History of the Internet and the WWW

7/30/2019 History of the Internet and the WWW

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The Internet is an amazing collaboration of thousands of networks around the world which share information using a sin

rotocol. In 30+ years, the Internet has grown from a four-computer network to an estimated 400 million users or mor

History

For the majority of current Internet users, the Internet waas not around until the mid-1990's. This was when the WorWide Web made the Internet accessable to the masses. But, long before this, the Internet was a key component of theational defense of the United States.

n the 1960's, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and the Department of Defense (DOD) needed a way toexchange information. It's offices were not close together and the DOD was concerned that a single missile attack coudestroy a main computer center. The idea was put forth that a network of computers could share data at several locatiBy having several lines of communication, a single attack could not knock out the entire network. This network ofomputers became known as ARPANET and connected both defense contractors and research universities.

n order to accomplish this, several problems had to be addressed.

A protocol had to be developed because different computer systems created by different vendors do not speakwell to one another.

A practical medium had to be established that could connect several remote systems.

The network had to be connected such that the loss of one machine did not bring it down.

How these problems were addressed has established the means of connections we know today in both predictable andnpredictable ways.

ARPA originally thought that one computer (a router) would move the data using a universal protocol so that otheromputers on the network could run their own operating systems. During the 1970's, the idea of TCP/IP (Transmission

Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) came into play. It was developed by researchers, not a commercial vendor, so it didavor any particular type of machine. This allowed everyone to potentially access the network. TCP/IP also created a

distributed system, so that there was neither a central control or a favored hardware platform. We'll discuss how thisrotocol works later.

Originally, the idea of transmitting video and audio was unheard of; only data was to be transmitted. Security was not aroblem, as only research peers were to access the network. In 1969, 3 nodes in California and 1 in Utah were connecte

Three years later, 29 others joined. By 1977, that number had increased to about 100 and by 1983, the number was alm000. In 1990, there were 100,000 host computers on the Internet and now it is estimated that there are over 400 milsers worldwide.

Let's review a timeline of events that led up to today's Internet.

1958: Eisenhower's administration creates the Advanced Research Projects Agency as a response to the launchthe Soviet Union's Sputnik satellite.

1969: ARPANET is formed, largely constructed by the Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) firm. 1971: Ray Tomlinson, an engineer at BBN, sends himself the first e-mail message over the ARPANET 1973: DARPA forms Internetting Project to study how networks can be linked. Connections are made to the

University College of London and the Norwegian Royal Radar Establishment 1974: Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf spearhead effort that produces TCP/IP

1976: Queen Elizabeth II sends her first e-mail message 1980: CSNET becomes the first autonomous network to attach to ARPANET. CERN's scientist create ENQUIR

program that allows for the hyperlinking of files stored on multiple computers in a network 1986: The NSF forms NSFNET to link universities to supercomputing centers

1987: The NSF contracts Merit, Inc., MCI, and IBM to manage a new backbone for NSFNET. NSFNET grows tothe major backbone of the Internet


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1989: BITNET, a network composed of liberal arts colleges, merges with CSNET and joins the Internet. CERN

launches the World Wide Web Project. Berners-Lee proposes a global hypertext project that would connect aninfinite number of digital documents around the world

1990: ARPANET is officially decommissioned. The World Wide Web is launched at CERN headquarters. At thispoint, the Web is accessable only to those who have access to the CERN system

1991: The World Wide Web hits the Internet 1992: Internet Society is formed to help influence the evolution of the Internet

1993: The National Center for Supercomputing Applications introduces the graphical browser Mosaic (developedMarc Andreessen as an undergraduate at the University of Illinois) The White House comes online

1994: Andreessen graduates from college and co-founds Netscape Communications Corp. The Netscape Navigat1.0 browser is release the same year. Jerry Yang and David Filo create Yahoo! (now considered the most popular

site on the Internet.) 1995: NSFNET is decommissioned and responsibilities for maintaining the Internet backbone are taken over by

regional providers. Netscape Navigator becomes the number one Web browser. The Web surpasses FTP as thenumber one Internet application

1996: Microsoft releases Internet Explorer. The Communications Decensy Act becomes law in an attempt to limthe distribution of obscene and pornographic materials on the Web

1997: The Department of Justice takes Microsoft to court over Internet Explorer, claiming the company hadviolated the terms of a 1994 consent decree by integrating Internet Explorer into Windows 95. There were anestimated 351 million URL's on the Web

1998: NSF funds widespread testing of Internet2 at major universities. The Internet beocomes big business 1999: The first full service on-line bank opens 2000: Many dot-com compaines are forced to close as the NASDAQ plummets and investment capital dries up f

them

The Internet Today

The components that make up the Internet today are owned and shared by thousands of public and private entities. Thupercomputers or Network Access Points (NAP's) that serve as major hubs on the Net are owned by large companies l

AT&T and MCI. Connections spread from these supercomputers to routers (Internet dedicated machines) and regionaletworks through high-speed cables called backbones. From these networks, are smaller networks, private networks, an

nternet Service Providers (ISP's).

How is the Internet Used?

The two main uses of the Internet are for file transfer (FTP) and the World Wide Web. However, these are only two ohe many uses of the Internet. Other uses include (but are not limited to)

Information Sharing Global Collaboration

Distance Education Software Distribution

Scientific Research Product Development

Public Service Marketing and Sales

Customer Support

Professional Development

Entertainment


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History of the Internet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Jump to: navigation,search

Originally intended to share data between a few universities and government agenciethe Internet today allows connectivity from anywhere on earth and beyondeven shiat sea and inouter space.

The History of the Internet dates back to the early development of communicationnetworks. The idea of a computer networkintended to allow general communicationamong users of various computers has developed through a large number of stages. T

melting pot of developments brought together the network of networks[1] that we know as the Internet. This included bechnological developments and the merging together of existing network infrastructureand telecommunicationsystem

The infrastructure of the Internet spread across the globe to create the world wide network of computers we know tot spread throughout the Western countries before entering the developing countries, thus creating both unprecedent

worldwide access to information and communications and a digital divide in access to this new infrastructure. The Interwent on to fundamentally alter the world economy, including the economic implications of the dot-com bubble.

n the fifties and early sixties, prior to the widespread inter-networking that led to the Internet, most communicationetworks were limited by their nature to only allow communications between the stations on the network. Some network

had gatewaysorbridges between them, but these bridges were often limited or built specifically for a single use. Onerevalent computer networking method was based on the central mainframemethod, simply allowing its terminals to beonnected via long leased lines. This method was used in the 1950s by Project RAND to support researchers such as

Herbert Simon, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, when collaborating across the continent with researchers in Santa Monica,California, on automated theorem provingandartificial intelligence.

edit] Three terminals and an ARPA

A fundamental pioneer in the call for a global network, J.C.R. Licklider, articulated the idea in his January 1960 paper,

Man-Computer Symbiosis.

"a network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band communication lines" which provided "th

functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and

[other] symbiotic functions. "J.C.R. Licklider [2]

n October 1962, Licklider was appointed head of the United States Department of Defense'sDARPA informationrocessing office, and formed an informal group within DARPA to further computer research. As part of the informatio

rocessing office's role, three network terminals had been installed: one for System Development Corporation in SantaMonica, one for Project Genie at the University of California, Berkeley and one for the Multics project SHOPPING at tMassachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT). Licklider's need for inter-networking would be made evident by theroblems this caused.

"For each of these three terminals, I had three different sets of user commands. So if I was talking online wit

someone at S.D.C. and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley or M.I.T. about this, I had to get up from

the S.D.C. terminal, go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them.I said, oh, my goodness gracious me, it's obvious what to do (But I don't want to do it): If you have these three

terminals, there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go where you have interactive comput

That idea is the ARPAnet."-Robert W. Taylor, co-writer with Licklider of "The Computer as a Communications

Device", in an interview with the New York Times[3]
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edit] Switched packets

Main article:Packet switching

At the tip of the inter-networking problem lay the issue of connecting separate physical networks to form one logical

etwork. During the 1960s, Donald Davies (NPL), Paul Baran (RAND Corporation), and Leonard Kleinrock (MIT) developend implemented packet switching. The notion that the Internet was developed to survive a nuclear attack has its rootshe early theories developed by RAND. Baran's research had approached packet switching from studies of

decentralisation to avoid combat damage compromising the entire network. [4]

edit] Networks that led to the Internet

edit] ARPANET

Main article:ARPANET

Len Kleinrockand the firstIMP.[5]

Promoted to the head of the information processing office at ARPA,Robert Taylor intended to realize Licklider's ideas of an interconnecnetworking system. Bringing in Larry Roberts from MIT, he initiated project to build such a network. The first ARPANET link was establisbetween the University of California, Los Angelesand theStanfordResearch Institute on 21 November1969. By5 December1969, a 4-nnetwork was connected by adding the University of Utah and the

University of California, Santa Barbara. Building on ideas developed in ALOHAnet, the ARPANET started in 1972 and w

rowing rapidly by 1981. The number of hosts had grown to 213, with a new host being added approximately every twentdays.[6][7]

ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet, and a primary tool in developing the technolo

sed. ARPANET development was centered around the Request for Comments (RFC) process, still used today for proposnd distributing Internet Protocols and Systems. RFC 1, entitled "Host Software", was written by Steve Crocker from University of California, Los Angeles, and published on April 7,1969. These early years were documented in the 1972 fi

Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing.

nternational collaborations on ARPANET were sparse. For various political reasons, European developers were concernwith developing the X.25networks. Notable exceptions were the Norwegian Seismic Array(NORSAR) in 1972, followed973 by Sweden with satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and University College London. [1]

edit] X.25 and public access

Main articles:X.25, Bulletin board system, andFidoNet

Following on from DARPA's research, packet switching network standards were developed by the InternationalTelecommunication Union (ITU) in the form of X.25 and related standards. In 1974, X.25 formed the basis for theSERCnet network between British academic and research sites, which later became JANET. The initial ITU Standard oX.25 was approved in March 1976. This standard was based on the concept of virtual circuits.

The British Post Office,Western Union Internationaland Tymnet collaborated to create the first international packetwitched network, referred to as the International Packet Switched Service (IPSS), in 1978. This network grew from

Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981. By the 1990s it provided a worldwide networkingnfrastructure.[8]
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Unlike ARPAnet, X.25 was also commonly available for business use. X.25 would be used for the first dial-in public acces

etworks, such as CompuserveandTymnet. In 1979, CompuServe became the first service to offer electronic mailapabilities and technical support to personal computerusers. The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the firstffer real-time chat with its CB Simulator. There were also the America Online (AOL) and Prodigy dial in networks and

many bulletin board system (BBS) networks such as The WELL and FidoNet. FidoNet in particular was popular amongsthobbyist computer users, many of them hackers and amateur radio operators.

edit] UUCP

Main articles:UUCPandUsenet

n 1979, two students at Duke University,Tom TruscottandJim Ellis, came up with the idea of using simple Bourne shecripts to transfer news and messages on a serial line with nearby University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Followingublic release of the software, the mesh of UUCP hosts forwarding on the Usenet news rapidly expanded. UUCPnet, as

would later be named, also created gateways and links between FidoNet and dial-up BBS hosts. UUCP networks spreaduickly due to the lower costs involved, and ability to use existing leased lines, X.25links or evenARPANETconnections983 the number of UUCP hosts had grown to 550, nearly doubling to 940 in 1984.

edit] Merging the networks and creating the Internet

edit] TCP/IP

Main article:Internet protocol suite

Map of theTCP/IP test network in January 1982

With so many different network methods, something needed to unthem. Robert E. Kahn of DARPAandARPANETrecruited Vint CerStanford Universityto work with him on the problem. By 1973, thhad soon worked out a fundamental reformulation, where the

differences between network protocols were hidden by using acommoninternetwork protocol, and instead of the network beingresponsible for reliability, as in the ARPANET, the hosts becameresponsible. Cerf credits Hubert Zimmerman, Gerard LeLann andLouis Pouzin (designer of theCYCLADES network) with importantwork on this design. [9]

With the role of the network reduced to the bare minimum, itbecame possible to join almost any networks together, no matterwhat their characteristics were, thereby solving Kahn's initialproblem. DARPA agreed to fund development of prototype softwa

and after several years of work, the first somewhat crudedemonstration of a gateway between the Packet Radio network in

SF Bay area and the ARPANET was conducted. By November 1977three network demonstration was conducted including the ARPAN

he Packet Radio Network and the Atlantic Packet Satellite networkall sponsored by DARPA. Stemming from the firspecifications of TCP in 1974,TCP/IPemerged in mid-late 1978 in nearly final form. By 1981, the associated standards

were published as RFCs 791, 792 and 793 and adopted for use. DARPA sponsored or encouraged the development ofTCP/IP implementations for many operating systems and then scheduled a migration of all hosts on all of its packetetworks to TCP/IP. On 1 January1983, TCP/IP protocols became the only approved protocol on the ARPANET, replacihe earlier NCP protocol. [10]

edit] ARPANET to NSFNet
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Main articles:ARPANETandNSFNet

After the ARPANET had been up and running for several years, ARPA looked for another agency to hand off the netwoo; ARPA's primary business was funding cutting-edge research and development, not running a communications utility.

Eventually, in July 1975, the network had been turned over to the Defense Communications Agency, also part of theDepartment of Defense. In 1983, the U.S. military portion of the ARPANET was broken off as a separate network, theMILNET.

The networks based around the ARPANET were government funded and therefore restricted to noncommercial uses su

s research; unrelated commercial use was strictly forbidden. This initially restricted connections to military sites andniversities. During the 1980s, the connections expanded to more educational institutions, and even to a growing numbeompanies such as Digital Equipment CorporationandHewlett-Packard, which were participating in research projects orroviding services to those who were.

Another branch of the U.S. government, the National Science Foundation (NSF), became heavily involved in internetesearch and started development of a successor to ARPANET. In 1984 this resulted CSNET, the first Wide Area

Network designed specifically to use TCP/IP. CSNET connected with ARPANET using TCP/IP, and ran TCP/IP over X.25but it also supported departments without sophisticated network connections, using automated dial-up mail exchange. Trew into the NSFNet backbone, established in 1986, and intended to connect and provide access to a number ofupercomputing centers established by the NSF. [11]

edit] The transition toward an Internet

The term "Internet" was adopted in the first RFC published on the TCP protocol (RFC 675: Internet Transmission Controtocol). It was around the time when ARPANET was interlinked with NSFNet, that the term Internet came into moreeneral use,[12] with "an internet" meaning any network using TCP/IP. "The Internet" came to mean a global and largeetwork using TCP/IP, which at the time meant NSFNet and ARPANET. Previously "internet" and "internetwork" had besed interchangeably, and "internet protocol" had been used to refer to other networking systems such as Xerox Netw

Services.[13]

As interest in wide spread networking grew and new applications for it arrived, the Internet's technologies spread

hroughout the rest of the world. TCP/IP's network-agnostic approach meant that it was easy to use any existing netwnfrastructure, such as theIPSS X.25 network, to carry Internet traffic. In 1984, University College London replaced ransatlantic satellite links with TCP/IP over IPSS.

Many sites unable to link directly to the Internet started to create simple gateways to allow transfer of e-mail, at thatime the most important application. Sites which only had intermittent connections used UUCP orFidoNet and relied onateways between these networks and the Internet. Some gateway services went beyond simple e-mail peering, such asllowing access toFTP sites via UUCP or e-mail.

edit] TCP/IP becomes worldwide

The first ARPANet connection outside the US was established to NORSAR in Norway in 1973, just ahead of theonnection to Great Britain. These links were all converted to TCP/IP in 1982, at the same time as the rest of the Arpa

edit] CERN, the European internet, the link to the Pacific and beyond

n 1984 the move in Europe towards more widespread use of TCP/IP started, and CERNETwas converted over to using The TCP/IP CERNET remained isolated from the rest of the Internet, forming a small internal internet until 1989.

n 1988Daniel Karrenberg, from CWI in Amsterdam, visitedBen Segal,CERN's TCP/IP Coordinator; looking for advicebout the transition of the European side of the UUCP Usenet network (much of which ran over X.25 links) over to TCPn 1987, Ben Segal had met with Len Bosack from the then still small company Ciscoabout TCP/IP routers, and was able

ive Karrenberg advice and forward him on to Cisco for the appropriate hardware. This expanded the European portion
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he Internet across the existing UUCP networks, and in 1989 CERN opened its first external TCP/IP connections. [14] Th

oincided with the creation of Rseaux IP Europens (RIPE), initially a group of IP network administrators who metegularly to carry out co-ordination work together. Later, in 1992, RIPE was formally registered as a cooperative in

Amsterdam.

At the same time as the rise of internetworking in Europe, adhoc networking to ARPA and in-between Australianniversities formed, based on various technologies such as X.25 and UUCPNet. These were limited in their connection the global networks, due to the cost of making individual international UUCP dial-up or X.25 connections. In 1989,

Australian universities joined the push towards using IP protocols to unify their networking infrastructures. AARNet w

ormed in 1989 by the Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committeeand provided a dedicated IP based network for Australi

The Internet began to penetrate Asia in the late 1980s. Japan, which had built the UUCP-based network JUNETin 198onnected to NSFNet in 1989. It hosted the annual meeting of the Internet Society, INET'92, in Kobe.Singapore

developed TECHNET in 1990, and Thailandgained a global Internet connection between Chulalongkorn University andUUNET in 1992.[15]

edit] A digital divide

Main articles:Digital divideandInternet in the People's Republic of China

While developed countries with technological infrastructures were joining the Internet, developing countries began toexperience a digital divideseparating them from the Internet. At the beginning of the 1990s, African countries reliedpon X.25 IPSS and 2400 baud modem UUCP links for international and internetwork computer communications. In 1996

USAIDfunded project, the Leland initative, started work on developing full Internet connectivity for the continent.Guinea, Mozambique,MadagascarandRwanda gained satellite earth stations in 1997, followed by Cte d'Ivoire and Ben

998.

n 1991, thePeople's Republic of China saw its firstTCP/IPcollege network, Tsinghua University's TUNET. The PRC wen to make its first global Internet connection in 1994, between the Beijing Electro-Spectrometer Collaboration and

Stanford University's Linear Accelerator Center. However, China went on to implement its own digital divide bymplementing a country-wide content filter.[16]

edit] Opening the network to commerce

The interest in commercial use of the Internet became a hotly debated topic. Although commercial use was forbidden, exact definition of commercial use could be unclear and subjective. UUCPNet and the X.25 IPSS had no such restrictio

which would eventually see the official barring of UUCPNet use of ARPANETand NSFNet connections. Some UUCP linktill remained connecting to these networks however, as administrators cast a blind eye to their operation.

During the late 1980s, the first Internet service provider (ISP)companies were formed. Companies like PSINet,UUNET, Netcom, anPortal Software were formed to provide service to the regional reseanetworks and provide alternate network access, UUCP-based email anUsenet Newsto the public. The first dial-up ISP, world.std.com, openin 1989.

This caused controversy amongst university users, who were outragedthe idea of noneducational use of their networks. Eventually, it was t
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ommercial Internet service providers who brought prices low enough that junior colleges and other schools could affor

o participate in the new arenas of education and research.

By 1990, ARPANET had been overtaken and replaced by newer networking technologies and the project came to a close994, the NSFNet, now renamed ANSNET (Advanced Networks and Services) and allowing non-profit corporations acceost its standing as the backbone of the Internet. Both government institutions and competing commercial providersreated their own backbones and interconnections. Regional network access points (NAPs) became the primarynterconnections between the many networks and the final commercial restrictions ended.

edit] The IETF and a standard for standards

Main article:IETF

The Internet has developed a significant subculture dedicated to the idea that the Internet is not owned or controlledny one person, company, group, or organization. Nevertheless, some standardization and control is necessary for theystem to function.

The liberal Request for Comments (RFC) publication procedure engendered confusion about the Internet standardizatiorocess, and led to more formalization of official accepted standards. The IETFstarted in January of 1986 as a quarte

meeting of U.S. government funded researchers. Representatives from non-government vendors were invited starting w

he fourth IETF meeting in October of that year.

Acceptance of an RFC by the RFC Editor for publication does not automatically make the RFC into a standard. It may beecognized as such by the IETF only after experimentation, use, and acceptance have proved it to be worthy of that

designation. Official standards are numbered with a prefix "STD" and a number, similar to the RFC naming style. Howeveven after becoming a standard, most are still commonly referred to by their RFC number.

n 1992, the Internet Society, a professional membership society, was formed and the IETF was transferred to operatnder it as an independent international standards body.

edit] NIC, InterNIC, IANA and ICANN

Main articles:InterNIC,IANA, andICANN

The first central authority to coordinate the operation of the network was the Network Information Centre(NIC) at

Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in Menlo Park, California. In 1972, management of these issues was given to the newreatedInternet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA). In addition to his role as the RFC Editor, Jon Postelworked as

manager of IANA until his death in 1998.

As the early ARPANET grew, hosts were referred to by names, and a HOSTS.TXT file would be distributed from SRInternational to each host on the network. As the network grew, this became cumbersome. A technical solution came inorm of the Domain Name System, created by Paul Mockapetris. The Defense Data NetworkNetwork Information Ce

DDN-NIC) at SRI handled all registration services, including the top-level domains(TLDs) of.mil,.gov, .edu,.org,.net,com and .us,root nameserver administration and Internet number assignments under a United States Department ofDefense contract.[17] In 1991, the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) awarded the administration andmaintenance of DDN-NIC (managed by SRI up until this point) to Government Systems, Inc., who subcontracted it to thmall private-sector Network Solutions, Inc.[18]

Since at this point in history most of the growth on the Internet was coming from non-military sources, it was decidedhat the Department of Defensewould no longer fund registration services outside of the .mil TLD. In 1993 the U.S.

National Science Foundation, after a competitive bidding process in 1992, created the InterNIC to manage the allocatif addresses and management of the address databases, and awarded the contract to three organizations. Registration

Services would be provided by Network Solutions; Directory and Database Services would be provided by AT&T; and

nformation Services would be provided by General Atomics.[19]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_access_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Internet&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Internet&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Postelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Postelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mockapetrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mockapetrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.milhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.milhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.milhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.govhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nameserverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internet#_note-15%23_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internet#_note-15%23_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internet#_note-16%23_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internet#_note-17%23_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_access_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Internet&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Internet&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park%2C_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Postelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mockapetrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.milhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.govhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nameserverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internet#_note-15%23_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internet#_note-16%23_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internet#_note-17%23_note-17


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n 1998 both IANA and InterNIC were reorganized under the control of ICANN, a Californianon-profit corporation

ontracted by theUS Department of Commerce to manage a number of Internet-related tasks. The role of operating tDNS system was privatized and opened up to competition, while the central management of name allocations would bewarded on a contract tender basis.

edit] Use and culture

edit] Email and UsenetThe growth of the text forum

Main articles:e-mailandUsenet

E-mail is often called the killer application of the Internet. However, it actually predates the Internet and was a cruciaool in creating it. E-mail started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of a time-sharingmainframe computerto

ommunicate. Although the history is unclear, among the first systems to have such a facility were SDC's Q32 and MITCTSS. [20]

The ARPANET computer network made a large contribution to the evolution of e-mail. There is one report [21] indicatingexperimental inter-system e-mail transfers on it shortly after ARPANET's creation. In 1971 Ray Tomlinson created whwas to become the standard Internet e-mail address format, using the @ sign to separate user names from host names

A number of protocols were developed to deliver e-mail among groups of time-sharing computers over alternativeransmission systems, such as UUCP and IBM's VNETe-mail system. E-mail could be passed this way between a numberetworks, including ARPANET,BITNETand NSFNet, as well as to hosts connected directly to other sites via UUCP.

n addition, UUCP allowed the publication of text files that could be read by many others. The News software developeby Steve Danieland Tom Truscott in 1979 was used to distribute news and bulletin board-like messages. This quickly grnto discussion groups, known as newsgroups, on a wide range of topics. On ARPANET and NSFNet similar discussion growould form viamailing lists, discussing both technical issues and more culturally focused topics (such as science fictiondiscussed on the sfloversmailing list).

edit] A world libraryFrom gopher to the WWW

Main articles:History of the World Wide WebandWorld Wide Web

As the Internet grew through the 1980s and early 1990s, many people realized the increasing need to be able to find a

rganize files and information. Projects such as Gopher, WAIS, and the FTP Archive list attempted to create ways torganize distributed data. Unfortunately, these projects fell short in being able to accommodate all the existing dataypes and in being able to grow without bottlenecks. [citation needed]

One of the most promising user interfaceparadigms during this period was hypertext. The technology had been inspireVannevar Bush's "memex"[23] and developed through Ted Nelson's research on Project Xanadu and Douglas Engelbart'sesearch on NLS.[24]Many small self-contained hypertext systems had been created before, such as Apple Computer's

HyperCard.

n 1991, Tim Berners-Lee was the first to develop a network-based implementation of the hypertext concept. This wasfter Berners-Lee had repeatedly proposed his idea to the hypertext and Internet communities at various conferenceso availno one would implement it for him. Working at CERN, Berners-Lee wanted a way to share information about thesearch. By releasing his implementation to public use, he ensured the technology would become widespread. [25]

Subsequently, Gopher became the first commonly-used hypertext interface to the Internet. While Gopher menu itemswere examples of hypertext, they were not commonly perceived in that way.

An early popular web browser, modeled after HyperCard, was ViolaWWW. It was eventually overshadowed by Mosaic, araphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Ill

t Urbana-Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), led by Marc Andreessen. Funding for Mosaic came from the High-Performance
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tp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mailing_listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fictionhttp://www.sflovers.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Internet&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_information_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertexthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internet#_note-21%23_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Xanaduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internet#_note-22%23_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internet#_note-23%23_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViolaWWWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Supercomputing_Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreessen


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Computing and Communications Initiative, a funding program initiated by then-SenatorAl Gore's High Performance

Computing and Communication Act of 1991. Mosaic's graphical interface soon became more popular than Gopher, which ahe time was primarily text-based, and the WWW became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet. Mosaic uperseded in 1994 by Andreessen'sNetscape Navigator, which grew to become the world's most popular browser.

Competition from Internet Explorer and a variety of other browsers has almost completely displaced it. Another imporevent held on January 11,1994, was theThe Superhighway Summitat UCLA's Royce Hall. This was the "first publiconference bringing together all of the major industry, government and academic leaders in the field [and] also began tational dialogue about the Information Superhighwayand its implications." [26]

edit] Finding what you needThe search engine

Main article:Search engine

Even before the World Wide Web, there were search engines that attempted to organize the Internet. The first of thwas the Archie search engine from McGill University in 1990, followed in 1991 by WAIS and Gopher. All three of thoseystems predated the invention of the World Wide Web but all continued to index the Web and the rest of the Internor several years after the Web appeared. There are still Gopher servers as of 2006, although there are a great many

more web servers.

As the Web grew, search engines and Web directories were created to track pages on the Web and allow people to find

hings. The first full-text Web search engine was WebCrawler in 1994. Before WebCrawler, only Web page titles wereearched. Another early search engine, Lycos, was created in 1993 as a university project, and was the first to achieveommercial success. During the late 1990s, both Web directories and Web search engines were popularYahoo!(found995) and Altavista (founded 1995) were the respective industry leaders.

By August 2001, the directory model had begun to give way to search engines, tracking the rise of Google (founded 199which had developed new approaches to relevancy ranking. Directory features, while still commonly available, becamefter-thoughts to search engines.

Database size, which had been a significant marketing feature through the early 2000s, was similarly displaced byemphasis on relevancy ranking, the methods by which search engines attempt to sort the best results first. Relevancy

anking first became a major issue circa 1996, when it became apparent that it was impractical to review full lists ofesults. Consequently,algorithms for relevancy ranking have continuously improved. Google's PageRankmethod for ordehe results has received the most press, but all major search engines continually refine their ranking methodologies witiew toward improving the ordering of results. As of 2006, search engine rankings are more important than ever, so muo that an industry has developed ("search engine optimizers", or "SEO") to help web-developers improve their searchanking, and an entire body of case law has developed around matters that affect search engine rankings, such as use o

rademarks in metatags. The sale of search rankings by some search engines has also created controversy among librarnd consumer advocates.

edit] The dot-com bubble

Main article:Dot-com bubble

The suddenly low price of reaching millions worldwide, and the possibility of selling to or hearing from those people at tame moment when they were reached, promised to overturn established business dogma in advertising,mail-order saleustomer relationship management, and many more areas. The web was a new killer appit could bring together unrelat

buyers and sellers in seamless and low-cost ways. Visionaries around the world developed new business models, and ran t

heir nearest venture capitalist. Of course a proportion of the new entrepreneurs were truly talented at businessdministration, sales, and growth; but the majority were just people with ideas, and didn't manage the capital influxrudently. Additionally, many dot-com business plans were predicated on the assumption that by using the Internet, the

would bypass the distribution channels of existing businesses and therefore not have to compete with them; when theestablished businesses with strong existing brands developed their own Internet presence, these hopes were shattered
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nd the newcomers were left attempting to break into markets dominated by larger, more established businesses. Many

did not have the ability to do so.

The dot-com bubble burst on March 10, 2000, when the technology heavy NASDAQ Compositeindex peaked at 5048.6intra-day peak 5132.52), more than double its value just a year before. By 2001, the bubble's deflation was running fupeed. A majority of the dot-coms had ceased trading, after having burnt through their venture capital, often without

ever making a gross profit.

edit] Recent trends

The World Wide Web has led to a widespread culture of individual self publishing and co-operative publishing. The momo moment accounts of blogs, photo publishing Flickrand the information store of Wikipedia are a result of the open eaf creating a public website. In addition, the communication capabilities of the internet are being realised with VOIPelephone services such as Skype, Vonage, orViaTalk. Increasingly complex on-demand content provision have led to the

delivery of all forms of media, including those that had been found in the traditional media forms of newspapers, radio,elevisionandmovies, via the Internet. The Internet's peer-to-peer structure has also influenced social and economicheory, most notably with the rise of file sharing.................................................

History of the World Wide Web

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Redirected from History of the world wide web)Jump to: navigation,search

Today, the Web and the Internet allow connectivity from literally

everywhere on eartheven ships at sea and in outer space.

The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a globalinformation medium which users can read and write via computersconne

to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for theInternet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Interneas e-mail does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly furt

than that of the World Wide Web.

The origins of the World Wide Web can be traced back to 1980. Since tt has evolved far beyond what its creators imagined.

edit] 1980-91: Development of the WWW

The NeXTcube used by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN became the first Web server.

In 1980, the Englishman Tim Berners-LeeandJedda Smith, independent contractorsCERN, built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software models, but alsa way to play with hypertext; each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linto an existing page.

Another major development occurred when Bob Kahn and Vint Cerfintroduced Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in 1or cross-network connections.[1] Although it had used the older Network Control Protocol (NCP) since its establishme969,ARPANETand its associated networks slowly began a transition to the new protocol during the 1970s. In 1978,

nternet Protocol was added to TCP, responsible for the routing of messages. The TCP/IP combination was officially
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Documents

History of the Internet and the WWW