan gan-sxvavebiT, ara-adgilebi warmoSobs mgzavrebis, momxmareblebisa da mZRolebis koleqtiur identobas, romlebic ara-adgilebTan kontraqtualur mimarTebaSi imyofebian (mgzavrma unda SeiZinos bileTi, momxmarebelma supermarketis rigSi unda daicados, mZ-Rolma parkirebis wesebi unda daicvas). amrigad, ara-adgilebi erTgvarovnebas warmoqmnis, sadac awmyo dominirebs. adgilebi-sagan gansxvavebiT, sadac, SesaZloa, warsuli mZlavrad igrZno-bodes, ara-adgilebi awmyoTi cocxloben. Tumca, relfisagan gan-sxvavebiT, oJes damokidebuleba ara-adgilebis mimarT, mkveTrad negatiuri araa. oJe Tvlis, rom anTropologiam unda gaiazros da ukeT Seiswavlos ara-adgilebis fenomeni, radgan Tanamedrove sa-myaroSi adgilebi da ara-adgilebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia. ix. M. Augé, Non-Places. Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. Translated by J. Howe, London: Verso, 1995, gv. 77 da Smd.; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 45-46.


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gens, romlis gamoxatulebac masobrivi Rirebulebebi da anon-imuri dagegmvaa.665

relfi gamoyofs adgilisadmi araautenturi damokideb-ulebis or ZiriTad formas: 1. kitCi da 2. teqnologia (tech-nique) da dagegmva. kitCi adgilebisadmi aracnobieri damokide-bulebaa, romlis drosac xdeba masobrivi Rirebulebebis ukri-tiko miReba.666 rac Seexeba teqnologiasa da dagegmvas, isini cnobieri damokidebulebebia, romelTa upirveles mizans efeq-turobis gazrda warmoadgens. aseTi midgomis dros sivrce ga-nixileba, rogorc homogenuri, sadac, ubralod, ar arsebobs eqsistencialurad mniSvnelovani adgilebi.667

adgilebisadmi araautenturi grZnobis gaRvivebas, relfis Tanaxmad, yvelaze metad xels uwyobs masmedia da masobrivi ko-munikaciis saSualebebi, msxvili biznesi,668 Zlieri centrali-zebuli xelisufleba669 da ekonomikuri sistema, romelic am

665 iqve, gv. 81-82.

666 relfi aanalizebs kitCis zemoqmedebis qveS `saxlis~ eqsisten-cialuri mniSvnelobis Sesustebas. gansakuTrebiT mtruladaa igi ganwyobili turizmis mimarT, romelic, misi azriT, adgili-sadmi araautentur damokidebulebas yvelaze naTlad ganasax-ierebs. turistebi ufro metad eswrafian àdgilebis Segrovebas~ (fotoapartis meSveobiT), vidre adgilebis gancdas (ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 83-87). turizmis relfiseuli kritika sak-maod radikaluria. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom relfi arc ki cdilobs, gaaanalizos, Tu rogor SeiZleba Seuwyos xeli turizmma, magali-Tad, emfaTeturi CarTulobis gaRvivebas. turizmTan mimarTebaSi msgavsi damokidebuleba aqvs i-fu tuansac. ix. Y.-F. Tuan, Topophilia, gv. 95.

667 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 82; D. Seamon, A Geography of the Lifeworld, gv. 64.

668 mogvianebiT relfma calke ganixila korporatizaciis fenomeni, rogorc adgilebis identobis Semcvleli Zala. ix. E. Relph, Modernity and the Reclamation of Place, gv. 28-30.

669 relfi miuTiTebs a. de tokvilze (`nebismieri centraluri xe-lisufleba eTayvaneba erTgvarovnebas.~ ix. a. de tokvili, `de-mokratia amerikaSi~. frangulidan Targmna d. labuCiZem. Tbilisi: grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2011 w., gv. 523), romlis Tanaxmad, demokratia, saboloo jamSi, Zalau-flebis centralizacias gamoiwvevs. amis Sedegad relfi askvnis: àlbaT, erTgvarovneba da uadgiloba demokratiis amerikuli formis gardauval Sedegebs warmoadgens.~ ix. E. Relph, Place and

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yvelafers moicavs. yovelive amis Sedegia uadgilobis gamov-linebebi, romlebsac relfi Semdegnairad ajgufebs: 1. ̀ sxvebze~ mimarTuli adgilebi: a). turistebisaTvis Seqmnili landSafti; b). gasarTobi raionebi; g). komerciuli quCebi; d). disneifici-rebuli adgilebi (adgilebi uzarmazari gasarTobi centrebiT); e). muzeumificirebuli adgilebi (istoriis idealizacia da ro-mantizacia); v). futuristuli adgilebi; 2. standartizebuli adgilebi: a). axali qalaqebi da gareubnebi, romelTa warmoSoba myisierad xdeba; b). industriul-komerciuli proeqtebi; g). axa-li gzebi da aeroportebi; d). saerTaSoriso stili dizainsa da arqiteqturaSi; 3. uformoba: a). subtopia670; b). gigantizmi (caT-ambjenebi); g). individualuri Tvisebebi, romlebic kulturul garemos ar ukavSirdeba; 4. adgilebis ganadgureba: a). omi; b). ukve arsebuli adgilebis destruqcia axali mSeneblobisaTvis; g). destruqcia gare faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad (mag-aliTad, urbanuli eqspansia); 5. adgilebis arastabiluroba: a). mudmivad cvalebadi adgilebi (magaliTad, qalaqis centraluri biznes-ubnebi); b). mitovebuli adgilebi.671

meSvide TavSi relfi ganixilavs Tanamedrove landSaftebis aRqmis formebs. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs landSaftis erT tipze, romelsac refleqsur landSafts uwodebs.672 es aris landSaftis tipi, romelic racionalur-

Placelessness, gv. 115. 670 gareubani standartuli SenobebiT, romelic uSualod erwymis

sofels. es termini 1955 wels Semoitana britanelma arqiteqturis kritikosma ian neirnma.

671 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 118-119. relfis negatiuri damokidebuleba adgilebis mTeli am kompleqsis mimarT sakamaToa. magaliTad, disneilendi, miuxedavad misi `standartuli~ saxisa, SesaZloa, intensiuri socialuri interaqciis wyaro gaxdes (da aris kidec), rodesac iq ojaxebi TavianT bavSvebTan erTad midian. yvela adgili ver iqneba interaqciisa da identifikaciis TviTmizani par excellence. adgilebi, marTalia, yvela socialuri qmedebis safuZvels da fons qmnian (radgan yvela socialuri qmedeba sadme xdeba), magram, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, individebisaTvis sakmaod xSirad aranakleb mniSvnelovania interaqcia interaqciisaTvis anu, interaqcia, rogorc interaqcia.

672 garda refleqsuri landSaftisa, relfi, aseve, ganixilavs absurdul, yoveldRiur da martiv landSaftebs. absurduli landSafti aRmqmeli subieqtis gancdebisagan mowyvetili da izolirebulia, yoveldRiuri landSafti individTa yoveldRiuri

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mecnieruli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT iqmneba da ganicdeba racionalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli damokidebulebebis Sesa-bamisad. refleqsuri landSaftebis Semqmnelebs (damgegmavebi, biurokratebi) naklebad ainteresebT adgilis istoria da is garemoeba, rom landSaftma, SesaZloa, mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos adamianTa cxovrebaSi. isini dainteresebuli arian adgilis efeqturobis gazrdiT da kapitalis dagrovebiT. re-fleqsuri landSaftebi moxmarebis mizniT iqmneba. is niveli-rebuli landSaftia, radgan man yvela socialur-ekonomikuri klasis moTxovnilebebi unda daakmayofilos. is misaRebia da ar gvTavazobs arc amaRelvebels da arc Semawuxebels. is sa-siamovno da komfortulia. is adekvaturad funqcionirebs. es aris yovelgvar identobas moklebuli landSafti.673

landSaftis cnebasTan, relfis mixedviT, mWidro kavSir-Sia r. j. lifTonis mier Semotanili `protevsuli adamianis~ cneba. Zveli berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, protevsi zRvis erT-erTi RvTaebaa, romelsac SeuZlia, mravali saxe miiRos. protevsuli adamiani Tanamedrove adamiania, romelic Tavis identobas da cxovrebis wess ganuwyvetliv icvlis. prote-vsuli adamiani gansxvavdeba tradiciuli epoqis adamianisagan, rodesac adamianis identoba, arsebiTad, ucvleli rCeboda mTeli misi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi.674

proteanizmi da sazRvrebis waSla mkafiod aisaxeba Taname-drove landSaftebze. amis Sedegia arqiteqturuli stilis gamudmebuli cvla, maRaziebis mSenebloba qalaqis centrSi, sadac sacxovrebeli farTebi naklebadaa; axali saofise Seno-bebi, romlebic aSenebis Semdeg ramdenime weli carielia da a.S. relfis mixedviT, yovelive es adamianebs abnevs. land-Saftebis erTgvarovneba da proteanizmi sazogadoebaSi mimdi-nare axali procesebisa da axali Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis gamoxatulebaa.675 Tanamedrove landSaftebi xasiaTdeba ara

cxovrebiseuli rutinis fons qmnis, xolo martivi landSafti ar Seicavs Rrma simboloebs; is Ria, mowesrigebuli da unifunqciuria. ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 127-136.

673 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 125-127. 674 iqve, gv. 133. Tavis naSromSi `socialuri identoba~, sociologi r.

jenkinsi amtkicebs, rom ìndividualuri da koleqtiuri idento-bebi sistematurad iqmneba da reproducirdeba~. ix. R. Jenkins, Social Identity. London / New York: Routledge, 2008, gv. 45.


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Rrma simboluri mniSvnelobebiT, aramed racionalurobiTa da absurdulobiT da aRqmeli subieqtisagan gancalkevebiT. uadgiloba, amgvarad maT konteqsts ki ar qmnis, aramed maT arsebiT nawils da produqts warmoadgens. `racionalizmi da absurduloba Zirs uTxris adgilisadmi mijaWvulobas, yovel-dRiuroba da simartive erTferovnebas warmoqmnis, protean-izmi ki arsebul adgilebs anadgurebs.~676

miuxedavad amisa, relfis daskvnebi arc ise uaryofiTia, rogorc es SeiZleba zemoT ganxilulma msjelobebma gvafiqre-binos. Tanamedrove landSaftebis yvela aRqma usargeblo nam-dvilad araa. individebi yovelTvis cinikurad da absurdulad rodi aRiqvamen maT garSemo arsebul landSaftebs. sakmaod bevri Tanamedrove Senoba da landSafti sasiamovno an Zlieri emociebis aRmZvrelia. ùadgiloba adgilisagan Tavisufleba-sac niSnavs, xolo yoveldRiuroba _ rogorc komfortsa da usafrTxoebas, aseve, biurokratiul-momxmarebluri sazoga-doebis tyveobaSi yofnas.~677 siRrmiseuli mniSvnelobis mqone adgilebi, SesaZloa, Tanamedrove landSaftis pirobebSic Seiqmnas.678 axalma midgomam unda gaiTvaliswinos adgilis eq-

676 iqve, gv. 139-140.

677 iqve, gv. 140.

678 e. keisi miiCnevs, rom adgilebis Sesustebas maTi gaqroba rodi mohyveba. adgili ver Seerwymeba sivrces. aseTi midgoma, keisis mixedviT, erTmaneTSi urevs or gansxvavebul wesrigs. analogiu-rad, `me~, SesaZloa, Zalian zedapiruli da eqsistencialur siR-rmes moklebuli iyos, Tumca is arasodes dakargavs personaluri identobisaTvis aucilebel minimalur niSnebs. ufro metic, keisis azriT, adgilebis nivelirebas Tan axlavs adamianTa gaZlierebuli miswrafeba iseTi adgilebis mimarT, romlebic eqsistencialurad mniSvnelovani iqneba (ix. E. S. Casey, ‘Between Geography and Philosophy: What does it mean to Be in the Place-World?’ Annals of the Association of Ameri-can Geographers, 91 (2001), gv. 685 da 691; misive, ‘On Habitus and Place: Responding to My Critics’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91 (2001), gv. 720. adgilis grZnobis Sesustebis mizezad keisi mi-iCnevs adgilisa da me-s damakavSirebeli habitusis (habitudebis erTobliobis) sxva habitusiT Canacvlebas, rasac Sedegad mohyveba rogorc adgilis, aseve, me-s daknineba. es dakninebis procesi ze-moT aRwerili procesis (rac ufro metia adgilebis nivelireba, miT ufro metia adgilebisaken individebis swrafva) negatiuri in-versiaa (ix. E. S. Casey, Between Geography and Philosophy, gv. 686-687). habitusis cnebis Sesaxeb ix. qveTavi 4.6.

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sistencialuri mniSvneloba da adamianTa moTxovnileba ase-Ti adgilebis mimarT. aseTma midgomam unda Seqmnas garemo, romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneba rogorc yoveldRiuri, aseve, gansakuTrebuli gamocdilebebi. es midgoma sensitiuri unda iyos mniSvnelobisa da gamocdilebebis lokaluri struq-turebis, konkretuli situaciebis, adgilebis mniSvnelobebis gansxvavebuli Sreebis da, aseve, haidegeris mier Camoyalibebu-li cxovrebisa da dandobis ontologiuri principebis mimarT. aRniSnuli midgoma mza receptebs ver gamoZebnis, Tumca, is individebsa da jgufebs SesaZleblobas miscems, Seqmnan saku-Tari, autenturi da mniSvnelobiT aRsavse adgilebi, sadac isini icxovreben.679 magram Tu adamianebi ugulebelyofen Ta-vianT uSinaganes midrekilebas _ mniSvnelovan adgilebTan aso-ciacias _ da ar SeewinaaRmdegebian uadgilobis Zalebs, maSin momavalSi miviRebT iseT garemos, sadac adgilebs aranairi mniSvneloba ar eqnebaT. xolo Tu adamianebi Seecdebian uad-gilobis daZlevas, maSin arsebobs potenciali iseTi garemos Sesaqmnelad, sadac iarsebebs adgilebi, romlebic kidev ufro met datvirTvas mianiWeben adamianur eqsistencias. ̀ romelia am SesaZleblobebidan ufro savaraudo an arsebobs Tu ara sxva SesaZleblobebi, arc Tu ise naTelia. Tumca, erTi ram aSkaraa: rogori geografia aqvs im samyaros, sadac Cven vcxovrobT, _ mniSvnelovani adgilebis, Tu adgilebis armqone _ mxolod Cveni pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxia.~680

relfis mier ganviTarebuli konceptualuri aparati dRe-sac nayofier stimulebs sTavazobs adgilis fenomeniT dain-teresebul mkvlevarebs.681 eqsistencialuri CarTulobisa da

679 àdgilebi, umeteswilad, unda Seiqmnas im adamianebis CarTulobisa da Tavdadebis Sedegad, romlebic am adgilebze cxovroben da muSaoben. adgilebi Signidan unda Seiqmnas.~ ix. E. Relph, Modernity and the Reclamation of Place, gv. 34.

680 ix. E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 147. am mxriv relfi gamoyofs arqiteqtorebis, landSaftis dizainerebis, damgegmavebisa da so-cialuri mecnierebis rols. maTi amocanaa, ganiviTaron mgrZno-beloba adgilis garkveuli atributebis mimarT, xolo Semdeg Seecadon lokaluri iniciativebis warmarTvas. am procesis dros gansakuTrebiT saWiroa faqizi midgoma da moTminebis unari. ix. E. Relph, Modernity and the Reclamation of Place, gv. 38-39.

681 relfis aRniSnuli naSromis gavlena sagrZnobia d. simonze. ix. D. Seamon, A Geography of the Lifeworld. analogiurad, v. f. Cefini da l. milioni TavianT SromebSi relfis mier ganviTarebul

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garemyofobis, autenturobisa da araautenturobis, eqsis-tencialuri sivrcis, uadgilobis, topofobiis da sxva cne-bebi, romlebzec relfma gaamaxvila yuradReba, filosofiuri geografiis empiriul ganzomilebaSi maorientirebeli kon-ceptebis rols asruleben.682 zemoTqmuli, ra Tqma unda, ar niS-navs relfis ideebisa da Sexedulebebis upirobo da ukritiko miRebas. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, moxdes mTeli rigi cnebebisa da definiciebis rekonceptualizacia Tanamedrove realobis gaTvaliswinebiT. relfis umTavresi damsaxureba isaa, rom àdgilsa da uadgilobaSi~ ganviTarebuli sakiTxe-bi da problemebi dResac ar kargaven aqtualobas. piriqiT, naSromis gamoqveynebis Semdeg (1976 wlidan), globalizaciis tempebi kidev ufro aCqarda. lokalurisa da globaluris Tavbrudamxvev urTierTqmedebas, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, `glokalizaciisaken~ mivyavarT.683 aseT fonze, ra Tqma unda, uaRresad mniSvnelovania iseTi cnebebis analizi, rogorebicaa àdgili~, `regioni~ da `globaluri samyaro~. filosofiurma geografiam aRniSnuli sami cneba maT ganuyrel kavSirSi unda ganixilos. magram `regionisa~ da `globaluris~ cnebebs saTa-nadod ver gavigebT, Tu jerovnad ar gaviazrebT ̀ adgilis~ anu lokaluris cnebas. relfis naSromi swored amaSi gvexmareba. is erTgvari biZgis momcemi da amosavali wertilia Semdgomi kvlevebisaTvis.

relfis fenomenologiuri midgoma nayofierad ganaviTara geografma devid simonma, romelic, relfis msgavsad, fenom-enologiuri midgomis momxrea.

konceptualur aparats eyrdnobian. ix. D. Seamon, J. Sowers, Place and Placelessness (1976): Edward Relph, gv. 46-47.

682 ix. g. TavaZe, `Satili filosofiuri geografiis perspeqtividan~, gv. 58 da Smd.

683 ix. R. Robertson, ‘Glocalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity’. In: M. Featherstone, S. Lash, R. Robertson (eds.), Global Modernities. London: Sage, 1995, gv. 25-44.

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4.5. devid simoni droiT-sivrciTi rutinisa da sxeulisa da adgilis qoreografiebis Sesaxeb

devid simoni (daib. 1948 w.), romelic fenomenologi filo-sofosebidan merlo-pontis gavlenas ganicdis, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs sxeulis yoveldRiur moZraobebze. igi Tvlis, rom biheviorizmi sxeulis yoveldRiur moZrao-bebs `stimuli-pasuxi~ sqemis farglebSi ganixilavs. sabunebi-smetyvelo mecnierebebis gavleniT, bihevioristebi mxolod iseT moZraobebze amaxvileben yuradRebas, romelTa empiri-uli gazomvac SeiZleba, xolo mkacri bihevioristebi saerTod uaryofen mentaluri procesebis mniSvnelobas, radgan, maTi azriT, es fenomenebi mxolod ganmcdeli subieqtebisTvisaa cnobili.684

biheviorizmisagan gansxvavebiT, Teoriebi sivrcobrivi orientaciis Sesaxeb adamianis sivrcobriv qcevas iseT kog-nitur procesebze damokidebulad ganixilaven, rogorebi-caa azrovneba, gageba da gadawyvetilebis miReba. am Teoriis momxreebi Seiswavlian individis an jgufis sivrcis kognitur reprezentaciebs anu kognitur rukebs da miiCneven, rom kog-nituri rukebis analizis meSveobiT SeZleben sivrceSi indi-vidisa da jgufis qmedebebis gagebas.

fenomenologia uaryofs rogorc biheviorizms, aseve, kog-nitur midgomasac da fokusirdeba yoveldRiuri moZraobis fenomenze individis sasicocxlo samyaroSi. fenomenologi-uri midgoma, simonis mixedviT, frCxilebSi svams daSvebas imis Sesaxeb, rom 1. moZraoba stimuli-pasuxi sqemis mixedviT xor-cieldeba da 2. moZraoba damokidebulia kognitur rukebze.685

yoveldRiuri moZraobisadmi fenomenologiurma midgo-mam,686 simonis mixedviT, sami mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba ga-

684 ix. D. Seamon, ‘Body-Subject, Time-Space Routines, and Place-Ballets’. In: A. Buttimer, D. Seamon (eds.), The Human Experience of Space and Place. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980, gv. 150.

685 iqve, gv. 151. 686 simoni miuTiTebs, Tu ra meTodebi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli

yoveldRiuri moZraobis Sesaswavlad. esenia interviuebi, Tavi-sufali saubrebi, literaturis analizi. Tavisi kvlevaSi igi ey-rdnoboda im informacias, romelic sagangebod misi kvlevisaTvis Seqmnili jgufidan miiRo. amis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix. D.

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moavlina: 1. yoveldRiuri moZraobis CveviTi xasiaTi; 2. sxe-ulis mniSvneloba 3. sxeulisa da adgilis `qoreografiebi~.687

Cveva yoveldRiuri moZraobis ganuyofeli nawilia. xSir-ad Cveni sxeuli, CvenTvis ùkiTxavad~, garkveul moZraobas an moZraobebs asrulebs (magaliTad, Cven, SesaZloa, xeli wavi-RoT kalmisken, romelic mocemul momentSi ar devs magidaze, magram romelic, rogorc wesi, iq unda iyos. SesaZloa, ada-mianma misTvis nacnob quCebze ise iaros, rom sruliad sxva rameebze ifiqros). es faqtori, simonis azriT, miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom sakmaod bevri moZraobis regulireba xde-ba iseT doneze, romelSic cnobiereba aqtiurad CarTuli ar aris. wamyvan rols aseT dros sxeuli asrulebs.688

merlo-pontis msgavsad, simoni gansakuTrebul mniSvnelo-bas aniWebs sxeulis intencionalobas da mas sxeul-subieqts (body-subject) uwodebs. `sxeuli-subieqti _ es aris sxeulisT-vis Sinaganad damaxasiaTebeli unari, gonivrulad warmarTos sxeulebrivi qmedebebi da, amrigad, ganaxorcielos funqcioni-reba, rogorc Taviseburi saxis subieqtma, romelic sakuTar Tavs qvecnobierad gamoxatavs da romlis qmedebebic aRiwereba iseTi sityvebiT, rogorebicaa avtomaturi, CveviTi, uneblie da meqanikuri.~689 sxeuli-subieqtis meSveobiT individma icis, Tu sad imyofeba nacnob obieqtebTan, adgilebTan da garemo-sTan (romlebic erTianobaSi mis yoveldRiur geografiul sa-myaros qmnis) mimarTebaSi. sivrce, upirveles yovlisa, sxeuls efuZneba.690

sxeulisa da adgilis qoreografiebi gamoavlens adgilis dinamikur bunebas. ̀ sxeulis baletis~ (body-ballet) cneba, simonis mixedviT, gulisxmobs sxeulis mier dRis ganmavlobaSi ganxor-cielebul rutinul moZraobebs (siaruli, WurWlis garecxva, nadiroba da a.S.). erTobliobaSi `sxeulis baletebi~ warmo-qmnis `droiT-sivrciT rutinas~ _ CveviT sxeulebriv qcevebs, romlebic drois garkveul, SedarebiT xangrZliv monakveTSi meordeba. Tavis mxriv, droiT-sivrciTi rutinebisa da sxeu-lis baletebis Serwyma warmoqmnis sivrcobriv dinamikas, e. w.

Seamon, A Geography of the Lifeworld, gv. 24 da Smd.

687 ix. D. Seamon, Body-Subject, Time-Space Routines, and Place-Ballets, gv. 152. 688 iqve, gv. 152-154.

689 iqve, gv. 155.

690 iqve, gv. 161.

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àdgilis balets~ (place-ballet). adgilis baleti xels uwyobs ad-gilis Zlieri grZnobis Camoyalibebas, radgan is regularul adamianur aqtivobas efuZneba. individualuri rutinebi erT-maneTs kveTs mocemul adgilze. rodesac aseTi kveTebi re-gularul xasiaTs iRebs, individualuri rutinis monawileebs uCndebaT mijaWvulobis grZnoba erTmaneTisa da im adgilis mi-marT, sadac maTi yoveldRiuri rutinebis kveTa xdeba, radgan aRniSnuli kveTebi xels uwyobs individebs Soris interaqciebs da ganamtkicebs adgilis SegrZnebas. simonis azriT, aRniSnuli cnebebis (sxeulisa da adgilis baleti, droiT-sivrciTi ru-tina) misadageba SesaZlebelia nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis.691 saboloo jamSi, simonis mixedviT, droiT-sivrciTi rutinebis kveTa da adgilis baleti xels uwyobs eqsistencialuri Car-Tulobis Camoyalibebas, Tumca, relfis gavleniT, igi, aseve, miuTiTebs, rom adgilis baletebis mravalricxovnebam, SesaZ-loa, adgilebs safrTxe Seuqmnas. am fonze, miiCnevs simoni, adgilis baletis cnebas arsebiTi Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs.692 ìs adamianebs, drosa da adgils organul

691 magaliTad, menominis tomis indieli qalebis erTi Cveulebrivi dRe mraval rutinul moZraobas moicavs: diliT qalebi adre dgebian. maT moaqvT wyali da sauzmes amzadeben. sauzmis Semdeg mamakacebi sanadirod an saTevzaod midian, xolo qalebi agroveben mcenareebs, uvlian bavSvebs da qsoven. qalebis individualur rutinaSi Sedis diliT mdinaridan wylis motana. am dros mdinaris piras mravali individualuri qalis yoveldRiuri rutina ikveTeba. ra Tqma unda, Sexvedrisas isini erTmaneTTan interaqcias amyareben, ganixilaven soflis ambebs da a. S. aRniSnuli qmedebebi xels uwyobs maT Soris solidarobis grZnobis Camoyalibebas da adgilisadmi mikuTvnebulobis ganmtkicebas (ix. D. Seamon, Body-Subject, Time-Space Routines, and Place-Ballets, gv. 160-161). igive SeiZleba iTqvas Tanamedrove sazogadoebebzec: is adamianebi, romlebic qalaqis erT-erT kafeSi xSirad xvdebian erTmaneTs TavianTi individualuri rutinebis wyalobiT, garkveuli periodis Semdeg erTmaneTTan interaqciebs amyareben. aseTi saxis yoveldRiuri urTierTobebi SesaZlebelia mxolod imitom, rom maTi yoveldRiuri rutinebi konkretul adgilze kveTs erTmaneTs. amrigad, adgilis baleti xels uwyobs intersubieqturi urTierTobebisa da urTierTndobis ganmtkicebas. simoni iqve miuTiTebs, rom yoveldRiuri rutina ar niSnavs meqanikur ganmeorebadobas: rutinebis kveTisa da interaqciebis Sedegad, SesaZloa, mniSvnelovani siaxleebi da moulodnelobebi moxdes (iqve, gv. 162-163).

692 ix. D. Seamon, A Geography of the Lifeworld, gv. 54 da Smd.; misive, Body-

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mTlianobaSi moaqcevs da warmoaCens adgils, rogorc gansxva-vebulsa da autenturs. [...] adgili dinamikurad arsebuli erT-eulia, romelsac iseTive gamorCeuli identoba aqvs, rogorc calkeul individs.~693 Sesabamisad, aqtualobas iZens Semdegi SekiTxvebi: ra saxis adgilis baleti xdeba mocemul adgilze, rogor aris SesaZlebeli mocemul adgilze adgilis baletis dawyeba da a. S.

simonis mier Semotanili adgilis baletis cneba mniSvne-lovnad amdidrebs adgilis aRqmis perspeqtivebs. aRniSnuli cneba imiTacaa saintereso, rom SesaZlebelia misi, rogorc konceptualuri instrumentis, gamoyeneba empiriuli kvlevebis dros.694 garda amisa, fenomenologiuri perspeqtiva saSuale-bas gvaZlevs, yuradReba gavamaxviloT erTi SexedviT adgilis iseT umniSvnelo aspeqtebze, rogorc adamianTa yoveldRiuri moZraobebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli interaqciebia.

gviandel SromebSi simonma ufro ganavrco Tavisi midgoma adgilebis mimarT. ingliseli filosofosis jon beneTis (1897-1974 ww.) Sromebze dayrdnobiT man adamianebisa da adgilebis urTierTmimarTebaSi gamoyo sami aspeqti: geografiuli ansam-bli (geographic ensemble), adamianebi adgilebSi (people-in-place) da adgilis suli (genius loci). aseTi tipis mimarTebas simonma adamianebisa da adgilis triada (people-place triad) uwoda.695 geo-grafiul ansamblSi simoni moiazrebs adgilis materialur ma-xasiaTeblebs (topografia, geologia, amindi, flora da fauna,

Subject, Time-Space Routines, and Place-Ballets, gv. 157-163; T. Cresswell, Place. A Short Introduction, gv. 33-34.

693 ix. D. Seamon, Body-Subject, Time-Space Routines, and Place-Ballets, gv. 163. 694 ix. g. TavaZe, ̀ Satili filosofiuri geografiis perspeqtividan~, gv.

58 da Smd. Tumca, mimaCnia, rom ̀ adgilis pulsis~ cneba ufro ukeT gadmoscems adgilis dinamikur xasiaTs: adgilis pulsi, SesaZloa, aCqardes, Seneldes an sulac, Sewydes. ix. g. TavaZe, ̀ axali rusuli imperializmi da saqarTvelo: ruseTis Zaladobrivi sivrcobrivi politika~, // T. iremaZe (red.), àxali rusuli imperializmi da kavkasia~. Tbilisi: ̀ favoriti stili~, 2015 w., gv. 85. adgilis pulsi ìzomeba~ individTa urTierTqmedebis intensivobiT erTmaneTTan da mocemul adgilSi Semaval sxva adgilebTan.

695 ix. D. Seamon, ‘Place, Place Identity, and Phenomenology: A Triadic Interpretation Based on J.G. Bennett’s Systematics’. In: H. Casakin, F. Bernardo (eds.), The Role of Place Identity in the Perception, Understanding, and Design of Built Environments. London: Betham Science Publishers, 2012, gv. 10.

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adamianTa mier Seqmnili konstruqciebi).696 meore cneba (adami-anebi adgilebSi) moicavs im sasicocxlo samyaroebs, romlebic geografiuli ansamblis wiaRSi viTardebian (adamianTa moqme-debebi, yoveldRiuri rutinebi da damokidebulebebi, romle-bic ama Tu im adgils ukavSirdeba). dabolos, adgilis suli aRniSnavs mocemuli adgilisaTvis damaxasiaTebel unikalur auras (magaliTad, is, rac londons da parizs londonad da parizad xdis).697

aRniSnuli triadis pirveli aqtiuri komponenti adgileb-ze myofi adamianebia, radgan swored isini warmoadgenen moqmed subieqtebs, romlebic TavianT garemos cvlian. geografiuli ansambli triadis meore komponentia, romelic adamianTa zemo-qmedebis Sedegad, cvlilebas eqvemdebareba. miuxedavad Tavi-si pasiuri bunebisa, geografiuli ansambli adgilebis Seqmnis procesSi damoukidebel rols asrulebs. is, Tu ra xvdebaT adamianebs mocemul adgilze, sakmao zegavlenas axdens ima-ze, Tu ra gadawyvetilebebs miiReben individebi mocemul ad-gilTan dakavSirebiT. rac Seexeba mesame komponents (adgilis suli), simonis azriT, is triadis Sualedur, damabalansebel komponents warmoadgens.698

triadis komponentebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad war-moiqmneba Semdegi procesebi (eqvsi axali triada, sadac geo-grafiuli ansambli, adamianebi adgilebSi da adgilis suli erTmaneTs gansxvavebuli kombinaciebiT ukavSirdebian): adgi-lis interaqcia, adgilis identoba, adgilis ganmuxtva, adgi-lis realizacia, adgilis Seqmna da adgilis intensifikacia.

adgilis interaqcia gulisxmobs im procesebs, romlebic mocemul adgilze xorcieldeba (regularuli qmedebebi, qce-vebi, situaciebi da movlenebi). aq Sedis rogorc interaqciebi individTa Soris, aseve, individebis urTierTqmedeba adgileb-Tan. interaqcia adgilis mniSvnelovani komponentia, romlis

696 aRniSnuli cneba axlos dgas imasTan, rasac j. egniu `moqmedebis adgils~ (locale) uwodebs. ix. qveTavi 4.1.

697 ix. D. Seamon, Place, Place Identity, and Phenomenology: A Triadic Interpretation Based on J.G. Bennett’s Systematics, gv. 10-11. simoni uaryofs adgilis sulis mimarT socialuri konstruqcionizmis midgomas da miiCnevs, rom adgilis suli damoukidebel realobas flobs, romelsac mocemul adgilze myofi adamianebi awydebian da romlis interpretaciasac isini axdenen (iqve, gv. 11).

698 ix. D. Seamon, Place, Place Identity, and Phenomenology, gv. 12.

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meSveobiT individebi TavianT yoveldRiur cxovrebas axor-cieleben.699

adgilis identoba warmoadgens im procesebis erToblio-bas, romelTa meSveobiT mocemul adgilTan dakavSirebuli adamianebi am adgils sakuTari samyaros mniSvnelovan nawilad aRiqvamen. adgilis identoba da adgilis interaqcia ormxrivi procesebia, radgan interaqciis meSveobiT individebi aqtiur kavSirs amyareben adgilTan da sakuTar Tavs adgilis nawilad SeigrZnoben.700

adgilis ganmuxtva gulisxmobs moulodnel Sexvedrebsa da movlenebs, romlebic mocemul adgilze xorcieldeba (Sem-TxveviTi Sexvedra Zvel megobarTan, quCis musikosis impro-vizirebuli warmodgeniT tkboba da a.S.); adgilis realizacia gamoixateba adgilis SegrZnebaSi, romelsac safuZvlad udevs adgilis materialuri ganzomileba da iq ganxorcielebuli movlenebi, rac adgils unikalurobas da TavisTavadobas ani-Webs.701

adgilis Seqmna moicavs im saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiT adgilis interaqcia, identoba, ganmuxtva da realizacia pozi-tiur elfers iZens. aq igulisxmeba is cvlilebebi, romlebic dagegmvisa da dizainis sferoSi xorcieldeba. dabolos, adgi-lis intensifikacia aRniSnavs materialuri da sivrcobrivi garemos damoukidebel Zalas (dizaini da konstruqcia), rome-lic ayalibebs da ganamtkicebs mocemul adgils. intensifika-cia adgilebs gamZleobas aniWebs.702

adgilis sami triada (interaqcia, identoba, realizacia), simonis mixedviT, ukavSirdeba adgilis `yofnas~ (being of place) anu adgilis mocemulobas, romelic gavlenas axdens indivi-debsa da jgufebze, xolo Semdegi sami triada (Seqmna, intensi-fikacia, ganmuxtva) miemarTeba àdgilis adgilad qcevas~ (beco-ming of place) anu im saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiT adamianTa CarTuloba adgilebs aumjobesebs an auaresebs.703 Tuki Cven realuri adgilebis ganaxleba da adgilis identobis ganmtki-

699 ix. D. Seamon, ‘Understanding Place Holistically: Cities, Synergistic Relationality, and Space Syntax’. Journal of Space Syntax, 6 (2015), gv. 25.

700 iqve.

701 iqve, gv. 26.

702 iqve, gv. 26-27.

703 ix. D. Seamon, Place, Place Identity, and Phenomenology, gv. 15-16.

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ceba gvsurs, maSin eqvsive triada unda moqmedebdes.704 aRniS-nuli eqvsi triada urTierTdamokidebulia: isini erTmaneTs ganamtkiceben (an asusteben) da amiT pozitiur an negatiur gavlenas axdenen adgilebze.705

amrigad, simoni adgils holisturad ganixilavs: adgili integralur mTlianobas warmoadgens, romlis dinamika moi-cavs interaqcias, identobas, ganmuxtvas, realizacias, Seqm-nas da intensifikacias. aRniSnuli procesebi, konkretuli adgilis specifikuri bunebidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebuli intensivobiTa da regularobiT ikveTebian; SeuZlebelia maTi erTmaneTisagan izolireba an maTi dayvana damoukidebeli Tu damokidebuli cvladebis ama Tu im erTobliobaze.706

Tavis SromebSi simoni adgilis Sesaxeb erTiani da momcve-li fenomenologiuri midgomis SemuSavebas cdilobs. am mi-marTulebiT sagulisxmoa filosofos eduard keisis Sromebi, romelmac adgilis fenomenologiuri kvleva Tvisebrivad axal safexurze aiyvana.

704 iqve, gv. 18.

705 ix. D. Seamon, Understanding Place Holistically: Cities, Synergistic Relational-ity, and Space Syntax, gv. 27.

706 iqve, gv. 31. am midgomas simoni `sinergiul relaciurobas~ uwo-debs da ganasxvavebs mas ànalitikuri relaciurobisagan~, rom-lis Tanaxmad, adgili gaigeba rogorc nawilebis erToblioba, romlebic erTmaneTTan gazomvadi (ufro Zlieri an ufro susti) mimarTebebiT arian dakavSirebuli (iqve, gv. 19 da Smd.).

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4.6. eduard keisi: ukan, adgilisaken!

eduard keisi (daib. 1939 w.) Tanamedrove fenomenologiis erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia. igi gamokveTiladaa dainteresebuli adgilis fenomeniT, romelsac araerTi mono-grafia da statia miuZRvna. maTgan aRsaniSnavia ùkan, adgili-saken! adgilis samyaros axali gagebis Sesaxeb~ (1993 w.),707 `ro-gor mivideT sivrcidan adgilamde drois mokle monakveTSi. fenomenologiuri prolegomena~ (1997 w.),708 àdgilis xvedri. filosofiuri istoria~ (1997 w.),709 àdgilis reprezentacia. peizaJuri ferwera da rukebi~ (2002 w.).710 keisis poziciis ana-lizisas, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas gavamaxvileb mis stati-aze `rogor mivideT sivrcidan adgilamde drois mcire mon-akveTSi~. Cemi azriT, aRniSnuli naSromi TvalsaCinod da, amave dros, SekumSulad gadmoscems keisis Sexedulebebs mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.711

keisi ewinaaRmdegeba debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad sivrce absoluturi, usasrulo, carieli da aprioruli statusis mqonea. aseT SemTxvevaSi adgili ganixileba, rogorc sivrcis ubralo nawili, romelsac araviTari gansakuTrebuli mniS-vneloba ar eniWeba. keisi miiCnevs, rom adgili win uswrebs sivrces.712 am debulebis marTebulobis dasamtkiceblad mas

707 ix. E. S. Casey, Getting Back into Place: Toward a renewed Understanding of the Place-World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993; new and expanded edition: 2009.

708 ix. E. S. Casey, ‘How to get from Space to Place in a fairly short stretch of Time: Phenomenological Prolegomena’. In: S. Feld, K. H. Basso, Senses of Place. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1997, gv. 13-52.

709 ix. E. S. Casey, The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History. Berkeley: University of Califronia Press, 1997.

710 ix. E. S. Casey, Representing Place: Landscape Paintings and Maps. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.

711 aRniSnuli naSromi imiTacaa saintereso, rom aq keisi adgilis fenomens anTropologiasTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavs. Sesabamisad, keisis filosofiur analizs interdisciplinuli midgoma udevs safuZvlad.

712 Tavis naSromSi ùkan, adgilisaken!~ keisi wers: `cxovelebs Soris adamianebs yvelaze didi mobiloba axasiaTebT. [...] Cven yovelTvis adgilebs Soris vmoZraobT. rodesac erT adgils dacarielebis

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yvelaze mizanSewonilad fenomenologiuri meTodis gamoyeneba miaCnia.713

adgilis fenomenologiur analizSi gansakuTrebuli mniS-vneloba eniWeba percefciis, SegrZnebis rols. huserlisa da merlo-pontis Tanaxmad, percefcia pirveladia. amave dros, adamianebi yovelTvis konkretul adgilze arian da am adg-ils SegrZnebebis meSveobiT aRiqvamen.714 Tu SegrZneba marTlac pirveladia, rogorc es moazrovneebi amtkiceben, maSin man

safrTxe emqureba, Cven myisve meore adgilisaken miviswrafviT. [...] ramdenadac ar unda vamjobinebdeT, vifiqroT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba adgilze, vidre vifiqroT Tavad adgilis Sesaxeb, Cven ganuyrelad da yovelwamierad adgilze varT mijaWvulni~ (ix. E. S. Casey, Getting Back into Place: Toward a renewed Understanding of the Place-World, 1993, gv. xii-xiii). ukanaskneli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi dasavlur azrovnebaSi adgilis cneba ignorirebuli iyo droisa da sivrcis cnebebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis xarjze. modernis epoqa, didwilad, uadgilobis epoqaa (iqve, gv. xiv).

713 ix. E. S. Casey, How to get from Space to Place in a fairly short stretch of Time: Phenomenological Prolegomena, gv. 16. ufro konkretulad keisi Tavis meTods, g. baSliaris gavleniT, `fenomenologiur topoanalizs~ uwodebs (ix. E. S. Casey, Getting Back into Place, 1993, gv. xv; misive, How to get from Space to Place in a fairly short stretch of Time, gv. 24). adgilis fenomenologiuri analizi aCvenebs, rom samyaroSi yofna da adgilze yofna erTi da igivea. àdgili ‘samyaroSi yofnis’ fenomenalur partikularizacias warmoadgens~ (ix. E. S. Casey, Getting Back into Place, 1993, gv. xv).

714 rogorc keisi aRniSnavs, Semmecnebeli subieqtis aseTi gageba ewinaaRmdegeba tradiciul gagebas, romlis paradigmatul nimuSad keisis miaCnia j. lokis moZRvreba. lokis Tanaxmad, me-s identoba, arsebiTad, cnobierebas emyareba, romelic me-s awmyo mdgomareobebs me-s warsulis mdgomareobebs ukavSirebs. Tavis, mxriv, lokis Sexeduleba, zogadad modernis epoqis Sexedulebaa adgilisa da subieqtis Sesaxeb, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adgilsa da subieqts Soris kavSiri, ubralod, ar arsebobs. Tanamedrove filosofia, kerZod, fenomenologia, keisis mixedviT, upirispirdeba aseT midgomas: dekartis sapirispirod, sxeuli TviTobis ganuyofel nawilad miiCneva. am daSvebis Sedegia is garemoeba, rom ukve SeuZlebeli xdeba mkveTri zRvaris gavleba fizikur da personalur identobas Soris. `lokis sapirispirod miiCneva, rom adgili adamianis TviTobis makonstruirebelia.~ ix. E. S. Casey, ‘Between Geography and Philosophy: What does it mean to Be in the Place-World?’ Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91 (2001), gv. 683-684.

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ufro meti informacia unda mogvawodos, vidre ubralod in-formacia garesamyaroSi arsebuli sagnebis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. is garemoeba, rom konkretul adgilze myofi adamianebi Seg-rZnebaTa qaotur, kaleidoskopur suraTs ki ar iReben, aramed maT mocemuli adgili SegrZnebaTa erTian suraTSi moecemaT, ganpirobebulia mocemuli adgilis siRrmiTa da horizonte-biT (rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs, `siRrmis~ cnebas keisi merlo-pontisgan iRebs, xolo `horizontis~ _ huserlisagan).715 amiT keisis imis Tqma surs, rom adgilis codna adgilidan miRebuli SegrZnebebis Semdeg ki ar miiReba, aramed is am SegrZnebebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. aseT codnas keisi `lokalur codnas~ uwodebs. is Tavisi arsebiT empiriulia da ufro hgavs im mdgomareobas, rac aRiwereba germanuli sityviT Erlebnis (gancda). is unda ganvasxvaoT gamocdilebisagan (Erfahrung), ro-melic analizuri anu abstraqtuli codnis obieqts warmoad-gens.716

`pirvelad safexurze percefcia sinesTetikuria~,717 rac imas niSnavs, rom am procesSi mTeli sxeulia CarTuli. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom aRmqmeli subieqti pasiuri ki ar aris, aramed aqtiurad pasiuria anu igi erTsa da imave dros gvev-lineba rogorc mimRebad, aseve makonstituireblad. garda amisa, percefcia, Tavis mxriv, `konstituirebulia kulturu-li da socialuri struqturebiT, romlebic percefciis uR-rmes SreebSia daleqili. percefciis pirveladoba ar niSnavs, rom adamianuri mgrZnobeloba da moZraoba winakulturuli da presocialuria~.718 kulturuli praqtikebi da socialuri institutebi percefciis yovel safexurs ganmsWvalavs, TviT winakonceptualur safexurzec ki. sociokulturuli mocemu-lobebi percefciis struqturis ganuyofeli nawilebia. sab-oloo jamSi, percefciis pirveladoba sxeulis pirveladobas niSnavs. sxeuli inertuli da araTviTmoZravi rodia, romelic mxolod gravitaciisa da moZraobis kanonebs emorCileba: sxe-ulebrivi intencionalobis (merlo-pontis termini) meSveobiT sxeuli integrirdeba Tavis garemosTan anu konkretul adg-

715 ix. E. S. Casey, How to get from Space to Place in a fairly short stretch of Time, gv. 17-18.

716 iqve, gv. 18.

717 iqve.

718 iqve.

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ilTan. adgils, Tavis mxriv, aqvs ̀ operatiuli intencionaloba~, romliTac is aRmqmeli subieqtis sxeulebriv intencionalobas pasuxobs. àmrigad, adgili integrirdeba sxeulTan iseve, ro-gorc sxeuli _ adgilTan.~719 adgilisa da sxeulis interaqciis procesSi keisi xuT aspeqts gamoyofs: 1. sxvadasxva saxis kin-esTezia da sinesTezia, romlebic sxeulis TviTmoZraobas em-saxureba; 2. sxeulisaTvis imanenturi ganzomilebebi (zemoT _ qvemoT, win _ ukan, marjvniv _ marcxniv) sxeuls adgilTan aka-vSirebs; 3. sxeulis konkretuloba (magaliTad, sxeulis masa) mocemuli adgilis konkretulobas (fizikur garemos) Seesab-ameba; 4. mocemuli sxeuli da mis mier aRqmuli adgili gvev-lineba rogorc Taviseburad unikaluri (es sxeuli am adgilze) 5. sxeulis zedapiris forovani, Ria struqtura Seesatyvise-ba adgilis sazRvrebis Riaobas. dabolos, am xuTi faqtoris garda, keisi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs sxeuls, adgilsa da moZraobas Soris arsebul interaqciaze, romelsac gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs.720 adgilTan mimarTebaSi igi gamoyofs sxeulis moZraobis sam tips; 1. adgilze gaCereba; 2. moZraoba mocemuli adgilis SigniT; 3. moZraoba erTi adgili-dan meore adgilisaken. pirvels Seesatyviseba pozicia, meores _ sakuTriv adgili, xolo mesames _ regioni.721

zemoTqmulidan keisisTvis gamomdinareobs, rom sxeule-bi ekuTvnis adgilebs da, amave dros, adgilebi ekuTvnis sx-eulebs da damokidebulia maTze. `sxeuli adgilis samyaros (place-world) aRqmis specifikuri mediumia~722 da mis materialur winapirobas warmoadgens.723

sxeulis rolis garda fenomenologiuri topoanalizi ga-moaaSkaravebs, aseve, adgilis meore arsebiT Tvisebas: mis Se-

719 iqve, gv. 22; misive, Between Geography and Philosophy, gv. 687-688. m. haidegers da g. baSliars keisi swored am kuTxiT akritikebs: ̀ verc erTma maTganma ver SeZlo, adekvaturad Seefasebina sxeulis roli adgilebis aRqmis procesSi.~ ix. E. S. Casey, Getting Back into Place, 1993, gv. xv.


721 iqve, gv. 23-24.

722 iqve, gv. 24.

723 Sdr. E. S. Casey, Between Geography and Philosophy, gv. 689. sxeulTan dakavSirebiT ufro dawvrilebiT ix. E. S. Casey, Getting Back into Place, 1993, gv. 47 da Smd.

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momkreb unars. haidegerze dayrdnobiT keisi miiCnevs, rom ad-gili Semoikrebs Tavis TavSi nivTebs, sadac `nivTi~ sulier da usulo mocemulobebs aRniSnavs. àdgilebi, aseve, Semoikreben gamocdilebebsa da istoriebs, TviT enebsa da azrebsac ki.~724 amis naTelsayofad keisis mohyavs nacnob adgilze dabrunebu-li adamianis magaliTi, romlisTvisac es adgili savsea mogo-nebebiT, nacnobi Tu ucnobi sagnebiT.

adgilis mier Semokreba ubralo Segrovebas rodi niSnavs. adgili erTgvarad amagrebs sagnebs garkveuli konfiguraciis Sesabamisad ise, rom aRqmisas adgilSi sagnebi aRiqmeba, ro-gorc erTmaneTTan garkveuli wesiT dakavSirebuli. `damagre-bis~ meSveobiT adgili sagnebs Tavis sazRvrebSi miuCens ad-gils. Semokrebis Tviseba adgils gansakuTrebul mdgradobas aniWebs, rac, adgilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dinamikis miuxeda-vad, adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, garkveuli drois Semdeg, imave adgilebs daubrundnen, romlebic adre datoves, raTa Zalebi aRidginon (miTiuri anteosis msgavsad, romelic deda-miwas exeboda da ise ibrunebda Zalas).725

adgili, Tavisi arsebiT, wminda fizikuri mocemuloba ro-dia, miiCnevs keisi. is ufro xdomilebaa.726 mocemuli adgili iZens misi macxovreblebis Tvisebebs da maT movlenis saxiT gamoxatavs (magaliTad, agora xasiaTdeba im adamianebiT, rom-lebic iq Tavs iyrian). amave dros, adgili, keisis azriT, meta-fizikurad neitraluria, rac imas niSnavs, rom mas ar gaaCnia garkveuli substrati, romelic mis arsebas gansazRvravda.727 adgilis primatis saCveneblad keisi aanalizebs substanci-uri da formaluri universaliebis cnebebs. pirveli maTgani

724 ix. E. S. Casey, How to get from Space to Place in a fairly short stretch of Time, gv. 24.

725 iqve, gv. 25-26.

726 àdgili aris is, rac xdeba sxeulsa da landSafts Soris~ (ix. E. S. Casey, Getting Back into Place, 1993, gv. 29; gamoyofa Cemia _ g. T.). sxeuli da landSafti adgilTan mimarTebaSi ormag horizonts warmoqmnis, romelic Tavisi arsebiT Riaa da ara daxuruli.

727 ix. E. S. Casey, How to get from Space to Place in a fairly short stretch of Time, gv. 27. keisis mixedviT, adgili ufro àrasrulyofili mudmivo-biT~ xasiaTdeba, vidre metafizikuri ucvlelobiT. adgilis aras-rulyofili mudmivoba, Tavis mxriv, sxeulis cvalebad bunebas-Tanaa gadawnuli. ix. E. S. Casey, ‘On Habitus and Place: Responding to My Critics’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91 (2001), gv. 721.

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Sinaarsis, xolo meore _ formis igiveobaze daiyvaneba. verc erTi maTgani ver axasiaTebs zustad adgilis arsebas, romlis universalurobac, keisis mixedviT, amave dros, konkretuli, relaciuri da regionaluria. amasTan, keisi upiratesobas ani-Webs regionis cnebas, romelic, misi azriT, kargad afiqsirebs adgilebis universalurobas: adgilSi, rogorc zogad regionSi (Place as a generic region), mravali konkretuli adgili arsebobs. meore mxriv, mocemuli adgili ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli im konkretul regionTan, sadac is mdebareobs da masSi gvxvdeba is Tvisebebi, rac regionisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, didi kanioni xasiaTdeba TvisebebiT, romlebic geologiuri TvalsazrisiT regionaluria.728 amave dros, SeniSnavs keisi, did kanions, SesaZloa, mocemuli adamianis mexsierebaSi gark-veuli adgili (regioni) eWiros. amrigad, askvnis keisi, adgili ara mxolod fizikuri, aramed fsiqikuricaa. magram is, aseve, istoriul, socialur da kulturul fenomens warmoadgens.729 kultura ufro metad arsebobs adgilebSi, vidre gonebasa da simboloebSi. ̀ kulturis qona niSnavs adgilze im intensivobiT cxovrebas, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi damuSaveba, pasuxismge-blobis qona mis mimarT da masze zrunva.~730

kultura, aseve, gulisxmobs sxeulis qonasac. sxeuli Ta-vis ZiriTad qmedebebSi kulturul Sablonebs aerTianebs. es qmedebebi damokidebulia `habitusze~ (p. burdies termini).731

728 adgilebi aucilebel winapirobas warmoadgens regionaluri specifikaciisaTvis. adgilebis gareSe regioni carieli iqnebo-da da is abstraqtul sivrces Seerwymeboda. iseve, rogorc ad-gili aucileblobiTaa regionaluri, aseve, regioni, Tavis mxriv, aucileblad efuZneba konkretul adgilebs (ix. E. S. Casey, How to get from Space to Place in a fairly short stretch of Time, gv. 32). regionaluri zogadobis momenti uaRresad mniSvnelovania anTropologiisaT-vis. mocemul adgilze yofniT da misi gagebiT anu `lokaluri codnis~ mopovebiT, anTropologs saSualeba eZleva, gaigos imave regionSi mdebare sxva adgilebi, radgan is struqturebi, romle-bic moqmedebs mocemul adgilze, imoqmedebs imave regionis sxva adgilebSic (iqve, gv. 45).


730 iqve, gv. 34.

731 `mocemuli habitusi rogorc myari midrekileba anu ‘habitudi’, nebismier sferoSi da nebismier adgilSi moqmedebis safuZvels warmoadgens~ (ix. E. S. Casey, Between Geography and Philosophy, gv. 686).

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magram sxeuli kulturuli Sablonebis pasiuri mimRebi rodia. is Tavad axdens kulturuli praqtikebis realizebas inkor-

habitusi _ es aris socializaciis procesi, romlis meSveobiT az-rovnebisa da aRqmis dominanturi formebi, romlebic mocemuli socialur-fizikuri samyarosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, socialuri agentebis mier internalizdeba. habitusis cneba zogjer gansaz-Rvraven rogorc `TamaSisaken midrekilebas~, `praqtikul grZno-bas~, romelic moqmed agentebs mocemul situaciaSi iseTi qmede-bebisaken ganawyobs, romlebic ar aris yovelTvis kalkulirebuli da arsebuli wesebisadmi cnobier morCilebaze gaTvlili. habi-tusi ufro midrekilebebis erTobliobaa, romelic Sesabamis praq-tikebsa da percefciebs warmoSobs. habitusi Sexedulebebisa da ideebis Camoyalibebis xangrZlivi procesis produqtia, romelic bavSvobidan iwyeba. burdies Tanaxmad, is midrekilebebi, romleb-sac habitusi ganasaxierebs, mdgradia, radgan isini individis mTe-li sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi moqmedeben. aRniSnuli midrekilebebi, aseve, `struqturirebuli struqturebia~, radgan isini Tavis Tav-Si moicavs maTi danergvis obieqtur socialur winapirobebs. amis safuZvelze burdie saubrobs im agentebis habitusebis msgavse-baze, romlebic erTsa da imave socialur klass ganekuTvnebian. dabolos, es midrekilebebi `mastruqturirebeli struqturebia~, radgan maT ZaluZT mocemuli situaciis Sesabamisi praqtikebis generireba (ix. R. Johnson, ‘Editor’s Introduction: Pierre Bourdieu on Art, Literature and Culture’. In: P. Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural Production. Es-says on Art and Literature. Edited and introduced by R. Johnson. New York: Co-lumbia University Press, 1993, gv. 5; R. Peet, Modern Geographical Thought, gv. 154). Tavis fenomenologiur analizSi burdieseuli habitusis cnebis integrirebisaTvis keisi geografebma gaakritikes. amas-Tan dakavSirebiT ix. E. S. Casey, On Habitus and Place: Responding to My Critics; J. N. Entrikin, ‘Hiding Places’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91 (2001), gv. 694-697; T. R. Schatzki, ‘Subject, Body, Place’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 91 (2001), gv. 698-702. Tumca, Cemi azriT, habitusis cnebis SemotaniT keisis surs, ufro metad gausvas xazi adgilisa da kulturis urTierTzemoq-medebasa da urTierTdamokidebulebas. habitusisa da habitaciis (es ukanaskneli koordinirebuli qmedebebis mqone intencionalur subieqts gulisxmobs) cnebebis garda, keisis, aseve, Semoaqvs id-iolokalurobis cneba. idiolokaluroba gulisxmobs subieqts, romelic gamoxatavs da Tavis TavSi moicavs konkretul adgils. idiolokalurobis matarebeli aris sxeuli. ix. E. S. Casey, Between Geography and Philosophy, gv. 688-689; misive, ‘Body, Self, and Landscape: A Geophilosophical Inquiry into the Place-World’. In: P. C. Adams, S. Hoelscher, K. E. Till (eds.), Textures of Place. Exploring Humanist Geographies. Minneapolis / London: University of Minnesota Press, 2001, gv. 415 da Smd.

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poraciis, habituaciis da gamoxatvis meSveobiT. keisi uTiTebs merlo-pontize, romlis Tanaxmad, CvenSi yvelaferi kulturu-lia (Cveni percefcia kulturul-istoriulia) da, amave dros, bunebrivia. adgilSi bunebrivisa da kulturulis gaerTianeba mudmivad xdeba.732

Tumca, adgili ara mxolod Semomkrebi da gamaerTianebe-lia, rogorc es zemoT iyo daxasiaTebuli. is, aseve, dekon-struqcias ukeTebs im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebsac Tavis ga-remoSi Semoikrebs da amagrebs. keisis mxedvelobaSi aqvs is binaruli koceptebi, romlebic dasavlur azrovnebaSi gadam-wyvet rols asruleben (subieqti _ obieqti, me _ sxva, for-maluri _ substanciuri, suli _ sxeuli, Sinagani _ garegani, percefcia _ warmosaxva, buneba _ kultura). adgilis perspe-qtividan es binaruli opoziciebi kargaven dapirispirebul xa-siaTs da erTmaneTs erwymian. aRniSnuli garemoeba ganapiro-bebs imas, rac keisis adgilis erT-erT umTavres maxasiaTeblad miaCnia (rac ganapirobebs mis ontologiur primats), kerZod, is, rom sivrce da dro adgilSi erTiandeba. adgilze yofniT Cven sivrcesa da dros erTdroulad aRviqvamT droiT-sivr-ciTi kontinuumis lokusSi. dro da sivrce avtonomiuri da absoluturi ganzomilebebi ki araa, aramed isini yovelTvis adgilebSia Cafesvili.733 amrigad, adamianebi imTaviTve adgi-lebSi myofoben da adgilebis samyaroTi arian garSemortymu-lebi. Tumca sivrcis an drois upirobo primatis aRiarebas ar unda Caenacvlos iseTi pozicia, romelic upirobod aRiarebs adgilis upiratesobas. am poziciis Tavidan arideba SesaZle-belia imis aRiarebiT, rom adgilebi da kulturebi erTmaneTs ganmsWvalavs.734

aRniSnul daskvnebamde mivyavarT adgilis mimarT fenome-nologiur midgomas. es midgoma, erTi mxriv, naTels xdis ad-gilisaTvis damaxasiaTebel im niuansebs, romlebic TavisTavad cxadad miiCneva, magram, romlebze refleqsiac naklebad xdeba; meore mxriv, fenomenologiuri midgoma saSualebas gvaZlevs, davupirispirdeT debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad adgili mxolod erTi wertilia homogenur sivrceSi. keisis analizi aCvenebs,

732 ix. E. S. Casey, How to get from Space to Place in a fairly short stretch of Time, gv. 34-36; misive, Getting Back into Place, 1993, gv. 29-31.


734 iqve, gv. 46.

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rom, piriqiT, swored adgilia sivrcis safuZveli. dabolos, fenomenologiuri midgoma adgilisa da adgilebisadmi aRwers im mimarTebebs, romlebic arsebobs adgilsa da aRmqmeli su-bieqtis sxeuls, adgilsa da kulturas, adgilsa da adgilis samyaros Soris. keisis analizi, aseve, cxadyofs, rom feno-menologiuri ganazrebebi adgilis Sesaxeb, SesaZloa, sasar-geblo aRmoCndes socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis, kerZod, an-TropologiisaTvis. aseTi analizis saWiroeba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino xdeba filosofiuri geografiis lokalur doneze, sadac adgilebis mniSvnelobebis (eqsistencialuri, socialuri da a. S.) dadgenis erT-erT mTavar saSualebas CarTuli dakvir-vebis meTodi warmoadgens.735

735 Sdr. g. TavaZe, ̀ Satili filosofiuri geografiis perspeqtividan~, gv. 23-24.

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4.7. jef malpasi: adgili, rogorc empiriuli gamocdilebis winapiroba

aRniSnuli Tavi jef malpasis naazrevis ganxilviT srul-deba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es logikuri dasasrulia. tasma-niis universitetis profesori malpasi (daib. 1958) Tavis naS-romebSi filosofiurad aanalizebs adgilis koncepts. igi Tv-lis, rom adgili yovelgvari filosofiisa da filosofosobis safuZvelmdebare cnebaa. qvemoT swored im naSroms ganvixilav, sadac malpasi Tavis am debulebas afuZnebs.

naSroms ewodeba àdgili da gamocdileba. filosofiuri topografia~ (1999 w.).736 is imiTaa sayuradRebo, rom aq ara mxolod Tematizebulia adgilis cneba, aramed, rogorc ze-moT aRvniSne, mas gadamwyveti da sakvanZo mniSvneloba eniWeba filosofiisaTvis. malpasi SesavalSive aRniSnavs, rom ìdeas, romlis Tanaxmad, adamianis identoba raRacnairad mijaWvulia adgilmdebareobaze [...] mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs da is gansxvavebul kulturebSi sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli.~737 Cems mier zemoT ganxiluli avtorebidan malpasi miuTiTebs gas-ton baSliarze da aRniSnavs, rom baSliaris ̀ sivrcis poetikis~ centralur ideas warmoadgens debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad TviTobis (self) aRmoCena SesaZlebelia im adgilebis gamokvle-viT, romlebSic es TviToba cxovrobs. Tavis fenomenologiur-fsiqoanalitikur gamokvlevaSi baSliari iyenebs iseT cnebebs, rogorebicaa `topofilia~ (adgilis siyvaruli) da `topoana-lizi~ (adgilebis gamokvleva). is adgilebi, sadac adamianebi cxovroben, maT mogonebebze, SegrZnebebsa da azrebze zemoq-medeben.738

adamianebisa da im adgilebis kavSiri, sadac es adamianebi

736 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience. A Philosophical Topography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

737 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience. A Philosophical Topography, gv. 2. am Teziss malpasi `prustis princips~ uwodebs (iqve, gv. 14). m. prustis nawarmoebebSi personaJebis identobis CamoyalibebaSi umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs is adgilebi, sadac isini cxovrobdnen (iqve, gv. 176). miuxedavad amisa, naSromis dasasruls malpasi aRniSnavs, rom subieqtis identobasa da adgilebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebi ar aris srulad gamokvleuli (iqve, gv. 175).

738 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 5.

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cxovroben, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Temaa martin haide-geris filosofiaSi, miiCnevs malpasi. adgilisa da lokalobis cneba centralur adgils ikavebs haidegeris gviandel azro-vnebaSi.739 m. merlo-ponti Tavis SromebSi lokalurobis cne-bas filosofiurad afuZnebs, xolo J. deliozi da f. gatari TavianT naSromSi àTasi plato~ adgilisa da sivrcis cnebas aanalizeben, rogorc strategiul konceptebs, romelTa miRma konkretuli politikuri mizani arsebobs.740 magram am ukana-sknel SemTxvevaSi adgilisa da sivrcis cnebebi gaanalizebu-lia ara damoukideblad, aramed politikur ganzomilebasTan mimarTebaSi. rac Seexeba malpass, mas aRniSnuli cnebebi maT TavisTavadobaSi ainteresebs, radgan `gonebis struqtura ar-sebiT kavSirSia lokalobasa da sivrcobriobasTan~.741 am kon-teqstSi malpasi uTiTebs eqsternalisturi Teoriis warmomad-genlebze, kerZod, d. devidsonze, romlis Tanaxmad, mentaluri samyaros wvdoma mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, Tu gaviTvalis-winebT mis damokidebulebas garesamyarosTan. gonebis konsti-tuireba xdeba im obieqtebsa da movlenebTan interaqciisa da CarTulobis Sedegad, romlebsac goneba garesamyaroSi aR-moaCens.742 Sesabamisad, malpasis azriT, adamianis mimarTeba ad-gilTan aris fundamenturi struqtura, romelic SesaZlebels xdis imas, rasac Cven adamianuri cxovrebis wess vuwodebT.743 es struqtura, aseve, gavlenas axdens adamianis identobaze. àdgili aris is, sadac da risi meSveobiTac samyaro sakuTar

739 Tavis naSromSi `haidegeris topologia: yofiereba, adgili, samyaro~ malpasi amtkicebs, rom adgilis cneba centralur rols TamaSobs haidegeris filosofiaSi. ix. J. Malpas, Heidegger’s Topology: Being, Place, World. Cambridge / London: the MIT Press, 2006, gv. 3 da Smd.; misive, ‘The place of Topology: Responding to Crowell, Beistegui, and Young’. International Journal of Philosophical Studies, vol. 19 (2011), gv. 295. aRniSnuli sakiTxi malpasma kidev ufro ganavrco Tavis momdevno naSromSi. ix. J. Malpas, Heidegger and the Thinking of Place. Explorations in the Topology of Being. Cambridge / London: the MIT Press, 2012.

740 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 7-10. 741 iqve, gv. 10.

742 iqve, gv. 11.

743 `me ubralod msurs, Camovayalibo adgilis iseTi gageba [...] rogorc iseTi ram, romelic safuZvels aniWebs yofierebis iseT wess, romelic specifikurad adamianuria.~ ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 33.

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Tavs warmoaCens.~744 zemoTqmulis safuZvelze, malpasi Tavis gamokvlevas axa-

siaTebs, rogorc òntologiurs~, romlis mizania, gamoikv-lios adgili, rogorc iseTi ram, sadac adamianis `samyaro-Si yofnaa~ Cafesvili. adamianis azrovnebisa da gamocdilebis gageba SeuZlebelia adgilisa da lokalobis gagebis gareSe.745 `gamocdilebaSi~ malpasi gulisxmobs adamianur arsebobas, ro-melic moicavs iseT unarebs, rogorebicaa azrovneba, grZnoba, moqmedeba da a. S., erTi sityviT, `gamocdileba~ malpasTan uf-arToesi azriT gamoiyeneba.746

vidre adgilis fundamenturi struqturis analizs Seud-gebodes, malpasi ganixilavs adgilis cnebis mniSvnelobas Tanamedrove moazrovneebTan (g. baSliari, m. fuko, e. keisi) da aRniSnavs, rom, miuxedavad am moazrovneebis mcdelobebisa, ver moxerxda adgilis cnebis saTanado eqsplikacia, kerZod, adgilis cneba ar aris gamijnuli adgilmdebareobis cnebisa-gan. malpasi Tvlis, rom adgilis struqturis Seswavla SeuZ-lebeli iqneba, Tu ar dadgindeba adgilis cneba, romelic mka-fiod ganasxvavebs am cnebas iseTi konceptebisagan, rogorebi-caa sivrce da adgilmdebareoba.747 aseve, unda moxdes distan-cireba adgilis iseTi gagebisagan, romelic adgils moiazrebs, rogorc subieqtur an fsiqologiur fenomens.748 adgili gaaz-

744 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 15. 745 `Cven mxolod imitom varT mocemuli tipis moazrovne, mexsierebis

mqone da ganmcdeli arsebebi, rom aqtiurad varT CarTulebi adgilTan. mentaluri cxovrebis SesaZlebloba aucileblobiTaa dakavSirebuli aseT aqtiur CarTulobasTan. [...] SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cveni identobebi aucileblad da CaxlarTulad adgilebTanaa dakavSirebuli.~ ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 177.

746 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 15-16. 747 iqve, gv. 19-20.

748 iqve, gv. 29. miuxedavad imisa, rom i-fu tuani cdilobs adgilis cnebis reabilitacias, masTan adgili gaigeba, rogorc adamianis pasuxi mis garemomcvel fizikur garemoze da amdenad, rogorc fsiqologiuri konstruqti, miiCnevs malpasi. aRniSnuli daSvebis gamo, tuanTan erTad, malpasi akritikebs zogadad humanistur geografiasac. aseTi subieqtivistur-fsiqologiuri midgomis dros, malpasis azriT, centraluri mniSvneloba eniWeba ara adgi-lis cnebas, aramed emociur mgrZnobelobas fizikur garemoze. es mgrZnobeloba ki, Tavis mxriv, ar emyareba adgilis an lokalobis cnebebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi konkretul sivrcesa da masTan dakav-

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rebuli unda iqnas, rogorc fenomeni, romelic specifikurad adamianur yofierebas aZlevs safuZvels. adamianuri gamocdi-lebis struqturisa da SesaZleblobis gageba ganuyrel kavSir-Sia adgilis cnebis gagebasTan.749

Tavad adgils malpasi gansazRvravs, rogorc `Ria, Tumca, amave dros, SemozRudul midamos, sadac movlenebi xdeba da sadac samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebi iCens Tavs.~750 qalaqSi arse-buli moedani amis TvalsaCino magaliTia: moedani Riaa, Tum-ca, amave dros, is SemozRudulia, mas Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs. moedanze xdeba mniSvnelovani movlenebi, romlebic qalaqis cxovrebas ukavSirdeba da am movlenebSi monawileobas iReben adamianebi, qalaqis macxovreblebi.751 adgili yovelTvis gark-veul mimarTebaSia sxva adgilebTan. SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom erTi adgili sxva adgils moicavdes da, amave dros, TviTon iyos sxva adgilis nawili (magaliTad, qalaqi moedans moicavs, magram qalaqi Tavadaa mocemuli regionis nawili).752 magram ad-

Sirebuli emociuri Tvisebebis kavSiri wmindad SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebs (ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 30; misive, ‘Finding Place: Spatiality, Locality, and Subjectivity’. In: A. Light and J. M. Smith, Philoso-phy and Geography III. Philosophies of Place. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998, gv. 32-33). adgilis àRmoCena~ gamocdilebaSi ki ar xdeba, aramed adgili warmoadgens gamocdilebis struqturis ganuyofel nawils (ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 32; misive, Finding Place: Spatiality, Locality, and Subjectivity, gv. 33). humanisturi geografiis warmomadgenlebisagan malpass isic ganasxvavebs, rom mas naklebad ainteresebs is, Tu rogor ganicdeba adgili. misT-vis ufro mniSvnelovania, ganixilos adgilis struqtura, rogorc iseTi ram, romlis farglebSic gamocdileba (da, aseve, moqmedeba, azrovneba da msjeloba) aris SesaZlebeli (ix. J. Malpas, Place and Ex-perience, gv. 71). es msjeloba malpasis pozicias kantianur elfers sZens. ix. E. S. Casey, ‘J. E. Malpas’s Place and Experience: A Philosophical Topography. Converging and Diverging in/on Place’. In: Philosophy & Geogra-phy, vol. 4, (2001), gv. 226.

749 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 33.750 iqve. 1998 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi malpasi adgils gansaz-

Rvravs, rogorc `Ria regions, sadac sagnebi arsebobs da sadac SesaZlebelia mimarTebebis damyareba am sagnebs Soris.~ ix. J. Mal-pas, Finding Place: Spatiality, Locality, and Subjectivity, gv. 36.

751 ix. J. Malpas, Finding Place: Spatiality, Locality, and Subjectivity, gv. 36-37.752 adgilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli am Tvisebis meSveobiT subieqts

SeuZlia, wvdes sxvadasxva adgilebis urTierTkavSirs Tavisi

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gilis cneba ar daiyvaneba obieqtur sivrceSi adgilmdebareo-bis cnebaze. amrigad, malpasi uaryofs, rogorc adgilis obie-qtivistur, aseve, subieqtivistur gagebas. misi azriT, adgili ki ar efuZneba subieqturobas, aramed Tavad subieqturoba emyareba adgils: subieqturobis struqtura adgilis struqtu-raSia mocemuli. adgilis struqtura Tavis TavSi aerTianebs rogorc subieqturs, aseve, obieqtursa da intersubieqturs. adgilis aseTi cneba moicavs, aseve, im socialur moqmedebebsa da institutebs, romlebic konkretuli adgilis struqturiT pouloben gamoxatulebas.753

rodesac malpasi wers rom adgilis struqtura moicavs intersubieqturs da, Sesabamisad, socialurs, es imas niSnavs, rom man unda gansazRvros, konkretulad ra mimarTeba arse-bobs adgilsa da socialurs Soris. èWvs gareSea, rom kon-kretuli adgilis mowesrigeba (iseve, rogorc is wesi, rom-lis saSualebiTac sazogadoeba sivrcesa da dros awesrigebs) damokidebulia socialur mowesrigebaze. imdenad, ramdenadac adgili moicavs socialurs, is nawilobriv ganisazRvreba so-cialuriT. [...] Tumca, es ar amarTlebs im debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad adgili, sivrce an dro, mxolod socialuri konstru-qciebia. marTlac, socialuri ar arsebobs adgilamde da is mxolod adgilis meSveobiT da adgilSi amJRavnebs Tavs. [...] socialurobis SesaZlebloba adgilis struqturis farglebSi warmoiSoba.~754 adgilis mTlianoba mJRavndeba am adgilze mc-

konkretuli adgilidan. àmrigad, erTi adgilis gacnobiT Sesa-Zlebeli xdeba adgilebis ufro farTo qselis gacnoba~ (ix. J. Mal-pas, Place and Experience, gv. 105). adgilebis aseTi CarTuloba sxva, ufro momcvel adgilebSi (nesting) specifikurad adgilebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa, rac ganasxvavebs kidec adgilis cnebas mdebareobis cnebisagan: mdebareoba sivrceSi SeiZleba ganvsazRv-roT universaluri sakoordinato sistemis meSveobiT, maSin roca adgilebi CarTuli arian sxva, ufro momcveli da farTo adgile-bis qselSi. ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 102.

753 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 34-35 da 105.

754 iqve, gv. 35-36. aq yuradReba unda mivaqcioT Semdeg garemoebas: ra Tqma unda, adgili, rogorc fizikuri garemo, win uswrebs yovel-gvar socialurobas, radgan socialurobis nebismieri saxis gamov-lineba ama Tu im adgilze unda moxdes (adamianTa qmedebebi yov-elTvis raRac adgilze xdeba). aRniSnuli debulebis postulire-biT malpasi adgilis ontologiur primats aRiarebs da es Sesabam-isobaSia mis ganzraxvasTan, _ daadginos adgili, rogorc yovlis-


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xovrebi adamianebis organizebuli aqtivobebis Sedegad. mi-uxedavad amisa, adgili rCeba iseT struqturad, romelic ver daemyareba mxolod individualuri subieqtis cnebas. malpasi xazgasmiT da araerTgzis aRniSnavs, rom adgilis struqtura urTierTdamokidebuli elementebisagan (subieqturoba, obie-qturoba, intersubieqturoba) Sedgeba.755

adgilis struqturis naTelsayofad, romelic ganuyrel kavSirSia gamocdilebis struqturasTan, malpass aucileblad miaCnia ara mxolod adgilis cnebis eqsplikacia, aramed im cne-bebis eqsplikaciac, romlebic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli ad-gilis cnebasTan. es cnebebia sivrcobrioba, subieqturoba da obieqturoba. am wamowyebas malpasi adarebs topografiuli agegmvis process: agegmvis Casatareblad topografma mTeli regioni unda moiaros da ise unda Seadginos regionis to-pografiuli ruka. aseve, zemoT dasaxelebuli gansxvavebuli elementebis sawvdomad saWiroa ara raRac safuZvelmdebare struqturis daSveba, aramed am elementebs Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSirebis dadgena. Sesabamisad, adgilis sakvanZo mniSvnelobis aRiareba ar niSnavs sivrcis mniSvnelobis da-kninebas: adgilis cnebas ver gavmijnavT sivrcis cnebisagan, iseve, rogorc sivrcis cnebas ver gavmijnavT drois cnebis-gan. Tavis mxriv, sivrcis cneba moicavs rogorc subieqtur, aseve, obieqtur aspeqtebs. saboloo jamSi, malpasi aRiarebs holisturi midgomis aucileblobas, romelic adgilis yov-lismomcveli struqturis fagrlebSi gamokveTs da daadgens mimarTebebs iseT cnebebs Soris, rogorebicaa sivrcobrioba, subieqturoba, obieqturoba, intersubieqturoba, moqmedeba

momcveli struqtura, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs subieqturis, obieqturisa da intersubieqturis SesaZleblobas. malpasis mier socialuri konstruqcionizmis kritikisTvis ix. qveTavi 4.1. mal-pasis msgavsad, e. keisic uaryofs adgilis iseT gagebas, romelic mas socialur an politikur konstruqtad miiCnevs. Tumca, kei-si, aseve, miuTiTebs im gansxvavebaze, rac massa da malpass Soris arsebobs adgilis cnebasTan dakavSirebiT: malpasi `yuradRebas amaxvilebs adgilze, rogorc SesaZleblobis transcendentalur (Tumca, materialur) winapirobaze, me ki _ adgilis konkretul aRweraze.~ ix. E. S. Casey, J. E. Malpas’s Place and Experience, gv. 227.

755 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 185. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, adgilis struqtura malpasTan mxolod am elementebiT ar amoiwureba.

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da mizezobrioba.756 sivrcobriobis cnebasTan mimarTebaSi malpasi gamoyofs

subieqturi da obieqturi sivrcis cnebebs. subieqturi sivrce egocentruli sivrcea757 da is cocxali arsebis cnobierebasa da gamocdilebasTanaa kavSirSi. subieqturi sivrcis wvdoma ganuyofelia cocxali arsebis sensomotoruli da kognitu-ri unarebisagan. swored es unarebi gansazRvravs didwilad im perspeqtivas, romelTan mimarTebaSic xdeba konkretuli subieqturi sivrcis konstituireba.758 rac ufro kompleqsu-ria cocxali arsebis sensomotoruli da kognituri unarebi, miT ufro kompleqsuri da mravalwaxnagovania is subieqturi sivrce, romelSic es arseba cxovrobs.759 rac Seexeba obieqtur sivrces, is ar aris organizebuli cocxali arsebis subieqtu-ri unarebis garSemo. obieqturi sivrce warmoadgens sivrces, romelic damoukidebelia am sivrceSi funqcionirebadi kon-kretuli arsebebisgan da romelSic arc erT Tvisebas an mde-bareobas ara aqvs upiratesoba sxva TvisebasTan an mdebareoba-sTan mimarTebaSi. subieqtur da obieqtur sivrceebTan mimar-TebaSi gamaSualebel rgols asrulebs alocentruli sivrce, romelic organizebulia fizikuri garemos konkretuli, TvalSisacemi Tvisebebis garSemo. cocxali arsebisTvis alo-centruli sivrce warmoadgens saSualebas, romlis meSveobi-Tac is axdens orientirebas sakuTari subieqturi sivrcis per-speqtividan im obieqtur sivrceSi, romelSic is mdebareobs.760 amrigad, malpasis azriT, subieqturi sivrcis wvdoma imTaviT-ve kavSirSia obieqturi sivrcis wvdomasTan. Tu cocxal ar-sebas SeuZlia abstrahireba Tavisi uSualo subieqturi sivr-cisagan, es imas niSnavs, rom am arsebas ukve aqvs obieqturi sivrcis wvdomis unari. miuxedavad imisa, rom subieqturi da obieqturi sivrce konceptualurad gansxvavebuli cnebebia da isini erTmaneTze ar daiyvaneba, es ar niSnavs imas, rom isini erTmaneTisagan sruliad damoukidebeli cnebebia. ìmisaTvis,

756 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 40-43. 757 Sdr. egocentruli sivrcis cneba e. relfTan. ix. qveTavi 4.4.

758 `subieqturi sivrcis konstituirebis dros arsebuli perspeqtiva pasiuri ‘pozicia’ ki ar aris, aramed is aqtiuri CarTulobis perspeqtivaa.~ ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 51.

759 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 50-52. 760 iqve, gv. 53-54.


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raTa cocxal arsebas hqondes subieqturi sivrcis cneba, mas, aseve, unda hqondes obieqturi sivrcis wvdomis unari da pi-riqiT. [...] subieqturi sivrcis wvdoma SesaZlebelia mxolod ufro momcvel, obieqtur sivrcesTan mimarTebaSi, romelSic mdebareobs is arseba, romelzec fokusirebulia mocemuli su-bieqturi sivrce.~761

mas Semdeg, rac subieqtur, obieqtur da alocentrul sivrceebs Soris kavSiri dadgenilia, malpasi ubrundeba ad-gilis cnebas. sivrcobriobis cneba, romelic subieqturi da obieqturi sivrceebis cnebebs moicavs, Tavisi dafuZnebisaT-vis adgilis cnebas moiTxovs. Tavis mxriv, subieqturi da obie-qturi sivrceebis cnebebi warmoadgens ufro zogadi cnebebis _ subieqturobisa da obieqturobis _ konkretul SemTxve-vebs. Sesabamisad, is garemoeba, rom subieqturi da obieqturi sivrceebi gvevlineba, rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli elemen-tebi adgilis struqturis farglebSi, malpasis azriT, migva-niSnebs im garemoebaze, rom adgilis cneba Tavis TavSi moicavs rogorc subieqturobis, aseve, obieqturobis cnebebsac.762

dekartisTvis da Semdgomi kartezianuli azrovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, subieqti win uswrebs subieqtur sivrces. aseTi midgomis mixedviT, su-bieqturoba arsebobs adgilamde. adgili aris is, rasac su-bieqti `moniSnavs~ sivrceSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mentalu-ri mdgomareobebis mimarTac, romlebic, ubralod miewereba subieqts. magram, malpasi miiCnevs, rom azrovnebisa da grZ-nobebis gancalkeveba im subieqtisagan, romelsac ekuTvnis es azrovneba da grZnobebi, gaumarTlebelia.763 ìseve, rogorc mentaluri mdgomareobebis konstituireba xdeba am mdgoma-reobebis urTierTkavSiris Sedegad, aseve, subieqturoba war-

761 iqve, gv. 65.

762 iqve, gv. 70. am konteqstSi malpasi akritikebs amerikeli geograf-is, nikolas enTrikinis Sexedulebas naratiuli formebis Sesaxeb. adgili, enTrikinis mixedviT, subieqtursa da obieqturs Soris mdebareobs. narativi Tavisi bunebiT subieqturicaa da obieqtu-ric. amitom is adgilis gagebaSi metad mniSvnelovania. miuxeda-vad amisa, malpasi miiCnevs, rom enTrikinis Teoria subieqtivizmis farglebSi rCeba (iqve, gv. 71. ix. aseve, N. J. Entrikin, The Betweenness of Place. Towards a Geography of Modernity. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1991).

763 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 73-75.

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moadgens struqturas, romlis erTianobac ganisazRvreba mxo-lod azrovnebasa da gamocdilebas Soris arsebuli garkveuli urTierTkavSiriT.~764 subieqti ki ar warmoadgens subieqturi sivrcis safuZvels (an, piriqiT), aramed am cnebebis gageba unda moxdes mxolod maTi urTierTkavSiris gaTvaliswinebiT.

mentaluri mdgomareobebis cnebas ukavSirdeba moqmedebis cnebac. mentaluri mdgomareobebi da moqmedeba erTianobaSi èrT sistemas~ ayalibebs.765 moqmedeba, Tavis mxriv, ganuyrel kavSirSia `rwmenebis, survilebisa da sxva atitudebis~ erTob-liobasTan. Sesabamisad, subieqturobis cnebas ver ganvixilavT moqmedebis cnebisagan damoukideblad. `magram moqmedebis Se-saZlebloba, Tavis mxriv, konkretuli subieqturi sivrcis ideas ukavSirdeba,~766 romelic moqmedebis gansaxorcielebeli unarebis arsebobiT ganisazRvreba. amrigad, `subieqturi sivr-cis mowesrigeba da moqmedi agentis azrovnebisa da gamocdi-lebebis mowesrigeba erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia.~767 magram moqmedi agentis azrovneba da gamocdileba yovelTvis garesa-myarosTan mimarTebaSi ganisazRvreba. Sesabamisad, mentaluri mdgomareobebis struqtura ganuyofelia moqmedi agentis sa-myaroSi CarTulobis struqturisagan. subieqtis cneba ganuy-rel kavSirSia sxeulis cnebasTan, romelic obieqtur sivrceSi mdebareobs.768 obieqturobis wvdoma gulisxmobs sivrcobrio-bis iseT gagebas, romlis farglebSic SesaZlebelia sxva obie-qtebis arseboba (maTi erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, gansxvaveba da maTTan mimarTebis gansazRvra). obieqturi sivrcis anonimuro-ba, malpasis Tanaxmad, intersubieqturobis SesaZleblobas iZ-leva. subieqtis unari, moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis lokalizeba obieqtur sivrceSi, sadac sxva subieqtebi da obieqtebi arian lokalizebuli da daadginos maTTan garkveuli mimarTebebi, qmnis kidec intersubieqturobis winapirobas.769

764 iqve, gv. 90.

765 iqve, gv. 93.

766 iqve, gv. 99.

767 iqve.

768 iqve, gv. 136.

769 iqve, gv. 149. malpasis mixedviT, mcdaria is Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, intersubieqturobis damyarebis procesSi subieqti jer sakuTar Tavs aRmoaCens da Semdeg amyarebs mimarTebebs sxva subieqtebTan. subieqtis mier sakuTari Tavis, rogorc


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giorgi TavaZe

zemoT ganxiluli msjelobebis safuZvelze ikveTeba ad-gilis struqturis Semadgeneli elementebi malpasTan. esenia: sivrcobrioba da droiToba,770 subieqturoba da obieqturoba (romlebic moicavs intersubieqturobas), TviToba da sxva. am elementebis dadgena mxolod maTi urTierTmimarTebis gaTva-liswinebiTa da holisturi midgomis gamoyenebiT unda ganxor-cieldes.771 adgili elementTa kompleqsuri erTianobaa.772 mal-pasi miiCnevs, rom adgili `Tavs uyris~ aRniSnul elementebs,773 erTmaneTTan akavSirebs da aerTianebs maT ise, rom am ele-mentTa mravalferovneba ar ikargeba. rac Seexeba adgilis identobas, is damokidebulia ara konkretulad gansazRvrul parametrebze, aramed im kompleqsur faqtorebze, romlebic adgilis Semadgeneli elementebidan iReben dasabams (fizikuri garemo, hava, sivrcisa da resursebis garkveuli saxiT mowes-rigeba adamianis mier, dabolos, individualuri da koleqti-uri narativebi, romlebic konkretul adgils ukavSirdeba).774

adgili, rogorc aseTi, SesaZloa ornairad gamovlin-des: 1. adgili, rogorc gamocdilebis winapiroba da, amri-

subieqtis gacnobiereba, sxvebis subieqturobebis gacnobierebis paralelurad mimdinareobs. ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 151.

770 droiTobis (temporalobis) cnebis adgilis cnebasTan mimarTebis eqsplikacias malpasi axdens m. prustis naSromis _ `dakarguli drois ZiebaSi~ _ analizis meSveobiT. J. puleze miTiTebiT malpasi aCvenebs, rom dakarguli drois Zieba, faqtobrivad, dakarguli adgilebis Ziebaa (ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 158 da Smd.). malpasi, aseve, miuTiTebs, rom warsulis wvdoma adgilisagan damoukideblad SeuZlebelia. àrseba, romelsac eqneba warsulis, awmyos an momavlis wvdomis unari, raime adgilze unda iyos~ (iqve, gv. 180). `warsulisa da momavlis, siaxlovisa da siSoris, droiTobisa da sivrcobriobis SesaZleblobis aRmoCena mxolod da mxolod adgilis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli~ (iqve, gv. 181).

771 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 163 da 173.

772 ix. J. Malpas, The place of Topology: Responding to Crowell, Beistegui, and Young, gv. 300.

773 adgilis, rogorc `Tavmomyrelis~, `Semomkrebis~ cneba Cven ukve ganvixileT m. haidegerTan. ix. qveTavi 3.4. e. keisis azriT, haidegeriseuli `Tavmoyris~ konteqstSi cneba `struqturis~ gamoyeneba adgilTan mimarTebaSi zedmetia. ix. E. S. Casey, J. E. Malpas’s Place and Experience, gv. 229.

774 adgilis identobis konceptualurad ufro daxvewili modeli e. relfs ekuTvnis. ix. qveTavi 4.4.

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gad, rogorc am gamocdilebis adgili da 2. adgili, rogor konkretulobisagan abstrahirebuli da konceptualizaciis meSveobiT warmodgenili (magaliTad, adgilebis reprezenta-cia geografiuli rukis meSveobiT). sakmaod xSirad adgilebi ganixileba maTi abstraqtuli, reprezentaciuli saxiT, rac, malpasis azriT, xels uSlis adgilis wvdomas mis konkretu-lobaSi. aseTi midgomis dros adgilebi ganixileba, rogorc garkveuli moqmedebebis foni da ara rogorc am moqmedebe-bis winapiroba da safuZveli.775 amis mizezi, SesaZloa, iyos is, rom adamianTa mimarTeba adgilTan, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ar aris eqspliciturad gamokveTili. miuxedavad amisa, adgilis rolis saTanado Sefaseba moiTxovs vaRiaroT, rom `subieqtu-robisa da mentaluri cxovrebis fundamenturi Cafesviloba (fundamental grounding) adgilSi asaxvas hpovebs subieqtis mier adgilisa da mdebareobis cnebebis gamoyenebiT sakuTari Tavis TviTkonceptualizaciaSi~.776

adgilis cnebis aseTi mniSvnelobis aRiarebas (rac ar unda gasakviri iyos es erTi SexedviT) malpasi mihyavs adgilebis warmavlobis, maTi simyifis (fragility of places) Temamde. adgile-bis simyife adamianuri bunebis simyifes Seesatyviseba, miiCnevs malpasi. magram, relfisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic ukidu-resad negatiurad axasiaTebs uadgilobas (placelessness), mal-pasi Tvlis, rom cvlileba aris is, risi meSveobiTac adgili sakuTar Tavs amJRavnebs. ìseTi adgilis cneba, romelic iq-neboda Seuvali cvlilebis, ganadgurebisa da dezintegraciis mimarT, aris cneba adgilis Sesaxeb, sadac araferi SeiZleba

775 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 172-173. 776 iqve, gv. 179. am procesSi malpasi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

aniWebs mexsierebas (iqve, gv. 182 da Smd.). magram individualuri mexsierebis garda, adgilebze mijaWvulia, aseve, kulturuli mex-siereba da koleqtiuri identobac. dedamiwis zedapiri Tavisi mTebiT, tbebiT, gzebiTa da tyeebiT ìnaxavs~ xsovnas sxvadasxva istoriuli movlenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic am qveyanaSi mcxovre-bi xalxis koleqtiur identobis nawilia (iqve, gv. 186-187). Sesa-bamisad, identoba (rogorc individualuri, aseve, koleqtiuri) damokidebulia adgilze ara imitom, rom identoba garkveul èmo-ciur mogonebas~ ukavSirdeba, aramed imitom, rom subieqturoba, Tavisi arsebiT, aucileblad damokidebulia im adgilebze, sadac adamianebi cxovroben (iqve, gv. 188).


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giorgi TavaZe

moxdes.~777 Cvens garemosTan mijaWvulobis aRiareba, malpasis azriT, Cveni sakuTari sasrulobisa da mokvdavobis aRiarebas niSnavs. adgilebis warmavlobis aRiareba gvexmareba, ukeT ga-viazroT maTi mniSvneloba.

Tavis naSroms adgilisa da gamocdilebis Sesaxeb malpasi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes filosofiur problemaze _ adamia-nis sasrulobasa da mokvdavobaze _ miTiTebiT asrulebs. adgi-lebis warmavlobis Tematizeba adamianis sasrulobis Temati-zebas iwvevs, radgan malpasTan adgili adamianuri gamocdile-bis winapirobad da SesaZleblobad gvevlineba. adgilis cnebis ontologiuri primatis dafuZnebis malpasiseul models hai-degeris gavlenis kvali etyoba. naSromis dasasruls adgile-bis simyifesa da, aqedan gamomdinare, adamianTa sasrulobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba warmoaCens im sakiTxebis mniSvnelobas, romlebic malpasis gamokvlevis mizani ar yofila. rogor ga-nicdeba adgili? ra mimarTebaa adgilebis individualur da socialur aRqmas Soris? konkretulad ra zegavlenas axdens adgilebi individisa da individTa jgufis identobis Camoya-libebaze? rogor icvleba adamianTa zemoqmedebis Sedegad adgilebis identoba? ra rols TamaSobs am procesebSi iseTi kategorebi, rogorebicaa klasi, rasa, genderi, eTnikuroba? am SekiTxvebis mniSvnelobas naSromis bolos Tavad malpasic aRiarebs.778 filosofiuri topografiis malpasiseuli proeqti adgilis cnebas ontologiurad afuZnebs. magram rCeba kiTx-vebi, romlebzec aRniSnuli proeqti pasuxs ver gascems Tavi-si miznebidan gamomdinare. garda amisa, filosofiuri topo-grafia empiriul ganzomilebas moisaklisebs da malpasis mier ganviTarebuli konceptualuri sqema, miuxedavad filosofi-uri siRrmisa, empiriuli kvlevebis Casatareblad ar gamodge-ba. empiriuli ganzomilebis gareSe ki iseTi cnebebis kvleva, rogorebicaa identoba, intersubieqturoba da socialuroba, uaRresad rTulia. Sesabamisad, filosofiurma geografiam swored es amocana unda ganaxorcielos: interdisciplinur meTodologiaze dayrdnobiT gaaanalizos da gamoikvlios em-piriuli realoba iseTi konceptualuri CarCos safuZvelze, romelic winamdebare kvlevis Teoriul baziss warmoadgens.779

777 ix. J. Malpas, Place and Experience, gv. 191-192. 778 iqve, gv. 197. 779 aRniSnuli konceptualuri CarCo winamdebare naSromis SesavalSia

ganxiluli.

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4.8. daskvna

aRniSnul TavSi Sevecade, meCvenebina, rom adgilisa da identobis cnebebi sakvanZo mniSvnelobisaa filosofiuri geo-grafiisaTvis. meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi adgilis cne-ba sakmaod aqtualuri iyo rogorc filosofiaSi, aseve, geo-grafiaSi. miSel fuko, eduard keisi, jef malpasi, i-fu tua-ni, eduard relfi, robert devid seki da sxva moazrovneebi gansxvavebuli perspeqtivebidan ganixilavdnen adgilis cnebas, adgilis identobas da adgilebis zemoqmedebas identobebze. fukosTan jer kidev ar aris mkveTri gansxvaveba adgilsa da sivrces Soris, Tumca heterotopiebis miseuli analizi sak-maod sagulisxmoa. tuanma humanisturi geografiis konteqstSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaamaxvila adgilis cnebaze geo-grafiisaTvis da adgilis statikuri modeli SeimuSava. relfma adgilis cneba uadgilobis fenomenTan Seapirispira da mzardi uadgilobidan momdinare safrTxeebze isaubra. man fenomeno-logiuri midgomis farglebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaa-maxvila adgilisadmi mikuTvnebulobis saxeebze, romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani eqsistencialuri CarTulobaa. masve ekuTvnis adgilebis identobebisa da adgilebsa da identobas Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis sagulisxmo analizi. devid si-monma fenomenologiurad ganixila yoveldRiuri moZraoba da amis safuZvelze adgilis baletis cneba Semoitana. dasavlur azrovnebaSi adgilisa da sivrcis cnebebis istoriis analizis meSveobiT eduard keisi aCvenebs adgilis cnebis mniSvnelobas filosofiisTvis, xolo malpasTan adgili yovelgvari empi-riuli gamocdilebis aucilebel winapirobad gvevlineba. am-rigad, Cven SegviZlia Tvali mivadevnoT adgilis cnebis re-cefcias, romelic iwyeba adgilebis mniSvnelobis gaazrebiT da sruldeba adgilis, rogorc gamocdilebis SesaZleblobis aucilebeli pirobis konstantirebiT. adgilisa da identobis cnebebi filosofiuri geografiis konceptualur birTvs qmni-an da isini kvlevis samive doneze (lokalur, regionalur da globalur doneebze) inarCuneben sakvanZo mniSvnelobas.

zemoT ganxilulma moazrovneebma, ZiriTadad, adgilebisa da identobebis urTierTqmedebis Teoriuli modelebi ganavi-Tares. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis keissa da malpasze. Tumca, ad-gilebisa da identobebis srulyofili Seswavla SeuZlebelia

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giorgi TavaZe

mxolod Teoriul sibrtyeSi. maTi saTanadod gaazrebisTvis aucilebelia im urTierTqmedebis Seswavla, romelic adami-anTa jgufebsa da adgilebs Soris xdeba (adamianebi TavianTi aqtivobiT saxes ucvlian adgilebs. Tavis mxriv, adgilebi ze-moqmedeben da gavlenas axdenen adamianTa identobasa da maT qcevaze) anu adgilebisa da identobebis analizi dinamikur konteqstebSi (rac, Tavis mxriv, imas niSnavs, rom filosofi-uri geografiisaTvis adgilis dinamikuri modelia misaRebi). es, Tavis mxriv, konkretuli adgilebisa da maTTan dakavSi-rebuli sociokulturuli garemos empiriul analizs moiT-xovs. filosofiurma geografiam, Tavisi interdisciplinuri bunebidan gamomdinare, adgilebisa da identobebis kvlevisas holisturi midgomiT unda ixelmZRvanelos. es midgoma saSu-alebas mogvcems, ukeT gaviazroT adgilebisa da identobebis dinamikuri urTierTqmedeba.

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Tavi V. filosofiuri geografia: naSromis Sejameba da

kvlevis samomavlo perspeqtivebi

winamdebare naSromSi ganxorcielebulia filosofiuri geografiis, rogorc interkulturuli da interdisciplin-uri filosofiuri dargis, axal sawyisebze dafuZnebis mcde-loba. naSromSi warmodgenili konceptualuri CarCo adgens filosofiuri geografiis kvlevis doneebs: lokalurs, regio-nalurs da globalurs. filosofiuri geografiis lokalu-ri, regionaluri da globaluri doneebi, misi Teoriuli da empiriuli ganzomilebebi ganuyrel kavSirSia erTmaneTTan da isini holisturi midgomis farglebSi unda iqnes gaazrebuli. filosofiuri geografiis samive donis konceptualur sayr-denebs qmnis adgilisa da identobis cnebebi, romelTa dinami-kuri urTierTqmedebis Seswavla lokalur, regionalur da globalur doneebze filosofiuri geografiis umTavres amo-canas warmoadgens.

mocemul naSromSi filosofiuri geografia gagebulia, rogorc erTgvari `xidi~ filosofiasa da socialur mecniere-bebs Soris. interdisciplinuroba da interkulturuloba fi-losofiuri geografiis umTavresi maxasiaTeblebia. momavali kvlevebic (adgilebis, identobebisa da mobilobebis urTierT-qmedebis Seswavla interdisciplinur da interkulturul kon-teqstSi) swored am mimarTulebiT unda iyos orientirebuli.

im garemoebam, rom winamdebare gamokvleva, ZiriTadad, istoriulia, ar unda gvibiZgos naCqarevi daskvnisaken, rom-lis Tanaxmad filosofiuri geografiis samomavlo kvlevebic mxolod aseTi saxis iqneba. Tanamedrove filosofiaSi arse-buli mwvave dapirispireba istoriul da sistemur midgomebs Soris, romelic akademiuri sferos farglebsac ki scdeba,780 xSirad mxolod ama Tu im midgomis sasargeblod miRebuli ga-dawyvetilebebis saxiT iCens Tavs, rac marTebulad ar mimaCnia. filosofiur kvlevaSi istoriuli da sistemuri momentebi da-

780 ix., magaliTad, T. Rosefeldt, ‘Wir sollten mit eigenen Worten denken’. FAZ.NET, 14.10.2015; R.-P. Horstmann, ‘Ein Schisma in der Philosophie?’ FAZ.NET, 11.11.2015. aRniSnuli polemika akademiuri filosofiis warmomad-genlebs Soris, romelic popularuli gamocemis gverdebze mimdi-nareobda, analizuri da kontinenturi filosofiebis dapirispi-rebis konteqstSi warimarTa.

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giorgi TavaZe

balansebulad unda iqnes warmodgenili, anu iseTi saxiT, ro-melic saSualebas mogvcems, istoriul-sistemur gamokvlevaze visaubroT.781

igive SeiZleba iTqvas filosofiuri geografiis Sesaxebac. erTi SexedviT, lokalur doneze kvleva sistemur xasiaTs atarebs (konkretuli adgilis empiriuli kvleva da misi Taviseburebebis analizi), Tumca mocemuli adgilis istoriis saTanado gaazrebis gareSe aRniSnuli kvleva naklebad mogvcems nayofier Sedegebs.

Cems wina gamokvlevaSi782 (piriqiTa xevsureTSi Catarebu-li samecniero-kvleviTi eqspediciis Sedegebis analizi, rome-lic winamdebare naSromSi gadmocemul konceptualur CarCos emyareba) SesaZloa, gamoiyos ori ZiriTadi debuleba, romel-Ta ganvrcoba Semdgomi kvlevebis meSveobiT aucileblad mimaC-nia. am debulebebs aseTi saxe aqvT: 1. sakraluri, istoriuli da yoveldRiuri sivrceebi, individTa moqmedebebisa da in-teraqciebis meSveobiT, erTmaneTs ganmsWvalaven; 2. sakraluri adgilebi da sivrceebi ar aris TviTkmari. maTi arsebobisaTvis saWiroa iseTi yoveldRiuri moZraobisa da moqmedebis sivr-cis arseboba, romelSic adgilebis pulsi mkafiod igrZnoba. Cems Semdgom naSromSi, romelSic sof. kistanSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebs gadmovcem, swored aRniSnuli debulebebis verificirebas Sevecdebi.

aq, SesaZloa, Semdegi saxis SekiTxvebi gaCndes: ratom aris mniSvnelovani filosofiisaTvis ama Tu im konkretul adgil-ze momxdari procesebis aRwera? im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki va-RiarebT adgilis fundamentur bunebas adamianis sasicocxlo samyarosa da eqsistenciisaTvis, xom ar iqneba konkretuli ad-gilebis Seswavla zedmeti da ase vTqvaT, meorexarisxovani? am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas filosofiur anTropologiaze dayrdnobiT Sevecdebi.

Tavis `logikaSi~ i. kantma filosofiis amocanebi oTxi cnobili SekiTxvis saxiT Camoayaliba: 1. ra SemiZlia vicode? 2. ra unda gavakeTo? 3. risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes? 4. ra aris adamiani?783 vfiqrob, rom adgilebis, gansakuTrebiT ki sakraluri adgilebisa da sivrceebis yoveldRiur adgilebTan

781 Sdr. T. iremaZe, „filosofia epoqaTa da kulturaTa gzagasayarze“, gv. 7-10.

782 ix. g. TavaZe, `Satili filosofiuri geografiis perspeqtividan~.

783 ix. I. Kant, Immanuel Kants Logik. Ein Handbuch zu Vorlesungen. Königsberg: Friedrich Nicolovius, 1800, gv. 25.

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Tavi V. filosofiuri geografia: naSromis Sejameba da kvlevis...

da sivrceebTan arsebuli urTierTmimarTebebis kvleva dagvex-mareba im mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze pasuxis (ra Tqma unda, nawi-lobrivi da arasruli pasuxis!) gacemaSi, romelic adamianis bunebis raobiTaa dainteresebuli. sakraluri ganzomileba, ama Tu im formiT, kvlavac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs Taname-drove sazogadoebebSi. sakraluri, rogorc aseTi, sakralur adgilebSia materializebuli.784 sakraluri adgilebi da sivr-ceebi yoveldRiuri moZraobisa da moqmedebis sivrcis gverdiT Tanaarseboben. individebi ganuwyvetliv moZraoben aRniSnul sivrceebs Soris, gardaqmnian maT da Tavis mxriv, maT zegav-lenas ganicdian. amrigad, adgilebisa da sivrceebis Seswavlis meSveobiT Cven ara mxolod ama Tu im konkretuli adgilisa da sivrcis Taviseburebebs vigebT, aramed, pirvel rigSi, ukeT vecnobiT im adamianebs, romlebic am adgilebsa da sivrceebs Soris gadaadgildebian. xolo Tuki filosofia adamianTa So-ris universaluri komunikaciis damyarebiskenaa mowodebuli,785 maSin, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, gansxvavebuli adgilebisa da sivrcee-bis kvlevam, Cvens gverdiT ucxos aRmoCenam786 sakuTari arsebis ukeT gaazrebisa da komunikaciis axali meTodebis SemuSavebi-saken unda gvibiZgos.

zemoTqmuli, ZiriTadad, filosofiuri geografiis lo-kalur dones exeboda. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas regional-uri da globaluri doneebis Sesaxeb? kvlevis ra perspeqtivebs gvTavazoben isini? aRniSnul SekiTxvebs pirvel TavSi kvlevis Sesabamis doneebze moyvanil magaliTebze (saqarTvelo-evro-

784 `sakraluri~ am SemTxvevaSi mxolod religiuri ganzomilebis far-glebSi ar unda moviazroT. garkveul SemTxvevebSi istoriul adgilebs imdenad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, rom isini, faqtiurad, sakraluri adgilebis rols asruleben. magaliTad, Tavisuflebis qandakeba niu-iorkSi (aSS), k. xortica md. dneprze (ukraina), didgoris veli saqarTveloSi da a.S. ix., aseve, M. Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane. The Nature of Religion. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1959.

785 ix. T. iremaZe, `filosofia epoqaTa da kulturaTa gzagasayarze~, gv. 7.

786 ucxos fenomenis fenomenologiuri analizisaTvis ix. b. valden-felsi, `gzebi fenomenologiisa, pasuxs rom iZleva~, franguli-dan Targmna d. labuCiZem. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2013 w.; misive, Topographie des Fremden. Studien zur Phänomenologie des Frem-den. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1999. masve ekuTvnis adgilebisa da temporalobis metad saintereso fenomenologiuri analizi. ix. B. Waldenfels, Ortsverschiebungen, Zeitverschiebungen. Modi leibhaftiger Erfah-rung. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2009.

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giorgi TavaZe

pis urTierTmimarTebis analizi regionalur doneze da sivr-cobrivi cnobierebis gafarToebis sakiTxi globalur doneze) miTiTebiT vupasuxeb.

orive SemTxvevaSi kvleva istoriuli wyaroebis analizs unda daefuZnos. Tuki gvsurs, saTanadod gaviazroT Tu ro-gor konstruirdeboda saqarTveloSi evropis cneba da ras moiazrebdnen evropaSi `saqarTvelos~ cnebaSi, Sesabamisi is-toriuli dokumentebi (mogzaurTa Canawerebi, eTnografi-uli kvlevebis angariSebi, Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi da a.S.) unda SeviswavloT. Tumca, mxolod istori-uli analizi ver mogvcems damakmayofilebel pasuxs. imisaT-vis, raTa istoriuli analizi SiSveli faqtebis Segrovebad ar gadaiqces, saWiroa iseTi maorientirebeli konceptebis (mag-aliTad, `gzagasayari~, `periferia/centri~, ìdeebis recefcia da transformacia~ da a.S.) moSvelieba, romelTa meSveobiT aRniSnuli faqtebi sistemur WrilSi iqneba ganxiluli. garda amisa, gasaanalizebelia, Tu ra gavlenas axdens evropis, _ ro-gorc regionaluri sivrcobrivi konceptis, _ cneba individua-lur da koleqtiur identobebze Tanamedrove qarTul sazoga-doebaSi. amisTvis, rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, empiriuli kvlevis saTanado instrumentebis gamoyenebaa saWiro.

daaxloebiT igive SeiZleba iTqvas kvlevis globalur do-nezec. ukanaskneli eqvsi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi kosmosis kvlevis mxriv TvalsaCino warmatebebi iqna miRweuli, ramac arsebiTad Secvala Cveni warmodgenebi samyaros Sesaxeb. sivr-cobrivi horizontebi kidev ufro gafarTovda, rac adamian-Ta sivrcobriv cnobierebaSi momxdari Zireuli cvlilebebis Sedegia. Tanamedrove filosofia am procesebs gverds ver au-vlis. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi aR-moCndeba, radgan fizikis (gansakuTrebiT kosmologiis) sfer-oSi gakeTebulma aRmoCenebma, SesaZloa, arsebiTad Secvalon Cveni warmodgena iseTi filosofiuri problemebis mimarT, rogorebicaa codnis buneba da Semecnebis procesi zogadad.

amrigad, filosofiuri geografiis globalur doneze Ses-aZloa, gaanalizebul iqnes adamianTa sivrcobrivi cnobierebis cvlileba Tanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebis pirobeb-Si, rac istoriuli da sistemuri midgomebis sinTezirebiT Sei-Zleba ganxorcieldes (kosmosis kvlevebis istoriul-politi-kuri konteqsti; masmediis mier `dedamiwis, rogorc adamianTa saerTo sacxovrebeli saxlis~ ideis popularizeba; internetis

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Tavi V. filosofiuri geografia: naSromis Sejameba da kvlevis...

gavrceleba da misi zegavlena adamianebis mier geografiuli adgilebisa da sivrceebis aRqmaze da a.S.).

aq, SesaZloa, kvlav iCinos Tavi Semdegma SekiTxvebma: xom ar aris filosofiuri geografiis konceptualuri CarCo yov-lismomcveli da, Sesabamisad, arafrismomcemic? xom ar aris is xelovnuri im azriT, rom is sakmaod gansxvavebuli kvleviTi perspeqtivebis gaerTianebiTaa miRebuli?

am SekiTxvebs uaryofiTad unda vupasuxo. filosofiuri geografia ar aris yovlismomcveli negatiuri azriT. Cemi azriT, filosofiuri geografia tradiciuli filosofiuri sakiTxebis geografiul WrilSi (adgilebisa da sivrceebis kon-teqstSi) gaazrebis mcdelobas warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, gasak-viri ar unda iyos, rom winamdebare naSromSi warmodgenil konceptualur CarCoSi gansxvavebuli masStabis adgilebi da sivrceebia (lokaluri _ regionaluri _ globaluri) integ-rirebuli. Sesabamisad, is, rac erTi SexedviT xelovnur kon-struqciad SeiZleba Candes, sinamdvileSi garkveul logikur bmas (geografia mTeli dedamiwis masStabiT Seiswavlis konkre-tul adgilebs da am adgilebisagan `Seqmnil~ regionebs) eqvem-debareba.

dabolos, filosofiuri geografia ar unda gaviazroT rogorc `monoliTuri~ wamowyeba, romelic uryevi WeSmarite-bebis dadgenas cdilobs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, is ufro filosofiuri sakiTxebis geografiul konteqstSi gaazrebis mcdelobas warmoadgens. filosofiuri geografiis sxvadasxva doneze ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis mizani unda iyos konkre-tuli adgilebisa da sivrceebis mniSvnelobebis warmoCena ada-mianuri eqsistenciisaTvis da amiT adamianis mravalwaxnagovani bunebis ukeT Secnoba. am mxriv filosofiuri geografia nam-dvili filosofiuri muxtis matarebelia, radgan is adamianis SemecnebiT aqtivobas WeSmaritad keTilSobiluri miznisaken warmarTavs: CvenTvis nacnobi Tu ucnobi adgilebisa da sivr-ceebis SeswavliT Cvenive sulis kuTxe-kunWulebs SeviswavliT da, darwmunebuli var, saintereso aRmoCenebsac gavakeTebT. am aRmoCenebma, romlebic saSualebas gvaZleven, filosofosobis procesi erTgvar mogzaurobad ganvixiloT (es tradicia sak-maod Zvelia: platonis „saxelmwifoSi“ filosofosi gamoqva-buls tovebs, ris Semdegac iwyeba misi saocari Tavgadasavali ideaTa samyaroSi), xeli unda Seuwyon sxva adamianebTan ko-munikaciis damyarebas da urTierTgagebis sivrceebis Seqmnas.

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Tanamedrove samyaroSi, sadac Zaladoba Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca, amgvari wamowyeba uaRres-ad did mniSvnelobas iZens. adgilebisa da sivrceebis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs, ukeT gaviazroT Cveni pasuxismgebloba sxva adamianebis mimarT, rac Cvens mier ufro ukeTesi, ufro usafrTxo da zrunviT ganmsWvaluli adgilebis Seqmnasa da maT dacvaSi unda gamoixatos.

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SYNOPSIS

Since the second half of the 20th century philosophers have discussed intensively questions which lie at the border between philosophy and ge-ography. Also geographers have intensively dealt with philosophical issues. Several important concepts have been introduced in this context such as “ge-ophilosophy” (G. Deleuze and F. Guattari) “philosophical topography” (J. Malpas), “atlas of philosophy” (E. Holenstein), “placelessness” (E. Relph), “topophilia” (G. Bachelard) and so on. There have been different approaches, but no attempt to establish a unitary conceptual framework which would en-able to analyse systematically “borderline” issues of philosophy and human geography. Accordingly, no empirical research has been conducted which would build on such a theoretical framework. To undertake such an attempt is very necessary, because in the contemporary world, interdisciplinarity is one of the main features of philosophy. In this work, philosophical geography is considered as such an attempt and as an interdisciplinary “bridge” between philosophy on the one hand and human geography, cultural anthropology and sociology on the other hand.

My view of philosophical geography has as its basis the conceptual framework of philosophical geography which I have developed in my pre-vious work.1 Thoughts and ideas of those thinkers who are discussed in the given work, have significantly influenced my vision of this conceptual framework.

Geography explores relationships between society and the natural en-vironment. Human beings transform the natural environment, which in turn influences and, to a certain degree, conditions society. Some geographical elements (for example place and space) exert a pow erful influence on in-dividual and collective identities, self-awareness and actions. Philosophical geography studies the relations between these geographical ele ments and in-dividual / collective identities and hu man agency. Because of its interdisci-plinary nature, the student of philosophical geography should, in the research process, employ the methodology of both humanities and social sciences.

In the first chapter the conceptual framework of philosophical geogra-phy is formulated. The conceptual framework of philosophical geography includes three levels of analysis: local, regional, and global. At the local level philosophical geography should study those relationships which exist be-tween places/spaces and individual/collective identities. Place is understood here not as a static point in a homog eneous space, but as a process and an

1 G. Tavadze, Shatili from the Perspective of Philosophical Geography. Tbilisi: Nekeri, 2013.

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event. In this process places acquire new identities and lose the old ones; they are constantly redefined and reinterpreted in ongoing interactions with humans and other plac es. Thus, philosophical geography should rely on a dynamic understanding of place.

Places create spaces. The spaces which are created by the interaction between places and humans are of a different na ture. At the local level of philosophical geography I dis tinguish three types of spaces: sacred space, historical space and space of everyday movement and action (in short: ev-eryday space). In each of these spaces there ex ist places which interact with human beings, enable them to interact and thereby create the given space.

Sacred, historical and everyday spaces are dynami cally intertwined: in the course of social life they define, influence and penetrate one other. Sacred, historical and everyday spaces unite in social space which is the space of human action in general. Social space is created by humans when they trans-form the geographi cal space by creating places and spaces.

The interactions between humans, places and spac es are not always smooth and harmonic (which is already implicated in the fact that there can be places which negate each other). In the course of interaction, tensions could arise. At the local level philosophical geography should study and highlight these tensions and conflicts.

Thus the crucial concepts at the local level of philo sophical geography are: places – spaces – identities – interac tions. I use the plural form pur-posely, in order to under line the dynamic nature of these concepts. In the light of the aforesaid, it is possible to specify further the subject matter of philosophical geography at the local level: phil osophical geography studies relations between places (and spaces which are created by those places) and in dividual and collective identities. By outlining elements of spaces which, in their turn, are contained in places,2 philosophical geography analyses: 1. influences which individuals exert on a place and on the spaces which are contained in a given place; 2. influences which the elements of place/space exert on individuals’ identities and ac tions; 3. tensions/conflicts which arise in the course of interaction between individuals, places and spaces.

At the local level philosophical geography should employ an interdisci-

2 It was noted above that spaces are created by places. In addition to this, in a given place it is possible to outline the spaces which are contained in it and which, in their turn, are created by specific places. For example, in the city, as a place, it is possible to outline spaces (districts) which are comprised of specific places. About the “nesting” nature of places see J. Malpas, Place and Experience. A Philo sophical Topography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 33-34.

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plinary methodology. When studying places theoretically, a phenomenologi-cal method could be successfully used and in empirical research considerable attention should be paid to participant observation and in-depth interviews. It is desirable to use flex ible research strategies using triangulation in order to better understand the dynamic interconnections between places, spaces, and identities.

At the regional level the subject matter of philo sophical geography is the relationships between re gional spatial concepts and identities. At this level philosophical geography is interested in answering the following questions: what aspects can be distinguished in the process(es) of formation of regional spatial concepts? What is the influence of regional spatial concepts on the identities of inhabitants of a given region? Is it possible to assert that after a specific period of time different regional spatial concepts are associated with different traditions of thought? From these questions it is clear that the re-gional level of philosophical geography should be understood in the context of intercultural phi losophy.

In order to have a clearer view of the subject matter of philosophical geography at this level, I will formulate the following questions regarding the rela tionships between Georgia and Europe (which are of in terest to philo-sophical geography): how was the notion of Europe constructed in Georgia? What kind of values and political alternatives were associated with the no tion of Europe in different periods of time? How did Europeans perceive Georgia and the Georgians? What did Europeans think about the Caucasus? What the influence had the European/non-European dichotomy on Georgian identity? What can be said about this nowadays? Was Europe conceived as a centre? Does it follow from this that Georgia was lo cated on a conceptual periphery? What influence had this fact on Georgian thought?3 In what context can

3 In his recent work Tengiz Iremadze explores the relation ships between Georgian and European thought in a man ner which is quite different from the traditional approach (subordination of periphery to centre) to this question. “... [T]here does not exist a strict boundary between so called more important (European) and less important (non-European) philosophical traditions. Moreover, even the desirability of recognizing such a division is questioned. This is because this strict division, which is a consequence of European philosophical historiography, has slowed the process of the convergence and mutual understanding of eastern and western cultures. It can be said that such an approach turned out to be harmful even to the develop ment of European thought and it has considerably slowed the process of intercultural dialogue” (T. Iremadze, pilosopia epokata da kulturata gzagasakarze [Philosophy at the Crossroads of Epochs and Cultures]. Tbilisi: Nekeri, 2013, pp. 137-138). The main concept used by the author of the work is that of crossroad: “This is a to pos which can be understood as a place where

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we speak about the Caucasus as a region in the light of Georgian-European relations? This is a partial list of the questions which philosophical geogra-phy should answer at the regional level in the context of Georgian-European relations. Of course there are no ready-made answers to these questions. To answer these and other questions concerning the regional level of philosophi-cal geography the student of philosophical geography should employ an in-terdisciplinary methodology which includes the analysis of historical sources and discursive practices, using questionnaires and so on.

Finally, philosophical geography at a global level should study the in-terconnection of geographical fac tors and human agency on a global scale. Climate change and the development and current state of humans’ spatial consciousness are important issues to be analyzed in the spatial context. The former represents a serious challenge to humanity, while the latter has radi-cally transformed the humans’ way of life. The important concept of philo-sophical geography at this level is that of the earth as a dwelling house of mankind. The earth is considered as a place and a cen tre of meaning which, in itself, comprises and makes possible the existence of all places and spaces. The dia lectical relationship between the place and the region is synthesized in the notion of the earth which includes in itself all places and regions. In this context the earth is thought of as “a place of all places”. The concept of the earth as a dwelling house of mankind makes it possible to consider the rela-tionships between places, regions and the earth in a dynamic context. The ex-pansion of spatial horizons linked different places and produced new regional concepts. The development of science and technology compressed time and

different cultures, beliefs and worldviews meet and depart. The pe culiarity of a crossroad is that in this topos of thought vari ous cultures are meeting each other in their totality. This is the starting point where the same and the other really meet each other. The crossroad can also become a concept designating intercultural dialogue. If the process of genu ine communication and mutual understanding between individuals of different cultures and traditions is possible, then it will definitely happen at the crossroads” (ibid., p. 139). The author emphasizes the connection between intercultural philosophy and philosophical geography and indicates the necessity of further researches in this direction (ibid., p. 117). See also, G. Khuroshvili, ‘Jerusalem and Athens in Medieval Georgian Thought’, in: T. Iremadze, U. R. Jeck, and H. Schneider (eds.), Philosophie und Sozialtheorie, vol. 1, Leben verstehen. Berlin: Logos Verlag, 2014, pp. 97-101.; G. Tavadze, The Power of Maps. Gelati and the Concept of “Caucasian Philosophy” in the Context of Intercultural Philosophy. Tbilisi: Nekeri, 2013 (in Georgian); id., ‘Gelati as a Pivotal Topos of Caucasian Philosophy and its Importance to Georgian Philosophical Thought’, in: T. Iremadze (ed.), Philosophy and Theology in Medieval Georgia. Tbilisi: Pavoriti Stili, 2016, pp. 179-193 (in Georgian).

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space and trans formed the earth into a “global village”. Globalization fosters the development of global consciousness and concomitant processes of glo-calization emerge. These processes influence individual and collective identi-ties and shape the ways in which global spaces are perceived. As it was noted regarding the local and regional levels of analysis, the issues relating to the global level should be studied by using an interdisciplinary methodology.

The concepts of place and identity are of crucial im portance to all three levels of philosophical geography. Therefore these concepts form the “con-ceptual core” of philosophical geography. At the local level place-identity relationships are connected to humans’ activity which transforms the geo-graphical space into social space. At the regional level places are united into larger spaces which are called regions. Regional spatial con cepts have a strong influence on individual and collec tive identities. Finally, at the global level the concepts of place and identity are connected to the concept of the global space (the Earth as the dwelling house of mankind). In the light of the aforesaid, philosophical geography can be defined broadly in a way which underlines the ele ments of its conceptual core: philosophical geography stud-ies place-identity relationships at local, regional and global levels in an in-tercultural and interdisciplinary context.

In the second chapter the beginnings of philosophical geography are ana lyzed. The contributions of the following authors are discussed: Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Johann Gottfried Herder, Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Ernst Kapp.

The end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century is a period of rapid development within the natural sciences. Discoveries in physics, as-tronomy, chemistry and biology gave important stimuli to the scientific prog-ress. Travellers brought to Europe new information about hitherto unknown peoples and tribes from various parts of the Earth. The customs of these peo-ples and tribes, described by the travellers in their travel journals, differed significantly from the European ones. European thinkers who used travel-lers’ narratives, tried to explain these differences scientifically. These think-ers used as their sources classi cal authors (Herodotus, Strabo, Hippocrates etc.) and information provided by contemporary travellers. Travel journals, of course, were not totally reli able, rather quite often they were a strange mix of imagined and truthful stories. Nevertheless the reference to these new sources was a step forward towards the development of new, scientifically verifiable knowledge about other peoples.

From the second half of the 18th century important scientific expeditions (for example, those of James Cook, Jean François Laperouse, Louis-An toine de Bougainville and George Vancouver) were accompanied by lead ing nat-

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uralists who were directly observing interesting phenomena and col lecting data according to established scientific methods. From these expedi tions, which left a significant impact in the 18th century, one can without disregard-ing the others, single out the expeditions of James Cook (1727-1779). The second pacific expedition of Cook (1772-1775) involved the German natu-ralist Johann Reinhold Forster (1729-1798) and his son Georg Forster (1754-1794). In the course of the expedition the Forsters made many important observations which covered the fields of geography, oceanogra phy, geology, botany, zoology, anthropology, ethnography etc. Georg For ster’s account of the journey Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World (London, 1778), based on his father’s journals, made a real sen sation in scientific cir-cles. The work of the Forsters’ had significant impact on geography’s further development as it helped to establish “a new tradi tion of disciplined, first-hand observation as the basis for an authoritative geography”.4 Alexander von Humboldt knew Georg Forster personally and this acquaintance fostered young Humboldt’s longing for travel.

The climate issue was very important in the 18th century. The most compre hensive analysis of this issue belongs to Charles-Louis Montesquieu (1689-1755), who outlined his views on this subject in his work The Spirit of the Laws (1748). Montesquieu’s influence is felt in Sage of Orient, the work of the Georgian thinker Alexander Amilakhvari (1750-1802).

Montesquieu’s climate theory is important in many respects: he paid par ticular attention to the climatic factor and to its influence on human agen-cy. Montesquieu systematically analyzed relationships between climate and social-political factors (types of state, religion, commerce, mores). Ac cording to C. Glacken, Montesquieu’s work “marks a turning point in the prehis-tory of the social sciences, laying out a route that ultimately leads to human geography”.5 For S. Günzel, with Montesquieu, an understanding of the geo-graphical foundations of history comes to the front of the stage.6

Montesquieu’s views were criticized by Voltaire (1694-1778) and Jo-hann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803). Voltaire thought that an exaggeration of the importance of climatic factors would leave no room for the effective

4 M. Church, ‘Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography’. In: S. Elden, E. Mendieta (eds), Reading Kant’s Geography. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2011, p. 24.

5 C. J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore. Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967, p. 566.

6 S. Günzel, ‘Geographie der Aufklärung. Klimapolitik von Montesquieu zu Kant’. Aufklärung und Kritik, 2 (2004), p. 66.

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cri tique of bad government. As for Herder, he embraced the broader notion of the climate. Both Montesquieu and Herder explained Europe’s political supremacy according to geographical factors. For Montesquieu Europe’s strength derives from its temperate climate. On the other hand, Herder thought that Europe’s superiority rested on its landscape diversity. Besides, Herder disagreed with Montesquieu’s climate theory and acknowledged that in studying climatic phenomena one should pay attention to many fac tors (plants, animals, human agency). Human agency plays an important role in Herder’s work: humans can easily break the subtle balance existing in na-ture, therefore humans should act cautiously towards nature. Never theless, the acknowledgment of human agency is somehow faded by Herder with acknowledging the decisive importance of morphological factors (most im-portantly, mountain systems). Perhaps these contradictions were una voidable if one considers the huge task that Herder wanted to fulfil – to bring about a synthesis of history and natural sciences.

There were significant developments in geographical thought in 18th cen-tury Georgia. The most important work, Description of the Kingdom of Geor-gia (1745) from this period belongs to Vakhushti Bagrationi (1696-1757). For Bagrationi geography, “description of place”, is a part of history. In his work, he sequentially considers different regions of Georgia and describes in a detailed way their climate, relief, hydrography, plants, animals etc. Ac-cording to the Georgian geographer L. Maruashvili (1912-1992) Bagrationi is “one among other scientists who had described the phe nomenon of vertical zonality before Alexander von Humboldt had formu lated his theory regard-ing this issue”.7

From the 18th century philosophers who were actively engaged with geog raphy, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is the most distinguished. During his lectureship at the University of Königsberg, Kant read geography cours-es forty-nine times. The only courses which Kant offered more frequently were logic and metaphysics. Some researchers think that Kant’s geograph ical views are closely connected with his philosophy. According to J. Mal pas and K. Thiel “Kant can be construed as one of the pioneers, perhaps the very first, in the project of a ‘philosophical topography’ – a project that aims to explore the manner in which space, and also place, figure in human knowledge and experience as both the object of such knowledge and expe rience, and as part of its very structure”.8

7 L. Maruashvili, ‘Vakhushti Bagrationi’. In: Sh. Javakhishvili, G. Dondua (eds.), gamochenili mogzaurebi da bunebis mkvlevarebi [Famous travellers and naturalists]. Tbilisi: Ganatleba, 1989, p. 41 (in Georgian).

8 J. Malpas, K. Thiel, ‘Kant’s Geography of Reason’. In: S. Elden, E. Mendieta

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Contemporary geographers consider that Kant had considerable influ-ence on the further development of geography. Kant smashed to smithereens the re mains of old teleological geography and firmly established the notion of geography as a discipline which studies the phenomena on the Earth’s sur-face. Kant, also, “adopted the classical concept of the chorography of earth space, meaning the description of space according to perceived differences from place to place. This has remained a recurring leitmotif of academic and practical geography ever since”.9

In the beginning of the 19th century the importance of systematic study of empirical phenomena in geography was widely established. The most im-portant representative of this approach is Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859). Humboldt’s travels in Latin America and the observations which he made there became standard for the future generation of researchers.

Humboldt was not a philosopher, but Goethe’s and Herder’s philosophi-cal views influenced his thought to some degree. Through Georg Forster he knew Kant’s views about geography. Humboldt did not limit himself merely to the description of empirical phenomena (observations and experiments), rather he attempted to make generalizations from observable facts and to es-tablish general relationships between them (holistic approach).

Humboldt’s contemporary was the German geographer Carl Ritter (1779-1859). He was the person for whom the Berlin University established the first chair in geography.10 Of course, geography was taught at German univer sities before Ritter (J. M. Franz, A. F. Büsching and I. Kant), but there did not exist such a speciality as geography. Ritter made considerable efforts to establish geography as a university discipline. In his monumental work Die Erdkunde im Verhältnis zur Natur und Geschichte des Menschen (19 vol., 1822-1859) he systematically analyzed the surface of the Earth as the product of interplay between nature and history. Ritter sharply distin guished subject matter and research methods of geography from other sci ences. Ritter’s in-fluential students were Élisée Reclus (1830-1905) and Ar nold Henry Guyot (1807-1884).

Ritter’s colleague at Berlin University, the German philosopher Georg Wil helm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) developed views about the geographi-cal foundations of world history. For Hegel, world history has a geographical basis. Within this basis the world spirit moves to freedom. Nevertheless the

(eds), Reading Kant’s Geography. p. 195.9 M. Church, Immanuel Kant and the Emergence of Modern Geography, p. 26.10 Ritter did not have direct followers. The new chair in geography was established

only in 1871, after the unification of Germany. Oscar Peschel (1826-1875) became the Head of De partment.

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geographical basis does not determine the movement of history, it is simply consistent with it. It is clearly evident in the case of the sea. “Land – in the sense of the broad river valleys – binds man to the soil; consequently a whole series of ties attaches him to the locality he lives in. But the sea lifts him out of these narrow confines. The sea awakens his courage; it lures him on to conquest and piracy, but also to profit and acquisition.”11 But this thesis does not apply equally to all nations. Europeans developed the art of navigation and attained the heights, but the Chinese failed to do so. For the Chinese the sea “is merely the termination of the land, and they have no positive relation-ship with it”.12 The reason for this lies in the fact that according to Hegel world history – which at the same time is the realization of freedom – begins in the east and then moves westwards. This movement from east to west correlates with the corresponding geo graphical basis. World history moves through Asia and reaches its culmina tion in Europe. The prerequisite of this is the unity in Europe’s landscape forms.

Hegel’s views were further developed by Ernst Kapp (1808-1896) in his work Philosophische oder vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissen-schaftlicher Darstellung der Erdverhältnisse und des Menschenlebens nach ihrem innern Zusammenhang (1845).13 Kapp tried to consider contempo rary geography in Hegelian terms. According to Kapp, philosophical geog raphy does not consider the earth only in its “being for himself” (in ihrem Fürsich-sein), but also as shaping the development of spirit and simulta neously as shaped and changed by the spirit. Philosophical geography must show that during the process of world history different parts of the earth’s spaces are the “natural aspects“ of the states. Thus philosophical geography is a necessary prerequisite of history.14 Kapp’s philosophical geography is influenced by Hegel and Ritter. It is speculative and descriptive and less oriented towards empirical reality. Because of this, Kapp was criticized later. In addition to this, the development of geography in the second half of the 19th century was more connected with natural sci ences rather than with history. The next generation of geographers did not want geography to be the “servant“ of his-tory. Nevertheless Kapp’s thoughts influenced to some degree the German

11 G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction: Reason in History. Translated by H. B. Nisbet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 160.

12 Ibid., p. 161.13 Second edition: Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Dar-

stellung. Zweite verbesserte Auflage. Braunschweig: George Westermann, 1868.14 E. Kapp, Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde in wissenschaftlicher Darstellung.

Zweite verbesserte Auflage. Braunschweig: George Westermann, 1868, p. vii.

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geographer Fried rich Ratzel (1844-1904). Alexander von Humboldt died in 1859, the same year as Carl Ritter. This

year also was marked by the appearance of Darwin’s work On the Origin of Species. The natural sciences entered a new stage of development. As for geography, it would soon face the „identity crisis“: the leading geographers tried – in the face of rapid specialization and rapid advancement of scientific truth – to establish the scopes and the limits of geography, its subject matter and its methods.

The third chapter is dedicated to the important period in the develop-ment of philosophical geography which stretches roughly from the second half of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century. Themes and concepts which were developed in this period are of great importance for contempo rary thought. In this chapter the contributions of Friedrich Ratzel, Carl Schmitt, Martin Heidegger, Watsuji Tsetsurô, Karl August Wittfogel and Gaston Bach-elard are analyzed.

The notion of Lebensraum (“living space”) which was introduced by Frie drich Ratzel (1844-1904) is a contradictory one because it was the con-cept for the use of which Ratzel was accused of supporting European impe-rialism. Ac cording to Ratzel, space and life are deeply interconnected. The develop ment of the new forms of life depends on the given space. When the living space reduces, so does the development of the new forms of life. The en largement of the Lebensraum means the creation of possibilities which fos-ter differentiation of new life forms. Ratzel spreads this analogy to human so-cieties: the increase in the numbers of the population alters their relationship to space, namely, the space itself reduces and there remains little space for individuals. This causes a change of all other conditions of life: the struggle for space ensues.15

As mentioned above, contemporary researchers note the imperialistic cur rents in Ratzel’s thought. In his Political Geogra phy (1897) Ratzel calls the war “the school of space”16 and con siders that the struggle between na-tions is always the struggle for space.17 On the other hand some researchers argue that Ratzel developed a dynamic theory of space and that it is a gross misinterpretation of his legacy to connect his views with National Socialist

15 F. Ratzel, Der Lebensraum. Eine Biogeographische Studie. Unveränderter reprografischer Nachdruck aus: Festgaben für Albert Schäffle. 1901, S. 101-189. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1966, p. 153 ff.

16 F. Ratzel, Politische Geographie oder die Geographie der Staaten, des Verkehrs und des Krieges. Zweite umgearbeitete Auflage. München und Berlin: Verlag von R. Oldenbourg, 1903, p. 373.

17 Ibid., p. 381.

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ideology.18 The sea plays an important role in Ratzel’s philosophical geography.

In his work The Sea as the Source of the Greatness of People. A politico-geo graphical Study (1900) Ratzel considers the influence of the sea on the na tions. “The peoples of sea had the greatest contribution in expanding the sphere of the political.”19 The ideal of the great politics is the connection of continental and oceanic motives.20 If Germany wants to fulfill its mission it must be a strong sea-power.21

In Land and Sea (1942) Carl Schmitt tried to analyze funda mental changes happening in the world and their causes. If we discuss the work from this standpoint, then Land and Sea can be seen as a systematic work in which we can outline five major areas: 1. land and sea as antagonistic elements; 2. spatial revolution and its consequences; 3. the world-historical tension between Catholicism and Protestant ism against the background of the antagonism between the land and the sea; 4. Industrial Revolution and techni-cal progress as the foundational fac tors of new elemental forces; 5. in a given world-historical situation a man has the possibility to make a choice between the elements and therefore to transcend any former spatial limits, whilst gain-ing new spatial consciousness and horizons.

Schmitt’s historical-geographical analysis, as he himself declares, is based on the three-stage scheme of historical development presented by the Hegelian Ernst Kapp. Nevertheless in Schmitt’s analysis the first potamic stage, that of river civilizations, is omitted. He reflects about “thalassic” Ven-ice and then goes on to explore the “oceanic” power – England. In Chapters V-VIII of Land and Sea Schmitt analyzes factors which were responsible for the spatial revolution and which were the reason for the choice of a new element (sea). These factors are whale-hunting, hunting for fur animals in Siberia, technical progress and piracy. It is easy to notice that all these acti-vities are based on the striving for economic profit. In the case of piracy and

18 G. H. Müller, Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904): Naturwissenschaftler, Geograph, Gelehrter. Neue Studien zu Leben und Werk und sein Konzept der “Allgemeinen Biogeographie”. Stuttgart: Verlag für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik, 1996, p. 154.

19 F. Ratzel, Das Meer als Quelle der Völkergrösse. Eine politisch-geographische Studie. Zweite, verbesserte Auflage. München und Berlin: Druck und Verlag von R. Oldenbourg, 1911, p. 40. See also E. Mendieta, ‘War the School of Space: The Space of War and the War for Space’. Ethics, Place and Environment, vol. 9 (2006), p. 215.

20 F. Ratzel, Das Meer als Quelle der Völkergrösse, p. 73. 21 Ibid., p. iii.

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whale-hunting the ocean acts as a ‘luring’ element which opens unlimited perspectives of profit-making. This is a very important aspect in Schmitt’s philosophical geography. In the epilogue of the third edition of Land and Sea (1981) Schmitt, being under the influence of Hegel, pays more attention to the rush for export and colonization which exists in civil society. H. Schnei-der sees in this “the late confession in the previously rejected Marxism”.22

The Industrial Revolution marked the beginning of a new era. New ele-mental forces emerged, which were caused by rapid technological progress. These fundamental changes indicate that the old nomos is disappearing and a new nomos is arising through the struggle and fighting.

In Land and Sea Schmitt pays particular attention to the human agency. Man is not “bound” to a particular element. Schmitt praises the “sea-roam-ers”, whale-hunters, courageous travelers and discoverers who were fron-tiersmen in the great process of spatial revo lution. Human choice of elements is influenced by a particular historical situation, by the level of technical de-velopment and so on. But with the awareness of the nomos construction/dis-solution processes humans will be able to grasp their historical destination.

The next thinker to whom philosophical geography is greatly indebted is Martin Heidegger. Spatial thematics are especially evident in Heidegger’s later thinking.23 In his work “Building Dwelling Thinking” (1951) Heidegger asks the following questions: 1. What is it to dwell? 2. How does building belong to dwelling? At first it seems that dwell ing is attained by means of building. However, by this “means-end schema” we can never grasp the true meaning of dwelling. Only the language can help us in this process. For that reason Heidegger analyzes the meaning of the word “building” (bauen). Bauen is connected to “be” (bin). “The man ner in which we humans are on the earth, is Buan, dwelling. To be a human being means to be on the earth as a mortal.”24

The word “building” also means “to cherish”, “to protect”. Two types of building – building as preserving and building as con structing – “are com-

22 H. Schneider, ‘Philosophische Geografie: Die Bedeutung des Wassers für die Geschichte – Europa und Asien’. In: H. Paetzold, W. Schmied-Kowarzik (eds.), Interkulturelle Philosophie. Weimar: Bauhaus-Universität, 2007, p. 228.

23 For this topic see J. Malpas, Heidegger’s Topology: Being, Place, World. Cambridge / London: The MIT Press, 2006; id., Heidegger and the Thinking of Place. Explorations in the Topology of Being. Cambridge / London: The MIT Press, 2012.

24 M. Heidegger, ‘Building Dwelling Thinking’. In: M. Heidegger, Poetry, Language, Thought. Translated by A. Hofstadter. New York: Harper & Row, 1975, p. 147.

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prised in genuine building, that is, dwelling”.25 When this intrinsic meaning of building is lost, “dwelling is never thought of as the basic character of human being”.26

Heidegger summarizes these thoughts as follows: 1. Building is really dwelling; 2. Dwelling is the manner in which mortals are on the earth; 3. Building as dwelling unfolds into the building that cultivates growing things and the building that erects buildings. Here Heidegger sets forth an important thesis: humans do not dwell as they have built, but they build and have built because they dwell and because they are dwellers. Again, Heidegger goes into the roots of the word “dwelling”. The Gothic word Wunian means “to remain in peace”. “The word for peace, Friede, means the free. [...] To free really means to spare”.27 From these considerations Heidegger concludes that the basic character of dwelling lies in sparing and preserving. He intro-duces the fourfold (earth, sky, divinities and mortals) and states that “mortals are in the fourfold by dwelling”.28 Through the dwelling fourfold is secured in things.

After this conclusion Heidegger goes to examine the second question: how does building belong to dwelling? He does it by clarifying the nature of building, built thing (a bridge in that case). A bridge is not only connect-ing the banks of the river, but “the banks emerge as banks only as the bridge crosses the stream”.29 The bridge is a gatherer: it gathers in its own way the fourfold. Bridge “gathers the fourfold in such a way that it allows a site for it. But only something that is itself a place can make a space for a site”.30 Place does not exist prior to bridge, “ra ther, a place comes into existence only by virtue of the bridge”.31

In view of the aforesaid considerations it should be noted that Heidegger sets forth the meaning of place which is very important to philosophical ge-ography, that is, of place, which is a gatherer and which allows for spaces. We can see below that Heidegger’s definition of place still has im portance to contemporary thinkers.

After considering Heidegger’s thoughts we should analyze the contribu-

25 Ibid., p. 147. 26 Ibid., p. 148.27 Ibid., p. 149.28 Ibid., p. 150.29 Ibid., p. 152.30 Ibid., p. 154.31 Ibid. In this case I changed “location” to “place” (Ort). Location is a mere spot in

a homogeneous space, but place is laden with meanings.

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tions of Watsuji Tsetsurô. Watsuji is one of the most important rep resentatives of 20th century Japanese philosophical thought along with Ki taro Nishida and Hajime Tanabe. Watsuji’s thought has strong connections with the Kyoto School of Philosophy whose founder and most influential representative was Kitaro Nishida. Watsuji was one of the first to introduce the names of Fried-rich Nietzsche and Søren Kierkegaard to the Japanese public. Watsuji still has a considerable influence on contemporary Japanese philosophy and culture.

Watsuji’s most well-known work is Fūdo (1935), where he developed his climatic philosophy. In the preface Watsuji outlines the main aim of his work: “to clarify the function of climate as a factor within the structure of human existence”.32 He also notes that he considers climatic phe nomena “as expressions of subjective human existence and not of natural environment”.33

According to Watsuji, in Being and Time Heidegger paid particular atten tion to the notion of time in the structure of subjective existence. Watsuji rejects such an approach as incomplete, because in this account there is no room for space. “Time not linked with space is not time in the true sense”.34 In addition to this, the notion of Dasein, which is central in Being and Time, refers only to the individual subject. From the dual structure of human exis-tence which combines both individual and social, Heidegger paid his atten-tion only to one – individual – aspect. “But it is only when human existence is treated in terms of its concrete duality that time and space are linked and that history also (which never appears fully in Heidegger) is first revealed in its true guise. And at the same time the con nection between history and climate becomes evident.”35

In the first chapter of Climate and Culture Watsuji explains the meaning of Fūdo: it is “a general term for the natural environment of a given land, its climate, its weather, the geological and productive nature of the soil, its topographic and scenic features”.36 This “natural environment” constitutes for Watsuji the phenomenon of cli mate. “[W]e find our selves – ourselves as an element in the ‘mutual relationship’ – in climate.”37 Watsuji distinguishes three major types of climate: monsoon, desert and meadow. Specific cultures correspond to each type of climate: Indian, Chinese and Japanese cultures to

32 T. Watsuji, Climate and Culture: A Philosophical Study. Translated by G. Bownas. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988, p. v.

33 Ibid.34 Ibid.35 Ibid., p. vi.36 Ibid., p. 1.37 Ibid., p. 5.

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the monsoon climate, Arab and Jewish culture to desert climate and European culture to the meadow climate.

Watsuji considers the climate as part of the structure of human existence. Human beings discover themselves in climate. But what does Watsuji mean by ‘human beings’? When speaking about human beings Watsuji means the combination of individual and social: “For a true and full understanding, one must treat man both as individual and as whole”.38 This means that “space must be regarded as linked with time”.39 On the basis of this Watsuji formu-lates the following thesis: “the inseparability of time and space is the basis of the inseparability of history and climate”.40 Thus, it is possible to single out six concepts (in three pairs) which constitute the core of Watsuji’s climatic philosophy. These concepts/pairs are: time – space, indi vidual – social, cli-mate – history.

The German scholar Karl August Wittfogel also recognized the impor-tance of climate, although he focused his research on irrigation and water management within “hydraulic societies”. According to Wittfogel, the devel-opment of agriculture depends on water resources which are available to the given society. If a society lacks sufficient water resources which are gener-ated by rain, than the development of agriculture is possible only by means of artificial irrigation. Time keeping also be comes necessary. It enables precise calculation of beginning and ending of rain and flood seasons, the rise and fall of rivers. The ruling group controls astronomy and thereby assigns the specific hydraulic tasks (building dams, ditching, watering) to subservient groups. The need for water control gave rise to hydraulic methods of social control.

Wittfogel outlines three major characteristics of a hydraulic economy: 1. specific type of division of labour; 2. intensification of cultivation and 3. large scale cooperation. Division of labour in hydraulic society involves two main types of labour: preparatory and protective hydraulic works. The main aim of preparatory hydraulic works is irrigation and it included ditching, damming and watering. On the other hand, protective hydraulic works in volved build-ing of large defensive structures against floods.

Another important trait of hydraulic societies is the deployment of a large part of the population in hydraulic works and other public services. Such large-scale operations required a strong bureaucracy. “It is the circumspec-tion, resourcefulness, and integrative skill of the supreme leader and his aides

38 Ibid., p. 9.39 Ibid.40 Ibid.

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which play the decisive role in initiating, accomplishing, and perpetu ating the major works of hydraulic economy.”41 A hydraulic society is a despotic society and Wittfogel describes it in overly negative terms. The whole power is concentrated in the hands of the ruling elite. Total control is exerted on almost every sphere of public life. “Hy draulic despotism tolerates no relevant political forces besides itself.”42

Wittfogel’s theory of the hydraulic society was criticized in many re-spects. Some researchers accuse him of determinism and over-generalizing. Sup porters argue that Wittfogel “never claimed that every state emerged ini-tially from the single task of water control”.43 In spite of these accusations and justifications it is important to note that Wittfogel paid at tention to the importance of geographical factors (in his case it was water) in social history. His analysis is still important in the contemporary world where millions of people do not have access to safe and clean water. Even in our contemporary era, today’s governments initiate gigantic projects with the ultimate aim of controlling vast water resources. The Three Gorges Dam in China and Great Man-made River Project in Libya are good examples of such undertakings. In this regard Wittfogel’s ideas are fruitful on a global level of philosophical geography where it is important to study relationships between geographical factors and human agency on the global scale.

The French philosopher Gaston Bachelard in his work The Poetics of Space (1958) analyzes the poetic image, which he defines as “a sudden sa-lience on the surface of the psyche”.44 The poetic image possesses a dyna-mism of its own. To grasp the poetic act and to analyze the sudden appearance of poetic images in the conscious ness a phenomenology of the imagination is needed. Only phenomenology enables to grasp the subjectivity and trans-subjectivity of poetic images.

Bachelard considers poetic images in a spatial context. “Indeed, the im-ages I want to examine are the quite simple images of felicitous space. In this orientation, these investigations would deserve to be called topophilia.”45 According to Bachelard space is imbued with emotional qualities. Felicitous

41 K. A. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism. A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1957, p. 26-27.

42 Ibid., p. 137. 43 D. Worster, Rivers of Empire. Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American

West. New York / Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 39.44 G. Bachelard, The Poetics of Space. Translated by M. Jolas. Boston: Beacon

Press, 1994, p. xv.45 Ibid., p. xxxv.

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space is a space to which humans are deeply attached and which they tend to preserve. Space which is grasped by imagination cannot be homogeneous and abstract space. Such space is always an experi enced space.

The first poetic image which arises in the felicitous space is the image of house. The image of house is an essential part of the poetics of house. To analyze the image of the house Bachelard uses the technique which he calls “topoanalysis”. In terms of topoanalysis house is described as “our corner of the world. [...] [I]t is our first universe, a real cosmos in every sense of the word.”46 In house humans have cosy nooks and corners where they feel happy. “All really inhabited space bears the essence of the notion of home.”47 The house allows for daydreams and play for im agination. The memories which are connected with house are warm and full with happiness and the sense of protection. Before a human being is cast into the world he is nurtured in the house.

According to Bachelard, the physical structure of the house is connected to a person’s mental life. The house has a cellar and garret, nooks and rooms and by virtue of these places, memories are localized. In this connection topo-analysis is “the systematic psychological study of the sites of our inti mate lives”.48

Bachelard analyzes the image of house in two respects: 1. A house has a vertical structure. This structure is defined by the polarity of cellar (irra tional) and garret (rational). In the garret all our thoughts are rationalized, but the cellar “becomes buried madness, walled-in tragedy”49 the realm of irrational and unconscious. 2. A house is a concentrated being and it appeals to human’s consciousness of centrality. A hermit’s hut is an example of such concentrated being. It is a place of solitude and poverty but also of repose. A hut evokes a sense of security and it is a place of concen trated solitude.

In The Poetics of Space, Bachelard represents the image of the house as the centre of existential being. Humans who dwell in a house have emo tional attachment to the space it provides. To denote these emotions Bachelard uses terms “felicitous space” and “topophilia”. The idea that places are centres of meaning to humans who are emotionally attached to them was fruitfully developed in the Anglo-Saxon world by the representatives of humanistic geography.

The aim of the chapter 4 is to show that notions of place and identity

46 Ibid., p. 4. 47 Ibid., p. 5. 48 Ibid., p. 8. 49 Ibid., p. 20.

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are of crucial importance to philosophical geography. The contributions of Michel Foucault, Yi-Fu Tuan, Edward Relph, David Seamon, Edward Casey and Jeff Malpas are analyzed.

According to Michel Foucault, “the present epoch will perhaps be above all the epoch of space”.50 Humans live in the world which is defined by spatial notions. In contrast with medieval space, which was characterized by hierarchical ordering of places, the contempo rary space is a space where sites are defined by relations of proximity be tween different points. Instead of describing these relationships which exist between different sites, Foucault prefers to de scribe those sites which are “in relation with all the other sites, but in such a way as to suspect, neutralize, or invert the set of relations that they happen to designate, mirror, or reflect”.51 These sites are of two main types: utopias and heterotopias.

“Utopias are sites with no real place.”52 On the contrary, heterotopias are real places which exist in almost every culture. In heterotopias “all the other real sites that can be found within the culture, are simultaneously rep-resented, contested, and inverted”.53 Foucault distinguishes two types of heterotopias: crisis heterotopias (menstruation huts, boarding schools, army camps etc.) and heterotopias of deviation (rest homes, psychiatric hospitals, prisons). In the contemporary world, crisis heterotopias are replaced by het-erotopias of deviation.

The description of heterotopias is called heterotopology. Foucault out-lines six principles of heterotopology and in this context discusses various heter otopias (cemeteries, theatres, cinemas, gardens, brothels, museums, libraries and so on). Foucault’s heterotopological analysis is important to philosophi cal geography. Heterotopias are real places, so in addition to theo-retical analysis there is a possibility of empirical research which will bring to light new characteristics of these “other” places.

Yi-Fu Tuan is a representative of humanistic geography. Accord ing to Tuan, humanistic geography is critical and reflective. It “reflects upon geo-graphical phenomena with the ultimate purpose of achieving a better under-standing of man and his condition”.54 A hu manist geographer “can suggest

50 M. Foucault, ‘Of Other Spaces’. Translated by J. Miskowiec. Diacritics, 16 (1986), p. 22.

51 Ibid., p. 24.52 Ibid.53 Ibid.54 Y.-F. Tuan, ‘Humanistic Geography’. Annals of the Association of American

Geographers, vol. 66 (1976), p. 266.

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means by which a sense of place may be enhanced”.55 Tuan defines place as “a center of meaning constructed by experience”.56 This experience con-structs places at different scales. In Topophilia (1974) Tuan explores the meaning of to pophilia (affective bond with place), though he does not men-tion Bachelard in his work.

Space and place are important concepts in Tuan’s works. Space is open, empty and abstract in its nature. It is associated with movement. On the con-trary, place is a static concept and it signifies stability. There is a dialec tical relationship between space and place. “In open space one can become in-tensely aware of place; and in the solitude of a sheltered place the vast ness of space beyond acquires a haunting presence.”57

In Place and Placelessness (1976) Edward Relph uses a phenom-enological approach to analyze the nature of places. He outlines four major themes: 1. the relationships between space and place; 2. the different com-ponents and intensities of place experience; 3. the nature of the identity of places and the identity of people with places; 4. the ways in which the sense of place and the attachment to place become manifest.

Relph distinguishes six types of space: pragmatic or primitive space, per ceptual space, existential space (which comprises sacred space and geo-graphical space), architectural space, cognitive space, and abstract space. Of these spaces existential space is particularly important. “The meanings of existential space are therefore those of a culture as experienced by an indi-vidual. Furthermore, existential space is not merely a passive space wait-ing to be experienced, but is constantly being created and remade by human activities.”58

After considering different types of space, Relph discusses the nature of place in regard to location, landscape, time and community. Finally he con cludes that the essence of place lies “in the largely unselfconscious inten-tionality that defines places as profound centres of human existence”.59

When analyzing the nature of the identity of places Relph at first dis-cusses its components: the static physical setting, the activities, and the meanings. He also analyzes the notion of spirit of place (genius loci). “Spirit

55 Ibid., p. 275. 56 Y.-F. Tuan, ‘Place: An Experiential Perspective’. Geographical Review, vol. 65

(1975), p. 152.57 Y.-F. Tuan, Space and Place. The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis:

University of Minnesota Press, 2001, p. 54.58 E. Relph, Place and Placelessness. London: Pion Press, 1976, p. 12. 59 Ibid., p. 43.

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of place can persist in spite of profound changes in the basic components of identity. [...] It constitutes the very individuality and uniqueness of places.”60

One of the important issues regarding the identity of places is the inside-ness/outsideness dichotomy. Relph develops a classification of insideness/outsideness, namely, he distin guishes the following categories: existential outsideness, objective outside ness, incidental outsideness, vicarious inside-ness, behavioural insideness, empathetic insideness and existential inside-ness. The last is the most im portant. “Existential insideness characterizes be-longing to a place and the deep and complete identity with a place that is the very foundation of the place concept.”61

According to Relph, the image of a place has a strong connec tion to its identity. Relph distinguishes individual, group or community, consensus and mass images of places and associated identities. A place can have dif-ferent identities for an individual; there are also distinctions of atti tudes to place between individuals. For different groups places have differ ent identi-ties. Nevertheless different groups often have consensus identity of a place which takes two forms: the public and the mass identities. Public identity of place “ties together group images of places”.62 In con trast with public iden-tity, mass identities are provided ready-made by politi cians or mass media. Mass identities are superficial and they weaken attachment to places, thereby eroding existential insideness. On the basis of these considerations Relph distin guishes seven types of idenities of places which correspond to types of in sideness/outsideness.

With respect to sense of place Relph makes a sharp distinction between the authentic and the inauthentic sense of place. The authentic sense of place “comes from a full awareness of places for what they are as products of man’s in tentions and the meaningful settings for human activities, or from a pro-found and unselfconscious identity with place”.63 The inauthentic sense of place implies ignorance of the symbolic dimensions of place. It creates place-lessness – a weakening of the identity of places. In order to counter the place-lessness, an approach is needed which takes into consideration the existential significance of place and a deep human need for connection with significant places. Finally, “whether the world we live in has a placeless geography or a geography of significant places, the responsibility for it is ours alone”.64

60 Ibid., pp. 48-49. 61 Ibid., p. 55. 62 Ibid., p. 58. 63 Ibid., p. 64. 64 Ibid., p. 147.

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The concepts developed by Relph in Place and Placelessness could be suc-cessfully employed as conceptual guidelines in empirical research of places at the local level of philosophical geography.

The phenomenological approach of Relph was further developed by geog rapher David Seamon. Under the influence of Merleau-Ponty he pays particular attention to the everyday movement. He rejects both the be haviorist and cognitive approaches to movement. According to Seamon, a phenomeno-logical approach should bracket the assumptions that movement depends on a cognitive map and that movement is a process of stimulus-response. Seamon considers everyday movement as a phenomenon of the lifeworld. He devel-ops the notion of body-ballet – “a set of integrated be haviors which sustain a particular task or aim”,65 for instance, washing dishes, walking, hunting. When body ballet extends through a con siderable portion of time, a time-space routine is formed. The fusion of many time-space routines and body-ballets create place-ballet. “It generates a strong sense of place because of its continual and regular human activity.”66 In addition to this, Seamon also developed holistic understanding of place and outlined six place-processes which describe place as a synergetic relationality: interaction, identity, re-lease, realization, creation, and intensification.67

The notion of place-ballet can be useful at the local level of philosophi-cal geography. When conducting participant observation, a researcher should try to become an integral part of place-ballet in order to achieve a better understanding of a given place. In addition to the notion of place-ballet, I propose the notion of pulse of place. Places are processes, so they have their own pulse which can accelaretae, decrease or even stop. The pulse of place is measured by human beings’ interactions between each other and with those places which are “nested” in the given place.

The American philosopher Edward Casey has further developed the phenomenological approach towards places. He describes his method as a phenome nological topoanalysis. According to Casey, place is central and prior to space. The knowledge of place is inseparable from the perceptions that we receive on a particular place. Such experiential knowledge is a local knowledge. “To live is to live locally, and to know is first of all to know the

65 D. Seamon, ‘Body-Subject, Time-Space Routines, and Place-Ballets’. In: A. Buttimer, D. Seamon (eds.), The Human Experience of Space and Place. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980, p. 157.

66 Ibid., p. 159. 67 D. Seamon, ‘Understanding Place Holistically: Cities, Synergistic Relationality,

and Space Syntax’. Journal of Space Syntax, vol. 6 (2015), pp. 19-33.

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places one is in.“68 The perception is constituted by cultural and social structures which are

themselves sedimented in perception. Cultural practices and social institu-tions pervade every level of perception. The primacy of perception means the primacy of lived body which is not inert but due to corporeal intention ality integrates itself with its environment. “A place [...] has its own ‘opera tive intentionality’ that elicits and responds to the corporeal intentionality of the perceiving subject. Thus place integrates with body as much as body with place.”69 Lived bodies and places belong to each other.

Phenomenological topoanalysis also reveals the gathering nature of places. According to Casey, places gather experiences, histories, languages, and thoughts. Thanks to gathering, places acquire perduringness which en-ables humans to return to places. In this context, place is more an event than thing: “places not only are, they happen”.70 Time and space come together in place, moreover, they arise from the experience of place itself. Casey’s phe-nomenological analysis reveals the interdisciplinary nature of place research. He discusses the importance of a phenomenological approach to place with regard to anthropology.71 In this regard, Casey’s analysis opens new vistas at the local and regional levels of philosophical geography.

According to philosopher Jeff Malpas, the way in which human identity is tied to place indicates the fundamental character of a human be ing. “It is, indeed, in and through place that the world presents itself.”72 Because hu-man thought and experience is inextricably tied to place, it follows that the inquiry into the mind is identical with the inquiry into place. Understanding the structure and possibility of experience is in separable from an understand-ing of the concept of place.

Malpas compares his methodology to topographical surveying and thus de scribes his method as philosophical topography or mapping the structure of place (which encompasses spatiality and temporality, subjectivity and ob jectivity, and intersubjectivity). In order to clarify the structure of place Malpas also discusses the notion of spatiality. In the structure of spatiality

68 E. S. Casey, ‘How to get from Space to Place in a fairly short stretch of Time: Phenomenological Prolegomena’. In: S. Feld and K. H. Basso (eds.), Senses of Place. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1997, p. 18.

69 Ibid., p. 22. 70 Ibid., p. 27. 71 Ibid., passim.72 J. Malpas, Place and Experience. A Philosophical Topography. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 15.

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Malpas distinguishes subjective and objective spatiality. Subjective space is egocentric space which is inseparable from a creature’s sensory, cognitive and motor capacities. On the contrary, the objective space is not organized around subjective capacities. In objective space no single location has any precedence over any other.

The notions of subjective and objective space are specific instances of sub jectivity and objectivity. “The way in which subjective and objective space are interconnected elements within the structure of place is indicative of the way in which place encompasses both subjectivity and objectivity in gen eral.”73 According to Malpas, subjectivity is not the basis of subjective space and vice versa. These notions should be understood in in terrelation to each other. “The complexity of place does not entail a disper sion of ele-ments, but rather enables their ‘gathering together’ – their inter connection and unification.”74

The thinkers who were discussed above, have mainly developed theo-retical models of place-identity interactions. But in my opinion, adequate research of place-identity relationships is not possible when remaining only in a theoretical dimension. In order to grasp more fully these complex rela-tionships, it is necessary to cover the empirical dimension, namely to ana-lyze those interactions which happen between humans and specific places. In short, place-identity relationships should be researched in the dynamic con-texts. This implies empirical analysis of specific places and relative sociocul-tural environment in which these places are embedded.

In my previous work75 I have summarized the results of the expedi-tion conducted in 2012 in Upper Khevsureti, Georgia. Here, it is possible to outline two main theses: 1. Sacred, historical and everyday spaces permeate each other through human actions and interactions; 2. Sacred places and spaces are not self-sufficient. For their proper functioning the existence of such everyday space is necessary, where the pulse of place is vivid. I will try to demonstrate the validity of these theses in my upcoming work about vil-lage Kistani in Upper Khevsureti.

Several questions can arise in this regard: why is it important to philoso-phy to describe the processes which happen at the specific place(s)? Even if we recognize the fundamental nature of place in regard to humans’ lifeworld and existence, will not the research of specific places become unnecessary and in the best case, of secondary importance?

73 Ibid., p. 70.74 Ibid., 174. 75 G. Tavadze, Shatili from the Perspective of Philosophical Georgraphy. Tbilisi:

Nekeri, 2013.

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I will try to answer these questions relying on philosophical anthropol-ogy. In his Introduction to Logic (1800) I. Kant outlined the tasks of philoso-phy with the help of following questions: 1. What can I know? 2. What ought I to do? 3. What may I hope? 4. What is man?76 I think that study of places (and especially the research of relationships which exist between sacred plac-es/spaces and places/spaces of everyday movement and action) will help us to answer (of course, partially!) the question which is directed towards an understanding of human nature. The sacral dimension in its many forms still plays an important role in the life of contemporary societies. The sacred as such is always materialized in sacred places.77 Sacred places and spaces are not isolated: they are adjacent to the space of everyday movement and ac-tion. Humans constantly move through these spaces, they transform them and are transformed themselves under their influence. Therefore, by study-ing places and spaces we understand not only the peculiarities of specific places and spaces, but first and foremost we understand better those individu-als and groups who move in and through these places/spaces. If one of the main tasks of philosophy is to establish universal communication between humans,78 then, I believe, research of other places and spaces and discovery of the other next to us79 should give us an impulse to rethink our human es-sence and elaborate new means of communication. By grasping better our place-worlds we can better realize our responsibility towards our fellow hu-man beings and improve our lifeworld. This realization should be expressed in the creation and protection of secure and dynamic places full of care and sociality which will foster communication and better understanding between the members of society.

76 I. Kant, Immanuel Kants Logik. Ein Handbuch zu Vorlesungen. Königsberg: Friedrich Nicolovius, 1800, p. 25.

77 In this case“sacred” should not be thought solely in the religious context. In many cases historical places are attributed such an importance that, in fact, they become endowed with sacred meaning. Examples of such places are Statue of Liberty (New York), Khortytsia Island on the River Dnieper (Ukraine), and Didgori (Georgia) where in 1121 a famous battle had occurred between the Seljuks and the Georgians under the head of David IV, leading to a victory of the Georgians.

78 T. Iremadze, Philosophy at the Crossroads of Epochs and Cultures, p. 7. 79 For phenomenological understanding of other see B. Waldenfels, Topographie

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pirTa saZiebeli

abravaneli, i. 126-127

adikesi, e. 47

avaliSvili, g. 23

akermani, e. 169

albukerki, a. 121

aleqsandre amilaxvari 23

aleqsandre makedoneli 122

alTuseri, l. 27-28

almeida, f. 121

alxaziSvili, g. 23

arbetnoti, j. 20-21

aristotele 71

bagrationi, g. 8

baironi, j. 138

baSliari, g. 7, 97, 159-167, 172, 176, 190, 199, 202, 209, 231, 233, 239, 241

beisini, m. 113

beki, h. 48, 51, 114

bela, r. n. 145-146

beneTi, j. 226

benqsi, j. 19

beraZe, T. 120

bergeri, p. 211

beri, b. 169

berki, a. 144-145, 147

berZeniSvili, n. 22

birkenhaueri, i. 63

biuSingi, a. f. 21, 24, 44

bodleri, S. 165

bonplani, e. 52-54, 56

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bosko, h. 165

brodeli, f. 76, 98

brugSi, h. k. 69

brune, J. 91

buaSe, f. 21, 44

bugenvili, l. a. de 19

bunge, u. 169

burdie, p. 235-236

butimeri, a. 171

bufoni, J.-l. l. 19, 21, 44

gabaSvili, t. 23

gaistbeki, a. 95

galilei, g. 190

gama, v. da 121

gatari, f. 7, 97-99, 240

gatereri, i. q. 21

gedevaniSvili, i. 23

gerlandi, g. 47, 87-88

giio, a. 69, 89

giunceli, S. 7, 30-31, 98

glakeni, k. 25, 27, 31

gnaizenau, a. n. fon 59

goeTe, i. v. 55-56

grociusi, h. 124

gudmeni, n. 198

danibegaSvili, r. 23

danielsoni, s. 101, 112

darvini, C. 24, 109

dedabriSvili, g. 23

dedofali viqtoria 127

devidsoni, d. 240

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pirTa saZiebeli

devisi, u. m. 93

dekarti, r. 231, 246

deliozi, J. 7, 97-99, 149, 240

demare, n. 23

dizraeli, b. 127

dilvorTi, d. 140, 149

diu bua, J.-b. 20-21

diurkemi, e. 107-108

dondua, g. 22

eberhardi, v. 157

egniu, j. 172-173, 227

elisabed I 124

engelsi, f. 122, 156-157

enTrikini, n. 246

eskobari, a. 186

vagneri, m. 103

valdenfelsi, b. 255

vankuveri, j. 19

vardenga, u. 94

vareniusi 44

vacuji, t. 96, 137-149, 167

vaxuSti bagrationi 22

veberi, m. 156

verneri, a. g. 50-51

vespuCi, a. 119

vidal de la blaSi, p. 89-91, 169

vimeri, i. 89

vitfogeli, k. a. 97, 149-151, 153-159, 167

volteri 21

volcogeni, l. fon 59

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ziomeringi, s. T. fon 66

TavaZe, g. 8, 12, 14-15, 37, 100, 116, 192, 203, 222, 226, 238, 254

TevzaZe, g. 8

Tili, k. 42

iakoboviCi, s. 149

ianci, b. 145, 148-149

iremaZe, T. 8, 13-14, 75, 99-100, 194, 226, 254-255

iulius keisari 73, 122

iumi, d. 21

kaboti, j. 119

kalmi, p. 36

kaminsi, v. 47

kanti, i. 21-22, 24, 40-49, 51, 56, 59, 61, 63, 69, 86, 106, 242, 254

kapi, e. 24, 67, 76-86, 96, 118, 128

kapi, f. 77, 107

karteri, r. 140

kaselesi, r. 166

kasireri, e. 198

kaCari, m. 7

keisi, e. 94, 97, 162, 169, 190-191, 193, 220, 229-237, 241, 244, 248, 251

kiknaZe, v. 23

kirkegori, s. 138-139

kolumbi, q. 118-119

koperniki, n. 118

kresveli, t. 172, 183

krizeli, k. 29

kristaleri, v. 95, 169

kropotkini, p. 89

kuki, S. 138

kuki, j. 19, 51

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pirTa saZiebeli

kuni, T. 170

labuCiZe, d. 25, 194, 217, 255

laibnici, g. v. 44

langeri, s. 198, 207

laperuzi, J. f. 19

lautenzaxi, h. 95

levini, g. 157

lefevri, a. 169, 173-177, 180, 182-183

li, d. 198

line, k. 19, 44, 46

lifToni, r. j. 219

loki, j. 231

lomouri, T. 22

lulofi, i. 44

makalaTia, s. 192

makinderi, h. 88-89, 91-92

malpasi, j. 7, 42, 132, 136, 169, 183-184, 189, 239-251

marTe, f. 89

martoni, e. de 91

maruaSvili, l. 22-23

marqsi, k. 69, 84, 156-157

masi, d. 169, 184-185, 187

mei, j. 41, 47

mendieta, e. 111-112, 128

mendelson-berToldi, f. 69

merdoki, j. p. 158

merlo-ponti, m. 95, 97, 176, 198, 223-224, 231-232, 237, 240

meheni, a. T. 125, 127

milioni, l. 221

miuleri, g. 112, 114

moltke, h. fon 69

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giorgi TavaZe

monteskie, S. l. 21, 23, 25-33, 39-40, 86

muncingeri, v. 105

nateri, v. 107-108

nacume, s. 138

neirni, i. 218

niutoni, i. 19

niSida, k. 138-140

nicSe, f. 98, 138-139, 175

oJe, m. 216

oSo 182

palasi, p. s. 19

penki, a. 95

pestaloci, i. h. 66

peSeli, o. 24, 47, 87, 115

piti, r. 90, 114

piqti, m.-a. 55

pleve, e. 96

predi, a. 185-186

prusti, m. 239, 248

pule. J. 248

ratceli, f. 85, 89-90, 93, 101-115, 128, 167

rekliu, e. 69, 88

relfi, e. 7, 94, 169, 172, 198, 203-207, 209-212, 214-222, 225, 245, 248-249, 251

rembo, a. 165

rilke, r. m. 165

rinki, T. 42

riteri, k. 24, 41, 47, 58-69, 74, 78, 84-90, 104

rixthofeni, f. f. fon 87-88, 101, 115

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pirTa saZiebeli

rouzi, j. 172, 199

ruSi, f. 125

sanaia, m. 8

saueri, k. 93

sartri, J.-p. 176

seki, r. d. 169, 187-189, 251

sempli, e. C. 90, 93

semuelsi, m. 198

sen-pieri, b. de 19

serto, m. de 169, 177-180

simoni, d. 94, 97, 169, 206, 221-229, 251

smiTi, v. d. 109

spiridiaki, g. 166

sulxan-saba orbeliani 23

stiuardi, j. 158

tailori, e. 158

toinbi, a. 157

tokvili, a. de 217

troli, k. 95

tuani, i-fu 169, 172, 180, 196-203, 209, 217, 241, 251

ulmeni, e. 169

uorsTeri, d. 158

fexneri, g. 109

fixte, i. g. 55

folmeri, g. 42

fonteneli, b. 20

forsteri, g. 20, 51, 86, 96

forsteri, i. r. 20, 56, 96

franci, i. m. 21-22, 24

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giorgi TavaZe

friobeli, i. 69

fuko, m. 169, 178, 189-195, 241, 251

quinsi, T. de 165

Sardeni, J. 20-21

Saxi, a. 59, 61

Selingi, f. v. 67

Seferi, f. k. 169

Svindi, m. 76

Sileri, f. 55

Slaiermaxeri, f. 59

Sluteri, o. 95

Smidi, q. 175-176

Smidti, p. h. 95-96

Smiti, k. 15, 73, 76-77, 96, 112, 115-118, 120-129, 150, 167

Smitheneri, h. 95

Snaideri, h. 8, 37, 70-71, 72-75, 77, 118, 121, 123, 150, 158

Sopenhaueri, a. 139

Sou, b. 138

Spetmani, h. 95

Strausi, l. 14

Sulci, h.-d. 38, 83, 101, 105, 113

CerCi, m. 48, 51, 56, 59

Cefini, v. f. 221

CxeiZe, r. 23

cedlici, k. a. f. fon 41

cxadaZe, T. 194

WinWarauli, n. 8

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pirTa saZiebeli

xelaSvili, i. 23

xeoSvili, g. 194

xuroSvili, g. 8, 14

javaxiSvili, S. 22

jeksoni, s. 53

jenkinsi, r. 219

jefersoni, T. 53

jefersoni, m. 93

jonsToni, r. 170

jounsi, q. 140

haidegeri, m. 96, 129-137, 139-140, 142, 162, 167, 176, 182, 184-185, 201, 204, 209, 216, 221, 233-234, 240, 248, 250

halei, e. 19

hanTeri, j. 114

hanTingToni, e. 93

harvi, d. 169, 172, 180, 182-185, 187

harvi, f. 94

haushoferi, k. 128

hajime, t. 138

hegeli, g. v. f. 24, 31, 69-76, 80-81, 83, 85-86, 121, 145, 147, 150

hegersTrendi, T. 169

heraklite, 117, 127-128

herderi, i. g. 21, 31-40, 55-56, 61-63, 70, 72, 86, 104, 113

herTshorni, r. 47, 94, 169

herodote 19

herci, m. 51

hetneri, a. 47, 63, 88, 93-94, 169

hipokrate 21

holenStaini, e. 7, 99-100

holvegi, i. i. 66

homerosi 71

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giorgi TavaZe

hohaizeli, k. 41

humboldti, a. fon 20, 22, 24, 47, 49-63, 69, 86-88

humboldti, v. fon 59

huserli, e. 94-95, 231-232

- 321 -

cnebaTa saZiebeli

adgili 10-12, 15, 17-18, 95-96, 129-130, 134-137, 162-163, 166-168, 170, 172-174, 177, 180-186, 188-190-192, 195-197, 200-222, 224-244, 246, 248-255, 257-258, anTropologiuri 216, autenturi 221, da dro 208, 237, da identoba 168-169, da politika 200, da sazogadoeba 208, da sxeuli 233, disneificirebuli 218, eqsistencialuri 137, 217, mitovebuli 218, moqmedebis 173, muzeumificirebuli 218, rogorc mdebareoba 170, rogorc mniSvnelobis centri 10, 172, 200, 202, rogorc procesi 10, 185-186, rogorc Semomkrebi 134, 136, 167, 233-234, 237, ro-gorc xdomileba 234, profanuli 190, sakraluri 190, 192, 207, 254-255, standartizebuli 218, urTierTgamomricxavi 11, futuristuli 218, yofierebis 136, heterotopiuli 193, 195

adgilTa adgili ix. dedamiwa rogorc adamianTa sacxovrebeli saxli

adgilis baleti 225-226, 251

adgilis pulsi 226, 254

adgilis samyaro 233, 237-238

adgilis suli 210, 226-227

analizi, sivrcis 182, heterotopologiuri 194

anTropogeografia 103-108

anTropologia, filosofiuri 254

anihilacia, sivrcis 181

anti-disciplina 178 ix., aseve, strategia, taqtika

ara-adgili 216

arastabiluroba, adgilebis 218

arseba, adgilis 207, 209

atlasi, filosofiuri 7, 99-100

biogeografia 108, 110, 114

biurokratia, hidravlikuri 155-156

bifurkacia 52

biheviorizmi 223

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giorgi TavaZe

brZola, arsebobisaTvis 109, klasobrivi 182, sivrcisaTvis 109, 111

gadarCeva, bunebrivi 109

galvanizmi 52

ganadgureba, adgilebis 218

ganviTareba, araTanabari 101, 182, 186

ganmuxtva, adgilis 227-229

gansxvaveba, mtersa da moyvares Soris 122-123

garemyofoba, eqsistencialuri 211, obieqturi 211, SemTxveviTi 211

genocidi 101, 112, 114

geognozia 50

geografia 61, 96, 170, anglo-saqsuri 172, 204, da istoria 22, 24, 31-32, 45-46, 60-61, 66, 70, 74-76, 81, 85-86, 106-107, eko-nomikuri 185, zoologiuri 50, Teologiuri 47, komerciuli 47, kulturuli 78-79, 82, 84, maTematikuri 43-44, 47, mar-qsistuli 180, mineralebis 79, moraluri 45-47, mcenareTa 50, 56, 79, politikuri 43-47, 78-81, 91, 167, radikaluri 172, regionaluri 93, 169-170, rogorc nomoTeturi mecniereba 170, rogorc ideografiuli mecniereba 170, sazogadoe-brivi 31, 56, 87, 89-91, 103, 167, 172, 194, 196, sivrcobrivi 169-171, feministuri 172, 199, fenomenologiuri 171-172, 189, fizikuri 42-47, 54, 56, 78-80, 87, 90-91, 115, SedarebiTi regionaluri 93, cxovelTa 56, 79, humanisturi 95, 171-172, 186, 189, 196-199, 241-242, 251

geomorfologia 88

geopolitika 101

geosofia 89

geofilosofia 7, 97-98

gzagasayari 99-100

globalizacia 15, 84, 186, 222

globaluri daTboba 15

glokalizacia 16, 222

grZnoba adgilis mimarT 173, 198, 204, 208, 215-216, 225, adgi-lis mimarT araautenturi 217, adgilis mimarT araprogre-suli 184, adgilis mimarT progresuli 184

- 323 -

cnebaTa saZiebeli

dapirispireba, kaTolicizmisa da protestantizmis 116, 123, xmeleTisa da zRvis 97, 116-117, 124, 167

darvinizmi 105

dedamiwa, rogorc adamianTa sacxovrebeli saxli 15, 17, 32, 35, 61, 187, 198-199, 201, 256, rogorc globaluri sofeli 15

dedamiwis istoria 50

dedamiwis fizika 54-56

demokratia 217

desakralizacia, sivrcis 190

despotia, aRmosavluri 152

deteritorializacia 97

determinizmi, geografiuli 26-27, 29, 38, 63, 93, 105, 114, 145, 156, 159, 183, ekologiuri 156, 187

didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi 120-121

diskursi 178, filosofiuri 189

dominireba 174

droiT-sivrciTi kontinuumi 237

droiT-sivrciTi rutina 224-225

droiToba 248

evropocentrizmi 30-31, 63, 73, 121

eTnografia 104

ekonomika, hidravlikuri 155

elementi, geografiuli 117-118, 120, 126, 128-129, 167

eqskluzia 183

eqspansia, geografiuli 181

vertikaluri zonalurobis principi 22

zrunva, adgilis mimarT 209

zRva rogorc ganmacalkevebeli 39, rogorc damakavSirebeli 67, 73, 147, rogorc vaWrobisa da naosnobis xelSemwyobi 73, 112, rogorc Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi 75

- 324 -

giorgi TavaZe

Talasuri samyaro 81, 118-119

Teoria, struqturaciis 186

identoba 9, 11-13, 16-18, 168-169, 203-204, 239-240, 250-253, ad-gilis 172, 184-186, 205, 210, 212-215, 226-229, 248, 250-251, individualuri 10, 219, 249-250, 256, koleqtiuri 10, 219, 249-250, 256, konsensualuri 213-214, masobrivi 213-214, sa-jaro 213-214

idiolokaluroba 236

ienis romantikosTa wre 55

imperializmi 89-90, 101-102, 114

industrializacia 170

intensifikacia, adgilis 227-229

intencionaloba 97, 141-142, 209, operatiuli 233, sxeulebrivi 97, 224, 232

intencionaluri TaRi 97

intencionaluri struqtura 141

interaqcia, adgilis 227-229

interdisciplinuroba 8-9, 11, 16-18, 99, 230, 250, 252

intersubieqturoba 142, 247-248, 250

irigacia 151, 155, 157-158

istoria, adgilis 186, sivrcis 175

kapitaldabandeba 181

kapitali 181, 186, globaluri 181-182, kulturuli 181, simbo-luri 181, fiqsirebuli 181, Warbi 181

kapitalizmi 181-182

kinesTezia 95, 233

kiotos skola 138

kitCi 217

koleqtiuri warmodgenebi 107

konkurencia, adgilebs Soris 181, 183

konstruireba, adgilebis 183

konfliqti, adgilebs Soris 11

- 325 -

cnebaTa saZiebeli

kontroli, disciplinaruli 178-179, socialuri 154, 158, da sivrce 174

klimati 20-22, 32, 36, 140-149, da istoria 140-141, 144, da ka-nonebi 23, 26, da kultura 145, da xelovneba 21, rogorc adamianis eqsistenciis struqturis nawili 143

klimatis gavlena adamianebze 21, 25-36, 71, 148

kolonizacia, 30, 120-121, 123, 126, 128, garegani 84, sazRvao 124, 127, saxmeleTo 124, Sinagani 84-85

koncepti, regionaluri 15, 17, 256

landSafti, absurduli 218, martivi 218-219, refleqsuri 218-219, yoveldRiuri 218-219

marqsizmi 121, 172

masmedia 217

materializmi 156

mdgradoba, adgilis 234

mdebareoba, 173, 191, 207, 209, 241, 243, 249, geopolitikuri 119-120, geografiuli 119-120

meTodi, fenomenologiuri 11, 204, 222-223, 226, 229, 231, 251

me-centri 95

midgoma, fenomenologiuri ix. meTodi, fenomenologiuri

mijaWvuloba, adgilisadmi 172, 182, 204-205, 207, 209, 212, 220, 225, 231, 239, 249

mobiloba 173, 207, 215-216, 230, 253, da sivrce 184, kapitalis 184

momxmareblebi ix. subieqti, moqmedi

moZraoba 95, 97, 223-224, 226, 251

msoflio kunZuli 92

msoflio omi, II 169-170

nacional-socializmi 101

nivelireba, adgilebis 220

nomadizmi 207

nomosi, dedamiwis 121, 127

- 326 -

giorgi TavaZe

obieqturoba 244, 246, 248

oTxsaxovneba 133-136

okeanuri samyaro 81-82

orientacia, sivrcobrivi 223

orografia 48

periferia 13

percefcia 176, 231-232, 236-237

pozitivizmi 89, 169

politika, kulturis 182, sivrcis 187

posibilizmi 29, 63, 90

poststruqturalizmi 172

potamuri samyaro 81, 118

praqtika, disciplinaruli 178, sivrcobrivi 175-176, 179, 182, socialuri 174, 183

progresi, samecniero-teqnikuri 19, 83, 116, 123, 125-126, 129

racionalizacia 163-164

racionaloba, ekonomikuri 178, mecnieruli 178, politikuri 178

realizacia, adgilis 227-229

regionaluri sivrcobrivi erTeuli ix. regioni

regioni 13, 15, 222, 233, 235

revolucia, raodenobrivi 169, samrewvelo 116, 121, 125, sivr-cobrivi 116, 120, 122, 126

relaciuroba, analitikuri 229, sinergiuli 229

reorganizeba, sivrcis 182, 186

reprezentacia, sivrcis 175-176, 182

reteritorializacia 97

sazogadoeba, aRmosavluri 151-153, martivi 152, ganviTarebu-li 152, hidravlikuri 153-156

samrelo 192

samrewvelo gadatrialeba ix. revolucia, samrewvelo

- 327 -

cnebaTa saZiebeli

samuSaoebi, hidravlikuri 151-152

samyaroSi yofna 162, 231, 241

sardafi 163-164 ix., aseve, saxli

sasicocxlo samyaro 94, 97, 171, 223, 227, 254

sasicocxlo Zala 36, 64

saCexi ix. samrelo

sawarmoo Zala 153-154, 156

saxelmwifo, hidravlikuri 155-156

saxli 160-166, 171, 198-200, da ocneba 161-162, 166, da samyaro 165-166, da sivrce 164, da sxeuli 163 ix., aseve, sardafi, sxveni

sivrce 10-12, 96, 102, 108-110, 129-130, 134-137, 140, 143-144, 160-163, 166-167, 169-171, 173-174, 177-180-182, 187-192, 195, 199, 201-204, 206-207, 211, 217, 220, 223-224, 230-231, 235, 237-238, 240-241, 243-244, 251, 255, 257-258, absoluturi 95, abstraq-tuli 206-207, 235, alocentruli 245-246, arqiteqturuli 206-207, aRqmuli 176, bednieri 160, 166, gancdili 176, geo-grafiuli 10, 17, 109, 174, 206-207, globaluri 16-17, gluvi 98, dasvenebis 191, da dro 174, 183, 185, 243, da saxli 164, da sicocxle 108-109, da Zalaufleba 174, egocentruli 206, 245, eqsistencialuri 206, 222, intersubieqturi 206, istoriuli 10, 17, 254, kognituri 206-207, kulturuli 191, moazrebuli 176, obieqturi 243, 245-247, ojaxuri 191, re-gionaluri 186, reprezentaciuli 171, 175-176, 182, rogorc politikuri Zala 110, rogorc warmoebis produqti 174, perceptualuri 206, piradi 191, pragmatuli 206, primiti-uli 206, sakraluri 10, 17, 206-207, 254-255, samuSao 191, sa-sargeblo 191, sasicocxlo 89-90, 109, 111-114, 167, sajaro 191, socialuri 10-11, 17, 173-174, 191, striatuli 98, subi-eqturi 171, 245-247, sxeulis 95, urbanuli 164, usasrulo 190, Sua saukuneebis 190, carieli 123, 191, yoveldRiuri moZraobisa da moqmedebis 10, 17, 254-255, heterogenuli 191, homogenuri 191, 207, 237

sivrcobrivi Semotrialeba 189

sivrcobrioba 244-248

simyife, adgilis 249-250

sinesTezia 233

- 328 -

giorgi TavaZe

siRrmiseuli interviu 11-12, 99, 223

socialuri ekologia 89

socialuri konstruqcionizmi 172, 180, 187, 227, 244

sociologia, religiis 107

stagnacia, socialuri kompleqsis 150, 153

stereotipizacia 183

strategia 178-179, lokalizaciis 186, ix., aseve, anti-discip-lina

subieqtivizmi 141, 246

subieqti, moqmedi 177-180

subieqturoba 243-244, 246, 248-249

subtopia 218

sxeuli 94-95, 97, 163, 166, 223-224, 232, 235-238, 247, da land-Safti 234

sxeulis baleti 224-225

sxveni 163-164 ix., aseve, saxli

taqtika 178-180 ix., aseve, anti-disciplina

teleologizmi 35, 48, 60-65

teqsti, urbanuli 179

topoanalizi 161-164, 239, fenomenologiuri 231, 233

topografia, 48 filosofiuri 7, 42, 250

topologia, yofierebis 129

topofilia 7, 160, 163, 166, 172, 201-202, 239

topofobia 209, 222

transnacionalizmi 186

triangulacia 12

turizmi 213, 217

uadgiloba 7, 172, 205, 216-218, 220-222, 249, 251

universaluri telegrafika 84

urbanizacia 170, 173

urTierToba, sabazro 175, sawarmoo 175

- 329 -

cnebaTa saZiebeli

utopia 190-192

feminizmi 172

fenomenologia 94, 161, 171, warmosaxvis 160

fiziografia 50

filosofia, induri 146, ioniuri 146, interkulturuli 13, 99, klimatis 138, 140, 144, neo-humanisturi 172, fenomenolo-giuri 172

filosofiuri geografia, globaluri done 9, 15, 17-18, 35, 100, 159, 167-168, 251, 253, 255-256, empiriuli ganzomile-ba 195, konceptualuri CarCo 8-9, 18, 99, konceptualuri birTvi 17, lokaluri done 9-11, 17-18, 97, 99-100, 137, 159, 167-168, 238, 251, 253-255, regionaluri done 9, 13-14, 17-18, 167-168, 251, 253, 255-256, rogorc interkulturuli disci-plina 17-18, 253

fokus-jgufi 99

formacia, socialuri 175

fsevdo-adgili 213

fsiqoanalizi 161

fsiqologia, aRweriTi 161, siRrmis 161

qorografia 48

yofiereba, koncentrirebuli 163-164

SekumSva, droisa da sivrcis 15, 184

Seqmna, adgilis 227-229

Sroma 82

CarTuli dakvirveba 11-12, 99, 238

CarTuloba bihevioruli 211-212, emfaTeturi 211-212, 217, eq-sistencialuri 211-212, 221, 225, 251, Canacvlebuli 211-212

centri 13

civilizacia, hidravlikuri 97, 149, 167

- 330 -

giorgi TavaZe

cnobiereba, globaluri 15, istoriuli 146, sivrcobrivi 15, 122-123, 167, 256

codna, adgilebis 212, lokaluri 232, 235

codnis klasifikacia, logikuri 46, fizikuri 46

cxovrebis wesi 90

Zalauflebis mikrofizika 178

Zalauflebis geometria 184

warmoeba, materialuri 176, mniSvnelobis 176, sivrcis 176-177, codnis 176

warmoebis wesi, 174, 180, 184, aziuri 153, 158, kapitalisturi 180-181

xalxebi, avtoTalasuri 117, avtoqTonuri 117

xalxebisa da saxelmwifoebis sivrcobrivi zrdis kanonebi 110, 112, 114

xati, adgilis 212, poeturi 160

habituacia 237

habitusi 235-236

herTlendi 91-92

heterotopia 190-195, 251, deviaciuri 192-193, krizisuli 192-193

heterotopologia 192-194

heteroqronia 194

hidrografia 48

holisturi midgoma 52, 54-57, 95, 104, 229, 244, 248, 252-253

homogenizacia, adgilebis 181

- 331 -

geografiul saxelTa saZiebeli

Semoklebebi

adg. _ adgili

adm. olq. _ administraciuli olqi

ist. _ istoriuli saxelmwifo, olqi, qalaqi, adgili

k. _ kunZuli

kont. _ kontinenti

md. _ mdinare

mT. _ mTa, mTaTa sistema

mon. _ monasteri

n-li _ naxevarkunZuli

reg. _ regioni

sax. _ saxelmwifo

sof. _ sofeli

q. _ qalaqi

St. _ Stati

adriatikis zRva 119-120

avstralia sax. 67-68

azerbaijani sax. 125

azia kont. 30-31, 35, 37, 39, 60, 63, 73-76, 81, 91-92 samxreTi 81, Sua 125, wina 81, 119

aTeni q. sax. ist. 118

akapulko q. 53

akropolisi adg. ist. 208

aleqsandria q. 100

alpebi mT. 66

amazoni md. 52

amerika kont. 36-37, 39, 52, 54-55, 67, 73, 119, 122-123, samxreTi 24, CrdiloeTi 111

amierkavkasia reg. 125

- 332 -

giorgi TavaZe

amudaria md. 68

andebi mT. 53, 56

ansbax-bairoiTi sax. ist. 52

antverpeni q. 87

apeninis n-li 63, 119

arabeTi sax. 39, 92

arabeTis n-li 63, 92

atlantis okeane 82, 119, 121

afrika kont. 35, 37, 60, 73-74, 92-93, 101, aRmosavleTi 105, samxreT-dasavleTi 101, CrdiloeTi 74, centraluri 67

aSS sax. 53, 77-78, 89, 92-93, 125, 127, 158, 184, 196, 255

axali espaneTi ix. meqsika

balkaneTi reg. 125

baltiis zRva 39

berkli q. 196

berlini q. 24, 41, 59-60, 69, 86, 137, 139

bizantia sax. ist. 81, 118-119

bogota q. 53

boni q. 77

bordo q. 53

brazilia sax. 207

britaneTi ix. didi britaneTi

bulgareTi sax. 125

galia reg. ist. 73

gangi md. 81

gelaTi mon. 99-100

genua q. sax. ist. 119

germania sax. 24, 59, 77-78, 82, 87, 89, 92, 94, 101, 112, 125, 127, 157

gihoni ix. amudaria

grenlandia k. 119

guaiakili q. 53

- 333 -


didgoris veli adg. ist. 255

didi britaneTi sax. 53, 63, 91-92, 126-127 ix., aseve, inglisi

didi kanioni 235

diuseldorfi q. 78

dnepri md. 255

doni md. 68

egvipte sax. 39 Zveli sax. ist. 74, 155

evropa 13-14, 30-31, 35-37, 39-40, 51, 53, 67, 73-76, 81-82, 92, 100, 113, 118-119, 122-125, 139, 147-148, 255-256, aRmosavleTi 92, CrdiloeTi 26, 39, centraluri 92, 122

evfrati md. 68, 81

eTiopia sax. 39, 68

ekvadori sax. 53

elba md. 122

espaneTi sax. 120, 124

vaimari q. 32

valensiis tba 52

vaSingtoni q. 53

vezuvi mT. 56

venesuela sax. 52

venecia q. 87, 126, 139

veneciis respublika sax. ist. 118-120

verakrusi q. 53

viskonsini St. (aSS) 196

Taimz-sqveri adg. 182

TurqeTi sax. 92, 125

ianZi md. 68, 81

iaponia sax. 92, 139, 147-148

inglisi sax. 89, 92, 121-122, 124, 127-128 ix., aseve, didi britaneTi

- 334 -

giorgi TavaZe

indi md. 81

indiana St. (aSS) 196

indoeTi sax. 26, 28, 68, 81, 92, 146, 155

indoeTis n-li 63

indoeTis okeane 121

ionia reg. 71

italia sax. 68

kavkasia reg. 13, 99-100, 125

kavkasioni mT. 67

kalao q. 53

kamCatkis n-li 63

karakasi q. 52

karTageni q. ist. 74

karibis zRva 121

kartaxena q. 52

kasikiare md. 52

kaspiis zRva 125

kastilia sax. ist. 126

kenia mT. 93

kionigsbergi q. 41-42, 59

kioto q. 139

kistani sof. 254

kito q. 53, 56

kolumbia sax. 52

kongo sax. 208

konstantinopoli q. ist. 119-120, 122

korea sax. 92

koreis n-li 63

kotopaqsi mT. 56

kuba sax. k. 52-53

kumana q. 52

- 335 -


laifcigi q. 44, 88

lima q. 53

londoni q. 67, 92-93, 139, 185, 208, 227

ludvigStadti q. 77

malais yure 39

mesopotamia reg. 81, 155

meqsika sax. 53

mexiko q. 53

mineapolisi q. 196

monblani mT. 56

namibia sax. 101

neapoli q. 139

niagaris CanCqeri 208

nibuno sof. 138

nilosi md. 46, 66, 68

niu-iorki q. 182, 255

niu-meqsiko St. (aSS) 196

oderi md. 122

orinoko md. 52

osmaleTi sax. ist. 119, 125

oqsfordi q. 91, 93, 196

padua q. 119

panamis arxi 67

parizi q. 44, 53, 87, 139, 227

peru sax. 53

pireneis n-li 63

portugalia sax. 120-121, 126

prusia sax. ist. 41, 52, 87

- 336 -

giorgi TavaZe

Jeneva q. 139

ravena q. 119

rajniSpurami adg. 182

rio-de-Janeiro q. 184

rio-negro md. 52

romi q. 82, 139

romis imperia sax. ist. 118, 122

rumineTi sax. 125

ruseTi sax. 125

ruseTis imperia sax. ist. 92, 121, 125

saberZneTi sax. 98, 148

san-antonio q. 85

safrangeTi sax. 53, 89

saqarTvelo sax. 13-14, 22-23, 120, 124-125, 255-256

saharis udabno 67, 106

skandinaviis n-li 63, 92, 119, 122

somxeTi sax. 125

sparseTi sax. ist. 21, 39, 81

stokholmi q. 44

strasburgi q. 88

suecis arxi 67

texasi St. (aSS) 77-78, 81, 85

tigrosi md. 81

tirosi q. 119

todtnaubergi sof. 135

tokio q. 138, 140

toronto q. 196

ukraina sax. 255

- 337 -


urali mT. 67, 92

filadelfia q. 53

florencia q. 139

fraiburgi q. 132

frankfurti q. 66

qilberni adg. 185

quSi ix. eTiopia

yirimis n-li 63

Savi zRva 120, 124-125

Svarcvaldi reg. 135

Soreuli aRmosavleTi reg. 81

SuamdinareTi ix. mesopotamia

Cikago q. 196

Cimboraso mT. 53, 56

CineTi sax. 26, 67, 75, 81, 92, 149-150, 152, 155

CrdiloeTi polusi 106

CrdiloeTis zRva 122

CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane 92

centraluri afrikis plato 67

cimbiri 120-121

wiTeli zRva 39

wynari okeane 20, 92, 121, 145

xevsureTi reg. 192 piriqiTa 254

xmelTaSua zRva 39, 73, 76, 81-82, 119, 147

xortica k. 255

- 338 -

giorgi TavaZe

xuanxe md. 68, 81

havana q. 53

hamburgi q. 44

himalai mT. 67

himeji q. 138

hiogo adm. olq. 138

- 339 -

INDEx

Ackeren, M.van 102Ackermann, M. E. 119Adams, P. C. 171, 199, 236Agnew, J. A. 173Aitken, S. 171Althusser, L. 27-28Anderson, B. 187anthropology, 264, 280, cultural 259, philosophical 282approach, holistic 266, 279Asia 267Augé, M. 180, 216

Bachelard, G. 160-164, 166, 259, 268, 274-275, 277Bailey, A. M. 150, 157-158Bassin, M. 92, 101, 114Basso, K. H. 10, 230, 280Beck, H. 20, 48-51, 54-56, 60, 66, 90, 92, 94, 103, 114Beiser, F. 36, 40Bellah, R. N. 138-139, 145-146Benjamin, W. 179Berlin, I. 36Bernardo, F. 226Berque, A. 130, 144-145, 147Biesele, R. L. 85Bird, J. 180, 184Birkenhauer, J. 32, 61, 63, 82, 90Blau, J. R. 177body 280body-ballet 279Bollnow, O. 202Bonpland, A. 20, 51-52, 55

- 340 -

giorgi TavaZe

Bonta, M. 98Bourdieu, P. 236Bownas, G. 139Braudel, F. 76Brewster, B. 27Brink, S. 122building 270-271Burchell, G. 97Buttimer, A. 171, 198, 203, 223, 279Büttner, M. 41, 48

Cacciari, M. 7Carrithers, D. W. 30Carter, R. 140, 143Casakin, H. 226Casey, E. S. 7, 10, 94-95, 98, 132, 161-163, 166, 190-191, 193, 220, 230-237,

242, 244, 248, 276, 279-280Caucasus 261-262China 274Church, M. 20, 23, 44, 48, 50-51, 55-56, 59, 69, 264, 266chorography 266centre 261climate 264-265, 272-273, and history 272-273climate change 262colonisation 270communication, universal 282Connery, C. L. 124-125, 127consciousness, 274, of centrality 275, global 263, spatial 269 Corfield, J. 119Couteau, P. 149Crampton, J. W. 194Cresswell, T. 172-173, 180, 183-187, 196, 199-201, 208, 211, 215-216, 226crossroad 261-262

- 341 -

INDEx

Curtis, B. 180, 184

Danielsson, S. K. 101, 113Dasein 272David IV 282De Cauter, L. 191De Certeau, M. 177-178, 180Dehaene, M. 191Deleuze, G. 7, 97-98, 259determinism 274Devine-Wright, P. 172dialogue, intercultural 261-262Dikshit, R. D. 88-89Dilworth, D. 138-141, 149discursive practice 262Döring, J. 189Dörrer, I. 20Dünne, J. 98Durkheim, E. 107dwelling 270-271, 275

earth, as a dwelling house of mankind 262-263, as a global village 263Eberhard, W. 157, Elden, S. 7, 20, 22-23, 41, 43-44, 48, 175-176, 191, 194, 264-265Eliade, M. 255Entrikin, J. N. 171, 236Escobar, A. 186Europe 261, 263, 265, 267

Featherstone, M. 16, 222Feld, S. 10, 230, 280Fliedner, D. 103Flint, C. 24

- 342 -

giorgi TavaZe

Forster, G. 264, 266Forster, J. R. 20, 264Foucault, M. 178, 190-194, 276fourfold 271Furukawa, T. 139

Gabriel, G. 89Gaebe, W. 20Gage, W. L. 60genius loci 277geography, and history 264-266, human 259, 264, humanistic 275-276geophilosophy 259Georgia 261, 265, 281-282Germany 266Gibson, C. 9,Giddens, A. 15Gieryn, T. F. 203Glacken, C. J. 21, 25-27, 31, 33, 264globalization 263glocalization 263Goonewardena, K. 174, 176Gregory, D. 7, 177, 191Gründer, K. 89Guattari, F. 7, 97-98, 259Günzel, S. 7, 30-33, 89, 98-99, 264 Hantzsch, V. 115Harrison, R. T. 47Hartshorne, R. 22, 42, 47, 50-51, 69Harvey, D. 15, 180-181, 183Harvey, F. 94Haushofer, K. 128Hegel, G. W. F. 68, 70-76, 263, 266-267, 270

- 343 -

INDEx

Heidegger, M. 10, 130, 132-135, 268, 270-272Heisig, J. W. 149Helmolt, H. 112heterotopia 276, of deviation 276, crisis 276heterotopology 276Hettner, A. 62-63, 65, 93-94Hoelscher, S. 171, 199, 236Hofstadter, A. 270Hoheisel, K. 41-42, 44, 46-47Holenstein E. 7, 76, 99, 259Horstmann, R.-P. 253house 275, poetics of 275Houtum, van H. 102Howe, J. 180, 216Hoynigen-Huene, P. 102Höhl, G. 20Hubbard, P. 176, 187, 196, 206human agency 259, 262, 264-265, 270, 274Humboldt, A. von 20, 51-52, 54-55, 57, 263-266, 268Hünefeldt, T. 7Hunter, J. M. 114hydraulic society 273-274

identity 260-261, 263, 277, 280-281, collective 259-260, 263, 275, individ-ual 259-260, 263

imperialism 268in-depth interview 261insideness, behavioural 278, empathetic 278, existential 278, vicarious 278intentionality 277, corporeal 280, operative 280interdisciplinarity 259-263, 280intersubjectivity 280Iremadze, T. 14, 261-262, 282irrigation 273

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giorgi TavaZe

Jackson, S. T. 20, 51-52, 54-57Jacobowitz, S. 149Jacobsson, E. 159Janz B. B. 145, 149Jeck, U. R. 14, 262Jenkins, R. 219Jentsch, C. 20Johnson, R. 236Johnston, R. 9, 170Jolas, M. 160, 274Jones C. S. 139-140

Kant, I. 42, 46, 48, 254, 263, 265-266, 282Kapp, E. 77-85, 118, 263, 267, 269Kearns, G. 93Khuroshvili, G. 14, 262Kingston, R. E. 30Kipfer, S. 174, 176-177Kistani 281Kitchin, R. 9, 101, 170, 175-176, 187, 196, 206Knobloch, E. 54Kobusch, T. 102Kramsch, O. 102Kriesel, K. M. 29Kropotkin, P. 89Krueger, J. 142

landscape 277Lash, S. 16, 222Latin America 266Leach, E. 157Lebensraum 268Lefebvre, H. 174-176

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INDEx

Lehnert, G. 166Levada, I. 157Levin, G. 157Ley, D. 171, 198lifeworld 279, 281Light, A. 242Livingstone, D. N. 47, 173Llobera, J. R. 150, 157-158location 271, 277, 281Loon J. van 7Loose, R. 20Lossau, J. 101, 103, 113, 115Löw, M. 177Lo Upshur, J-H. 120Libya 274

Mackinder, H. J. 88, 91-92Malpas, J. 7, 11, 43, 130, 132-133, 135-136, 183, 185, 239-246, 248-250,

259-260, 265, 270, 276, 280-281Mamadouh, V. 24Manzo, L. 172Marthe, F. 89Martin, G. J. 49, 52, 54, 62, 87, 90, 92, 94Marxism 270mass media 278Massey, D. 184-185, 187Massumi, B. 98May, J. A. 22, 41-43, 47, 51McLuhan, M. 15Mendieta, E. 7, 20, 22-23, 41, 43-44, 48, 101, 109, 111-112, 125, 128,

264-265, 269Merleau-Ponty, M. 97, 279Merrifield, A. 177

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giorgi TavaZe

method, phenomenological 261, 277, 279-280Meynen, E. 94Milgrom, R. 174, 176Minca, C. 127Miskowiec, J. 190, 276Mitcham, C. 78, 84Moravánszky, Á. 177movement, everyday 279Mugerauer, R. 171, 204Murdock, G. P. 158Müller, G. H. 101, 103, 105, 108, 112, 114, 269Müller, J. 102Müller, K. E. 59-61, 64, 66, 68-69

Nagami, I. 138-139, 143Natter, W. 102, 108, 115New York 282Nicholson-Smith, D. 174Nisbet, H. B. 68, 267nomos 270Norberg-Schulz, C. 210Nowak, L. 99

objectivity 280-281observation, participant 261, 279Odin, S. Otte, E. C. 57outsideness, existential 278, incidental 278, objective 278

Paasi, A. 170Paetzold, H. 7, 270Peet, R. 9, 90, 101, 114, 170, 174, 176, 183, 186, 202, 236perception 280

- 347 -

INDEx

periphery 261Peschel, O. 88, 266philosophical geography, conceptual core of 263, conceptual framework of

259, global level of 259, 262-263, 274, interdisciplinary nature of 259, local level of 259-260, 263, 279-280, regional level of 259, 261-263, 280

philosophy, atlas of 259, climatic 272, intercultural 261Pickles, J. 171place 259-263, 265-266, 271, 275-282, and body 280, as a gatherer 271, 280-

281, as a process 259, 279, as an event 259-260, 280, attachment to 278, dynamic 282, dynamic understanding of 260, everyday 282, experience of 280, identity of 260, 277-278, knowledge of 279, pulse of 279, 281, reinterpretation of 260, sacred 281-282, secure 282, sense of 277-279

place-ballet 279place-world 282placelessness 216, 249, 259, 278Plewe, E. 20, 59, 65-66, 69, 94, 96Pred, A. 10, 186Price, B. 157Price, N. 122progress, scientific 263Protevi, J. 98Putnam, T. 180, 184

Ratzel, F. 102-112, 115, 128, 268-269Rau, S. 177Reclus, E. 88-89, 266region 262-263Relph, E. 7, 171, 198, 204-206, 208-211, 215-219, 221, 259, 276-279Rendall, S. 177revolution, Industrial 269-270, spatial 269-270Reydon, T. A. C. 102Reynolds, S. 76Richthofen F. von 88Rink, F. T. 42

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giorgi TavaZe

Ritter, C. 60-68, 263, 266-268Ritter, J. 89 Robertson, G. 180, 184Robertson, R. 16, 222Romanowski, S. 20, 51, 55Romić, D. 7Rose, G.200Rosefeldt, T. 253Rosenkranz, K. 46Rowan, R. 127Ruschi, F. 125, 127

Saberi, P. 177Sack, R. D. 187-189Samuels, M. 171, 198Sarkin, J. 101Sass, H.-M. 77, 80-85Sauer, C. O. 93Schach, A. 59, 61, 63-67, 69Schaefer, F. K. 170Schatzki, T. R. 236Schlitte, A. 7Schmied-Kowarzik, W. 7, 270Schmid, C. 174-177Schmidt, P. H. 95Schmitt, C. 121, 124, 268-270Schneider, H. 7, 14, 262, 270Schroeder, M. J. 119Schroer, M. 177Schubert, F. W. 46, 48Schultz, H.-D. 33, 35, 38, 79, 81-85, 101, 105, 108-109, 111, 113Schwind, M. 33, 35, 76Seamon, D. 7, 171-172, 202-204, 206, 209-210, 217, 221-229, 276, 279

- 349 -

INDEx

Shields, R. 176Singh, B. R. 15Smith, J. M. 242Smith, W. D. 109, 113sociology 259Soja, E. W. 177Sowers, J. 206, 210, 222space 259-262, 265-266, 268, 271-272, 274-277, 279-280, 282, and life 268,

and time 273, abstract 275, 277, architectural 277, cognitive 277, ego-centric 281, everyday 260, 281-282, existential 277, experienced 275, fe-licitous 274-275, geographical 260, 263, 277, global 263, historical 260, 281, homogeneous 259, 275, medieval 276, objective 281, perceptual 277, pragmatic 277, primitive 277, sacred 260, 277, 281-282, social 260, 263, subjective 281

spatial concept, regional 261-263spatial consciousness 262spatiality 280, objective 281, subjective 281Stanek, Ł. 177Stefanovic, I. L. 171, 204Steward, J. H. 158Stoddart, D. R. 202subjectivity 280-281

temporality 280Terry, J. J. 119-120Thiel, K. 43, 265Thielmann, T. 189Thrift, N. 9, 101, 170, 175, 196Tickner, L. 180, 184Till, K. E. 171, 199, 236time 272, 277, and space 273, 280time-space compression 262-263time-space routine 279Tomlinson, H. 97

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giorgi TavaZe

topoanalysis 275, phenomenological 279-280topography, philosophical 259, 265, 280topophilia 259, 274-275, 277Toynbee, A. 157triangulation 261Troll, C. 95Tuan, Y. F. 7, 196-202, 217, 276-277Tvedt, T. 159

Ukraine 282Ulmen, G. 121Upper Khevsureti 281Urry, J. 177utopia 276

Valentine, G. 171, 187, 196, 206Vidal de la Blache, P. 90-91Voss, M. 15

Waldenfels, B. 255, 282Wardenga, U. 94Watsuji, T. 138-141, 143, 145-147, 149, 268, 272-273Whitters, M. F. 120Wieditz, T. 177Winkler, E. 89Withers, C. 22, 48Wittfogel, K. A. 150, 154-157, 268, 273-274Worster, D. 155-156, 158, 274Wulf, A. 54

Zieleniec, A. 177Zierhofer, W. 102

- 351 -

INDEx

Гердер, И. Г. 32-34, 36-38

Кант, И. 42-45, 48, 51

Магидович, В. 121Магидович, И. 121Маркс, К. 122Михайлов, А. 32

Энгельс, Ф. 122

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grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universiteti

filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa

kvleviTi instituti

gamocemuli samecniero naSromebis nusxa:

I. samecniero seria

„filosofia, sociologia, mediis Teoria“:

t. 1: nicSe saqarTveloSi. eZRvneba Tamaz bu aCiZis naTel xsovnas, re-

daqtor-Semdgeni: Tengiz iremaZe, gamomcem loba „arxe“, Tbili-

si, 2007, 246 gv.

t. 2: filosofia _ dialeqtika _ logika. savle wereTlis

dabadebidan 100 wlisTavisadmi miZ Rvnili saiubileo krebuli,

redaqtor-Semdgenelni: lali zaqaraZe da Tengiz ire maZe,

gamomcemloba „meridiani“, Tbi lisi, 2008, 200 gv.

t. 3: sicocxlis filosofia. problemebi da pers peq tive-

bi, redaqtor-Semdgenelni: la li zaqaraZe da mixeil goga-

tiSvili, ga momcemloba „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2009, 88 gv.

t. 4: lali anTiZe: nikoloz loskis in tu itivizmi, gamom cem-

loba „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2010, 244 gv.

t. 5: Philosophy in Global Change. Jubilee volume dedicated to the 65th anniversary of Burkhard Mojsisch. Edited by Tengiz Iremadze in collaboration with Helmut Schneider and Klaus J. Schmidt, Publishing House “Nekeri”, Tbilisi 2011, 436 pp.

t. 6: aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi. inter kul turuli da inter-

disciplinuri kvlevebi. redaqtor-Semdgen lebi: Tengiz ire maZe

da guram TevzaZe, gamom cem loba „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2012, 226 gv.

t. 7: bernhard valdenfelsi: gzebi feno me no lo giisa, pasuxs

rom iZleva, fran gulidan qar Tulad Targmna dodo la-

buCiZem, gamom cemloba „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2013, 120 gv.

t. 8: giorgi TavaZe: filosofiuri geografia. istoria, proble-

mebi, perspeqtivebi, gamom cemloba „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2016,

360 gv.

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II. samecniero seria

„filosofia da socialuri mecnierebebi dRes“:

Tengiz iremaZe: valter beniamini. cxovreba, moRvaweoba,

aqtualoba, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2008, 108 gv.

Tengiz Iremadze: Der Aletheiologische Realismus. Schalwa Nuzubidse und seine neuen Denkansätze, “Nekeri”, Tbilisi, 2008, 117 S.

burkhard moiziSi: humanizmis epistemologia, inglisuridan

qarTulad Targmna giorgi baramiZem, gamomcemloba `nekeri~,

Tbili si, 2009, 90 gv.

helmut Snaideri: filosofiuri geografia, germanu li dan

qarTulad Targmna giorgi TavaZem, gamomcemloba `nekeri~,

Tbilisi, 2010, 120 gv.

udo rainhold ieki: ganazrebani qarTuli fi losofiis Sesaxeb,

germanul da qarTul enebze, germanulidan qarTulad Targmna

lali zaqaraZem, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2010, 88 gv.

helmut Snaideri, lali zaqaraZe, giorgi TavaZe, dodo labuCiZe,

Tengiz iremaZe: ra aris Tavisufleba? didi moazrovneebi

Tavisuflebis arsis Sesaxeb, gamomcemloba ̀ nekeri~, Tbilisi,

2010, 144 gv.

grigol robaqiZe da Tanamedrove azrovneba, redaqtor-Semdgenlebi:

mamuka TavxeliZe, Tengiz iremaZe, gamomcemloba `nekeri~,


evropuli pasuxismgebloba. merab mamar da Svi lis dabade bidan

80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvni li saerTaSoriso samecniero kon-

ferenciis masalebi (14 dekemberi, 2010 weli, Tbilisi), mTavari

redaqtori: Tengiz iremaZe, redaq torebi: lali za qaraZe,

dodo labuCiZe, giorgi baramiZe, gamomcemloba `nekeri~,


udo rainhold ieki: ganazrebani qarTuli fi losofiis Sesaxeb,

germanul da qar Tul enebze, germanulidan qarTulad Tar-

gmna lali zaqaraZem, meore gamocema, ga momcemloba ̀ nekeri~,


- 354 -

evropuli pasuxismgebloba. merab mamar da Svilis dabadebidan

80 wlisTavisadmi miZ Rvnili saerTa Soriso samecniero kon-

ferenciis masalebi (14 dekem beri, 2010 weli, Tbilisi),

mTavari redaqtori: Ten giz iremaZe, redaqtorebi: lali

zaqaraZe, do do labuCiZe, giorgi baramiZe, meore gamocema,

gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2013, 226 gv.

helmut Snaideri, lali zaqaraZe, giorgi TavaZe, dodo labuCiZe,

Tengiz iremaZe: ra aris Tavisufleba? didi moazrovneebi

Tavisuflebis arsis Sesaxeb, meore ga mocema, gamomcemloba

`nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2013, 148 gv.

Tengiz iremaZe: aleTeiologiuri realizmi. Salva nucubiZe da

misi azrovnebis ax leburi sawyisebi, germanulidan qar Tulad

Targmna giorgi TavaZem, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2013,

118 gv.

giorgi TavaZe: Satili filosofiuri geografiis pers peqtividan,

gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2013, 240 gv.

Tengiz iremaZe, helmut Snaideri, giorgi xuroSvili, lali

zaqaraZe, mixeil gogatiSvili, giorgi TavaZe: filosofiuri

urbanistika, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2014, 160 gv.

Tengiz iremaZe, fridrix nicSes filosofia da misi gagebis

perspeqtivebi, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2015, 124 gv.

III. samecniero-mTargmnelobiTi seria

„filosofia-sociologiis klasikuri da

Tanamedrove teqstebi. Targmanebi“:

t 1: niklas lumani: sazogadoebrivi komu nikaciis sis temis

cvli lebani da ma sob rivi media, germanu li dan Targmna devi

dumbaZem, gamomcemloba „arxe“, Tbilisi, 2007, 37 gv.

t. 2: anri bergsoni: cnobiereba da sicocxle, fran gulidan

Targmna dodo labuCiZe-xoferiam, gamom cemloba „arxe“,


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t. 3: karl Smiti: xmeleTi da zRva. msoflio-istoriu li ga-

nazreba, germanulidan Tar gmna giorgi TavaZem, ga mom-

cemloba „ne keri“, Tbilisi, 2010, 180 gv.

t. 4: hana arendti: ra aris xelisufleba? inglisuridan Tar gmna

giorgi xuroSvilma, ga mom cemloba „ne keri“, Tbilisi, 2015, 150 gv.

IV. fridrix nicSes rCeuli Txzulebebi qarTul enaze

(akademiur-kritikuli gamocema):

t. 1: fridrix nicSe: Ecce homo. rogor xdeba adamiani is, rac is

aris, germanulidan Targmna, SeniSvnebi da gamokvleva da-

urTo giorgi TavaZem, tomis redaqtorebi: Ten giz iremaZe,

lali zaqaraZe, gamom ce m loba „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2011, 248 gv.

gamosacemad mzadaa:

t. 2: fridrix nicSe: kerpebis mwuxri, anu rogor filo-

sofosoben CaquCiT, ger ma nu lidan Targmna giorgi TavaZem,

tomis re daqtorebi: Tengiz iremaZe, lali za qaraZe.

V. institutis calkeuli gamocemebi:

filosofia, sociologia, politologia, redaq tor-

Semdgenlebi: Tengiz iremaZe, lali zaqaraZe, giorgi barami-

Ze, mixeil gogatiSvili, grigol robaqiZis saxelobis uni-

versitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2007, 80 gv.

qarTuli azrovneba, ganaTlebis problemebi, humanizmis episte-

mologia, redaqtor-Semdgenlebi: Tengiz iremaZe, lali za-

qaraZe, giorgi baramiZe, mixeil gogatiSvili, grigol roba-

qiZis saxelobis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2008,

76 gv.

aleqsandre hamiltoni, jeims medisoni, jon jei: federalisti.

politikuri eseebi, inglisuridan qarTulad Targmna gior-

gi baramiZem, samecniero redaqtori: mixeil gogatiSvili,

grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis gamomcemloba,


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sazogadoeba, codnis transformacia, filosofia, redaqtor-

Semdgenlebi: Tengiz iremaZe, lali zaqaraZe, giorgi barami-

Ze, mixeil gogatiSvili, grigol robaqiZis saxelobis uni-

versitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2009, 96 gv.

G. Baramidze, M. Gogatishvili, L. Zakaradze, U. R. Jeck, D. J. Lacey (eds), (Neo)Platonism and Modernity. Materials of the International Confe-rence dedicated to Tengiz Iremadze’s book „Konzeptionen des Denkens im Neuplatonismus“, June 30, 2008, Publishing House “Nekeri”, Tbilisi 2009, 136 pp.

axali samecniero-kvleviTi proeqtebi filosofiaSi, redaq-

torebi: Tengiz iremaZe, lali zaqaraZe, mixeil gogati-

Svili, dodo labuCiZe, giorgi TavaZe, Tbilisi, 2010, 50 gv.

aleqsis de tokvili: demokratia amerikaSi, frangulidan Targm-

na dodo labuCiZem, winaTqma daurTo Tengiz iremaZem, sa-

mecniero redaqtorebi: Tengiz iremaZe, lali zaqaraZe, gio-

rgi TavaZe, grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis ga-

momcemloba, Tbilisi, 2011, 592 gv.

leo Strausi: ra aris politikuri filo sofia? ingli suridan

Targmna da wina sityvaoba daurTo giorgi xuroSvilma, re-

daqtorebi: mixeil gogatiSvili, gi orgi baramiZe, Tengiz

iremaZe, gamomcemloba „saunje“, Tbilisi, 2011, 130 gv.

Tomas peini: saRi azri, inglisuridan Targmna giorgi TavaZem,

winaTqma daurTo Tengiz iremaZem, samecniero redaqtorebi:

Tengiz iremaZe, lali zaqaraZe, dodo labuCiZe, gamomcemloba

„nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2012, 146 gv.

berjamin franklini, jon adamsi, Tomas jefersoni, jeims uil-

soni, benjamin raSi: amerikel ganmanaTlebelTa politikuri

eseebi. inglisuridan Targmna giorgi xuroSvilma. redaq-

torebi: Tengiz iremaZe, lali zaqaraZe, giorgi TavaZe.

grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis gamomcemloba,


leo Strausi: ierusalimi da aTeni. Sesavali ganazrebani, ing-

lisuridan Targmna giorgi xuroSvilma. sa mec niero redaq-

- 357 -

torebi: Tengiz iremaZe, mixeil gogatiSvili, giorgi TavaZe.

ga momcemloba „saunje“, Tbilisi, 2013, 112 gv.

Tengiz iremaZe: filosofia epoqaTa da kul turaTa gza-

gasayarze. interkultu ru li da interdisciplinuri kvle-

ve bi, sa mec niero redaqtorebi: giorgi ba ramiZe, lali zaqa-

raZe, udo rainhold ieki, ga momcemloba „nekeri“, Tbilisi,

2013, 170 gv.

jon diui: Tavisufleba da kultura, inglisuridan Targmna

giorgi TavaZem. sa mec niero redaqtorebi: Tengiz iremaZe,

lali zaqaraZe. ga momcemloba „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2014, 184 gv.

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avtoris Sesaxeb

giorgi TavaZe _ filosofiis doqtori, axali saqarTvelos universitetis asocirebuli profesori, filosofiisa da so-cialur mecnierebaTa kvleviTi institutis (grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universiteti) mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli, di-reqtoris TanaSemwe.

kvlevis interesebi: politikuri filosofia, socialuri Teo-riebi, filosofiuri geografia, adgilebisa da sivrceebis so-ciologia, moralis filosofia.

eweva mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas. qarTulad Targmnili aqvs fridrix nicSes, karl Smitis, martin haidegeris, bernhard valdenfelsis, Tomas peinis, jon diuis da sxva avtorTa naS-romebi.

Author

Giorgi Tavadze – PhD, Associate Professor at the New Georgian Univer-sity, Senior Researcher and Deputy Director at the Institute of Philosophy and Social Sciences (Grigol Robakidze University).

Main research areas: political philosophy, social theory, philosophical ge-ography, sociology of places and spaces, moral philosophy.

Giorgi Tavadze has translated into Georgian the works of Friedrich Ni-etzsche, Carl Schmitt, Martin Heidegger, Bernhard Waldenfels, Thomas Paine, John Dewey and others.

Documents

History, Problems and Perspectives