History of the Lombards

8/18/2019 History of the Lombards

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The Lombard possessions in Italy: The

Lombard Kingdom (Neustria, Austria and

Tuscia) and the Lombard Duchies of

Spoleto and Benevento

LombardsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Lombards or Longobards (Latin: Langobardi, Italian Longobardi [loŋɡoˈbardi]) were a Germanicpeople who ruled large parts of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774.

The Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the Historia Langobardorum that the Lombards

descended from a small tribe called the Winnili,[1] who dwelt in southern Scandinavia[2] (Scadanan)before migrating to seek new lands. In the 1st century AD, they formed part of the Suebi, in northwesternGermany. By the end of the 5th century, they had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modernAustria north of the Danube river, where they subdued the Heruls and later fought frequent wars with the

Gepids. The Lombard king Audoin defeated the Gepid leader Thurisind in 551 or 552; his successorAlboin eventually destroyed the Gepids at the Battle of Asfeld in 567.

Following this victory, Alboin decided to lead his people to Italy, which had become severely depopulatedand devastated after the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the OstrogothicKingdom there. The Lombards were joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars, Thuringians,and Ostrogoths, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. By late 569 they had conquered allnorth of Italy and the principal cities north of the Po River except Pavia, which fell in 572. At the sametime, they occupied areas in central Italy and southern Italy. They established a Lombard Kingdom innorth and central Italy, later named Regnum Italicum ("Kingdom of Italy"), which reached its zenith underthe 8th-century ruler Liutprand. In 774, the Kingdom was conquered by the Frankish King Charlemagneand integrated into his Empire. However, Lombard nobles continued to rule southern parts of the Italianpeninsula, well into the 11th century when they were conquered by the Normans and added to theirCounty of Sicily. In this period, the southern part of Italy still under Longobardic domination was known

by the name Langbarðaland (Land of the Lombards) in the Norse runestones.[3] Their legacy is also

apparent in the regional name Lombardy (in the north of Italy).

Contents

1 History1.1 Early history

1.1.1 Legendary origins and name1.1.2 Archaeology and migrations

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1.2 Kingdom in Italy, 568–7741.2.1 Invasion and conquest of the Italian peninsula

1.2.1.1 Langobardia major1.2.1.2 Langobardia minor

1.2.2 Arian monarchy1.2.3 Catholic monarchy

1.3 Later history1.3.1 United Principality of Benevento, 774–8491.3.2 Southern Italy and the Arabs, 836–9151.3.3 Lombard principalities in the 10th century1.3.4 Norman conquest, 1017–1078

2 Culture2.1 Language2.2 Social structure

2.2.1 Migration Period society2.2.2 Society of the Catholic kingdom2.2.3 Lombard states

2.3 Religious history

2.3.1 Paganism2.3.2 Christianisation2.3.3 Beneventan Christianity

2.4 Art and architecture2.4.1 Architecture

3 See also4 References5 External links

History

Early history

Legendary origins and name

The fullest account of Lombard origins, history, and practices is the Historia Langobardorum ( History of the Lombards) of Paul the Deacon, written

ombards - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards

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The Rule of Saint Benedict in

Beneventan (i.e. Lombard) script

Characteristic of this rite was the Beneventan chant, a Lombard-influenced chant that bore similarities to theAmbrosian chant of Lombard Milan. The Beneventan chant is largely defined by its role in the liturgy of theBeneventan rite; many Beneventan chants were assigned multiple roles when inserted into Gregorianchantbooks, appearing variously as antiphons, offertories, and communions, for example. It was eventuallysupplanted by the Gregorian chant in the 11th century.

The chief centre of the Beneventan chant was Montecassino, one of the first and greatest abbeys of Westernmonasticism. Gisulf II of Benevento had donated a large swathe of land to Montecassino in 744, and thatbecame the basis for an important state, the Terra Sancti Benedicti, which was a subject only to Rome. TheCassinese influence on Christianity in southern Italy was immense. Montecassino was also the starting pointfor another characteristic of Beneventan monasticism, the use of the distinct Beneventan script, a clear, angularscript derived from the Roman cursive as used by the Lombards.

Art and architecture

During their nomadic phase, the Lombards primarily created art that was easily carried with them, like armsand jewellery. Though relatively little of this has survived, it bears resemblance to the similar endeavours of other Germanic tribes of northern and central Europe from the same era.

The first major modifications to the Germanic style of the Lombards came in Pannonia and especially in Italy,

under the influence of local, Byzantine, and Christian styles. The conversions from nomadism and paganism tosettlement and Christianity also opened up new arenas of artistic expression, such as architecture (especiallychurches) and its accompanying decorative arts (such as frescoes).

Lombard shield bossnorthern Italy, 7th

century, MetropolitanMuseum of Art

Lombard S-shapedfibula

A glass drinking hornfrom Castel Trosino

LombardGoldblattkreuz

Lombard fibulae Altar of Ratchis

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The Basilic autariana in Fara

Gera d'Adda

8th-century Lombardsculpture depictingfemale martyrs, basedon a Byzantine model.Tempietto Longobardo,Cividale del Friuli

Architecture

Few Lombard buildings have survived. Most have been lost, rebuilt, or renovated at some point, so they preserve

little of their original Lombard structure. Lombard architecture was well-studied in the 20th century, and thefour-volume Lombard Architecture (1919) by Arthur Kingsley Porter is a "monument of illustrated history".

The small Oratorio di Santa Maria in Valle in Cividale del Friuli is probably one of the oldest preserved examplesof Lombard architecture, as Cividale was the first Lombard city in Italy. Parts of Lombard constructions havebeen preserved in Pavia (San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, crypts of Sant'Eusebio and San Giovanni Domnarum) andMonza (cathedral). The Basilic autariana in Fara Gera d'Adda near Bergamo and the church of San Salvatore inBrescia also have Lombard elements. All these buildings are in northern Italy (Langobardia major), but by far thebest-preserved Lombard structure is in southern Italy (Langobardia minor). The Church of Santa Sofia inBenevento was erected in 760 by Duke Arechis II, and it preserves Lombard frescoes on the walls and evenLombard capitals on the columns.

Lombard architecture flourished under the impulse provided by the Catholic monarchs like Theodelinda,Liutprand, and Desiderius to the foundation of monasteries to further their political control. Bobbio Abbey wasfounded during this time.

Some of the late Lombard structures of the 9th and 10th centuries have been found to contain elements of styleassociated with Romanesque architecture and have been so dubbed "first Romanesque". These edifices are

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considered, along with some similar buildings in southern France and Catalonia, to mark a transitory phase between the Pre-Romanesque andfull-fledged Romanesque.

See also

Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568-774 A.D.)Barbarian invasionsList of ancient Germanic peoples

References

Notes

Priester, 16. From Proto-Germanic winna-, meaning "to fight, win".1.Harrison, D.; Svensson, K. (2007). Vikingaliv Fälth & Hässler, Värnamo.ISBN 978-91-27-35725-9 p. 74

2.

2. Runriket - Täby Kyrka (http://www.lansmuseum.a.se/runriket/taby.html),an online article at Stockholm County Museum, retrieved July 1, 2007.

3.

CG, II.4.

Menghin, 13.5. Priester, 16. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, I, 336. Old Germanic for"Strenuus", "Sibyl".

6.

Priester, 167.Hammerstein-Loxton, 56.8.PD, VII.9.PD, VIII.10.OGL, appendix 11.11.Priester, 1712.PD, I, 9.13.Pohl and Erhart. Nedoma, 449–445.14.Priester, 17.15.Fröhlich, 19.16.Bruckner, 30–33.17.Wilson Chambers, Raymond (2010). Widsith: A Study in Old English

Heroic Legend . Cambridge University Press. p. 205.18.

Smith’s Dict. of Greek and Roman Geogr., vol. ii. p. 119 — S.19.

Orosius (417). The Anglo-Saxon Version, from the Historian Orosius(Alfred the Great ed.). London: Printed by W. Bowyer and J. Nichols andsold by S. Baker. Retrieved 28 March 2016.

20.

Widsith, lines 31-3321.Menghin, 15.22.Velleius, Hist. Rom. II, 106. (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer

/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html#ref:Langobardi) Schmidt,5.

23.

Strabo, VII, 1, 3. (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper

/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=7:chapter=1&highlight=langobardi)

24.

Suetoniu, The Twelve Caesars, chapters II and III.25.Wegewitz, Das langobardische Brandgräberfeld von Putensen, Kreis

Harburg (1972), 1–29. Problemi della civilita e dell'economia Longobarda, Milan (1964), 19ff.

26.

Menghin, 17.27.Menghin, 18.28.Priester, 18.29.Tacitus, Ann. II, 45.30.Tacitus, Annals, XI, 16, 17.31.Cassius Dio, 71, 3, 1. Menghin 16.32.Priester, 21. Zeuss, 471. Wiese, 38. Schmidt, 35–36.33.Tacitus, Germania, 38-4034.Ptolemy, Geogr. II, 11, 9. Menghin, 15.35.Ptolemy, Geogr. II, 11, 17. Menghin, 1536.Schütte, Ptolemy's Maps of Northern Europe, pages 34 (https://archive.org

/stream/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich#page/34/mode/2up/search/angles),and 118 (https://archive.org/stream/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich#page

/118/mode/2up/search/angles)

37.

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Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Lombards.

Grimm, Jacob. Deutsche MythologieGwatkin, H. M., Whitney, J. P. (ed) - The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume II—The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundations of theWestern Empire. Cambridge University Press, 1926.Hallenbeck, Jan T. "Pavia and Rome: The Lombard Monarchy and the Papacy in the Eighth Century" Transactions of the AmericanPhilosophical Society New Series, 72.4 (1982), pp. 1–186.Hammerstein-Loxten, Freiherren von. BardengauHartmann, Ludo Moritz. Geschichte Italiens im Mittelalter II Vol.Hodgkin, Thomas. Italy and Her Invaders. Clarendon PressMenghin, Wilifred. Die Langobarden / Geschichte und Archäologie. TheissOman, Charles. The Dark Ages 476–918 . London, 1914.Pohl, Walter and Erhart, Peter. Die Langobarden / Herrschaft und Identität Priester, Karin. Geschichte der Langobarden / Gesellschaft - Kultur - Altagsleben. Theiss

Rothair; Grimwald; Liutprand; Ratchis; Aistulf; Katherine Fischer Drew (Translator, Editor); Edward Peters (Foreword) (1973). The Lombard Laws. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1055-7. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)Santosuosso, Antonio. Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare. 2004. ISBN 0-8133-9153-9Schmidt, Dr. Ludwig. Älteste Geschichte der LangobardenTacitus. AnnalsTacitus. GermaniaWegewitz, Willi. Das langobardische Brandgräberfeld von Putensen, Kreise Harburg

Wickham, Christopher (1998). "Aristocratic Power in Eighth-Century Lombard Italy". In Goffart, Walter A.; Murray, Alexander C. After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History, Essays presented to Walter Goffart . Toronto: University of Toronto Press.pp. 153–170. ISBN 0-8020-0779-1..Wiese, Robert. Die älteste Geschichte der LangobardenZeuss, Kaspar. Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme

External links

Beck, Frederick George Meeson; Church, Richard William (1911). "Lombards". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombards&oldid=716798710"

Categories: Lombards Ancient Germanic peoples Migration Period Suebi

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History of the Lombards