History of Vaccines

Variolation: inoculation of smallpox into skin (eighteenth century)

Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox virus into skin (Jenner) Inoculation with rabies virus (Pasteur)

500,000

Chapter 18, unnumbered figure B, page 510, Reported numbers of measles cases in the United States, 1960–2010. (CDC, 2010)

350,000

300,000

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

400,000

450,000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 201020050

140

20

40

60

80

100

0

120

2000 01 02 03 0504 06 07 08 09 10

Year

Rep

ort

ed n

um

ber

of

case

s

Year

Rep

ort

ed n

um

ber

of

case

s

Vaccinelicensed

Vaccines Used to Prevent Bacterial Diseases

Disease VaccineDiphtheria Purified diphtheria toxoid

Meningococcal meningitis

Purified polysaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Inactivated toxin plus acellular fragments of Bordetella pertussis

Pneumococcal pneumonia

Purified polysaccharide from seven strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Tetanus Purified tetanus toxoid

Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis

Polysaccharide from Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugated with protein to enhance effectiveness

Disease VaccineInfluenza Injected vaccine, inactivated virus

(nasally administered: attenuated virus)

Measles Attenuated virus

Mumps Attenuated virus

Rubella Attenuated virus

Chickenpox Attenuated virus

Poliomyelitis Killed virus

Vaccines Used to Prevent Viral Diseases

Disease Vaccine

Rabies Killed virus

Hepatitis B Antigenic fragments of virus

Hepatitis A Inactivated virus

Smallpox Live vaccinia virus

Herpes zoster Attenuated virus

Human papillomavirus Antigenic fragments of virus

Vaccines Used to Prevent Viral Diseases

Vaccines for Persons Aged 0–6 Years

Hepatitis B Rotavirus DTaP Haemophilus influenzae type b Pneumococcal Inactivated poliovirus Influenza

Vaccines for Persons Aged 0–6 Years

MMR* Varicella* Hepatitis A Meningococcal

* As of 2012 it is not MMRV

Types of Vaccines

Attenuated whole-agent vaccines MMR vaccine

Inactivated whole-agent vaccines Salk polio vaccine

Toxoids Tetanus vaccine

Types of Vaccines

Subunit vaccines Acellular pertussis Recombinant hepatitis B

Nucleic acid (DNA) vaccines West Nile (for horses)