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pentameter.In addition to Shakespeare, such authors
asChristopher Marlowe,Thomas Middleton,andBenJonsonwere prominent
playwrights during this period.As in themedieval period,historical
plays celebrated thelives of past kings, enhancing the image of
theTudormonarchy. Authors of this period drew some of
theirstorylines fromGreek mythologyandRoman mythologyor from the
plays of eminent Roman playwrights such
asPlautusandTerence.lala
Modern and postmodernThe pivotal and innovative contributions of
the19th-centuryNorwegian dramatistHenrik Ibsenand
the20th-centuryGermantheatre practitionerBertolt Brechtdominate
modern drama; each inspired a tradition ofimitators, which include
many of the greatest playwrightsof the modern era. The works of
both playwrights are, intheir different ways,
bothmodernistandrealist,incorporating
formalexperimentation,meta-theatricality,andsocial critique.In
terms of the traditional theoreticaldiscourse of genre, Ibsen's
work has been described asthe culmination of "liberal tragedy",
while Brecht's hasbeen aligned with anhistoricizedcomedy.
Other important playwrights of the modern era includeAntonin
Artaud,August Strindberg,Anton Chekhov,Frank Wedekind,Maurice
Maeterlinck,Federico GarcaLorca,Eugene O'Neill,Luigi
Pirandello,George BernardShaw,Ernst Toller,Vladimir
Mayakovsky,Arthur Miller,Tennessee Williams,Jean Genet,Eugne
Ionesco,Samuel Beckett,Harold Pinter,Friedrich Drrenmatt,Dario
Fo,Heiner Mller,andCaryl Churchill.
Asian dramaIndia
Performer playingSugrivain theKoodiyattamform
ofSanskrittheatre.
Theatre in India
The earliest form ofIndiandrama was theSanskritdramathat is said
to have its framework directly given byLord Shiva who used these
techniques to pray to LordVishnu. Between the 1st century AD and
the 10th was aperiod of relative peace in thehistory of
Indiaduringwhich hundreds of modern plays were written. With
theIslamic conqueststhat began in the 10th and 11thcenturies,
theatre was discouraged or forbidden entirely.Later, in an attempt
to re-assert indigenous values andideas, village theatre was
encouraged across thesubcontinent, developing in a large number of
regional
languages from the 15th to the 19th centuries. ModernIndian
theatre developed during theperiod of colonialruleunder theBritish
Empire,from the mid-19th centuryuntil the mid-20th.
Sanskrit theatreMain article:Sanskrit dramaThe
earliest-surviving fragments ofSanskrit dramadatefrom the 1st
century AD.The wealth of archeologicalevidence from earlier periods
offers no indication of theexistence of a tradition of theatre.The
ancientVedas(hymnsfrom between 1500 to 1000 BC that are amongthe
earliest examples ofliteraturein the world) contain
no hint of it (although a small number are composed in aform
ofdialogue)and theritualsof theVedic perioddonot appear to have
developed into theatre.TheMahbhyabyPatajalicontains the earliest
referenceto what may have been the seeds of Sanskrit
drama.Thistreatise ongrammarfrom 140 BC provides a feasibledate for
the beginnings oftheatre in India.
The major source of evidence for Sanskrit theatre isATreatise on
Theatre(Ntyastra), a compendium whose
date of composition is uncertain (estimates range from200 BC to
200 AD) and whose authorship is attributed toBharata Muni.The
Treatiseis the most complete work ofdramaturgy in the ancient
world. It addressesacting,dance,music,dramatic
construction,architecture,costuming,make-up,props,the organisation
ofcompanies, the audience, competitions, and offers
amythologicalaccount of the origin of theatre.
Its drama is regarded as the highest achievement ofSanskrit
literature.[41]It utilisedstock characters,suchas the hero
(nayaka), heroine (nayika), or clown(vidusaka). Actors may have
specialised in a particulartype. The kings as well as village
assemblies patronized
it. Famous early playwrights includeBhasa,Kalidasa(famous
forVikrama and Urvashi,Malavika and
Agnimitra,andThe Recognition of Shakuntala),udraka(famous forThe
Little Clay Cart),Asvaghosa,Dain,andEmperor Harsha(famous
forNagananda,RatnavaliandPriyadarsika).akuntal(in English
translation)influencedGoethe'sFaust(18081832).
Modern Indian dramaRabindranath Tagore, was a pioneering
modernplaywright who wrote plays noted for their explorationand
questioning of nationalism, identity, spiritualism andmaterial
greed . His plays are written inBengaliand
include Chitra(Chitrangada, 1892), The King of the
DarkChamber(Raja, 1910),The Post Office(Dakghar, 1913),and Red
Oleander(Raktakarabi, 1924). Girish Karnad isa noted playwright,
who has written a number of playsthat use history and mythology, to
critique andproblematize ideas and ideals that are of
contemporaryrelevance. Karnad's numerous plays such as
Tughlaq,Hayavadana,Taledandaand Naga-Mandala aresignificant
contributions to Indian drama.Vijay TendulkarandMahesh Dattaniare
amongst the major Indianplaywrights of the 20th century.
References1. S Krishna Bhatta, Indian English Drama:A Critical
Study, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1987. 2.
G P Deshpande,ed. Modern Indian Drama: AnAnthology, Sahitya
Akedemi, New Delhi, 2000. 3.Kaustav Chakraborty, ed. Indian English
Drama, PHILearning, New Delhi, 2011. 4. Sudhakar Pandey andFreya
Taraporewala, ed. Studies in Contemporary India,Prestige Books, New
Delhi, 1990.
Modern Urdu drama of India and PakistanUrdu Drama evolved from
the prevailing dramatictraditions of North India shaping Rahas or
Raas aspracticed by exponents likeNawab Wajid Ali ShahofAwadh.His
dramatic experiments led to the famousInder SabhaofAmanatand later
this tradition took the
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i/Bhasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram%C5%8Drva%C5%9B%C4%AByamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram%C5%8Drva%C5%9B%C4%AByamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram%C5%8Drva%C5%9B%C4%AByamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81lavik%C4%81gnimitramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81lavik%C4%81gnimitramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81lavik%C4%81gnimitramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81lavik%C4%81gnimitramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81na%C5%9B%C4%81kuntalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81na%C5%9B%C4%81kuntalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81na%C5%9B%C4%81kuntalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Audrakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Audrakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Audrakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%B9%9Bcchakatikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%B9%9Bcchakatikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%B9%9Bcchakatikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asvaghosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asvaghosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asvaghosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naganandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naganandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naganandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnavalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnavalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnavalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyadarsikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyadarsikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyadarsikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81na%C5%9B%C4%81kuntalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81na%C5%9B%C4%81kuntalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81na%C5%9B%C4%81kuntalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%27s_Fausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%27s_Fausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%27s_Fausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_Office_(play)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_Office_(play)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_Office_(play)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taledandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taledandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taledandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Tendulkarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Tendulkarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Tendulkarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahesh_Dattanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahesh_Dattanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahesh_Dattanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_Wajid_Ali_Shahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_Wajid_Ali_Shahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_Wajid_Ali_Shahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inder_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inder_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inder_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_Wajid_Ali_Shahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahesh_Dattanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Tendulkarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taledandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_Office_(play)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%27s_Fausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81na%C5%9B%C4%81kuntalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyadarsikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnavalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naganandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asvaghosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%B9%9Bcchakatikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Audrakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81na%C5%9B%C4%81kuntalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81lavik%C4%81gnimitramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81lavik%C4%81gnimitramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram%C5%8Drva%C5%9B%C4%AByamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_characterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_propertieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_makeuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgyhttp://en.wikipe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shape of Parsi Theatre. Agha Hashr Kashmiri is theculmination of
this tradition.
In some way or other, Urdu theatre tradition has
greatlyinfluenced modernIndian theatre.Among all
thelanguagesUrdu(which was calledHindiby earlywriters), along
withGujrati,MarathiandBengalitheatreshave kept flourishing and
demand for its writers andartists has not subsided by the drama
aficionados. ForUrdu drama, no place is better than Bombay Film
industry otherwise known asHindi film industry.All theearly gems
of Urdu Theatre (performed by ParsiCompanies) were made into films.
Urdu Dramatictradition has been a spectators delight since 100
yearsand counting.
Drama as a theme is made up of several elements. Itfocuses on
life and different aspects of it. The thing to benoticed here is
that drama on stage imitates drama inlife. It has been said that,
there has always been amutual relationship between theatre and real
life. Greathistorical personalities like Shakespeare have
influencedModern Urdu tradition to a large extent when
Indian,Iranian, Turkish stories and folk were adapted for stage
with heavy doses ofUrdu poetry.In modern times writerslikeImtiaz
Ali Taj,Rafi Peer,Krishan Chander,Manto,Upender Nath Ashk, Ghulam
Rabbani, Prof. Mujeeb andmany others shaped this tradition.
While Prof Hasan, Ghulam Jeelani, J.N,Kaushal,Shameem Hanfi,
Jameel Shaidayi, etc. belong to the oldgeneration, contemporary
writers like Danish Iqbal,Sayeed Alam, Shahid Anwar, Iqbal Niyazi,
and Anwarare a fewpostmodernplaywrights actively contributing inthe
field of Urdu Drama.
Sayeed Alam is known for his wit and humour and moreparticularly
for Plays like 'Ghalib in New Delhi', 'Big B'
and many other gems which are regularly staged formassive turn
out of theatre lovers. Maulana Azad is hismagnum opus both for its
content and style.
Danish Iqbal's play about 'Dara Shikoh'directed byM. S.Sathyuis
considered a modern classic for the use ofnewer theatre techniques
and contemporary perspective.His other plays are 'Sahir'on the
famous lyricist andrevolutionary poet. 'Kuchh Ishq kiya Kuchh Kaam'
isanother play written by Danish, which is basically aCelebration
of theFaiz's poetry, featuring events fromthe early part of his
life, particularly the events andincidents of pre-partition days
that shaped his l ife and
ideals. 'Chand Roz Aur Meri Jaan' - another play inspiredfrom
Faiz's letters written from various jails during theRawalpindi
Conspiracydays. He has written 14 otherplays including 'Dilli Jo Ek
Shehr Thaa' and 'Main GayaWaqt Nahin hoon'. Shahid's 'Three B' is
also a significantplay. He has been associated with many groups
like'Natwa' and others. Zaheer Anwar has kept the flag ofUrdu
theatre flying inKolkata.Unlike the writers ofprevious generation
Sayeed, Shahid, Danish Iqbal andZaheer do not write bookish plays
but their work is aproduct of vigorous performing tradition. Iqbal
Niyazi ofMumbaihas written several plays in Urdu, his play
"AURKITNE JALYANWALA BAUGH?" won a National award
other awards. Hence this is the only generation afterAmanat and
Agha Hashr who actually write for stage andnot for libraries.
China
A 1958U.S.S.R.postage stampcommemoratingGuan
Hanqing,one of the great Chinese dramatists, who isrenowned for
his "zaju"plays.
Chinese theatre has a long and complex history. Today itis often
calledChinese operaalthough this normallyrefers specifically to the
popular form known asBeijingoperaandKunqu;there have been many
other forms oftheatre in China, such aszaju.
JapanJapaneseN dramais a serious dramatic form thatcombines
drama, music, and dance into a completeaesthetic performance
experience. It developed in the14th and 15th centuries and has its
own musicalinstruments and performance techniques, which were
often handed down from father to son. The performerswere
generally male (for both male and female roles),although female
amateurs also perform N dramas. Thegovernment, particularly the
military supported Ndrama, with many military commanders having
their owntroupes and sometimes performing themselves. It is
stillperformed in Japan today.
Kygenis the comic counterpart to N drama. Itconcentrates more on
dialogue and less on music,although N instrumentalists sometimes
appear also inKygen.Kabukidrama, developed from the 17th centuryis
another comic form, which includes dance.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_film_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_film_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_film_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imtiaz_Ali_Tajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imtiaz_Ali_Tajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imtiaz_Ali_Tajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishan_Chanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishan_Chanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishan_Chanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadat_Hasan_Mantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadat_Hasan_Mantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadat_Hasan_Mantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Shikohhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Shikohhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Shikohhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Sathyuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Sathyuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Sathyuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Sathyuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi_Conspiracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi_Conspiracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.S.R.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.S.R.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Hanqinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Hanqinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Hanqinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Hanqinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunquhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunquhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunquhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_of_USSR_2262.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunquhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Hanqinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Hanqinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.S.R.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi_Conspiracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Sathyuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Sathyuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Shikohhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadat_Hasan_Mantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishan_Chanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imtiaz_Ali_Tajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_film_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_theatre
