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HISTORYOF THE

CHEROKEE INDIANSANDTheir Legends and Folk Lore

EMMET STARR

Published

byOkla.

THE WARDEN COMPANYOklahomaCity,

1921

E.

77

5S

Copyright 1922 by the Warden Co.

FEB 21 1922

PREFACE.This humble effortobject has been tois

attempted for the purpose of perpetuating somelost.

of the facts relative to the Cherokee tribe, that might otherwise be

The

make

it

as near a personal history

and biography of as

many Cherokees

as possible.

Without the assistance of the magnanimous, wholesoul membership of the nation, the work would not have been possible and for that reason 1 wish to thank each and every member, for their hearty collaboration and express my regret that the work has not the merit with which many others might haveinvestedit.

EmmetClaremore, Okla. December 12, 1^2I.

Starr.

From Press and Bindery

of

the

Warden Co.

ContentsPage

CHAPTER\/Origin,

1.

Religion,

Ciiaracteristics

2II.

1

CHAPTERTrouble with the Chickamaugau, Attack

at

Knoxville,

Mussel

Shoals35

Massacre, Removal to Arkansas, First Printed Laws

CHAPTERCHAPTERProclamation of

III.

Convention of Delegates, Constitution AdoptedIV.

--

55

May

28,

1828

67V.

CHAPTERTreaty with the Cherokees,

1835

85VI.

CHAPTERPolitical

The Emigration from Georgia, Cost Detachment, ResolutionsDifferences,Civil

of Protest,

War

AvertedVII.

103

CHAPTER CHAPTERTreaty with the Cherokees, 1846.ments.renders

Act of Union Between the Eastern and Western CherokeesVIII.

121

Schools Established.Civil

Old

Settler Pay-

Keetoowah Society Organized.Cherokees Enter the--

Organization

of

Military

Companies.

War.

General Waite Sur-

137IX.

CHAPTERTreaty with the Cherokees, 1866.nees Adopted by Cherokees.ries

Delawares Acquire Full Rights. ShawLand Sold to Osages. Officers' SalaMasons.X.

Fixed.

Land Donated

to

Lodges

167

CHAPTERThe Texas CherokeesTexas. Treaties.

1820-30.Expulsion

Grant

from

Mexico.

Grant

from187

CHAPTER XL/Public School System Established.

National Officials.InstitutionsXII.

Seminary.

Graduates.

Eleemosynary

Male and Female --_225

CHAPTERMissionary Activities, First Printing

247

12

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

CHAPTERCHAPTEROld Families and Their Genealogy

XIII.

Officers of the Cherokee Nation, September 9,

1839, to June 30,

1908__26l303

XIV.

CHAPTERContinuation of Old Families __

XV.

XVI.XVII.

335363

CHAPTERContinuation of Old Families

CHAPTERContinuation of OldFamilies

374XVIII.

CHAPTERContinuation of Old Families

399

CHAPTERContinuation of Old Families--

XIX.

419XXi.of the

CHAPTERRedbird Smith.

The Nig'hthawk Branch

Keetoowah Organization.

Election of Chief Levi Gritts

477XXI.

CHAPTERContinuation of Old Families

543

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

HON. ROBT.

L.

OWEN

14

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

O. H.Delilah

P.

BREWER

Oliver Hazard Perry Brewer, the son of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver Hazard Perry and

(Vann) Brewer, was born in Canadian District on March 15, 1871. A member of at the Male Seminary he was expelled about a couple of months before graduation day for condemning the action of the principal of that school in unmercifully beating one of the smaller boys. Brewer then attended Arlcansas University and graduated on December 6, 1803. He was elected Senator from Canadian District on August 5, 1901. Elected a memtier of the Cherokee National School Board and chosen as its president in November. 1903. A democrat, he was elected delegate to the Oklahoma State Constitutional Convention from District Number Seventy-seven on November 6, 1906. Appointed postmaster of Muskogee in 1917.the senior class

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

D.

M.

cFAULKNER

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

(pPh.J^c:>(SHQU(JYAH)

CHEROKEE ALPHABET.CHARACTERS SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED WITH THE SOUNDSD

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSCHAPTERI

Origin, Religion, First Civilizatioyi. Early

Wars

^"^

TT

^ OR

four hundred years the question: "From whence came the InFour centuries of quest and dian?" has been a recurrent problem. investigation have not brought the solution nearer and it's sanest an-

swer of today is conjecture. Every person, who has made an extended study of Indians either as a tribe or as a race, has naturally evolved some idea of their possible origin and this is very often based on tribal migration legends. .At some ancient period, so remote that even legend does not note it, the earth most probably came so ear the sphere of influence of some other planet, that it momentarily swung out of its solar trend, causing a cataclysm that instantly transforme dthe zones so suddenly that the giant mammoths werefrozen as they stood, to be later incasedso well that asit

in great masses of ice and preserved melted away from their bodies the flesh \vas so fresh that ii

was eaten by dogs and other animals. The immense glaciers were left in the temperate and possibly the torrid there is a question, zones. .4s to whether any land was raised at that timebut there is very little doubt that much of the land connecting northern Europe and America was submerged, leaving only Greenland, Iceland and a few other elevated portions above sea level. The flora and fossil remains indicatea previous continuity

and the charts of the ocean bed show a well defined

plateau at only a comparatively shallow depth extending from Labrador to

Norway. These seismic and climatic convulsions most prDbably very nearly destroyed the cave dwellers of what had been the united continent of Euromerica. but on account of their peculiar hardiness a few survived to repopulatethe riven continent.

Aeons

later, so late that

even the historians of the early civilizations wereit,

able to gather bits of legends concerning

the fabled continent of Atlantis,

lying west of Spain and possibly joining southern

Europe or Northern Africa

with South or Central America, sank with

its

mythical civilization and possibly

homogenous people in America, North Africa and Eurasia. Other people possibly came to western America from Asia and the South Sea Islands. As the people became more numerous they commenced to migrate. The Cherokees, with the soft accents of the underbills, which was obviously the mother dialect, were evidently from a southern country, for the pleasant fluent languages always come from a southern people in contradisleaving parts of a

CHEROKEE INDIANS HISTORY OF THEtinction

o f thP north from the harsher tones

east as .s and thhnic the north and sho ^^f"^^^^^^;^;^,^ showed artifactuary been e>cplred and Tennessee that have ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^

^ ^^

This tribe

moved

,i,i3,

gradually to ohio, Virginia

and composition almost ^-/';;:S\norcrematory marks of this tribe toe .^1 k ,^^"f , ^.^^^^ In each of these ^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^ and handicraft. post ^^ ^^e apex or ^^^^ _^^^^^_ ^j^^^. were found; the charred The h^'-d'^"^^^^"^^^^''',;;'L been added had been bound. e n^ound had t

century.

,n the center of a

r-i ov, mound ^^^ ^-h,,

,

G

r^nro-in or^^

ground were found two

copper plates

Fh,. ten to >

and o ^.d on the surface of the ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^.^^.^^^

^^_

Len

^y^i'-^^^-^tnlTnTericrYucat "7''^' of Central signs to these are those

inhabited

n

and^he Levant.3t

f

,

,

as far east as Dela-

mmmmmthat

black grass counu\ to the to the frost hue. This probably has reference sippi. coistlani unexpectedly mto the coastland Cherokees came so suddenly and The came froni the earth other tribes thought that they that the Senecas and many he hole "the people that came from a

when they came

or and a led te,; -.cave men" themselves "Lenm Lenape" The ancient Delawares, who called e ound The Cherokees wer Allegans." called the Cherokees, The Peop e' The Keeoow a another Algonquin tribe as he known to the Shawnees, People" or "Humaskog. and this Shawnees called the Muskogees, "Swamp when they and adopted by the Muskogees foreign name was slightly changed word to Emmussuk, but the Muskogees changed the formed their confederacy, and ogee, meaning confederacy or'.

m

of Medicine, referring to the "black

wash"

the confederacy of those

the black wash, a stringent emmenagogue purposes immediately preceding the green and chologague for purification The Muskogees were probably corn dance and on other stated occasions. other of the northwestern of Mexico by the Aztecs, Toltecs or some driven out This is evidenced by the centuries. tribal invasions of the ninth or preceding customs and devices that were long retained by the Creeks. Great Lakes The Cherokees were forced back from the vicinity of the Iroquois, until they reached the and Atlantic by assailants, led by the valorous enemies at bay and eresouthern Appalachian mountains, where they held all

who drank

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSated a neutral strip extending- north to nor dared settle with impunity.

23tribe or

Ohio

river,

nn which no

war

tribe had been divided in sentiment That whde the greater part had been idolatrous, worshiping the sun, moon .tars and other gods; a small portion denied that system and taught that there were three benigs above, who created all things and will judge all men. That hey fixed the time and manner of death. Their names were U-ha-he-ta-qua the great head of all power; A-ta-no-ti and U-squa-hu-la. These three beino-; were said to be always unanimous in thought and action and always will be Ihey s.t on three white seats above and are the only objects to which worship and prayers should be directed. The Angels are their messengers and come down to earth to attend to the affairs of men.:

came amono- the Cherokees. they were asthe simihiritv of the religious traditions of the Cherokees to the b.bhcal accounts. I recountino- the religious views of the Cherokees thev stated that rom tuKe immemorial the_

When

the earlv missionaries

omshed

at

They claimed

that

Yehowa was

the

man andspokenvoteit

name

of a great king.

yet a

spirit,

a great

and glorious being.

His

in

common

He was a name was never to be

talk.

This great king

commanded themthis

enth day.

They wereabout

told not to

work on

to talking

God\

to rest every sevday and that they should de-

created the world in seven days at Nu-ta-te-qua or the first new moon of autunm, with the fruits all ripe^^. God made the first man of red clay and he was an Indian, and made woman of one of his ribs.''' All people were Indians or red people before the flood. They had preachers and prophets who taught the people to obey God and their parents. They warned the people of the approaching flood, but said that the world would only be destroyed by water once, and that later it would be destroyed by fire, when God would send a shower of pitch and then a shower of tire' which would burn up everything. They also taught that after death the good and the bad would he separated, the good would take a path that would lead to happiness, where It would always be light, but the bad would be urged along another path which Hou.d lead to a deep chasm over which lay a pole with a do- at each end liey would be urged on to this pole and the dogs, by movin- it, would throw |hem off into the gulf of fire beneath. But if they' got over they would be transfixed with red hot bars of iron and thus be tormented forever>

Yehowa

Aa

little

before the floodto

God then told a man to make a house that would swim, take his family and some of the dit^'erent kinds of animals into it' Thrain commenced and continued for forty days and forty nights, while the water at the same time gushed out of the ground, so that as" much came up as camedown from the clouds". The house was raised upon the waters and borne away. man sent out a raven, and after somea leaf in her mouth.time, sent a dove, which

messenger from above from their wickedness.

men grew worse and worse. At length God sent warn the people of the flood unless^hey lurred

At lenoth the

Soon

after this the

on

man foundThis beingin

the

01

y ground on the top of a mountain.

came back with house was resting

the spring of the year

24tlic

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSlamily andall

the animals

left

the house and the family descended to thetheir

botton of the mountain and

commenced

farming operations'.

The Cherokeescalled Wasi.

detailed to the missionaries parallels to practically every

They called Abraham, Aquahami; Moses was one of the stories of the Bible. These accounts were so circumstantial that many investig-ators But it is were led to believe that the Cherokees were of Semitic origin. palpable that they had been told these stories by Priber during his short staythat theyit

had forgotten their origin within seventy years and had descended from the mythical Kutani and their On account of the fact that the Cherokees thought that the primal religion. missionaries were bringing back to them their old religion, it was a comparatively easy task to convert them from a tribe of savages to a Christian nation

among them and

attributed

to legends that

within the comparatively short period of thirty years.

When

they were con-

verted, they, at the behest of the missionaries cast aside every vestige of their

ancient customs to such an extent that not any of their

mythology has ever

been preserved, even

amongDe

those of the tribe that speak the Cherokee lan-

guage preferably.

On Maymanbablyof Elvas,

10,'

1540,

Soto, according to the historiographer, "a gentleof Chelaque,as the use

entered the provinceUnderbill

which

one

of the

settlements,

letter 'i" was universal with them in preference to was occasionally used by the Overhills, notably in the tradistinction to oochela, as used by the Underbills. After traveling a northward course through their country he came to Xualla, probably Qualla, an 1 then turning westward the Spaniards traversed the entire Cherokee country, visiting Canasauga on the way. In the decade of 1666-1676 an exploring party sent out from Appomailox by Sir William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, came to some abandoned fields and settlements located on a river flowing to the westward when their Indian guides refused to proceed, allieging that not far away dwelt a powerful tribe that never suffered strangers who discovered their towns to return alive'. This was in the vicinity of the Cherokees, and was thought to allude to them. Alexander Dougherty, a Virginia trader, was the first white man to marry a Cherokee, the date was 1690.The Cherokees in concert with the Muskogee towns of Alabama, Abekas and Conchartys were said to have been in league to attack the French in 1708 but probably did not do so. Two hundred and eighteen Cherokees accompanied the colonists under Colonel Barnwell in 1712 in the subjugation of the Tuscaroras, an Iroquoian tribe that lived adjacent to and southeast of the Cherokees. Following the success of this expedition, the tribe then moved northward and joined the Iroquoian confederacy on the Great Lakes. Three years later the Cherokees joined the Yamassees, Appalachians and Creeks against the colonists, but they were defeated and the Yamassees and Appalachian tribes were destroyed. In January 1716 the Cherokees killed the Frenchmen de Ramsey and de.

was most prosound of the the letter "r" which word oochera in conof the

.ongueie, the latter being a

member

of the illustrious de

Moyne family

that

founded Biloxi andLouisiana, both of

New Orleans and furnished whom were the paternal uncles

the firstof

two governors of young de Lonsjueil. whose

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSfather

l5

was Governor of Canada.

In reprisal for the

death of his son, the Govin

ernor induced the Iroquois to attack and burn two of the Cherolcee towns.

The estimated popuhitionthousand,in

of the

Cherokee countryIn

1715 was eleven

1735

fifteen thousand.

173 8 the ravages of smallpox which

unknown disease with them, reduced their number by one half, gave their population for 1875, 10,717; ISSo, 21,920; 1890, 28,000; 1900, 32,376 and 1910, 38,300. De Iberville established Biloxi as the capital of Louisiana in 1690, it was moved to Mobile in 1702, which was fortified nine years later, and was finally transferred to New Orleans in 17 18. Fort Toulouse, among the Creeks, Fort Rosalie among the Natchez and other fortified stations among the Chickasaws and Choctaws were established' with the consent of those tribes by the French in 1714 or earlier, and four years later the ambitious promotions of Law threatened to found a formidable French colony in the lower Mississippi valley. Of all the tribes east of the great river only the Cherokees remained friendly to the English and in order to counteract the French influence. Governor Nicholson of South Carolina concluded a treaty of peace and commerce with them This was their first treaty in 172 by which their boundaries were defined.wasa hithertolater reports1

with the whites.In

1729, Sir Alexander Gumming, of England, was

led,

by a dream of his

wife's, to

undertake a voyage to America with the object of visiting the Cherokees. He sailed on September I3th, arrived at Charlestown on December At 5th, and on March 1 1, 1730 began his journey to the Cherokee country.

Keowee, three hundred miles from Charlestown and which was the

first

im-

portant location on the road, locally called the trace from Charlestown to the

Cherokee nation, he met Ludovic Grant, a Scotch trader from Tellico, who had lived there since 1720, had married a Cherokee woman and spoke their language. He informed Grant that he wanted to visit the Cherokees and prevailed on him to accompany him on the trip. They stopped at the residence of Joseph Baker, a trader at Keowee and that evening attended a meeting of the headmen at the townhouse, where the Indians met every night. Sir Alexander made the first of his stereotyped addresses in which he stated "that he was one of the Great King George's children but was not sent either by the Great King or any of his Governors that he was no public person and only came for his own private satisfaction to see their country, and that he would drink th.; King's health hoping that all persons would pledge him, which he accordingly did upon his knee desiring those present to follow his example He carried with him into the townhouse, his gun, cutlass and a pair of pistols; upon one of the traders telling him that the Indians never came there armed and that they did not like to see others do so, he answered, with a wild loi)k, that his intention was, "if any of the Indians had refused the King's health would have taken a brand from out the fire, that burns in the middle of the room and set fire to the house. would have guarded the door and put to death every one that endeavored to make his escape, so that they might have all been consumed in the flames."' On the next morning he departed from Keowee on a trip of over one hundred and fifty miles into the center of the nation, during- which time hj

I

1

26

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

When any of the Cheronever stopped for more than one night at a place. kees met him, they would, as was their custom, sliake nanas with him, upon which he would take down their names in a note book, saying that he hadmadea "friend ofSir

him."

Alexander was told of the ceremonies that were used in making a "beloved man," or ouka; of which there were many in the nation, the word was ordinarily translated into English as "king" and the cap of red or yellow dyed When Sir Alexander aropossum skin was generally spoken of as a crown.rived at Neguasse he expressed a desire to see

one of the crowns and upon

being shown one, requested that he be allowed to take it to England and preIn an article in the London Daily Journal of October 8, sent it to the King. 1730. he

made

claims to have been

made

a chief of the tribe

and that he was

further allowed to

name Mogtog

of Tellico as their emperor.if

He

told the In-

dians he would soon return to England and that

any of them would like to accompany him he would take them. Seven Cherokees signified their willingne.ss to go, two of whom were Attacullaculla and Oconostota. They arrived at Charlestown on April 13, 1730 and on June 5th they landed at Dover, England, on the English man-of-war Fox. On the 22nd they were presented to the King. Sir Alexander laid the opossum skin "crown" at his feet and the Indians added four scalps and eagle tail feathers to the tribute. This audience developed the real reason of his activities which were to follow in, a degree, the machinations of Crozat and Law in France. Among his schemes, was one for paying off eighty millions of the national debt by settling three million Jewish families in the Cherokee mountains to cultivate the land, and for relieving the American colonies from taxation by establishing numerous banks and a local currency, but he could find no one who would take his scheme^ seriously. In a letter from South Carolina bearing date of June 12th and published in the Edinburgh Weekly Journal of September 16, 1830 Sir Alexander was accused of having defrauded the settlers out of large sums of money and other property by means of fictitious promissory notes. He did not answer these charges and his chimera collapsed. The Indian delegation was loaded with presents by the government and returned to Charlestown. The Principal Chiefs of the Cherokees have been: 1736 Moytog; Attacullaculla, died 1778; Oconostota, died 1785; Tassel, killed in July 1788 Hanging Neaughe, Blackfox; Pathkiller; William Hicks, was chief for only one year, 1827; John Ross 1828 to 1866; William Potter Ross, Reverend Lewis Downing, William Potter Ross, Reverend Ochalata, Dennis Wolf BushyheaJ, Joel Bryan Mayes. Thomas Mitchell Buffington, Colonel Johnson Harris." Samuel Hou.ston

Mayes,

Thomas

Mitchell Buffington and William Charles Rogers.

Westeren Cherokees were, consecutively: John Bowles 1795-18 13; Takatoka 1813-1818; Tahlonteeskee, John Jolly, John Brown and John Rogers. The latter was deposed in 1839 and his valuable property at Grand Saline was confiscated by Chief John Ross. John Roger,

The

Principal Chiefs of the

was the grandfather of William Charles Rogers, the last Chief of the Cherokees. Governor Glenn of South Carolina concluded a treaty with the Cherokees on November 24, 1855 by which that colony

acquired five million five

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANShundred twent}'six

27

garrison three forts in theor built Fort Prince

thousand four hundred acres and the right to construct and Cherokee country, and soon afterwards the Govern-

George within gunshot of Keowee and Fort Moore, onj hundred and seventy miles further down on Keowee River. A treaty of alliance was made in 1756 between the Cherokees, Catawbas and North Carolina. During this year the Earl of London having been appointed commander in chief of the British forces in the American colonies, sent Major Andrew Lewis to He located it on the Tennessee build the third fort in the Cherokee nation.River within five miles of Schauta, the capital of the nation.translation of

The EnglishIt

Echauta

is

name Chota.Stuart andnent.

This fort

The English was named London in honor"place of rest."fifty

ordinarily spelled the

of the Earl.

was

garrisoned with two Scotch companies under Captains Paul

Demere and John

was over one hundred and

miles from the nearest white settlea well equip-

General Hraddock marching to attack Fort Duquense with

ped army of more than two thousrnd regulars and the famous Virginia Militi.i was met in ambush on the Monongahela River by seventy-two French regulars,

Canadian volunteers and six hundred thirty seven InBeauyeu and ingloriously defeated. The French had already ingratiated themselves with all of the western Indians except the Cherokees and the effect of Braddock's defeat was to encourage the Indians to scour the frontier in large and small bodies, killing, burning and destroying. The tide of emigration that had for several years steadily flowed westward over the Alleghenies commenced to rapidly recede. During this time Colonel George Washington wrote to his former employer, Lord Fairfax, that three hundred and fifty wagons had crossed one ford of the Monocacy River, eastbound, within three days. Colonels William Byrd and Peter Randolph were deputed by the Colony of Virginia in November 1755 to treat with the Cherokees for their active cooperation; as Colonel George Washington expressed it "without Indians we will be unable to cope with the cruel foes of our countwo hundred andfifty

dians under Captain Marie de

try.'"

Shawnees,

Andrew Lewis had led a company of Cherokees in an attack on the who were allies of the French and while on their return a party of them was entertained by a back settler in Augusta County, Virginia and when they had taken their leave, some of his friends, whom he had placed in ambush for that purpose, fired upon and killed several of them. Those who escaped-Vlajor

Byrd and Randolph were on the point of conGreat excitement ensued, and but for the devotion of Silonee and the wisdom and tact of Attacullaculla, the treaty would not only have been defeated, but the commissioners themselves would have been killed. Attacullaculla hastened to apprise the commissioners of their danger, warning them to stay within their tent, and on no account to appear abroad. Silonee saved the lives of the commissioners by standing in their tent door and telling a body of warriors that before they got to the commissioners they would have to kill him, as Colonel Byrd was his friend. In addressing the councilarrived in their

towns

just as

cluding their treaty.-

Attacullaculla expressed the indignation that they

all

felt

at

the treachery of

the Virginians and declared he

would have

full

satisfaction for the blood of

28his

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANScountrvmen.

faith, or the "Let us not, however" he added, "violate our blood of those who are now of hospitality, by imbruing- our hands in the laws Let us perpetual alliance with us. in our power; they came to cement a safely to their conto their own settlement; conduct them

carry them backfines;

and then take up the hatchet and endeavor

to exterminate the

whole

race of them.'"

A

treaty of alliance

was

finally concluded.

in the treaty For three years the Cherokees adhered to their promise made to the settlers and defended the western frontier, rendered every aid possible a large and when General Forbes assembled his levies to attack the French number of Cherokees joined him at Winchester. Virginia.- Dr. John Forbes, a Scotch physician, who had been serving in the Canadian service as a lieutenant colonel was promoted to a brigadier generalship by James Abercromby, the General Forbes was a strict new British commander in chief, early in 1758. disciplinarian who profited much by correcting many of the military mistakes

of Braddock.

He was domineering, petulant andlitter,

atin

that time in

such bad

health that he had to be carried on a

and died

March 1759.

He

did

not understand the irregular but effective mode of warfare as practiced by his Cherokee allies and his irritable complaints and continuous insults, even tothe

magnanimousl5,

Attacullaculla, caused the

Cherokees to quit

his

on November

1758, ten days before his reduction of Fort Duquesne.

command On

the nineteenth the General ordered that they be intercepted, their horses, guns and ammunition be taken from them and if they protested they should be stripped of everything except their breech clouts and then escorted back to their nation, to prevent them from reprisals. Thus the only tribe that had been faithful allies of the English for the last thirty seven years, after having been driven from the army by the continuous petty insults of the commander, was

offered this last indignity and this, by the orders of the general

cuted by Colonel Byrd- whose

life

had been saved

in

must be exe1755 by Attacullaculla,

who was onIn

this latter

occasion the

commander

of the Cherokees.

addition to

this,

the colonial Indian affairs of the

under the "control ofed, they

Edmund

Atkin, Indian Agent,"' were so badly

army which was managed

that, instead of receiving the

encouragement their services and bravery meritwere met by what they considered injustice, neglect and contempt. At one time ten of them were imprisoned on suspicion of being spies in the French interest; another party, after having undergone the perils and privations of their long march, went into action in their destitute condition, behaved nobly and rendered valuable service to the colony; but on returning with theirtrophies of honor, found neither agent nor interpreter to reward

or thank them; nor any one who could tell them why they were thus neglected. But for the intervention and kind treatment of Colonel George Washington, they must have returned to their nation, tired with just resentment, if not open war, against their allies."'

The Cherokees were attacked as they were returning from Forbes' camp by some of the back settlers, the very same people that they had gratituously

enemy

protected, but the settlers did not discriminate between friendly Indians and Indians, but set upon and killed twelve or more of the unsuspecting Cherokees, alleging that they had stolen some of their horses.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSTIil' younsi'

29

warriors clamored for war but the old chiefs persuaded themin

to wait until

they had asked satisfaction from the colonies,

accordance with

treaty stipulations.

They sought reparation and

satisfaction

then North Carolina and afterwards South Carolina, but in vain.

from Virginia, War, their

only alternative, began.

Among

others,

twoin

soldiers of the garrison at F.ort

London,

who were

out hunting, were killed.colonial militiathe

Governor

Lyttleton, of South

Congarees to Oconostota and thirty one other chiefs visited march against the Cherokees. the Governor at Charlestown in an attempt to settle affairs. He told them that he would make his demands known only when he had reached their country, and if they were not granted he would take satisfaction by force of Upon Oconostota arms; that they must follow his army back to the nation. arising to protest, the Governor forced him to be seated and would not allow him to utter a word. The chiefs were forced to march behind the army to the Congarees where they were made prisoners, taken to Fort Prince George and shut up in a room that was scarcely large enough for the accommodationCarolina mobilized thevicinity of the

of six persons.

The Governor's^ttacullaculla, the

military ire cooled in proportion to the distance that he

got from Charlestown.

When

he arrived

at

Fort Prince George, he sent for

and upon that chief's arrival who had been accused of killing whites. Attacullaculla promised to do whatever he could in their defivery and asked that some of the prisoners be freed so that they might assist in the endeavor. Oconostota and seven others were accordingly liberated and the others, although they had gone as peace envoys were detained. Two of the Indians that had been demanded were brought in and exchanged for two of the imprisoned chiefs; and an agreement was entered into on December 26, 1859 that the others would be delivered, but they had fled and could not be apprehended. Despairing of being able to rescue the prisoners by any other means Oconostota asked the commander of Fort Prince George for a conference and Captain Cotymore, Lieutenant Dogherty, Ensign Bill and their interpreter, Foster, met liim on February 16, 1760, the parties being en opposite banks of the Savannah River. At a signal from Oconostota some warriors who had been hidden near him, fired and wounded all four of the party from the fort, the Captain being so severely wounded that he died two or three days later. The Indians stormed the fort but were repulsed and the twenty-two hostages were killed. War. with all of its dreaded consequences was now on, and the back setwho Colonel Montgomery, ters appealed in vain to Governor Nicholson. ^-as later Earl Eglington v/as dispatched from New York to Charlestown from whence he marched against the Cherokees. raised the seige in May 1 76o that Oconostota was conducting against Fort Prince George, and on June 27, 1760, he destroyed Etchoe, which had been deserted by its inhabitants, but on account of the incessant attacks it became necessary for him to retreat and infriend of the English

known

he insolently

demanded

the twenty-four Cherokees

doing so he had to destroy and abandonexpedite his progress.

all

of his surplus supplies in order tosailed for

He reached Charlestown and

New

York.'

At the same time that Oconostota attacked Fort Prince George, Willi-

30

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Mannal by two companies naw:i threw a stron? cordon around Fort l.ondon. and was amply suphighlanders, the Fort mounted twelve cannon of Scotch Runners were sent to Virginia and South Carohna, plied with ammunition. destination on account of the disbut the former was not able to reach their fleeing, harassed the defense of the latter was centered in thetance,

and

assumed the his forces were safely away. Oconostota Courageous, active and vigiof the investment of Fort London. never lost a man in battle? lant, he had the unaccounable reputation of having became shorter and shorter, and despite the fact that the CherokeeMontiomerv, and when

commandRations

wives of

many

of the soldiers dared death in taking food to their husbands,

In this extremity Captain was soon reduced to horse flesh. the quarter Stuart, the junior commander, whose wife was Susannah Emory, blood 'granddaughter of the Scotch trader Ludovic Grant, and who spoke the Cherokee language fluently, was known to them on account of his great shock of blond hair as Oonotota or Bushyhead asked for and had a conference with the Cherokee Chiefs at the townhouse of Etchauta, and agreed on the follow-

the garrison

ing articles of capitulation:

"That the garrison of Fort London march out with their arms and drums, each soldier having as much powder and ball as their officers shall think necessary for their march, and all the baggage they may choose to carry that the garrison be permitted lo march to Virginia or Fort Prince George, as the commanding officer may think proper, unmolested; and that a number of Indiansbe appointed to escort them, and hunt for provisions during their march; that such soldiers that are lame or by sickness disabled from marching, be receivedinto the Indian

towns and kindly used until they recover, and then be allowed George; that the Indians do provide for the garrison as many horses as they conveniently can for their march, agreeing with the officers and soldiers for payment; that the fort, great guns, powder, ball and spare arms be delivered to the Indians without fraud or further delay, on the day appointed for the march of the troops." This agreement was signed by Captain Paul Demere representing the garrison and by Oconostota and Cunigacatgoae for the Indians.^ The Fort was evacuated on August 7, 1760, the garrison under the escort if Oconostota and Outacite started for Fort Prince George and encamped thai evening on Tellico Plains after having travelled some fifteen miles. Noticingto return to Fort Prince

that his escort

came

was gradually leaving him, Captain Demere posted sentries, who morning and reported that Indians painted for war were quietly approaching in large numbers. Hardly had he formed his men when a volley was fired into their ranks, killing Captain Demere, three of his officers and about twenty-six men. The attack continued with war whoops and an incessant rattle of guns from all quarters. The rest of the men were eitherin

early in the

killed outright orleft,

captured and returned to Fort London.

After the soldiers

the Indians found that the British had, contrary to agreement, bur'.ed

mucn

of their

powder and equipment.

This breach of faith incensed them and was

the primary reason for the Tellico Plains attack.

As soonto Fort

as Attacullaculla heard that

Captain Stuart had been returned

London with

the other prisoners, he hastened there and purchased him,

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSgivingin

31

exchange

his

He took

his prisoner to

and entertained him. Fort Prince George and proposed that Captain Stuart be compelled to operate the artillery that they had captured, against the fort. Captain Stuart appealedsave him from this fratricidal position. The Chief stated was going on a hunt and that he intended taking his prisoner with him. As soon as they were safely in the northern hunting grounds and outside the Cherokee settlements they turned eastward to Virginia, where Attaculaculla deto Attacullaculla to

all of his clothing except his breech clout. Captain Demere's house, which he had appropriated Oconostota was anxious to renew the investment of

arms and

that he

livered Captain Stuart to his friends

Attacullaculla

was

a small, slender

and retraced his way to Fort London. man, distinguished as an orator and

diplomat instead of being a great warrior. The word attacullaculla is translated as a pole or reed slightly stuck in the earth and leaning; or leaning stick

Captain John Stuart was born

in

Scotland

in

the early part of the eigh-

teenth century and died at Pensacola, Florida,

February 2 1, 177'i. The assembly of South Carolina tendered Captain Stuart a vote of thanks, together with a reward of 1500 pounds for his heroic defense of Fort London and he was later appointed British Superintendent of Indian Affairs South ot

the

OhioFort

River.

Prince

George was strengthened.

In

January

176

1

Lieutenant

Colonel James Grant,winter quarters.

who had succeeded

to theat

command

of Colonel Mont-

Charlestown and went into Choctaw and ChickaThey arsaw allies his command was brought up to twenty-six hundred men. rived at Fort Prince George on May 2 7, 1761, when they were met by Attacullaculla who plead the cause of his people and begged Colonel Grant to delay his march until he could return to the nation and attempt to bring about peace. Colonel Grant refused to listen to him and started from Fort Prince George on June 7th. After a rapid march he reached a gap in the moungomery's Highland Scotch regiment arrived

By

the accession of Provincial Militia,

tains,

where he detailed Lieutenant Francis Marion, whoin the revolution,

later

important part

with thirty

men

to reconnoiter.

played such an Scarcely

had this advance force entered the gap before they were entiladed and twentyone of the men fell at the first discharge. The battle lasted for about three hours with a loss of about sixty men killed on each side and the Cherokees were defeated. For a month more Colonel Grant devastated the middle DrivCherokee settlements, burned every habitation and destroyed all rrops. en to distress the Cherokees made a treaty of peace with the South Carolin761 ians in September 1761 and another with the Virginians on November o,1

For fifteen years peace reignedcircular letters

in

the

Cherokee nation, but on May

9,

1776,

were sent out by the British Superintendent, Stuart, to the Cherokees and Tories asking them to fall on and destroy the western American settlers. The Cherokees at first demurred but finally acceded to the wishes It of King George, as they understood that he was the head of the English. was hard for them to understand how one part of any people could fight others of their own nationality. But at last many of the young warriors listened to the persuasive Stuart, who had been their friend and agent for some tenvears.

32It

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSwas agreed

to make a simultaneous attack on the western settlers. purpose the Cherokees were to furnish seven hundred warriors to One of these under Dragging Canoe was to atbe divided into three bodies. tack the Holston settlements, the second contingent under Abraham of Chil-

For

this

howee was to destroy march against Cartersof July 21, 1776.in

the

Valley.

Watuga settlements and Raven (Colonah) was to The attack was to be made on the morning

But as soon as she was certain that the preparations were Nancy Ward, the Ghigan or the beloved woman of the Cherokees, who was living at Chota dispatched William Thomas, a white trader and William Fawling, an eighth blood Cherokee and a son of Rim and Elizabeth Hastily assembling 'Emory) Fawling to apprise the settlers of their danger. British allies which included they were ready to meet the advance of the warriors and Tories. The little army from the Holston settlement met Dragging Canoe's contingent at Long Island on July 20, 1776 and after a short skirmish in which thirteen Cherokees were left dead on the field, Dragging Canoe withdrew his forces. On the next mnriiing at sunrise, Abraham attacked Fort Watauga, which was garrisoned by forty men under Captain James Robertson and Lieutenant John Seiver and this post was invested for twenty days but the Indians were finally compelled to retire. On account of the repulse of Dragging Canoe and Abraham and the further fact that he found the citizens of Carter's Valley forted up. Raven failed to make the concerted attack. "Upon the whole, the Indian invasion was a failure, owing to the timely warning of Nancy Ward, and the concentration of the inhabitants in forts builtearnest Mrs.

consequence of the information she conveyed. If the well guarded secret campaign had not been disclosed, and they had been permitted to steal upon the defenseless backwoodsmen, who, in fancied security, had remained scattered over the extensive frontiers, every soul of them would have been swept from the borders of Tennessee.'" Isaac Thomas' services were recognized and rewarded by the Virginia legislature. Mrs. William Bean, the mother of the first white child born in Tennessee, nnd S;'niuel Mcore, a boy, were captured at the attack on Foit Watauga. They were taken back to the Cherokee nation where the boy was burned at the st-'ke and a like punishment was being meted to Mrs. Bean, who was tied to a stake on the top of the mound that stood in the center of Etsauta, the fagots were piled around her and the frenzied savages were gloating; over their chance to also sacrifice their second. Defeat had whetted theirin

of the Indian

remorseless appetites, but just as the torch was about to be applied, the Ghigan exercising her prerogatives approached the pyre, pronounced the pardon of Mrs. Bean, cut the strands that bound her and took her to her

her home, kept

to send her under the escort of her brother Longfellow and her son Firekiller, to her home and husband. Chief Tassel said afterward thatit

until

was safe

Moore was the only white person that was ever burned by the Cherokees. In retaliation for the Cherokee attacks North Carolina sent twenty-fourhundred men under Colonel Griffith Rutherford against the Cherokees, two hundred Georgians under Captain Jack, eighteen "hundred and sixty South Carolinians and two thousand Virginians under Colonel William Chri^stian at-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

33

cicked and destroyed most of the nation; destroyed their crops, appropriatedtheir

property and burnedEtsauta, the

fifty of their

destitution.

home

of Attacullaculla and

towns and reduced the people to dire Ghigau was spared fromof the Virg;inia forces.

destruction by Colonel Christian, thetreaty of peace

commander

A

was concluded with the South Carolinians and Georgians ai De Witt's Corner on May 20, 1777, and exactly two months later another By these with Virginia and North Carolina at Long Island of the Holston. two treaties they ceded five million two hundred sixty four thousand acres. Outacita, Young Tassel and Dragging Canoe did not attend either of these treaties and the latter chief withdrew with many implacable young warriors and established the five Chicamauga towns, east of the present city of ChattaDragging Canoe was at this time a stalwart, subtle and daring warrior nooga. of about twenty four years of age. Outacita was at this time seventy-five years old, discontented, he moved to the Chicamauga settlements but on account of Young Tassel was a half blood Enghis age was not active in their affairs. He settled in the vicinity lish-Cherokee who was later known as John Watts.Chief Attacullaculla died in 1778 The Chicamauga towns flourished and and was succeeded by Oconostota. The Britbecame the headquarters of the British authority south of the Ohio. ish agent Colonel Brown and subagent John McDonald were established there. McDonald's store became the British commissary. Many warriors from thai community prepared to join Governor Henry Hamilton in a general attack onof the Chicamaugas, but did not join them.the western frontier, but the

Governor was

arrested on February 25,

1779 by

Colonel George Rogers Clark and the Chicamaugas decided to attack the Holston settlement, but in the meantime James Robertson who was locatedEtsauta as the first American Cherokee agent had ascertained their moves and with a force of five hundred men attacked and destroyed the eleven Chicamauga towns by way of the Tennessee. Among other property destroyed was one granary of twenty thousand bushels of corn. Upon hearing ofac this

destruction the Cherokee warriors retraced their

way

to their devastated

homes.

Theto furnish

lull

that followed this destruction enabled the Transylvania troops

expert riflemen to the American forces at Kings Mountain, where the tide of war was changed in favor of the young republic. It also gave the Chicamaugas time to remobilize their forces for another general attack, but this was thwarted by a counter attack by Colonel John Sevier in the winter of 1780-81 in which he destroyed the Overhill towns and those on the Hiwassee River. In the summer of 1781 a treaty of peace was concluded with the Overhills. For a third time in three years the western settlements ot the Cherokees were over run and ruined, this time by Colonel Sevier, in September,

many

1782.

Conditions were not any longer tenable for the impoverished Chicamaugas, within the Cherokee settlements, so they moved about forty-fivemiles westward and established the Five Lower towns of: Running Water, Chicamauga, Nickajack, Crow and Lookout Mountain, forming a strategic point for the assembling of Chicamaugas, Creeks. Tories, STiawnees and Oconostota resigned the Chieftaincy on account of old age in 1782 and was

34

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSOconostota diedin

succeded by Tassel.his

1785.

The English

interpretation ot

name was pounded ground

hog, or popularly called "ground

Fifty-five years before his death he had, as a

young

chief, visited

hog sausage." England, and

for that reason

was most probably born about the beginning

of the eighteenth

century.

THE LAMENT OF THE CHEROKEEBv John Howard Payne, Authorof

Home, Sweet Home.

O, soft falls the dew, on the twilight descending. And night over the distant forest is bending And night over the distant forest is bending Like the storm spirit, dark, o'er the tremulous main. But midnight enshrouded my lone heart in its dwelling, A tumult of woe in niv bosom is swelling And a tear unbefitting the warrior is telling That hope has abandoned the brave Cherokee.

Can Can

a

tree thatflourish,

is

torn from

its

root by the fountain.

The prideit

of the valley; green, spreading and fair. removed to the rock of the mountain,

Unwarmed by the sun and unwatered by care? Though vesper be kind, her sweet dews in bestowing. No life giving brook in its shadows is flowing. And when the chill winds of the desert are blowing.Sacred graves of How melted

So droops the transplanted and lone Cherokee. my sires; and left you forever? my heart when I bade you adieu;1

Ah, never; Shall joy light the face of the Indian? While memory sad has the power to renew.

As flies the fleet deer when the blood hound is started. So fled winged hope from the poor broken hearted; Oh, could she have turned ere forever departing. And beckoned with smiles to her sad Cherokee. Is it the low w-ind through the wet willows rushing. That fills with wild numbers my listening ear? Or is it some hermit rill in the solitude gushing, The strange playing minstrel, whose music 1 hear? 'Tis the voice of my father, slow, solemnly stealing, I see his dim form by yon meteor, kneeling To the God of the White Man. the Christian, appealing. He prays for the foe of the dark Cherokee. Great Spirit of Good, whose abode is in Heaven, Whose wampum of peace is the bow in the sky, Wilt thou give to the wants of the clamorous ravens, Yet turn a deaf ear to my piteous cry? O'er the ruins of home, o'er niv heart's desolation: No more shalt thou hear my unblest lamentation; For death's dark encounter, 1 make preparation; He hears the last groan of the wild Cherokee.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

35

CHAPTERTrouble withthl= l.-!44,.-;

George Martin.Nellie

Martin.

John Agnew.McLaughlin.

Ezekial

Buftington

McDaniel*

and

2

Hannah Duncan. Andrew McLaughlin.druni.

Maria McDaniel and Elizabeth Lan*

OK

3

James McLaughlin.EllisElllis

41M^"L'5-'1-'

Buffington Towers.Beck.

Charlotte Eaton.

Charlotte Downing.

2

Joseph Beck.

Cynthia Downing.

HISTORY OF

TIIK CHHI-)KliE INDIANSRuth Hicks. Emily IJuncan.Sallie

307

OK

3

Ezekial Beck.

45

John Beck.JelTrey Beck.

6

Downing. Aaron Downing, James Crittenden, Stephen Hildelnand and James Kesterson. Arie Beck. Joseph A. Sturdivant and Brice Hildebrand.Pauline Beck.

8

Charlotte Eaton.Sinia Eaton.

Ellis

BulTington Towers.Younj;- Charles

9 1011

Solomon Denton andElizabeth Alberty.*

Gordon

Duncan.Richard Eaton.Harlin Eaton.

Rebecca Crittenden.Matilda Benge.

IM^lvM"'2

James Buflington.Ezekiel Buft'ington.

Louisa"

Newman.McBreer andHiramMc-

OK

3

Mary

Burt'ington.

JnhnsonRobert

Creary.4

Ruth Burtington.Susie Butlington.

*

Agnew and William

Langtorj.

5

Martin Root.

6

Jennie

Buft'ington.

Charles

Dougherty and John

D.

.Al-

berty.7

Clara Buftington.Ellis

Elllis

West and John Wright Alberty.Starr.

8

Buftington.

Elizabeth

9

Elizabeth

Buftington.

Moses Alberty.

I'Pl^SM"'2

Robert Buft'ington Daniel.Ezekial Daniel.

Ann

Daniel.

Niesa Muskrat.

OK

3

45

6

' James Daniel. John M. Daniel. Samuel Knight Weir. Susan Daniel. Mary Daniel. George Carselowry, Isaac Woodall and

\"\c-

tor Benton.7

Annie Daniel.all.

Thomas Woodall and Jacob Houston Wood-

[1

1 =

13941.-.

2

OKOK1M =

3

l'l-2-'lM-'2

Alfred Hudson. Susannah Buftington. Sabra Lynch. Joshua Buftington. Thomas Fox Taylor. Nannie Buftington. John W. Flawey and Thomas Annie Rogers.''

Irfins.

Joseph Rogers. Nellie May. William Rogers. David Gentry and Samuel Houslnn. Tiana Rogers. Nicholas Miller. Susannah Rogers.Elizabeth Gentry.Isabel Gentry.* *.

''

Ezekial Williams.

Patience Gentry.Pleasant Rogers.Eliza Rogers.

John

Seabolt.

308

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK

3

Levi Rogers.

Margaret*

Fields.

45

Richard

Rogers.*

Eliza

Lacey.

Joseph Rogers.Charles Rogers.

67 8

Maria Reynolds.*

John Rogers.Alzira Rogers.

Elizabeth Rogers.

George Whitney Brand.

9 10

\H'2^4*\^2

Lewis Fields. * William Elders. Catherine Rogers. * Nannie Riley. Aaron Hicks.

Nannie Hicks.

*

John

Bickle.

OK

3

Naomi

Vickery.

Felix Riley.

4

1M-2"'5^P2

OK

3

Diana Pheasant. Joseph Coker and John Crump. Cynthia Rogers. Thomas Lewis Rogers. Ruth Maugh, Ellen Lombard and Lucy Brown. George Washington Rogers. Malinda Scrimsher and MarMoses Vickery.tha England.

4

Charles

Coody Rogers.

Elizabeth McCorkle, Nannie

Coker

5

67 8

nee Patton and Jennie Harlan. Nelson Rogers. Rose West and Margaret Scrimsher. * Granville Rogers.

Randolph Rogers.Isaac Rogers.

*

Takey Cooley.

V\'2-'6U''2

OK

3

William D. Shaw. Ruth Rogers. Lewis Mcintosh. Martha Rogers. Peter Harper and William Armstead.Delilah Rogers.Jett'erson

45

Rogers.*

*

William Rogers.Julia Rogers.

671'

James

Kell.

Elizabeth Rogers.

Lewis Riley.

1=2=7^52

Moses

Price.

Alzira Price.

Peter May.

OK

3

Looney

Price.

Coleesta Jolly, Lucinda Phillips and Letitia

Coody.4

iH'P\*\''2

OK

3

45

67

Sarah Williams. Eliza Wilkerson. Isaac Bushyhead. Catherine Ratlit!" and Ghigau Snaker. George Bushyhead. Guwohida Stofel. Nannie Bushyhead. John Walker and Lewis Hildebrand. Susan C. Bushyhead. Ezekial Lyons and L. P. Harris. Jacob Bushyhead. Nannie McDaniel and Elizabeth Romine. Charles Bushyhead. Pauline Starr and Sallie Miller neeJesse Bushyhead.

Nelson Grubb.

*

V\-P2U''2

McCoy. George Fields.NannieFields.

Sallie Daniel.

William Blythe

2

HISTORY OF THE CHHKOKEH INDIANS

3u9

OK

3

Elizabeth Fields.

William Thompson and John Blag^

45

John

Fields.

Elizabeth Wells.

Ezekial Fields.

Marv Ann Sexton.Elizabeth Higby and Mahala Cadle.JuliaHarris.

Moses7

Fields.

DempseyHenryLucy

Fields.

8

Fields.

Hester Ross.

Fields. Fields.

George Hicks.Elizabeth Miller.

101

James

1

Delilah Fields.Isabel Fields.

1

James Foreman. Dennis Wolf.Biofeather.

1M-5"3M'2

Annie

Fields.

JohnsonHicks.

Fields.

4

Archibald Fields.

Rebecca Fawn and Elsie Lee. Quatie Brown nee Conrad and Elizahef

67

Robert Fields.Susie Fields.

Sallie

Murphy.Crawford.

Richard Taylor.

10

Rachiel Fields.

3 5

Richard Fields.Rider Fields.Daniel.

Lydia Shorey and Henrietta Ridgeway. Margaret Bruner, Jennie Huss and Sallie Mc-

8

911

12

Ruth Fields. John West. Richard Ratlift. Nannie Fields. Dempsey Fields. Annie (^launch. William Mosley, John Martha Fields. O'Bannon and Joseph Riley.

Thompson,

John

13

JohnNellie

Fields.

*

lM-'3-'4M'

OK

23

45

67 8

Charles Reese. McCoy. John McPherson. Susie McCoy. * Sallie McCoy. Aky Gunter and Sarah Elizabeth Hicks. Alexander McCoy. Margaret Wolf and Littie Boyd Starr nee Daniel McCoy. Chambers. * Rorv McCoy.Archibald Lowrey and Harrison Daley. Rachel Harris. Walter Scott Adair. Nannie McCoy. John Wickett Fields. Susannah Halfbreed. Archilla Smtih. Agnes Fields. Ollie Rowe and Elizabeth. Charles Fields.

lil-3"5^1'2

OK

3

45

Richard Fields.

*

Ghiyoku.

JamesTiana

Fields.Fields.

Lydia Wrinklelside.

67

Tieska Fields.

Joseph Swimmer. vdia Vann and Charlotte Rowe.I

3108

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSSarah Fields.

9

Elizabeth Fields.

Thomas Smith. Thomas Spencer.Rachel Grimmett.Ghi-_vu-nu-nu Looney.Liti.

10iM'i-'bM"'2

GeorgeCat

Fields.

Sherain Fields.Fields.

OK

3

JamesNannie

Fields. Fields.

Ga-yo-ka Eagle.*

45

Daniel Fields.

Jennie

Drum and Susannah

Eagle.

6|il =3:174[.-,

Thomas

Fields.

Lydia Drum.

2

James V. Hildebrand. Sarah Elizabeth Fields. William Stiff and Henry H. Hickey. Rachel Jane Fields.Jeremiah Bigelow. Rachel Elizabeth Goss and Minerva Kerr. Robert Mosby French and Daniel Margaret Wilson Fields.RuthFields.

OK

3

45

Richard

F. Fields.

Fields.

67

Josiah Foreman Fields.

'

Caroline Matilda Rogers Fields.

William Penn Boudinot.

lM-3-'8M"'2

Aky Brewer.

.Archibald

OK

3

45

6

Samuel Foreman. Nellie Foreman. Adam Bible. Charles Foreman. Annie Seabolt and Thirsey Colvin. ' William Hicks Foreman. Mary Sweetwater, Joseph Anthony Foreman. Narcissa Reeves Carey andLethe Parris.Sally* Foreman. David McNair Foreman. Sarah Sweetwater, Agnes Foreman Sweetwater and Mary Foreman nee Sweetwater.

Foreman. Sallie R. Gourd.

7 8

1011

1213

George Foreman. Elizabeth Fields and Ellizabeth Fields. Thomas Foreman. Elizabeth Chicken. Susan Foreman. Samuel Jones and Walter Stopp. * James Foreman. Edward Foreman. Mary Proctor, Sarah Proctor and Jennie Sosa nee

14

Elizabethkiller.

Conrad. Foreman. Johnson Proctor and Redbird

Six-

1'1-3'''')M""'

.Martha Martin.

George Washington Adair.

23

45

Annie Martin. Benjamin Franklin Thompson, Joseph Lynch Martin. Julia Lombard, Sallie Childers, Lucy Rogers, Caroline Garrett and Jennie Harlin. Brice Martin. Sarah Jones.Gabriel Martin.Eliza

678

Susannah Martin.Ellen Martin. *

Webber. Clement Vann McNair.*

Richard Fields Martin.Charlotte Martin.

James Jeremiah Vann.Joseph Martin Lynch.Bell.

10

Jennie Martin.

John Adair

HISTORY OF1 1

THli

CHEKOKKli INDIANSAdair,

HIO.\\rij;iit

Eliza

Martin.

Franklin

Devution

and

1213

John A. i^ichards. John Martin. Hli/.a Vann and Martha Chamhcrs. Nannie Martin. David Bell, William Cunningham and ford West Alberty.Cicero Martin.'

Ulu-

1415

Rachel Martin.Pauline Martin.

Samuel W.

Bell.

to

Braxton Nicholson, Levi Sidney, TJKimab Landrum and Robert Rogers.'

171' l-i^lO-"1''

.Amelia Martin.

John

B.

Duncan.

Martin L}nch.Sallie

James

Allen 'Jhompson.

2

Lynch.

OK

3

Mary Lynch.

45

67

8'1=3'-

Berilla Lynch. Sabra Lynch. Ciiarlotle Martin. Joseph Martin Lynch. Johnson Thompson and .Andrew Brown CunMaria Lynch. ningham. Thomas Benjanrin Adair. Rachel Lynch.

Jonathan Hnji'land. John Williams. Marshall and Lowrey Williams. Joshua Butiinjiton and John Adair Bell.

Martin Davis.

Julia"

Anna

Tate.

William Davis.

John Davis.Lorenzo

Jennie Saphronia Tate.Davis.''

DowJ.

Susie Miller.Eliza

Coleman

Davis.

HulL

Jeter Davis.

Elias Earl Davis.

Amanda Brown."

Joseph C. Davis.Delilah Davis.*

Malissa Stallings.

Amanda Jane Davis.

"

Edward Fawling.Joseph Fawling.

.Wargaret Smith.l.ydia

Brown.Grirt'in.

Rim Pawling.Ellis

Fawling.

Elizabeth

Elizabeth Fawling.7 8Ii,2,.-i34i.-,j.,

Hiram Moody and Samuel Scharhle.*

James Fawling.Susie Fawling.

Thomas Smith andMary McLaughlin.

Isaac Tinmions.

Samuel Martin.

lM = l-"3-*2''r' lM = l"3-'3-'l''2

Mary Mary

Martin.

Spears.

Annie Spears.

Lewis Duncan. Wahuska and McKenzie Coats.

3127 8

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSMissouri Dennis.

Marion Dennis.CarolineEliza

9

Dennis.

Fredrick

Sykes.S.

I'lM-'iM-M"2

Annie Daniel.

John

Freeman and Henry Lee

Hill

Hill.

William Adolphus Daniel.

OK

3

Thomas Webster

Daniel.

*

Lucy Ann McGhee. Amanda J. McCreary.*

45

Sallie Clark. Joshua Buflington Daniel. Nannie Josephine Watie John Martin Daniel.

and Alice

Rebecca Smith.678

Marmaduke

Daniel.

Emma

Jennie Daniel.Martin.

Susie Ellen Daniel.jqI^j^ g^i^j.

Dumas. Henry Donnelly. Surry Eaton Beck,A. E.

jip

1:1345:,,.

;

Lucinda

Still.

2

Sarah Jane Martin.

OK

3

Almonerine

Martin.

Samuel Bryant. Charlotte Jane Cordery and Sarah Cath-

Moore.Martin.

4

Mary

E.

John McLain and George*

Still.

Samuel Martin.Susie Martin.

Peter Tovey.

William A. Martin.

Mary

Still.

Rose Martin.

*

George Coats.Charles Coats.

*

Jennie Cope.**

Mary Coats.21M-1-'3^Q"'1"2

William Penn Martin.Charlotte Martin.*

Bluford West Duncan. Rebecca Jane Duncan.

Samantha Carter nee Lane.Francis Marion Conner.

2 1

HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKBE INDIANS5

313

iM^I'M^l'l'^2

Anderson l.andruiu Crittenden Jennini^s and John George Butler. Mary McLaughlin. Samuel Martin and George W. Hughes. John McLaughlin.Ezekial CollinsHarkins.

Caroline Agnew.

OK

3

McLaughlin.Ellis

Susan

Harkins and Ellen

J.

45

Jennie McLaughlin.

McDaniel.

iM =

l-''4^2M''

2

OK

3

David McLaughlin. Frances Reynolds. George McLaughlin. Sinia Beck and Sarah Langley. WilUiam McLaughlin. Ahoka. Elizabeth .McLaughlin. John Calhoun Sturdivant.Rebecca Ann McLaughlin. Andrew .Jackson Chick. James Landrum McLaughlin. Sarah .Ann Smith. Andrew Leonidas McLaughlin.''

45

67

8

Joshua Ezekial McLaughlin. Celia Davis, Etta Renfro and Margaret Caroline Inlow. * Lewis Glenn and William HenMary Jane McLaughlin.dricks.

9

101

Joseph Frank McLaughlin. Minnie M. Price. Maria Caroline McLaughlin. Jack Jones. William Henry Donaldson. Rachiel Susan McLauglin.Charles Gordon McLaughlin.*

1

13

Benjamin Peters McLaughlin.

iM-rMM'T'2

OK

3

45

Mary Elizabeth Towers. * * Jeremiah Clinton Towers. Theodosia Nicodemus. William J. Towers. Jacob U. Alberty. Charlotte Towers. Henry Clay Mayes. Athena Josephine Towers.Susie Towers.

61'

l-'l-'SMM"2

Orange Beck.Jeffrey Beck.

Sanders Crittenden. Louisa Tiger and Lethe Parris.Rachel Muskrat.Eliza-

OK

3

45

Albert McGhee and Alfred Pigeon. Susannah Beck. Susie Sixkiller, Salina Foreman and Samuel Beck.

beth Dry.

1M-r'5^2'l2

Releford Beck, Henry Mitchell and William Cynthia Beck. Taylor Barton. Aaron Headin Beck. Catherine McCreary nee Foreman and Josephine Downing nee Welch. Andrew Pettit, Archibald Love and Jonathan Arie Beck.Riley.

OK

3

Mary Beck.

Frank

Pettit.

45

Releford Beck. * Cynthia Beck. Sabra Sturdivant. Wetherford Beck.

67

Joseph Beck.Jeffrey Beck.

''

Mary Ann McLain.Julia Hildebrand.

8

Surry Eaton Beck.

3 14

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS9101

Susie Beck.Ellis

John Pinkney Chandler.='

Beck.

1

Elizabeth Beck.

John Riley and John Wilson Howerton.Butler,

12

Lethe Beck.rison

John

Wellington Crittenden,

L.

Har-

and Ur. Peter Tabler.

liri'5-'3-'l"

Caroline Beck.

Matthew Young.*

I'Pl^SM-M"2

William Wilhorn Beck. David McLaughlin Beck.

Mary Vickory,

Julia

and

Amanda

Hillen.

OK

3

Louisa Beck.

John Pinkney Chandler.==

45

Martha Beck.

67 8

Andrew Freeny. Tabitha Beck. Mary Beck. John Talbert and Henry Clay Freeny.Aaron Headin Beck.Elizabeth Beck."

Daniel Foreman and Rider Cloud.''

91011

Joseph Beck.Sinia

Beck.

Jerimiah Horn and James Murphy.^

SusieSallie

W.

Beck.

1213

14

\H-\^5'S''V2

Seaborn G. Mabry. Emily Beck. John Alexander Sevier and Thomas Dyer. Cynthia Ragsdale. John Walter Beck. Mary Beck. Stephen Hildebrand. Ezekial Beck. Martha Sturdivant and Mary Ellen Woodall.Jane Beck.,Iohn Beck.-

OK

3

45

Surry Eaton.Sinia

Margaret

McCoy and

Sussie Ellen Daniel.

61M-I''5''7''l''

George McLaughlin. Sabra Ann Beck. George Selvidge and John ParkerBeck.

Collins.

2

John Calhoun Sturdivant. Elizabeth McLaughlin. Martha Sturdivant. Ezekial Beck.Martin Butler Sturdivant. Matilda Barnett.

OK

3

45

Sabra Sturdivant. Robert Sturdivant.

Weatherford Beck.*

6l'Pl-'5^S'l"2

William Ballard.

Fannie Ann Myers.-

Mary Elizabeth Towers.

OK

3

45

Jeremiah Clinton Towers. * William F. Towers. Theodosia Nicodemus. Annie Charlotte Towers. Jacob U. Alberty.

6

ri = l''5'9'i''2

Athena Josephine Towers. Henry Clay Mayes. Sanders Crittenden. Eliza Denton. James Abercrombie Duncan. John T. Denton. Margaret Downing, Sallie ShirlevSusie Towers.Elizabeth Holt.

OK

3

4

Amanda Cherokee Duncan. " Temperance Duncan.

John Talbert

Scott.

"

"

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEt INDIANS5! 1

J15

MillardEllis

O"'

2

Susie

OK

3

Mary Frances Alherty. Mary Eaton. Ellas Cornelius Alberty. William Henry Eaton. *

Duncan. Manchell Eaton.A.

*

4

HP 107OK

"1

'

1

Walter Richard Eaton. Mar.iiaret Marv Musgrove. Burtington. Martha Copeland. Jennie Bull'ington. Joseph Ganibold Miller.Ellis

3

45

Cornelius VVrignt. Ezekial Burtlngton. - Martha Thomas nee Copeland. Ruth Ann Buffington. Hindman Booth Hovt.

Elizabeth Butt'ington.

6

John Buftington.

*

Marv

Buri^ess.

MALE SEMINARYlM7l-''7-*2-^l''

Catherine Buffington.

Leonidas Holt.

2

Mary Jane

Buflington.

Jerome Lorenzo Greer.*

OK

3

45

Jonathan L. Buflington. John Daniel Buflinglon.Senia Elizabeth Bul]ington.

Fannie Morris.*

Ezekial Lafayette BulTington.

67

Samuel Benjamin Ward. Thomas Mitchell Buflington. Susie H. Woodall * and Em-

malM-rv^5"T'

L.

Gray.

OK

2

* \Mlliam Root. Lucy Crittenden. Martin T. Root.Ellis

lM-l'V^6'r'2

Dougherty.

''

Eli

West Dougherty.

Jennie Chinosa Vann.

OK

3

Lydia A. Alberty.

45

Jacob U. Alberty.Flora Alberty.*

Annie Charlotte Towers.

6

John

A. Alberty.

316lir-'l"7^7l"

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSCharlotte Belle West. Lavesque Wilder.

Jacob West Markhani and William

2

Bluford West Alberty.Ellis

OK

3

Buffington Alberty.

Louvina Jane Adair nee Lewis. * Eugenia Vann.

45

Nancy Jane Holland. Moses Alberty. Nannie Louvenia Akins nee DanenJoseph Vann Alberty.burg.

,il2|374g3i62

Ezekial Starr Butiington.

Annie Scasewater.

Jennie Burtington.

Samuel Adair and John Bean Johnson.='

OK

3

Joshua Burtington.Ellis

45

West Burtington. Malcena Clementine Fisher andE.

Alice

Hanks.SabinaBurtington.

Rufus Bell Adair.

6

Almenta Burtington.Sanders.

James Scasewater and James RobertFrancis Marion Musgrave.

lM-1^7^9'r'2

Clara Eva Alberty.

William Henry.

*

OK

3

ThomasGeorgeEllis

Burtington Alberty.

Julianna

4

Washington

Alberty.

Cynthia

Danenburg. Musgrove

nee

Rogers.5

Burtington Alberty.

Martha Murrell.

678

John Alberty.Lydia

Norma*

Adair.

Ann

Alberty.

Jacob Alberty.

Nevada Jones.Ellis

9Iipi384|.=i)6

Mary Francis|J2a Daniel.Strout.

Alberty.

Manchell Eaton.

John Thomas McSpadden and Frederick W.Samuel Gunter, Henderson Holt and Jame.sDaniel O'Conner Kell and Dr. Morris Frazee.Susie

2

Fannie Daniel.

Monroe

Crutchfleld.

OK

3

Susie Daniel.

4

Osceola Powell Daniel.Riley and Nannie

Ross,

Emma

Ross,

Flora

Thompson nee* *

Taylor.

5

Richard T. Daniel.

67 8l'l^'l-'8^2-'l

WalkerRobert

A. Daniel.

Hester Ketchum.*

Thomas FoxJ.

Daniel.*

Daniel.

Robert Daniel.

lil^l-'S^S-"^!"

2

OK

3

45

Annie Eliza Weir. " Bird Woodard. Webster Wayne Weir. Sabra England. Eudocia Weir. Jordan Clark. * Theodore Weir.

Mary Weir.Martha Weir.

George Washington*

Fields.

61M-1^S'6!''

James Madison Carselowry.

Catherine Emory.

2 1

318lM-2-'3^8-''l"

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSElizabeth Brand.

Theodore Cummuigs and SolomonWilliam Elders.Missouri

Brags;

2

Frances Brand.

OK

3

John Rogers.Cynthia

Emma

Quinton.

4

Ann

Rogers.

*

5lM-2"4-*3-'l''

Margaret Brown.

*

Nancy JaneSamuel

Riley.

William

Rider,

Frederick

Hill

and

Charles Wallace.

OK

2

Riley.

"

^H-2H^4''V'1' l-2''5^I-'r'

Nelson C. Vickery.

Mary

L.

James.Daniel.

Minerva Coker.

Yocum and JohnEliza

Dempsey

Fields Coker.

Jane Marlow and Elizabeth

OK

3

45l't-2'5-'2"'r'

Sigmon. Annie Hogan. John Rogers Coker. Nancy Patton. George Coker. Minerva Foster. Randolph Coker.Elizabeth Rogers.

2

Joseph L}nch Martin. Lucy Brown Rogers. John W. T. Spencer.

OK

3

45

Thomas Lewis Rogers. * Rose Ella Rogers.

Ellen

Coody and Nannie

Martin.

68

* John Rogers. Napoleon Bonaparte Rogers.

Annie Charlotte Martin and

Jennie Martin nee Harlin.Granville Rogers.'

1013

Elmira Rogers.Julia Rogers.

Thomas Rodman.Martin Payne.

1415

Nancy

Ellen Rogers.

Cynthia

Rogers.

Richard Lewis Martin. William Due Musgrove

and

George

Washington Alberty.Victoria Rogers.Eliza Rogers.

Joel McDaniel and William North West.

Amos

Flint.

1I

1I

Joseph Rogers. Antoine Rogers.

Elizabeth Carpenter. Elizabeth Rogers nee Carpenter,

r

I- V'5^3'''l"

John Lewis Rogers and Harriettee Meeks,Margaret Cummings and Sabra Berilla England. William Wilson Rogers. Martha Frazier. Georgia Ann Rogers. Richard Prather.Ella

2

OK

3

4!' 1' r-2--3'4'

Ann

Rogers.* *

*

2

Cynthia Rogers. Sarah Rogers.

OK

3

4

John Benjamin Franklin Rogers. * Annie F. McCoy. William Charles Rogers. Nannie Havnie.

HISTORY OF THH CHHROKHE INDIANS5

M'l

Mary Ann Rogers.

Reuben Bartlev Tyner.Duncan.

67

8

Joanna Goody Rogers. John Calhoun Charles Patton Rogers. * Augustine Rogers. Archibald McCov.

910

IM ^2-5^5'

!'

Delilah Beatrice Rogers. William Henry Mcl.ain. Charles Henry Rogers. Mary V. Brady. Lewis Rogers. Josephine Landrum, Helen Ross and

Sarah

OK

3

Rogers. David Vaught, William Wilkerson, Alfred Campbell and J. J. Griggs. Eliza Rogers. Virgil Rogers and Alexander Mc Daniel.

45 l-2''5^81''

WelUington Rogers.E.

Mary

Scrinisher, Susie

Reed and Dor-i

Hicks nee Scovel.

Charlotte Rogers.'-

Rogers and Patrick Shanahan.

OK:-2"6M

21"

OKl-2-'6^2

21"

George Rogers. * Sallie Colston. Nannie Rogers. William Reese. ' Houston Shaw. Henry Shaw. Nannie Rhoda Ross nee^'^

Stitf.

23

M^2-6^3'

OKM^2^'6-'6-

William R. Mcintosh. Alexander Mcintosh. "Fiskv" Mcintosh. Margaret Harper. * Alfred Finney Chisholm. Nannie Harper. Edward Cobb and John M. Burns. Helen Alice Kell. Thomas Fo.x French. Robert Mosby French. Catherine Delilah Kell.

OK OK'F2V^2-

James James

Kell.

*"'

Riley.

Flora Riley.Elizabeth May.

Ida Gustavia Dance. Osceola Powell Daniel.''

Rachel May.

William Henry Mayes.Sallie

OKM-2^7^3'

Laura Joseph

Ma}-.Price.

Rogers nee Colston.''

William Shorey

Price.

OK

Goody Price. Montezuma Price.DanielMillard Filmore Price.

Mary Ann Jones.*

George MurrellAnnie1M=3-'1-'1"F.

Price.

Eliza

Jane Vinyard nee Roach.

Price.

Otis Saladin Skidmore.

James Lee Floyd. Richard Drew. Jennie Bushyhead. Elizabeth Alabama Dennis Wolf Bushyhead. Scrinisher and Eloise Perry Butler.Caroline Walker.

Adair

nee

OK

Daniel Colston Bushyhead. * Amanda McCoy. George Washington Mayes. Charlotte Bushvhead. Corey. Edward Wilkerson Bushyhead. * Helen Nicholls nee Quarles. Caroline Elizabeth Bushevhead. - William Robert

3207

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSEliza Missouri

Bushyhead.*

*

David Rowe Vann and Bluford

West Alberty.8

Jesse Bushyhead.

9^1123.-1,42516

2

Dr. Felix Hurd McNair. Nannie Sarah Bushyhead. John Brown Choate. y^nn Olivia Bushyhead. Nancy Abigal Bushyhead. William Watson Walker Thomas Nathaniel Cropper.* Tip Bushyhead. Smith Miles Bushyhead.

and

Iip3-M^3-M62

Elizabeth

Sixkiller

and

Nellie

OK OK111233145.-.

3

Summers. George Wilson Bushyhead.Sarah Walker. Eben Walker. Sarah Lyons.Vivian Harris.

Martha

Sixkiller.

Iij233|445i62!>;

Georg:e Washington Lasley. Sarah Lasley nee Harlan.

John Dance and Saturday Vann.

2

OK11123.-?

3

451455[f?

Emma

* Josephine Lyons. John Bradshaw. Lyons.

Flora Harris.

2

OK

3

1M-3^1-'7''I2

Sarah Langley and Emma Crittenden. Henry Bushyhead. Delilah Sixkiller. Joseph Bushyhead. John Beard. Lovely Ann Bushyhead. Runabout Bushyhead. Sallie Walker and Jennie Snail. Jesse Bushyhead.Richard Fields.

1M=3='2-1'M2

Mary Wilds.Jennie Berry.

JamesNannie

Fields. Fields.

OK

3

John

Crutchfield.

45

Elizabeth Fields.

Charles Mograin.

Louisa Fields.

67

Mary Ann Fields. Thomas Monroe

William Kendall. George Grimmett. Fields. Martha Jane Clin^an.

1M=3^2^2M''2

John BIythe. .Justine Cadle, Jane Lane nee Harlan Polina James nee Tucker.

and

OK

3

45

67

Martha Jennie BIythe. Alexander Adam Clingan. William BIythe. Fannie Hammondtree. Elizabeth BIythe. Ira Goddard. Mary BIythe. Andrew Jackson Tucker. Elijah BIythe. Martha Clingan. James Chastine BIythe. Sarah Jemima Rogers and SarahMatila Kell nee Harlan.

8

9101M^3*2-'3''1"

Absalom Ellis BIythe. Mary J. Millsap. Nancy Ann Rogers. Archibald Henry and WilliamJoseph Riley BIythe.*

E.

Bean.

John

Thompson.

Margaret

Fields,

Minerva

Biggs

and

Elizabeth Griffin.2

Charles Thompson..Alexander

Susie Taylor.

OK

3

Thompson.

Ruth

Phillips

and Elmira McLain.

1

HISTORY OF1M-332M=12

THL-

CHEROKEE INDIANSRogers.

^:i

Martha

Fields.

Hilliard

Richard M. Fields.

Margaret Ann Wolf.

OK

3

Nannie A.

Fields.

45

67 8

Mary A. Fields. Louis Mograin. James W. Fields. John R. Fields.Sabra Jane Fields. Sarah E. Fields.Delilah Fields.

Robert Donald Foster and John Secrest.*

H 1233245., iG2

John Scroggins.Frank Padgett.Isaac Scrimsher.

Jennie Fields.

OK

3

Ruth

Fields.

45

Richard Fields.

Elizabeth Blagg.

67 8

Martha Fields. Jacob Muskrat. George Washington Fields. Mary Melvina Weir, Sarah McGhee and Elizabeth Silversmith.Ezekial Fields.

Margaret Weir.Ellis

Mary

Fields.

Dick.

\i\-y'2^6''V'2

Catherine Fields.

Mary Jane

Fields.

James Rawles. James Rawles and William

Phillips.

OK

3

45

James Sanford Fields. Charlotte Stover. Margaret Fields. James Smith.Caroline Belvidere Phillips. Samuel Igo Fields. John Ross Simons and Martha Emeline Fields.Louis

6

7

8

Langley Horsley. John Jackson Smith. Sarah Penelope Fields. Jacob Yeager. Laura Victoria Fields.

9

Moses AlbertSaphronia

Fields.

*

101

Fields.

Franklin Pierce Milligan.

Susie Fields. * William Tweedle.

lM-3^2-'7''r'23

Charles Fields.

Nannie Hornet.*

Daniel Fields.Elizabeth Fields.

4

Sarah

Fields.

*

Taylor Girty. Charles Thompson.*

lM-332-'8M",11233249^102

Richard Fields.Delilah Hicks.*

Bryan Ward.Nannie Lowrey and Margaret Lowrey.Gilbert Wilson.

Jefferson Hicks.

OK

3

Eleanor Ophelia Hicks.

4 5

67I

Henry Hicks. David Hicks. Frank Hicks.

**

Elzina Wilson.* Celia Baldridge.Priscilla

William Hicks.

Thompson.

8j

Mary

Hicks.Fields.

W.-

A.

Coleman.

111=3324 10=1';

Martha

Richard Wofford and Joseph Martin HildeVirginia Doherty.

brand.2

Andrew

Fields.

322

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK

3

Elmira Fields.

James

Starr,

John Walker Starr and John

Joshua Patrick.lM-'3^2Ml = l;

Her

Around the quaint old capital square Floats out upon the warm sweet airWhen the emerald sward is decked 'with flowers And the birds sing in their leafy bowers

Jl^of ^'' .^"^ "''^' ^'""der. fond memory brings bweet thoughts of the village that nestles serenl So tranqu.l and lovely-an enchanted \isions of beauty he will long retain scene iu i", '^''5^ I'e will visit Tahlequah About her foothills of the Ozarks arise again Like a gem surrounded by her setting Near by flows the Illinois a crystaT she lies stream Brightly the waters o'er its pebbly 'bed' gfea'Si. He who loves beauty, along its banks may find Picturesque spots to delight the mind You should see Tahlequah in tlie month When nature has donned her brightest of May array When incense, borne by the perfumed breeze Blows through the snow-white locust trees

And

l-alls upon the air like music sweet Here many a family its lineage traces Back to old England's proudest races For many a noble, to hide his head, In Cromwell's time, to America fled They sought the Cherokee, wliose open hand Welcomed them to this wonderland. And in the days when Freedom's strife Often endangered the royalist's life. Over the mountains of Tennesse, The Tory came to the Cherokee; For during that period the Indians were loyal To the British crown and the family roval The names that Cherokee history adorn". Were not assumed, but were proudly borne

the voice of the school children on the street

Who

By dscendents

By treaty as sacred and solemn as Heaven, Was better than that of which they had been despoiled, Wliere long years they had lived, and loved and toiled Little the white brothers knew of this land Which they gave to the remnant of this proud band. Knew naught of the mineral wealth which hides Its bounteous stores in the mountain sides; Naught of the verdant fruitful plains. Nor the varied resources this country contains. Here the Cherokees rested, their long journe^v o'er. And this wildwood was given to he theirs evermore. Here they made the council-ground. And here their Kihegas oft were foundIn solemn assembly and council grave. the laws to govern the nation they gave. Here Sequoyah, the Cadmus, his alphabet brought. Which with infinite patience and skill he wrought:

their eastern homes, afar to the west. Till they reached this spot, "A haven of rest,'' Poor, sorrowing exiles, of their homes bereft. Grieving for firesides which they had left. God who takes care of those w-liom the strong oppress. And pities them in their sore distress. Brought it to pass, that the land of the given.

From

town was given By the old Cherokees, w-hen tliey were drivento

The name Talequah

of these old English safety sought at the Cherokeethis

sire.s.

camp

fires

When

And

Schools w-ere established to teach the youth. churches, to spread Christianity's truth.

Soon the wilderness was made to bloom As homes w-ere built and dispelled its gloom. And the town by the little woodland stream

Threw its Such was Which for

MayOf

light afar like a diamond's gleam. the birth of this historic town. her beauty is of wide renown. For her fountains that gush from the rough hillside. And her halls of learning, the -Vation's i)rldc. Like .\thens of old. she is of learning the seat. So peaceful and quiet, a sylvan retreat:all

contentment and happiness fall to th* lot who dwell here in this romantic spot.

334

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

3,5

CHAPTER XVContinuation1^

of

Old Families

Downing.Major Downing-. '^''* George Downing. John Downing. Jennie and .\annie. 2 3 William Downing. 4 Nannie Downing, ri-r^ James Downing. Alexander Downing. 2 Oo-go-yo-sti. John Downing. 3 Leah Lovelady. Elizabeth Downing. 4 Stephen \\hitmire 1^2= 13 Ollie Downing. * Samuel Downing. 2 Susie Dougherty and Elsie Dougherty David Downmg. 3 Peggy Dougherty. 4 Isaac Downing. Peggy Downing. Archibald Tuckwa. 5 6 Nellie Downing. * Moses Downing. 7 Oo-yo-sti or Polly and Lydia. Elizabeth Downing. 8 Galcatcher. Celia Downing. 9 * Ezekial McLaughlin. 10 Jesse Downing. * Chicken. 1 Charlotte Downing. Ellis Beck. 12 William Downing. Elizabeth Dougherty and Elsie Down-

ri=

''

ing.

1314 15"

Cynthia Downing.

Joseph Beck.Parris.*Still.

James Downing.Catherine Downing.

16 171M=1-"

John Downing. Sallie Downing.

Ollie.

Tadpole.Catherine.

ThomasJames

Pettit.

23

Crittenden.

Nancy Hughes and Ko-ta-Ka-ya. "Jack Wright.Al.S

Jennie Crittenden.

45

Margaret McSwain. Elizabeth McSwain.

Avery Vann. David Welch.

1M =

= 1

1^

2

1M-2"H23

45]i

George Downing. Peacheater Downing. Lethe Downing. Hiram Bright. Annie Downing. Pumpkin or Murphy. Charles Downing. * Scudders Downing. Polly Bean and Catherine Tiesky neo Foreman. * John Downing.Martha Jane Downing.Jackson Smith and Joshua Morgan.

1=3314

1

336lM-4'M-'

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANSGeorgeWashington Whitmire.Charlotte

Catherine Wottord

and

Elizabeth Faught.

OKr2-2-M*

2

Jonathan Whitmire.Holt.

Downing and Temperance

Lewis Downing.2

Lydia Price, Lucinda Griffin and Mary Eyre.

John Downing.

Jennie Fields.

OK

3

Margaret Downing.

4

Thompson Downing.Aaron DownintSamuel Downing. Mary Downing. Charles Dougherty and Charles Crittenden.Henry Downing".Jennie Fodder.

5

67

8

r2-3'M-*23

Jennie Clingan. John Downing. Richard Turner. Elizabeth Downing. Elizabeth Consene, George Downing.

Mary Smith

and

45

Downing nee Adair. John Smith. Rachel Downing.Rosella

67 8

9 101

Sarah Downing. John Downing. Lydia Downing. John Canoe. Judith Downing. George Still. Thompson Downing. Sallie. Lucinda Downing. Archibald Canoe. Archibald Downing. Josie Craft and

Sallie Butler.

1^2-'5'M'*

2r2=7-'l-'

Benjamin Tuckwa. Catherine Tuckwa.

* *

45

67 8

1011

12

Aaron Downing. Susie Beck and Elizabeth Vann. Celia Downing. Walkingwolf. William Downing. * Aelia Vann. James Downing. Lucinda Woodall and Eliza Parris. Elizabeth Downing. David Tadpole. Judith Downing. eGorge Still. Ambrose Downing. Gatsie Parris and Josephine Welch. John Downing. Rachel Dennis. Catherine Downing. * George Still.Cash Downing. Dicey Downing.Celia*

23

Elizabeth Goodin. William Proctor.

9112=831^2

Downing.

*

Rebecca Galcatcher.

James Muskrat.

James Galcatcher.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKElf INDIANS3

337

Thomas

Galcatclur.

Peggy and Minnie Vann.l.etlia

l'2-irM-2

Oran Beck.Jeffrey Beck.Susie Beck.

Louisa Tiger andRacliel Muskrat.

Harris.

OK

3

Albert McCjco and Alfred Pigeon.-

45

Samuel Beck.beth Dry.

Susie Sixkiller, Salina

Foreman and

Fliza-

Cynthia Beck.Sallie

Releford Beck, Henry Mitchell and WilliamJeffrey Beck.

Taylor Barton.112M2-M-*2

Downing. John Downing.Susie

Dennis.

3

4

r2-l3"l^2

Downing. John Still. David Downing. Catherine Faught. Aaron Headin Beck. Catherine McCreary nee and Josephine Downing, nee Welch. Arie Beck. Andrew Pettit, Archibald Love andRiley.

ForemanJonathan

OK

3

Mary Beck.

Frank*

Pettit.

45

Cynthia Beck. Sabra Sturdevant. Weatherford Beck.Releford Beck.

67 8

Joseph Beck.Jeft'rey Beck.

*

Mary AnnJulia

Harris.

Surry Eaton Beck.Susie Beck.Ellis

Ann Hildebrand.

9

John Pinkney Chandler.*

1011

Beck.

Elizabeth Beck.

John Riley and John Wilson Howerton.

1^2-14-M^23

Edward Downing.

James Downing.Locust Downing.

45

Thomas Downing.Nellie Vann. Mink Downing. Dragging Downing.

678

Dooley.Sallie

Downing.Still.

Thomas Hammer.Sallie.Still.

r2=l5-M-'23

Tickaneesky Dorcas Still.AeliaStill.

NedJack

Still.

45

George

Still.

Judith