History of Wild Life Management

7/31/2019 History of Wild Life Management

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History of Wild Life Management

By Ubaid Ullah


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Making way for

modern

wildlife species

History of Wildlife Management


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Large mammal extinctions (exploitation?)

= 66% of megafauna extinct


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500 ybp, Europeans

arrive.

Other Europeans

exploit fisheries,

fur, meat,

feathers.

(1870-1915)


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Fur trade & near extinction of beaver(Castor canadensis)


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Market hunting

Near extinction of bison : 60M to ~150


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Market hunting Bison

Successful extinction of passenger pigeon

- immense abundance (400 km long, 1800)


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Passenger pigeon- immense

abundance (400

km long, 1800)- 18783 months,

1.5 M pigeons

from MI tomarket


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Passenger pigeon- last sighting 1899

- 14-yr old boy shot

last wild pigeon inOhio (1900)

- last captive pigeon

died:Male (1912)

Female (1914)


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Habitat loss & Exploitation


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Habitat loss & Exploitation

Or is it gone?


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Or is it gone?

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U.S. policy

Manifest Destiny

Land Rush

Agricultural

Development


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Fear of losing species at such fast rates(especially game species)..birth of

modern wildlife conservation movement


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Modern Wildlife Management

Aldo Leopold

wrote Sand County

Almanac

wrote Game

Management

1st university

wildlife program(UW-Madison)

Land Ethic


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April 22, 1970


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Recent Epoch (~0.01 Mybp -

present)

historic time

green & industrial

revolutions

rapid loss of biodiversity

*Largest extinction event?


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Our Insatiable Appetite for

Energy


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Guild Concept

guild = group of species that exploit the

same class of resources in similar way

community guild = no taxonomicrestrictions; guild members chosen

based on investigator-defined

resources assemblage guild = guild members

based on taxonomic relations


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Habitat

An area supporting a particular type of

vegetation (habitat type)

An area with the combination of resourcesand environmental conditions that allows a

species (or population) to occupy, survive

and reproducehabitat quality as relative term


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Habitat Quality

Good habitat means there are higherdensities of a species compared to Poor

habitat.Right!?

Not necessarily.Van Horne (1983) pointedout that animal density may not be the most

accurate measure of habitat quality.

Quality relates more to vital rates (survivaland reproduction), vitality of offspring,

temporal nature


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Habitat

Habitat from an evolutionary perspective

Species distribution relative to habitat

distn Climatic events

Pleistocene Epoch & distn of modern

species Evolutionary underpinnings

Adaptation & Evolution for habitat


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Behavior is

Important!


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Concept of Habitat Selection

Wildlife perceiving correct configuration of habitat

needed for survivaldifferences based on

age/experience/chance?hierarchy to decision process

Niche concept (time/place/functional role) &habitat selection


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Concept of Habitat Selection

Hutchison = n-dimensional hypervolume as

explanation of the niche

Fundamental vs. Realized Niche

Species 1Species 2


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Testing the Hutchinsonian Niche

Concept of Habitat Selection Jameswork with birds in

Arkansasquantified habitat relationships

How do birds select habitat? niche gestalt : each species has characteristicperceptual worldresponds to that world asorganized whole search image concept

How do we (as wildlife biologists) seethrough the eyes of wildlife species?


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Scale Dependence

of Habitat Selection

1st Order

2nd Order

3rd Order

4th Order

Macrohabitat

vs.Microhabitat


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Habitat Selection

Proximate Factors vs. Ultimate Factors

*Immediate *Evolutionary

context context*Predation *Fitness relations

*Competition

*Abiotic factors


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Human Resource Use Human Values & Attitudes

(Socio-political)


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*Heterogeneity supports greater diversity right!?

*Naturally patchy distribution of resources


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Managing for Biodiversity

Paradigm of Wildlife Biology &

Conservation Biology


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Human-induced

heterogeneity


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Land-use Trends:

Private vs. Public


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Human Land Use Practices

1) Agriculture

2) Suburban Development

Lets pick on Indiana:

97% of land in state = privately-owned

In central Indiana,

70+% of land in row crop


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Intensive Agriculture

&

Clean Farming


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Timber Extraction

&

Fragmentation


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Formation of

Terrestrial Islands


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Oceanic Island = Terrestrial Island ?????


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Important Wildlife Legislation

1900 Lacey Actno interstate commerce

1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act

1934 Fish & Wildlife Coordination Actfederal

assistance1934 Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Actduck

stamp revenue for habitat purchase

1937 Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration ActPittman-Robertson Act (P-R funds)

1956 Fish & Wildlife Actset up US Fish &

Wildlife Service


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1964 Wilderness Act

1969 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

1973 Endangered Species Actfederal action for

recovery & mgt1974 Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora

(CITES)import/export regulation

1976 Federal Land Policy & Mgt ActBLM &

land use plans

1976 National Forest Mgt Act (NFMA)USFS &

forest mgt plans


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1980 Fish & Wildlife Conservation ActP-R fundsto nongame research & mgt

1980 National Forest Mgt Act (NFMA)USFS &

forest mgt plans

1985 Food Security ActFarm Bill Provisions

- Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)

CREP (enhancement)

- Wetland Reserve Program (WRP)

- Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP)

2001 Conservation & Reinvestment Act (CARA)


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Importance of Management

Finite natural resources (land, water,

wildlife, fuel, etc)

Future generations inherit our world

M i f Bi di it


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Managing for Biodiversity


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Biodiversity

Genetic diversity and:

evolution

reproduction

adaptation

disease


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Biodiversity

Species Diversity and:

Evolution

Community stability

Predator-prey relations (keystone

predators) Umbrella species


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Biodiversity

Ecosystem Diversity and:

Evolution

Flow of Energy & Nutrients

Disturbance & change


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Types of Management

1) Manage Populations

Protect species

Remove individuals by exploitation Re-establish species

Add to population from captive source

Control predators and/or diseases Artificial feeding


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Types of Management

3) Manage Habitat

Maintain habitat

Improve habitat


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Ways to Manage

1) Featured Species Mgt

single species

particular purpose

e.g., white-tailed deer

could also include umbrella species and

flagship species

Documents

History of Wild Life Management